BOOK
Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology E-Book
Daniel M. Albert | Joan W. Miller | Dimitri T. Azar | Barbara A. Blodi
(2008)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Inside the 3rd edition of this esteemed masterwork, hundreds of the most distinguished authorities from around the world provide today's best answers to every question that arises in your practice. They deliver in-depth guidance on new diagnostic approaches, operative technique, and treatment option, as well as cogent explanations of every new scientific concept and its clinical importance. With its new streamlined, more user-friendly, full-color format, this 3rd edition makes reference much faster, easier, and more versatile. More than ever, it's the source you need to efficiently and confidently overcome any clinical challenge you may face.
- Comprehensive, authoritative, and richly illustrated coverage of every scientific and clinical principle in ophthalmology ensures that you will always be able to find the guidance you need to diagnose and manage your patients' ocular problems and meet today's standards of care.
- Updates include completely new sections on "Refractive Surgery" and "Ethics and Professionalism"... an updated and expanded "Geneitcs" section... an updated "Retina" section featuring OCT imaging and new drug therapies for macular degeneration... and many other important new developments that affect your patient care.
- A streamlined format and a new, more user-friendly full-color design - with many at-a-glance summary tables, algorithms, boxes, diagrams, and thousands of phenomenal color illustrations - allows you to locate the assistance you need more rapidly than ever.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Albert & Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface to the 3rd Edition | xvii | ||
| Preface to the 1st Edition | xix | ||
| List of Contributors | xxiii | ||
| Dedication | xlv | ||
| VOLUME 1 | 1 | ||
| SECTION 1: GENETICS | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 1. Fundamentals of Genetics | 1 | ||
| A GENE IS DEFINED BY A PHENOTYPE | 1 | ||
| LINEAR POLYMERS OF DNA ARE THE CHEMICAL BASES FOR GENES | 1 | ||
| HOW GENES ARE ORGANIZED IN HUMAN CELLS | 4 | ||
| ALLELES ARE VARIATIONS IN THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE | 6 | ||
| HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION | 7 | ||
| HOMOZYGOTES AND HETEROZYGOTES | 7 | ||
| PATTERNS OF HUMAN INHERITANCE | 9 | ||
| LESS COMMON INHERITANCE PATTERNS | 11 | ||
| PEDIGREE ANALYSIS TO CATEGORIZE ALLELES | 12 | ||
| MAP OF THE HUMAN GENOME | 13 | ||
| MUTATIONS | 15 | ||
| REFERENCES | 17 | ||
| CHAPTER 2. Molecular Mechanisms of Inherited Disease | 19 | ||
| AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISORDERS | 19 | ||
| AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDERS | 22 | ||
| X-LINKED RECESSIVE DISORDERS | 22 | ||
| X-LINKED DOMINANT DISORDERS | 23 | ||
| DIGENIC INHERITANCE | 23 | ||
| POLYGENIC INHERITANCE | 24 | ||
| REFERENCES | 24 | ||
| CHAPTER 3. Genetic Testing | 27 | ||
| DIRECT TESTING APPROACHES AND METHODS | 27 | ||
| METHODS FOR DIRECT MUTATION TESTING | 29 | ||
| MUTATION VALIDATION | 30 | ||
| INDIRECT TESTING AND METHODS | 30 | ||
| POPULATION SCREENING | 31 | ||
| SPECIFICITY AND SENSITIVITY OF GENETIC TESTING | 31 | ||
| CLIA LABORATORIES | 31 | ||
| REFERENCES | 32 | ||
| CHAPTER 4. Principles of Genetic Counseling | 33 | ||
| WHO PROVIDES GENETIC COUNSELING | 33 | ||
| WHY REFER PATIENTS FOR A GENETIC EVALUATION | 33 | ||
| ESTABLISHED GENETIC CONDITION | 33 | ||
| EYE FINDINGS WITH OTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES | 34 | ||
| SPECIFIC EYE DISEASES | 34 | ||
| INCIDENTAL EYE FINDINGS | 34 | ||
| WHAT IS INVOLVED IN A GENETIC EVALUATION | 34 | ||
| MEDICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL IMPLICATIONS | 36 | ||
| GENETIC IMPLICATIONS | 36 | ||
| RISK MODIFICATION FOR FUTURE OFFSPRING | 37 | ||
| DOCUMENTATION AND FOLLOW-UP | 38 | ||
| ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN GENETIC COUNSELING | 38 | ||
| CONTROVERSIAL USES OF GENETIC TESTING | 39 | ||
| DISCOVERY OF UNANTICIPATED OR HARMFUL INFORMATION | 39 | ||
| DUTY TO RECONTACT | 40 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 40 | ||
| REFERENCES | 40 | ||
| SECTION 2: IMMUNOLOGY | 43 | ||
| CHAPTER 5. Immunology ƒ An Overview | 43 | ||
| INNATE IMMUNITY | 43 | ||
| ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY | 43 | ||
| BENEFITS OF IMMUNITY | 44 | ||
| HAZARDS OF IMMUNITY | 44 | ||
| SPECIAL CASE OF THE EYE: IMMUNE PRIVILEGE | 45 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 45 | ||
| REFERENCES | 45 | ||
| CHAPTER 6. A Cast of Thousands: The Cells of the Immune System | 47 | ||
| LYMPHOCYTES | 47 | ||
| MACROPHAGES | 57 | ||
| POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES | 58 | ||
| MAST CELLS | 59 | ||
| PLATELETS | 60 | ||
| ONTOGENY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 60 | ||
| IMMUNE RESPONSE | 62 | ||
| EXPRESSION OF IMMUNITY | 63 | ||
| SUMMARY | 64 | ||
| REFERENCES | 65 | ||
| CHAPTER 7. T-Lymphocyte Responses | 67 | ||
| T-LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT | 67 | ||
| DIFFERENTIATION IN THE THYMIC CORTEX | 67 | ||
| NATURE OF ANTIGEN RECOGNITION BY T CELLS | 67 | ||
| DIFFERENTIATION IN THE THYMIC MEDULLA AND MATURATION OF T CELLS | 68 | ||
| PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF MATURE T LYMPHOCYTES | 68 | ||
| T-CELL ACTIVATION BY ANTIGEN | 68 | ||
| ANTIGEN-ACTIVATED T-CELL RESPONSES | 68 | ||
| T-CELL ANERGY | 69 | ||
| T-CELL HETEROGENEITY AND REGULATORY T CELLS | 69 | ||
| T-CELL-DEPENDENT INFLAMMATION | 70 | ||
| T CELLS IN DISEASE: INFECTIOUS, IMMUNOPATHOGENIC, AUTOIMMUNE | 70 | ||
| REFERENCES | 70 | ||
| CHAPTER 8. B-Lymphocyte Responses | 71 | ||
| ANTIBODY DIVERSITY | 71 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES | 72 | ||
| SOURCES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE DIVERSITY | 73 | ||
| REGULATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE EXPRESSION | 73 | ||
| DETERMINATION OF B-CELL REPERTOIRE | 74 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN INTRACLASS DIFFERENCES | 76 | ||
| COMPLEMENT | 76 | ||
| B-CELL RESPONSE TO ANTIGEN | 77 | ||
| REFERENCES | 78 | ||
| CHAPTER 9. Immune-Mediated Tissue Injury | 81 | ||
| INJURY MEDIATED BY ANTIBODY | 81 | ||
| INJURY MEDIATED BY CELLS | 87 | ||
| SUMMARY | 89 | ||
| REFERENCES | 89 | ||
| CHAPTER 10. Regulation of Immune Responses | 91 | ||
| REGULATION BY ANTIGEN | 91 | ||
| REGULATION BY TH1 AND TH2 CELLS | 91 | ||
| REGULATION BY SUPPRESSOR ('REGULATORY') T CELLS | 92 | ||
| TOLERANCE AS AN EXPRESSION OF IMMUNE REGULATION | 92 | ||
| REGIONAL IMMUNITY AND THE EYE | 93 | ||
| CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY | 95 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION | 97 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 97 | ||
| REFERENCES | 97 | ||
| SECTION 3: MICROBIOLOGY | 101 | ||
| CHAPTER 11. Ocular Bacteriology | 101 | ||
| ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND LIFE CYCLE | 101 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON OCULAR BACTERIA | 103 | ||
| INFECTION OF THE HOST | 106 | ||
| HOST DEFENSES | 108 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | 109 | ||
| BLOOD AGAR | 109 | ||
| CHOCOLATE AGAR | 109 | ||
| BRAINƒHEART INFUSION BROTH | 110 | ||
| ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTION | 112 | ||
| REFERENCES | 113 | ||
| CHAPTER 12. Chlamydial Disease | 117 | ||
| ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND LIFE CYCLE OF THE MICROORGANISM | 117 | ||
| SYSTEMIC INFECTION OF THE HOST | 119 | ||
| SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS | 120 | ||
| HOSTƒMICROBE INTERACTION IN THE EYE | 121 | ||
| SUMMARY | 125 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 125 | ||
| REFERENCES | 125 | ||
| CHAPTER 13. The Spirochetes | 131 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 131 | ||
| TREPONEMES | 131 | ||
| BORRELIA | 134 | ||
| LEPTOSPIRA | 136 | ||
| REFERENCES | 136 | ||
| CHAPTER 14. Parasitic and Rickettsial Ocular Infections | 139 | ||
| PARASITIC INFECTIONS | 139 | ||
| PROTOZOA | 139 | ||
| METAZOA | 146 | ||
| ARTHROPODS | 151 | ||
| RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS | 152 | ||
| REFERENCES | 154 | ||
| CHAPTER 15. Fungal Infections of the Eye | 159 | ||
| HOSTƒFUNGI INTERACTIONS IN THE EYE | 159 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 161 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC CONCEPTS | 162 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 165 | ||
| REFERENCES | 165 | ||
| CHAPTER 16. Ocular Virology | 169 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 169 | ||
| DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION | 169 | ||
| VIRAL COMPONENTS | 169 | ||
| VIRAL RECEPTORS AND VIRAL TROPISM | 170 | ||
| VIRAL INFECTION AND REPLICATION | 170 | ||
| VIRAL DIAGNOSTICS | 175 | ||
| VIRAL IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS | 175 | ||
| LATENCY, CARCINOGENESIS, LOSS OF FUNCTION | 176 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 177 | ||
| REFERENCES | 177 | ||
| SECTION 4: PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY | 179 | ||
| CHAPTER 17. Ocular Pharmacokinetics | 179 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 179 | ||
| CLINICAL UTILITY | 179 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETIC METHODS | 180 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS MODELS | 182 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING BIOAVAILABILITY | 184 | ||
| DRUG FORMULATION | 186 | ||
| NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY DEVICES | 187 | ||
| VITREORETINAL DRUG DELIVERY | 188 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 189 | ||
| REFERENCES | 190 | ||
| CHAPTER 18. Anesthetics | 193 | ||
| PREMEDICATION | 193 | ||
| GENERAL ANESTHETICS | 196 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 202 | ||
| REFERENCES | 205 | ||
| CHAPTER 19. Antibacterials | 207 | ||
| FLUOROQUINOLONES | 207 | ||
| TETRACYCLINES | 208 | ||
| AMINOGLYCOSIDES | 209 | ||
| GLYCOPEPTIDES | 210 | ||
| MACROLIDES | 210 | ||
| CHLORAMPHENICOL | 211 | ||
| SULFONAMIDES AND TRIMETHOPRIM | 211 | ||
| BACITRACIN AND GRAMICIDIN | 212 | ||
| POLYMYXINS | 212 | ||
| REFERENCES | 213 | ||
| CHAPTER 20. Antivirals | 215 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES | 215 | ||
| UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION ƒ APPROVED ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | 216 | ||
| REFERENCES | 225 | ||
| CHAPTER 21. Antifungal Agents | 231 | ||
| POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS | 231 | ||
| AZOLES | 233 | ||
| CLOTRIMAZOLE | 233 | ||
| MICONAZOLE | 234 | ||
| KETOCONAZOLE | 234 | ||
| THIABENDAZOLE | 234 | ||
| ECONAZOLE | 234 | ||
| FLUCONAZOLE | 234 | ||
| ITRACONAZOLE | 235 | ||
| PYRIMIDINES | 235 | ||
| REFERENCES | 236 | ||
| CHAPTER 22. Antiparasitics | 239 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 239 | ||
| PARASITES AFFECTING THE EYE | 239 | ||
| ANTIPARASITICS FOR PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS | 240 | ||
| ANTIPARASITICS FOR HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS | 243 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS | 244 | ||
| REFERENCES | 247 | ||
| CHAPTER 23. Corticosteroids in Ophthalmic Practice | 249 | ||
| CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTUREƒACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS | 249 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION, SITE OF ACTIVITY, AND OPHTHALMIC INDICATIONS | 250 | ||
| ABSORPTION RATE AND EXCRETION AFTER OPHTHALMIC DELIVERY | 251 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 252 | ||
| ANTIINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF TOPICAL OPHTHALMIC CORTICOSTEROIDS | 252 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC INDICATIONS FOR CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY86 | 254 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS OF TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY | 255 | ||
| REFERENCES | 256 | ||
| CHAPTER 24. Nonsteroidal Antiin.ammatory Drugs | 259 | ||
| CHEMICAL PROPERTIES | 259 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF ACTION | 259 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 260 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 260 | ||
| REFERENCES | 262 | ||
| CHAPTER 25. Antihistamines and Mast Cell Stabilizers in Allergic Ocular Disease | 265 | ||
| MAST CELL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 265 | ||
| ROLE OF HISTAMINE | 266 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS | 267 | ||
| HISTAMINE H1-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS | 269 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS | 271 | ||
| PREPARATIONS AND DOSAGES | 271 | ||
| HISTAMINE H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS | 272 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS | 273 | ||
| PREPARATIONS AND DOSAGES | 273 | ||
| MAST CELL STABILIZERS | 273 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS | 275 | ||
| PREPARATIONS AND DOSAGES | 275 | ||
| NEW THERAPY FOR OCULAR ALLERGY | 275 | ||
| REFERENCES | 276 | ||
| CHAPTER 26. Tear Film and Blink Dynamics | 281 | ||
| DYNAMICS OF THE BLINKING PROCESS | 281 | ||
| TEAR MIXING, TURNOVER, AND DRAINAGE | 282 | ||
| WETTING AND DRYING OF THE CORNEAL SURFACE | 284 | ||
| REFERENCES | 286 | ||
| CHAPTER 27. Tear Substitutes | 287 | ||
| DEMULCENTS AND VISCOSITY AGENTS | 287 | ||
| PRESERVATIVES | 289 | ||
| OTHER FORMULARY ASPECTS OF TEAR SUBSTITUTES | 290 | ||
| DRY-EYE THERAPIES AND INVESTIGATIONAL COMPOUNDS | 291 | ||
| REFERENCES | 291 | ||
| CHAPTER 28. Viscoelastics | 293 | ||
| PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS | 293 | ||
| CATARACT EXTRACTION | 295 | ||
| VISCOANESTHETICS | 295 | ||
| RECOVERY OF SUBLUXATED LENS | 295 | ||
| ENDOTHELIUM | 295 | ||
| PUPILS | 295 | ||
| INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE | 295 | ||
| PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON THE CORNEAL SURFACE | 295 | ||
| REATTACHMENT OF DESCEMET'S MEMBRANE | 295 | ||
| GLAUCOMA FILTRATION SURGERY | 295 | ||
| VITREOUS INCARCERATION | 295 | ||
| INTRAOCULAR HEMORRHAGE | 295 | ||
| RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY | 296 | ||
| VITRECTOMY SURGERY | 296 | ||
| LACRIMAL SURGERY | 296 | ||
| STRABISMUS SURGERY | 296 | ||
| DRY-EYE TREATMENT | 296 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 296 | ||
| REFERENCES | 296 | ||
| CHAPTER 29. Pharmacologic Agents with Osmotic Effects | 299 | ||
| OSMOSIS, OSMOLARITY, AND TONICITY | 299 | ||
| OSMOTIC PHENOMENA IN THE EYE | 299 | ||
| OSMOTIC AGENTS | 300 | ||
| SYSTEMIC AGENTS FOR THE REDUCTION OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE | 301 | ||
| OSMOTIC FORCES IN AQUEOUS PRODUCTION | 302 | ||
| POSTERIOR POLE | 302 | ||
| REFERENCES | 302 | ||
| CHAPTER 30. Pharmacologic Treatment of Immune Disorders and Speci.cally of Immune Ocular Inflammatory Disease | 305 | ||
| ALKYLATING AGENTS | 305 | ||
| PURINE ANALOGS | 308 | ||
| FOLIC ACID ANALOGS | 309 | ||
| SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION INHIBITORS | 310 | ||
| BIOLOGIC RESPONSE MODIFIERS | 312 | ||
| REFERENCES | 313 | ||
| CHAPTER 31. Angiogenic Factors and Inhibitors | 315 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 315 | ||
| ANGIOGENESIS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | 315 | ||
| VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR | 318 | ||
| PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-B | 322 | ||
| ANGIOPOIETINS | 324 | ||
| EPHRINS | 327 | ||
| NOTCH | 329 | ||
| REFERENCES | 330 | ||
| CHAPTER 32. Principles of Toxicology of the Eye | 337 | ||
| INTRODUCTION … PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY OF THE EYE | 337 | ||
| MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF OPHTHALMIC TOXICITY | 337 | ||
| IRRITATION VERSUS TOXICITY: UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES | 338 | ||
| RESEARCH METHODS FOR QUALIFYING TOXIC EFFECTS | 338 | ||
| DRUG APPROVAL PROCESS: REQUIREMENTS FOR APPROVAL OF A TOPICAL OPHTHALMIC AGENT | 340 | ||
| GENETOX STUDIES | 340 | ||
| NON-GLP MELANIN BINDING | 341 | ||
| GLP OCULAR TOXICITY STUDY IN RABBITS | 341 | ||
| GLP OCULAR TOXICITY STUDY IN DOGS, MONKEYS, OR OTHER SPECIES | 341 | ||
| REQUESTS FOR WAIVERS ON PRE-IND TOXICOLOGY REQUIREMENTS | 341 | ||
| CHRONIC OCULAR TOXICITY STUDIES | 342 | ||
| SEGMENT I, II, AND III REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY | 342 | ||
| ADME STUDY | 342 | ||
| ACUTE SYSTEMIC DOSE TOXICITY STUDY | 343 | ||
| CARCINOGENICITY STUDY | 343 | ||
| NECROPSY | 343 | ||
| OCULAR SIGNS | 343 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 343 | ||
| SUMMARY | 344 | ||
| REFERENCES | 344 | ||
| CHAPTER 33. Toxicology of Ophthalmic Agents by Class | 345 | ||
| TOXICOLOGY OF CORTICOSTEROIDS AND OTHER ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS | 345 | ||
| TOXICITY OF OCULAR ANTIINFECTIVES | 349 | ||
| TOXICOLOGY OF ANTIGLAUCOMA DRUGS | 354 | ||
| TOXICOLOGY OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION DRUGS | 356 | ||
| OCULAR TOXICITY OF SYSTEMIC MEDICATIONS | 357 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 358 | ||
| REFERENCES | 370 | ||
| SECTION 5: PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY | 379 | ||
| CHAPTER 34. Epidemiology and Clinical Research | 379 | ||
| CLINICAL RESEARCH AND THE SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESIS | 379 | ||
| ESTIMATES FOR FREQUENCY OF DISEASES (RATES) | 379 | ||
| STUDY DESIGNS | 381 | ||
| MEASURE OF ASSOCIATIONS | 383 | ||
| BIAS | 384 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC AND SCREENING TESTS | 384 | ||
| STATISTICS | 385 | ||
| INFERENCES AND CAUSALITY | 385 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 387 | ||
| REFERENCES | 387 | ||
| CHAPTER 35. Epidemiology of Age-Related Cataract | 389 | ||
| PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE | 389 | ||
| AGE-RELATED CATARACT: METHODOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 389 | ||
| PREVALENCE STUDIES | 389 | ||
| TYPES OF AGE-RELATED CATARACTS | 389 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR CATARACT FORMATION | 390 | ||
| DIET/SUPPLEMENTS | 391 | ||
| LOW-PROTEIN OR AMINO ACIDDEFICIENT DIETS | 391 | ||
| POSTMENOPAUSAL HORMONE USE | 391 | ||
| SEVERE DIARRHEA | 391 | ||
| GENETIC FACTORS | 392 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 392 | ||
| REFERENCES | 392 | ||
| CHAPTER 36. Epidemiology of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma | 395 | ||
| POAG AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM | 395 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 395 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 396 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT | 397 | ||
| TREATMENT ISSUES | 398 | ||
| SCREENING FOR GLAUCOMA | 399 | ||
| SUMMARY | 400 | ||
| REFERENCES | 400 | ||
| CHAPTER 37. Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy | 403 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 403 | ||
| DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSIS | 403 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE | 404 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 404 | ||
| TREATMENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 407 | ||
| SUMMARY | 409 | ||
| REFERENCES | 409 | ||
| CHAPTER 38. Epidemiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration | 413 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITION | 413 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 413 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 413 | ||
| PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT | 414 | ||
| SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC RISK FACTORS | 414 | ||
| OCULAR RISK FACTORS | 414 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL, MEDICAL, AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS | 415 | ||
| SUMMARY | 419 | ||
| REFERENCES | 419 | ||
| SECTION 6: CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA | 423 | ||
| CHAPTER 39. Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Cornea, Super.cial Limbus, and Conjunctiva | 423 | ||
| CORNEA | 423 | ||
| MORPHOLOGIC AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS | 429 | ||
| BARRIER FUNCTION | 430 | ||
| PUMP FUNCTION | 431 | ||
| MONOLAYER REPAIR | 432 | ||
| PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY | 432 | ||
| DESCEMET'S MEMBRANE | 433 | ||
| LIMBUS | 433 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVA | 435 | ||
| REFERENCES | 437 | ||
| CHAPTER 40. Corneal Form and Function: Clinical Perspective | 441 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 441 | ||
| STROMAL ARCHITECTURE … AN INVITATION TO EDEMA | 441 | ||
| CONTROL OF CORNEAL HYDRATION | 442 | ||
| ENDOTHELIAL 'FLUID PUMP' … A MISNOMER | 442 | ||
| EPITHELIAL TRANSPORT PROPERTIES | 442 | ||
| ENDOTHELIAL TRANSPORT PROPERTIES | 442 | ||
| EVAPORATION AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE | 443 | ||
| MODEL FOR THE CONTROL OF CORNEAL HYDRATION | 443 | ||
| CORNEAL EDEMA | 443 | ||
| CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY | 450 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 470 | ||
| REFERENCES | 470 | ||
| CHAPTER 41. Ocular Surface Epithelial Stem Cells and Corneal Wound Healing Response to Injury and Infection | 475 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 475 | ||
| STEM CELLS | 475 | ||
| LIMBAL STEM CELLS | 475 | ||
| UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF THE LIMBUS | 476 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVAL STEM CELLS | 477 | ||
| LOCATION OF CONJUNCTIVAL STEM CELLS | 477 | ||
| EPITHELIAL…STROMAL INTERACTIONS AND THE STEM-CELL MICROENVIRONMENT | 478 | ||
| IDENTIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL STEM CELLS | 479 | ||
| MAINTENANCE OF THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM | 479 | ||
| CORNEAL WOUND HEALING RESPONSE | 479 | ||
| WOUND HEALING RESPONSE TO CORNEAL INFECTION | 481 | ||
| REFERENCES | 482 | ||
| CHAPTER 42. Corneal Examination, Specular and Confocal Microscopy, UBM, OCT | 485 | ||
| PENLIGHT EXAMINATION | 485 | ||
| SL MICROSCOPY | 485 | ||
| SPECULAR MICROSCOPY | 487 | ||
| CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY | 488 | ||
| OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY | 490 | ||
| UBM | 491 | ||
| KERATOMETRY (OPHTHALMOMETRY) | 492 | ||
| TOPOGRAPHY (VIDEOKERATOSCOPY) | 493 | ||
| REFERENCES | 495 | ||
| CHAPTER 43. Corneal Dysgeneses, Dystrophies, and Degenerations | 497 | ||
| CORNEAL DYSGENESES | 498 | ||
| CORNEAL DYSTROPHIES | 504 | ||
| CORNEAL DEGENERATIONS | 536 | ||
| REFERENCES | 544 | ||
| CHAPTER 44. Keratoconus and Corneal Noninflammatory Ectasias | 553 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 553 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 553 | ||
| CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY | 555 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS | 556 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 557 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF KERATOCONUS AND PELLUCID | 558 | ||
| CONTACT LENSES | 558 | ||
| PK | 559 | ||
| OTHER SURGERY | 560 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 560 | ||
| REFERENCES | 560 | ||
| CHAPTER 45. Corneal Manifestations of Metabolic Disease | 563 | ||
| DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM | 563 | ||
| DISORDERS OF LIPOPROTEIN AND LIPID METABOLISM | 567 | ||
| LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES | 569 | ||
| DISORDERS OF NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM | 577 | ||
| DISORDERS OF MINERAL METABOLISM | 578 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS | 579 | ||
| REFERENCES | 581 | ||
| CHAPTER 46. Immunologic Disorders of the Conjunctiva, Cornea, and Sclera | 585 | ||
| OCULAR ALLERGIC DISORDERS | 585 | ||
| TYPE 2 HYPERSENSITIVITY DISEASES OF THE EYE | 589 | ||
| TYPE 3 HYPERSENSITIVITY DISEASES OF THE EYE | 594 | ||
| TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS | 605 | ||
| SUMMARY | 608 | ||
| REFERENCES | 608 | ||
| CHAPTER 47. Allergic and Toxic Reactions: The Immune Response | 611 | ||
| THE ALLERGIC RESPONSE | 611 | ||
| ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS | 613 | ||
| ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS | 615 | ||
| VERNAL KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS | 617 | ||
| GIANT PAPILLARY CONJUNCTIVITIS | 620 | ||
| TOXIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS | 621 | ||
| REFERENCES | 622 | ||
| CHAPTER 48. Lid Inflammations | 625 | ||
| ANATOMY OF SEBACEOUS GLANDS IN THE EYELID | 625 | ||
| COMPOSITION OF MEIBOMIAN GLAND SECRETIONS | 625 | ||
| INFLAMMATIONS OF THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS | 626 | ||
| TREATMENT OF ROSACEA AND CHRONIC BLEPHARITIS | 631 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 633 | ||
| REFERENCES | 634 | ||
| CHAPTER 49. Viral Disease of the Cornea and External Eye | 637 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | 637 | ||
| ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | 638 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROIDS: PROS, CONS, INITIATION, AND WITHDRAWAL TECHNIQUE | 638 | ||
| HERPETIC DISEASE OF THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT | 639 | ||
| SUMMARY | 690 | ||
| REFERENCES | 691 | ||
| CHAPTER 50. Bacterial, Chlamydial, and Mycobacterial Infections | 705 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 705 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 706 | ||
| TREATMENT | 710 | ||
| REFERENCES | 711 | ||
| CHAPTER 51. Fungal Keratitis | 715 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 715 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 715 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT | 717 | ||
| SUMMARY | 720 | ||
| REFERENCES | 721 | ||
| CHAPTER 52. Acanthamoeba Keratitis | 723 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 723 | ||
| BIOLOGY | 723 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 724 | ||
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | 724 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 725 | ||
| LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS | 726 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 727 | ||
| TREATMENT | 727 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 727 | ||
| REFERENCES | 727 | ||
| CHAPTER 53. Interstitial Keratitis | 729 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 729 | ||
| DESCRIPTION | 729 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 729 | ||
| BACTERIA-RELATED IK | 729 | ||
| MYCOBACTERIA | 731 | ||
| OTHER BACTERIA | 732 | ||
| IMMUNE-RELATED IK | 732 | ||
| CONTACT LENS-RELATED IK | 732 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS INFILTRATIVE IK | 733 | ||
| PARASITE-RELATED IK | 733 | ||
| VIRAL IK | 734 | ||
| REFERENCES | 736 | ||
| CHAPTER 54. Recurrent Corneal Epithelial Erosion | 739 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 739 | ||
| CORNEAL EPITHELIAL WOUND HEALING | 739 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 741 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 741 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 742 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPY | 742 | ||
| SURGICAL THERAPY | 743 | ||
| SUMMARY | 748 | ||
| REFERENCES | 748 | ||
| CHAPTER 55. Persistent Epithelial Defects | 749 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 749 | ||
| EPITHELIAL HOMEOSTASIS | 749 | ||
| NORMAL CORNEAL RESPONSE TO INJURY | 749 | ||
| EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN CORNEAL WOUND HEALING | 749 | ||
| PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND METALLOPROTEINASES | 750 | ||
| GROWTH FACTORS | 750 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC RESPONSE TO CORNEAL WOUNDING | 751 | ||
| TREATMENT FOR PED | 753 | ||
| REFERENCES | 756 | ||
| CHAPTER 56. Chemical Injuries of the Eye | 761 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 761 | ||
| CLINCAL COURSE AND EVALUATION | 763 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPY | 764 | ||
| SURGICAL THERAPY | 766 | ||
| SPECIFIC THERAPY | 768 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 769 | ||
| REFERENCES | 769 | ||
| CHAPTER 57. Wetting of the Ocular Surface and Dry-Eye Disorders | 773 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 773 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 773 | ||
| TEAR FILM COMPOSITION | 773 | ||
| PATHOLOGY OF THE OCULAR SURFACE IN DRY-EYE DISORDERS | 776 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DRY-EYE DISORDERS | 777 | ||
| PARADIGM AND CLINICAL EVALUATION | 780 | ||
| TREATMENT | 783 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 785 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 785 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 785 | ||
| REFERENCES | 786 | ||
| CHAPTER 58. Tumors of the Cornea and Conjunctiva | 789 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 789 | ||
| CONGENITAL LESIONS | 789 | ||
| DEGENERATIVE LESIONS | 790 | ||
| EPITHELIAL CYST | 791 | ||
| TUMORS OF EPITHELIAL ORGIN | 792 | ||
| TUMORS OF NEUROECTODERMAL ORIGIN | 797 | ||
| PREINVASIVE EPTHELIAL TUMORS | 798 | ||
| MALIGNANT PIGMENTED LESIONS | 798 | ||
| VASCULAR AND MESENCHYMAL TUMORS | 800 | ||
| REFERENCES | 802 | ||
| CHAPTER 59. Lamellar Keratoplasty | 805 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 805 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 806 | ||
| SURGICAL PROCEDURE | 807 | ||
| MELBRAN'S 'PEELING OFF' TECHNIQUE27,28 | 807 | ||
| AIR DISSECTION TECHNIQUE | 808 | ||
| LAMELLAR POCKET TECHNIQUE | 808 | ||
| MICROKERATOME TECHNIQUE | 809 | ||
| LAMELLAR DISSECTION FOR TECTONIC GRAFTS | 809 | ||
| DONOR PREPARATION | 809 | ||
| OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS | 809 | ||
| REFERENCES | 811 | ||
| CHAPTER 60. Penetrating Keratoplasty | 813 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 813 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY | 813 | ||
| DONOR SELECTION AND EYE BANKING | 814 | ||
| RECIPIENT CONSIDERATIONS AND PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 816 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 817 | ||
| CONCOMITANT SURGICAL PROCEDURES | 819 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 820 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 821 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS | 821 | ||
| EARLY POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS | 821 | ||
| LATE POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS | 822 | ||
| GRAFT REJECTION | 822 | ||
| GRAFT FAILURE | 824 | ||
| GRAFT SURVIVAL AND PROGNOSIS | 824 | ||
| REFERENCES | 825 | ||
| CHAPTER 61. Endothelial Keratoplasty | 829 | ||
| THE HISTORY OF ENDOTHELIAL KERATOPLASTY | 829 | ||
| CLINICAL RESULTS WITH EK | 830 | ||
| FUTURE ADVANCES IN EK | 833 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 833 | ||
| REFERENCES | 833 | ||
| CHAPTER 62. Complications of Corneal Transplantation and Their Management | 837 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 837 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 837 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 838 | ||
| REFERENCES | 845 | ||
| CHAPTER 63. Excimer Laser Phototherapeutic Keratectomy | 849 | ||
| CORNEAL TRANSPARENCY AND WOUND HEALING | 849 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 849 | ||
| INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS | 850 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 850 | ||
| RECURRENCE OF DYSTROPHIES AFTER PTK | 854 | ||
| RECURRENT EROSIONS | 855 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES | 855 | ||
| PTK FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRK COMPLICATIONS | 857 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 858 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF PTK | 859 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 860 | ||
| REFERENCES | 860 | ||
| CHAPTER 64. Conjunctival Surgery | 863 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 863 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVAL FLAP | 863 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 863 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 865 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 866 | ||
| AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE TRANSPLANTATION | 866 | ||
| SUMMARY | 868 | ||
| REFERENCES | 868 | ||
| CHAPTER 65. Ocular Surface Transplantation | 871 | ||
| OCULAR SURFACE PRINCIPLES | 871 | ||
| LIMBAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION | 872 | ||
| SUMMARY | 878 | ||
| REFERENCES | 879 | ||
| CHAPTER 66. Amniotic Membrane Surgery | 881 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 881 | ||
| ACTION MECHANISMS | 881 | ||
| CLINICAL USES | 882 | ||
| SURGICAL PROCEDURES | 888 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 890 | ||
| REFERENCES | 890 | ||
| CHAPTER 67. Keratoprosthesis | 895 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 895 | ||
| HISTORY | 895 | ||
| KPro MATERIALS, DESIGNS, AND IMPLANTATION TECHNIQUES CURRENTLY IN USE | 896 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION | 900 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 901 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 902 | ||
| REFERENCES | 902 | ||
| SECTION 7: REFRACTIVE SURGERY | 905 | ||
| CHAPTER 68. History, Development, and Classi.cation of Refractive Surgical Procedures | 905 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF REFRACTIVE SURGERY | 905 | ||
| ADDITION | 905 | ||
| SUBTRACTION | 906 | ||
| RELAXATION | 909 | ||
| COLLAGEN SHRINKAGE | 910 | ||
| POSTERIOR CHAMBER INTRAOCULAR LENS | 911 | ||
| PHAKIC IOLS | 911 | ||
| SCLERAL EXPANSION | 912 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 912 | ||
| REFERENCES | 912 | ||
| CHAPTER 69. Optical Principles for Refractive Surgery | 915 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 915 | ||
| REVISION OF BASIC OPTICAL CONCEPTS | 915 | ||
| MEASURING THE ABERRATIONS OF THE EYE | 917 | ||
| ABERRATIONS IN THE NORMAL EYE | 917 | ||
| SOURCES OF ABERRATIONS WITHIN THE EYE | 917 | ||
| TEMPORAL CHANGES OF THE EYE'S ABERRATIONS | 918 | ||
| REFRACTIVE SURGERY AND EYE'S OPTICS | 918 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 919 | ||
| REFERENCES | 919 | ||
| CHAPTER 70. Corneal Topography and Wave Front Analysis | 921 | ||
| CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY | 921 | ||
| WAVE FRONT ANALYSIS | 936 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 958 | ||
| REFERENCES | 959 | ||
| CHAPTER 71. Diagnosis and Management of Corneal Irregular Astigmatism | 965 | ||
| DEFINITION | 965 | ||
| EXAMINATION | 965 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 965 | ||
| CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION | 966 | ||
| CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY CLASSIFICATION | 966 | ||
| TREATMENT | 967 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 969 | ||
| REFERENCES | 969 | ||
| CHAPTER 72. Biomechanics and Wound Healing in Refractive Surgery | 971 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 971 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 971 | ||
| CORNEAL BIOMECHANICS | 971 | ||
| WOUND HEALING | 975 | ||
| WOUND HEALING AND BIOMECHANICS: THE INTERFACE | 977 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 978 | ||
| REFERENCES | 978 | ||
| CHAPTER 73. Excimer Laser Instrumentation | 981 | ||
| ELEMENTS OF AN EXCIMER LASER SYSTEM | 981 | ||
| THE EXCIMER LASER | 981 | ||
| REFERENCES | 985 | ||
| CHAPTER 74. Mechanical and Laser Microkeratomes | 987 | ||
| MICROKERATOMES | 987 | ||
| Epi-LASIK | 994 | ||
| REFERENCES | 994 | ||
| CHAPTER 75. LASIK Patient Evaluation and Selection | 997 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 997 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 997 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EXAMINATION | 998 | ||
| PATIENT COUNSELING | 1002 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1003 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1003 | ||
| CHAPTER 76. Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia, Hyperopia, and Astigmatism | 1005 | ||
| INITIAL DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF PRK | 1005 | ||
| PRINCIPLE OF MYOPIC, HYPEROPIC, AND ASTIGMATIC CORRECTION | 1005 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 1006 | ||
| BASIC TECHNIQUES FOR EXCIMER LASER PRK | 1008 | ||
| RESULTS OF HUMAN PRK TRIALS | 1009 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PRK | 1010 | ||
| FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS WITH PRK | 1012 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1013 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1013 | ||
| CHAPTER 77. Decentration in Keratorefractive Procedures | 1015 | ||
| CAUSES OF DECENTRATION | 1015 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF DECENTRATION | 1016 | ||
| AVOIDENCE MECHANISMS | 1018 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1018 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1018 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1019 | ||
| CHAPTER 78. LASEK and Epi-LASIK | 1021 | ||
| BASIC CONCEPT | 1021 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION AND PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 1023 | ||
| TECHNIQUES OF LASEK AND Epi-LASIK | 1025 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 1027 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES | 1028 | ||
| ADVANTAGES OF LASEK AND Epi-LASIK | 1029 | ||
| ADVANTAGE OF Epi-LASIK OVER LASEK | 1030 | ||
| LASEK AND Epi-LASIK COMPLICATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES | 1030 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1030 | ||
| CHAPTER 79. LASIK for Myopia, Hyperopia, and Astigmatism | 1033 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1033 | ||
| INSTRUMENTS: MICROKERATOMES/ FEMTOSECOND LASER | 1033 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE SCREENING/PATIENT SELECTION | 1033 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 1034 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1034 | ||
| WAVE FRONT TECHNOLOGY | 1034 | ||
| LASIK IN MYOPIA | 1034 | ||
| LASIK IN HYPEROPIA | 1036 | ||
| LASIK IN ASTIGMATISM | 1036 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1039 | ||
| CHAPTER 80. Wavefront-Guided Excimer Laser Surgery | 1041 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1041 | ||
| HISTORY | 1041 | ||
| TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS FOR WAVEFRONT-GUIDED SURGERY | 1042 | ||
| RESULTS | 1045 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1048 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1048 | ||
| CHAPTER 81. Intraoperative Complications of LASIK | 1051 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1051 | ||
| FLAP COMPLICATIONS | 1051 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF ABLATION | 1055 | ||
| LASIK ASSISTED BY FEMTOSECOND LASER MICROKERATOME: SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS | 1056 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1058 | ||
| CHAPTER 82. Incisional Surgery: Radial and Astigmatic Keratotomy | 1061 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1061 | ||
| HISTORY OF AK | 1064 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AK | 1064 | ||
| LIMBAL RELAXING INCISIONS | 1067 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1067 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1068 | ||
| CHAPTER 83. Intrastromal Corneal Rings for Myopia, Keratoconus, and Corneal Ectasia | 1069 | ||
| INTRACORNEAL RINGS FOR MYOPIA | 1069 | ||
| INTRACORNEAL RINGS FOR KERATOCONUS | 1069 | ||
| INTRACORNEAL RINGS FOR IATROGENIC KERATECTASIA | 1074 | ||
| FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS | 1075 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1075 | ||
| CHAPTER 84. Conductive Keratoplasty for the Treatment of Hyperopia and Presbyopia | 1077 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1077 | ||
| CK RADIOFREQUENCY EFFECTS | 1077 | ||
| THE CK SURGICAL PROCEDURE | 1077 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION: NEARVISION CK | 1079 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE TESTING | 1079 | ||
| CLINICAL STUDIES | 1080 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1083 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1083 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1083 | ||
| CHAPTER 85. Scleral Procedure for Presbyopia | 1085 | ||
| HELMHOLTZ THEORY OF ACCOMMODATION | 1085 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE THEORIES OF ACCOMMODATION | 1085 | ||
| CONTROVERSIES SURROUNDING SCHACHAR'S THEORY | 1086 | ||
| SCLERAL EXPANSION SURGERY | 1086 | ||
| EFFICACY AND SAFETY | 1087 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1088 | ||
| CHAPTER 86. Refractive Surgery with Phakic IOLs | 1089 | ||
| SURGICAL CORRECTION OF HIGH MYOPIA AND HYPEROPIA. LIMITATIONS OF LASIK AND OTHER REFRACTIVE TECHNIQUES | 1089 | ||
| PIOLS: THEIR ROLE IN REFRACTIVE SURGERY | 1089 | ||
| ANATOMICAL LOCATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF PIOLS | 1089 | ||
| ANGLE-SUPPORTED PIOLS | 1089 | ||
| IRIS-FIXATED PIOLS | 1091 | ||
| POSTERIOR CHAMBER PIOLS | 1091 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION AND PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT | 1092 | ||
| CHOOSING THE PROPER PIOL: LENGTH AND POWER | 1092 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 1092 | ||
| CLINICAL RESULTS IN MYOPIA CORRECTION | 1093 | ||
| CLINICAL RESULTS IN HYPEROPIA CORRECTION | 1095 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1095 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1095 | ||
| CHAPTER 87. Clear Lens Extraction | 1097 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1097 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 1097 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION FACTORS | 1097 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 1098 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1099 | ||
| IOL POWER CALCULATION | 1099 | ||
| OUTCOMES FOR MYOPIC PATIENTS | 1099 | ||
| HYPEROPIA OUTCOMES | 1100 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1100 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1101 | ||
| CHAPTER 88. Accommodative and Pseudoaccommodative Intraocular Lenses | 1103 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1103 | ||
| PSEUDOACCOMMODATING POSITIONAL IOL (OPTIC SHIFT PRINCIPLE) | 1103 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL ACCOMMODATIVE IOLS | 1105 | ||
| RESULTS | 1106 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 1107 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1108 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1108 | ||
| CHAPTER 89. Future Developments with Conductive Keratoplasty | 1109 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1109 | ||
| MECHANISM OF CONDUCTIVE KERATOPLASTY | 1109 | ||
| PERFORMING CONDUCTIVE KERATOPLASTY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRESBYOPIA | 1109 | ||
| CK FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY OR INDUCED ASTIGMATISM | 1110 | ||
| CONDUCTIVE KERATOPLASTY FOLLOWING LASIK AND OTHER EXCIMER LASER PROCEDURES | 1111 | ||
| CONDUCTIVE KERATOPLASTY FOLLOWING CATARACT EXTRACTION AND IOL IMPLANTATION | 1111 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1112 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1112 | ||
| SECTION 8: UVEITIS | 1113 | ||
| CHAPTER 90. Introduction to Uveitis | 1113 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1113 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 1114 | ||
| HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS | 1115 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 1115 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVA AND SCLERA | 1115 | ||
| CORNEA | 1116 | ||
| ANTERIOR CHAMBER | 1116 | ||
| IRIS | 1117 | ||
| LENS | 1117 | ||
| VITREOUS | 1117 | ||
| OPTIC NERVE | 1117 | ||
| RETINA AND CHOROID | 1117 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 1118 | ||
| ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 1119 | ||
| TISSUE SAMPLING AND BIOPSY | 1119 | ||
| MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF UVEITIS | 1119 | ||
| TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS | 1119 | ||
| PERIOCULAR CORTICOSTEROIDS | 1119 | ||
| SYSTEMIC CORTICOSTEROIDS | 1120 | ||
| SYSTEMIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY | 1120 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1120 | ||
| CHAPTER 91. Immunosuppression | 1123 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1123 | ||
| ANTIMETABOLITES | 1125 | ||
| CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS | 1128 | ||
| OTHER AGENTS | 1129 | ||
| ALKYLATING AGENTS | 1130 | ||
| BIOLOGIC THERAPIES | 1131 | ||
| TNF INHIBITORS | 1131 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1132 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1133 | ||
| CHAPTER 92. Anterior Uveitis | 1137 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF UVEITIS | 1137 | ||
| DESCRIPTORS OF UVEITIS | 1137 | ||
| SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF ANTERIOR UVEITIS | 1137 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANTERIOR UVEITIS | 1138 | ||
| HLA-B27-RELATED UVEITIS | 1139 | ||
| CHRONIC ANTERIOR UVEITIS | 1140 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONS | 1143 | ||
| SEROLOGY | 1143 | ||
| URINALYSIS | 1144 | ||
| SKIN TESTING | 1144 | ||
| IMAGING | 1144 | ||
| ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY | 1145 | ||
| INTRAOCULAR SAMPLING | 1145 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPY OF ANTERIOR UVEITIS | 1145 | ||
| CATARACT SURGERY IN UVEITIS PATIENTS | 1146 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 1146 | ||
| CHOICE OF IOL | 1146 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 1147 | ||
| RESULTS | 1147 | ||
| SECONDARY RAISED IOP AND GLAUCOMA | 1147 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1148 | ||
| CHAPTER 93. Ocular Manifestations of Sarcoidosis | 1151 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1151 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1151 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 1151 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 1152 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1155 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP | 1156 | ||
| SPECIAL NOTES | 1156 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1156 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1157 | ||
| SURGICAL THERAPY | 1157 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISORDER | 1157 | ||
| CASE STUDY | 1158 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1158 | ||
| CHAPTER 94. Intermediate Uveitis | 1161 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1161 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1161 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 1162 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 1162 | ||
| CLINICAL COURSE AND PROGNOSIS | 1164 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1165 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 1166 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1166 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1169 | ||
| CHAPTER 95. Infectious Causes of Posterior Uveitis | 1173 | ||
| BACTERIAL INFECTIONS | 1173 | ||
| FUNGAL INFECTION | 1177 | ||
| VIRAL INFECTIONS | 1180 | ||
| PARASITIC INFECTIONS | 1185 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1189 | ||
| CHAPTER 96. Birdshot Chorioretinopathy | 1195 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS | 1195 | ||
| HISTOLOGY | 1195 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1195 | ||
| CLINICAL ASPECTS | 1196 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 1197 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1198 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 1198 | ||
| TREATMENT AND MONITORING | 1198 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1199 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1199 | ||
| CHAPTER 97. Vogt…Koyanagi…Harada Disease (Uveomeningitic Syndrome) | 1201 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1201 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 1201 | ||
| LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS | 1205 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1206 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1207 | ||
| PROGNOSIS AND COMPLICATIONS | 1207 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1208 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1208 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1208 | ||
| CHAPTER 98. Ocular Histoplasmosis | 1211 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1211 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1212 | ||
| VOLUME 2 | 1565 | ||
| SECTION 10: RETINA AND VITREOUS | 1565 | ||
| CHAPTER 122. Functional Anatomy of the Neural Retina | 1565 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1565 | ||
| THE EVOLUTIONARY CONTEXT | 1565 | ||
| THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RETINAL STRUCTURE | 1569 | ||
| FURTHER ELEMENTS OF RETINAL STRUCTURE | 1585 | ||
| SUMMARY AND PERSISTENT QUESTIONS | 1587 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1588 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1588 | ||
| CHAPTER 123. Visual Acuity, Adaptation, and Color Vision | 1593 | ||
| VISUAL ACUITY | 1593 | ||
| OPTICS | 1593 | ||
| RETINAL POSITION | 1594 | ||
| CONTRAST | 1595 | ||
| INTENSITY | 1596 | ||
| EYE MOVEMENT | 1596 | ||
| LIGHT AND DARK ADAPTATION | 1596 | ||
| COLOR VISION | 1598 | ||
| INHERITED RED-GREEN COLOR VISION DEFICIENCY | 1599 | ||
| TRITAN COLOR VISION DEFICIENCY | 1602 | ||
| ACHROMATOPSIA | 1603 | ||
| COLOR APPEARANCE | 1603 | ||
| THE CIRCUITRY FOR CODING BLACKWHITE, RED-GREEN, AND BLUE-YELLOW | 1604 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1606 | ||
| CHAPTER 124. Objective Assessment of Retinal Function | 1609 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1609 | ||
| FUNDUS REFLECTOMETRY | 1609 | ||
| FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE | 1610 | ||
| OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY | 1611 | ||
| EARLY RECEPTOR POTENTIAL RECORDING | 1612 | ||
| ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY | 1612 | ||
| FULL-FIELD ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY | 1613 | ||
| FOCAL CONE ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY | 1620 | ||
| FOCAL ROD ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY | 1622 | ||
| PATTERN ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY | 1623 | ||
| VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSE TESTING | 1626 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1629 | ||
| CHAPTER 125. Müller Cells and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 1633 | ||
| MÜLLER CELLS | 1633 | ||
| THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM | 1639 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1648 | ||
| CHAPTER 126. Retinal and Choroidal Circulations | 1657 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE RETINAL AND CHOROIDAL CIRCULATIONS | 1657 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RETINAL AND CHOROIDAL CIRCULATION | 1661 | ||
| PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF THE RETINAL AND CHOROIDAL CIRCULATION | 1667 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1669 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1669 | ||
| CHAPTER 127. Examination of the Retina: Ophthalmoscopy and Fundus Biomicroscopy | 1677 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1677 | ||
| CHOICE OF HAND-HELD LENS | 1680 | ||
| SMALL-PUPIL INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPES | 1680 | ||
| SCLERAL DEPRESSION | 1680 | ||
| DOCUMENTING THE RETINAL FINDINGS | 1681 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF THE INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE | 1682 | ||
| NONCONTACT METHODS OF BIOMICROSCOPIC RETINAL EXAMINATION | 1683 | ||
| CONTACT LENS METHODS OF BIOMICROSCOPIC RETINAL EXAMINATION | 1684 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1686 | ||
| CHAPTER 128. Principles of Fluorescein Angiography | 1689 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUORESCEIN | 1689 | ||
| FLUORESCEIN SODIUM | 1689 | ||
| EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUE | 1692 | ||
| INTERPRETATION | 1695 | ||
| COMPLEMENTARY IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 1699 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1702 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1702 | ||
| CHAPTER 129. Indocyanine Green Videoangiography | 1705 | ||
| HISTORY OF ICG ANGIOGRAPHY | 1705 | ||
| DIGITAL IMAGING SYSTEMS | 1705 | ||
| TECHNIQUES IN ICG ANGIOGRAPHY | 1706 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF ICG | 1706 | ||
| TOXICITY OF ICG | 1706 | ||
| SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF ICG FOR CHOROIDAL ANGIOGRAPHY | 1707 | ||
| TECHNIQUE OF ICG INJECTION | 1707 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED WAVELENGTHS | 1707 | ||
| MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE CHOROIDAL VASCULATURE | 1707 | ||
| OTHER CONDITIONS | 1718 | ||
| CHOROIDAL BLOOD FLOW STUDIES | 1718 | ||
| FEEDER VESSEL TREATMENT OF CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION | 1718 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1721 | ||
| CHAPTER 130. Optical Coherence Tomography | 1725 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1725 | ||
| TECHNOLOGY | 1725 | ||
| OBTAINING IMAGES | 1726 | ||
| INTERPRETATION OF NORMAL RETINAL ANATOMY | 1726 | ||
| DISTINGUISHING ARTIFACTS | 1727 | ||
| ENSURING HIGH-QUALITY OCT DATA | 1728 | ||
| CLINICAL CONDITIONS | 1728 | ||
| FUTURE TRENDS | 1737 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1737 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1737 | ||
| CHAPTER 131. Retinal Arterial Occlusions | 1741 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1741 | ||
| VASCULAR ANATOMY | 1741 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY OF ARTERIAL OCCLUSIONS | 1742 | ||
| DEMOGRAPHICS/INCIDENCE/ PREVALENCE | 1742 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF OCCLUSION | 1742 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 1746 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 1748 | ||
| OCULAR ISCHEMIC SYNDROME | 1750 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1751 | ||
| CHAPTER 132. Retinal Venous Occlusive Disease | 1755 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1755 | ||
| BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION | 1755 | ||
| CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION | 1760 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1766 | ||
| HEMIRETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION | 1768 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1769 | ||
| CHAPTER 133. Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | 1775 | ||
| SIGNIFICANCE OF APPROACHING HIGH-RISK PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA | 1775 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 1775 | ||
| FUNDAMENTAL CLINICAL TRIALS | 1776 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS, CLASSIFICATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 1778 | ||
| INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 1781 | ||
| PATIENT CARE AND GUIDELINES | 1788 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1789 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1789 | ||
| CHAPTER 134. Diabetic Macular Edema | 1793 | ||
| DEFINITION | 1793 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE | 1793 | ||
| CLINICAL ASSOCIATIONS AND RISK FACTORS | 1794 | ||
| PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DME | 1795 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA | 1796 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 1802 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1803 | ||
| CHAPTER 135. Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | 1807 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION | 1807 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 1807 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1809 | ||
| OCULAR AND SYSTEMIC RISK FACTORS FOR PROGRESSION TO PDR | 1809 | ||
| OCULAR CONSEQUENCES OF NEOVASCULAR PROLIFERATION | 1812 | ||
| TREATMENT OF PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 1816 | ||
| THE ROLE OF VITRECTOMY FOR PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY | 1821 | ||
| INTRAVITREAL INJECTION OF ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS | 1823 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1824 | ||
| CHAPTER 136. Advanced Retinopathy of Prematurity | 1829 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1829 | ||
| RETINAL DETACHMENT IN ROP | 1829 | ||
| SCLERAL BUCKLING | 1830 | ||
| VITRECTOMY | 1830 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1833 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1833 | ||
| CHAPTER 137. Eales' Disease | 1835 | ||
| HISTORY | 1835 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1835 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 1836 | ||
| VISUAL PROGNOSIS | 1837 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1838 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND SYSTEMIC EVALUATION | 1838 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1839 | ||
| CHAPTER 138. Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysms | 1841 | ||
| DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION | 1841 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1841 | ||
| FUNDUS APPEARANCE | 1841 | ||
| ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS | 1841 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGIC APPEARANCE | 1842 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 1843 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1844 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 1845 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1847 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1847 | ||
| CHAPTER 139. Coats' Disease and Retinal Telangiectasia | 1849 | ||
| PRIMARY OR CONGENITAL RETINAL TELANGIECTASIA (COATS' DISEASE) | 1849 | ||
| IDIOPATHIC MACULAR TELANGIECTASIA | 1853 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1855 | ||
| CHAPTER 140. Neuroretinitis | 1859 | ||
| HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE | 1859 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 1859 | ||
| ETIOLOGIES | 1859 | ||
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | 1860 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 1861 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TO MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 1861 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1861 | ||
| EVALUATION | 1861 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1862 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1862 | ||
| CHAPTER 141. Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy | 1865 | ||
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | 1865 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1867 | ||
| GENETICS | 1868 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC FEATURES | 1868 | ||
| PREVENTION AND TREATMENT | 1868 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1869 | ||
| CHAPTER 142. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy | 1871 | ||
| DEFINITION | 1871 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 1871 | ||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | 1871 | ||
| OCULAR SYMPTOMS | 1872 | ||
| OCULAR FINDINGS OF CLASSIC CSC | 1872 | ||
| FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF 'CLASSIC' CSC | 1872 | ||
| INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF 'CLASSIC' CSC | 1873 | ||
| AUTOFLUORESCENCE PATTERNS OF CLASSIC CSC | 1873 | ||
| DIFFUSE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIOPATHY | 1874 | ||
| OCULAR FINDINGS OF DRPE | 1874 | ||
| ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF DRPE | 1874 | ||
| AUTOFLUORESCENCE PATTERNS OF DRPE | 1874 | ||
| BULLOUS DETACHMENT OF THE RETINA SECONDARY TO CSC | 1875 | ||
| SUBRETINAL DEPOSITS | 1876 | ||
| OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN CSC | 1876 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1876 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 1877 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY OF CSC | 1877 | ||
| NATURAL COURSE | 1877 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1878 | ||
| PHOTOCOAGULATION THERAPY | 1878 | ||
| METHODS OF PHOTOCOAGULATION | 1878 | ||
| PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY | 1878 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1879 | ||
| CHAPTER 143. Genetics of Age-related Macular Degeneration | 1881 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1881 | ||
| BACKGROUND STUDIES DEMONSTRATING A GENETIC COMPONENT: TWIN AND FAMILIAL AGGREGATION STUDIES | 1881 | ||
| JUVENILE FORMS (MENDELIAN) OF MACULAR DEGENERATION: CANDIDATE GENES FOR AMD | 1882 | ||
| ABCA4 | 1882 | ||
| ELOVL4 | 1882 | ||
| GENOME-WIDE SCANS | 1882 | ||
| CANDIDATE GENES | 1889 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1898 | ||
| CHAPTER 144. Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Drusen and Geographic Atrophy | 1901 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES AND CLINICOPATHOLOGIC CORRELATION | 1901 | ||
| GRADING DRUSEN AND RPE ABNORMALITIES AND FORMING CLINICALLY RELEVANT CLASSIFICATION OF AMD | 1904 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1905 | ||
| NATURAL COURSE | 1908 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 1911 | ||
| VOLUME 3 | 2875 | ||
| SECTION 12 :OCULOPLASTICS | 2875 | ||
| Chapter 225. Basic Anatomy of the Orbit | 2875 | ||
| GLOBE | 2875 | ||
| SUPERIOR EXTRACONAL ORBIT | 2876 | ||
| INFERIOR EXTRACONAL ORBIT | 2881 | ||
| INTRACONAL ORBIT | 2882 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 2883 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2883 | ||
| Chapter 226. Introduction to Orbital Diseases | 2885 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH ORBITAL DISEASE | 2885 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ORBITAL DISEASE | 2886 | ||
| OTHER KEY FEATURES | 2888 | ||
| ANCILLARY IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 2889 | ||
| INCIDENCE OF ORBITAL DISEASE | 2891 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2895 | ||
| Chapter 227. The Approach to Orbital Surgery | 2897 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2897 | ||
| ORBITAL ANATOMY | 2897 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 2897 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 2901 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2901 | ||
| Chapter 228. Cystic Lesions of the Orbit | 2903 | ||
| DUCTAL CYST OF THE LACRIMAL GLAND | 2903 | ||
| MICROPHTHALMOS WITH A CYST | 2903 | ||
| EPIDERMOID AND DERMOID TUMORS | 2903 | ||
| LIPODERMOID TUMORS | 2906 | ||
| ENCEPHALOCELE | 2906 | ||
| VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC LESIONS OF THE ORBIT WITH CYSTIC CHARACTERISTICS | 2910 | ||
| HEMATIC CYST | 2911 | ||
| ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST | 2911 | ||
| ECHINOCOCCOSIS (HYDATID CYST) | 2912 | ||
| CYSTICERCOSIS | 2912 | ||
| MALIGNANT TUMORS WITH CYSTIC COMPONENTS | 2912 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2912 | ||
| Chapter 229. Pathophysiology of Graves' Orbitopathy | 2913 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2913 | ||
| THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN GD | 2913 | ||
| THYROID-ASSOCIATED OPHTHALMOPATHY | 2914 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 2920 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2920 | ||
| Chapter 230. Management of Graves' Ophthalmopathy | 2927 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2927 | ||
| TREATMENT OF THYROID GLAND DYSFUNCTION | 2927 | ||
| TREATMENT OF OPHTHALMOPATHY: SUPPORTIVE MEASURES | 2927 | ||
| TREATMENT OF OPHTHALMOPATHY: MEDICAL MANAGEMENT | 2928 | ||
| TREATMENT OF OPHTHALMOPATHY: ORBITAL RADIATION THERAPY | 2928 | ||
| TREATMENT OF OPHTHALMOPATHY: SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 2929 | ||
| SUMMARY | 2935 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2935 | ||
| Chapter 231. Noninfectious Orbital Inflammations | 2939 | ||
| NONSPECIFIC IDIOPATHIC ORBITAL INFLAMMATION (INFLAMMATORY ORBITAL PSEUDOTUMOR) | 2939 | ||
| SARCOIDOSIS | 2949 | ||
| VASCULITIS | 2951 | ||
| WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS | 2951 | ||
| POLYARTERITIS (PERIARTERITIS) NODOSA | 2952 | ||
| GIANT-CELL ARTERITIS | 2953 | ||
| HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS | 2954 | ||
| SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME | 2954 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2955 | ||
| Chapter 232. Infectious Processes of the Orbit | 2961 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2961 | ||
| BACTERIAL INFECTION | 2961 | ||
| MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTION | 2966 | ||
| FUNGAL INFECTIONS | 2966 | ||
| PARASITES | 2970 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2972 | ||
| Chapter 233. Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland | 2977 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2977 | ||
| BENIGN TUMORS OF THE LACRIMAL GLAND | 2978 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2985 | ||
| Chapter 234. Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland and Sac | 2987 | ||
| LACRIMAL GLAND TUMORS | 2987 | ||
| SUMMARY | 3003 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3003 | ||
| Chapter 235. Vascular Anomalies of the Eyelid and Orbit | 3005 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3005 | ||
| HEMANGIOMAS | 3005 | ||
| VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS | 3009 | ||
| VASCULAR TUMORS | 3015 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3016 | ||
| Chapter 236. Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors of the Orbit | 3019 | ||
| TUMOR TYPES | 3021 | ||
| COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS | 3039 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3041 | ||
| Chapter 237. Orbital and Ocular Adnexal Lymphoid Tumors | 3045 | ||
| OCULAR ADNEXAL LYMPHOCYTIC POPULATIONS | 3046 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 3046 | ||
| EXAMINATION FEATURES | 3047 | ||
| RADIOLOGIC APPEARANCE | 3048 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC FEATURES | 3050 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGIC CRITERIA | 3051 | ||
| SYSTEMIC EVALUATION | 3056 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 3057 | ||
| TREATMENT | 3058 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3059 | ||
| Chapter 238. Other Lymphocytic Disease Processes | 3061 | ||
| PLASMA CELL PROLIFERATIONS | 3061 | ||
| HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA | 3062 | ||
| T-CELL LYMPHOMAS | 3064 | ||
| NATURAL KILLER T-CELL LYMPHOMA | 3065 | ||
| ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND ORBITAL LYMPHOMA | 3065 | ||
| BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA | 3066 | ||
| LYMPHOMATOID GRANULOMATOSIS | 3068 | ||
| ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA AND KIMURA'S DISEASE | 3068 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3069 | ||
| Chapter 239. Metastatic and Secondary Orbital Tumors | 3073 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE | 3073 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF METASTATIC ORBITAL TUMORS | 3074 | ||
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | 3079 | ||
| PEDIATRIC METASTATIC ORBITAL TUMORS | 3087 | ||
| SECONDARY ORBITAL TUMORS | 3088 | ||
| PARANASAL SINUS TUMORS | 3089 | ||
| ORBITAL EXTENSION OF TUMORS OF THE NASOPHARYNX | 3095 | ||
| ORBITAL EXTENSION FROM LACRIMAL SAC TUMORS | 3095 | ||
| ORBITAL EXTENSION FROM CONJUNCTIVAL TUMORS | 3096 | ||
| ORBITAL EXTENSION OF EYELID TUMORS | 3097 | ||
| EXTRASCLERAL AND ORBITAL EXTENSION FROM INTRAOCULAR TUMORS | 3101 | ||
| ORBITAL EXTENSION OF INTRACRANIAL TUMORS | 3102 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3104 | ||
| Chapter 240. Miscellaneous Rare Tumors and Disorders Involving the Orbit | 3111 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3111 | ||
| ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR | 3111 | ||
| ALVEOLAR SOFT-PART SARCOMA | 3112 | ||
| GRANULAR CELL TUMOR | 3114 | ||
| PIGMENTED RETINAL CHORISTOMA | 3116 | ||
| NONCHROMAFFIN PARAGANGLIOMA | 3116 | ||
| PRIMARY CARCINOID TUMOR | 3118 | ||
| PRIMARY MELANOMA | 3120 | ||
| ECTOMESENCHYMAL TUMORS | 3122 | ||
| PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR | 3122 | ||
| PRIMARY ORBITAL NEUROBLASTOMA | 3122 | ||
| MALIGNANT RHABDOID TUMOR | 3123 | ||
| MESENCHYMAL CHONDROSARCOMA | 3124 | ||
| ANGIOSARCOMA | 3126 | ||
| ENDOTHELIAL HYPERPLASIA | 3127 | ||
| MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOR | 3128 | ||
| PAGET'S DISEASE AND MISCELLANEOUS INTRAOSSEOUS LESIONS | 3130 | ||
| LETHAL MIDLINE GRANULOMA | 3133 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3133 | ||
| Chapter 241. Benign Histiocytic Disorders of the Orbit | 3139 | ||
| LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS | 3139 | ||
| NON-LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSES | 3141 | ||
| ORBITAL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY A PREDOMINANCE OF HISTIOCYTIC CELLS | 3147 | ||
| ORBITAL FOREIGN BODY REACTION: LIPOGRANULOMA | 3153 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3154 | ||
| Chapter 242. Mesenchymal, Fibroosseous, and Cartilaginous Orbital Tumors | 3159 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION SCHEME | 3163 | ||
| FIBROBLASTIC/MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMORS | 3163 | ||
| TUMORS OF ADIPOCYTES | 3174 | ||
| TUMORS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE | 3176 | ||
| TUMORS OF STRIATED MUSCLE | 3178 | ||
| FIBROOSSEOUS AND CARTILAGINOUS TUMORS | 3187 | ||
| OTHER ORBITAL OSSEOUS CONDITIONS | 3192 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3196 | ||
| Chapter 243. Anatomy of the Eyelids, Eyebrow, Midface, and Lacrimal Drainage System | 3203 | ||
| EYELIDS | 3203 | ||
| EYEBROW | 3208 | ||
| MIDFACE | 3209 | ||
| LACRIMAL SYSTEM | 3210 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3214 | ||
| Chapter 244. Congenital Eyelid Anomalies | 3217 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY OF THE EYELIDS | 3217 | ||
| ANOMALIES OF LID FOLD DEVELOPMENT | 3218 | ||
| ANOMALIES OF THE EYELID MARGIN | 3219 | ||
| ANOMALIES OF THE FISSURE | 3224 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES OF THE CANTHAL TENDONS | 3225 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3225 | ||
| Chapter 245. Eyelid Infections | 3229 | ||
| BACTERIAL INFECTIONS | 3229 | ||
| VIRAL INFECTIONS | 3231 | ||
| FUNGAL INFECTIONS | 3234 | ||
| MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS | 3236 | ||
| PARASITIC INFECTIONS | 3237 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3240 | ||
| Chapter 246. Benign Epithelial Tumors | 3243 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3243 | ||
| CYSTIC LESIONS | 3243 | ||
| NONCYSTIC LESIONS | 3246 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3251 | ||
| Chapter 247. Periocular Dermatology | 3255 | ||
| AGING OF THE PERIOCULAR SKIN | 3255 | ||
| PERIORBITAL EDEMA | 3255 | ||
| SKIN DRYNESS OR XEROSIS | 3255 | ||
| ECTROPION AND ENTROPION | 3255 | ||
| ERYTHEMA AND SCALY DERMATOSES IN THE PERIOCULAR AREA | 3256 | ||
| TREATMENT OF SCALY PAPULES AND PLAQUES OF THE SKIN | 3257 | ||
| SMOOTH, INDURATED SKIN | 3258 | ||
| PURPURA | 3259 | ||
| ERYTHEMA | 3259 | ||
| ERYTHEMATOUS PAPULES | 3259 | ||
| ERYTHEMATOUS NODULES | 3260 | ||
| PIGMENTATION OF THE PERIOCULAR AREAS | 3260 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3261 | ||
| Chapter 248. Mohs' Surgery for Eyelid Malignancies | 3263 | ||
| HISTORY OF MOHS SURGERY | 3263 | ||
| CURRENT TECHNIQUE | 3263 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR MOHS MICROGRAPHIC SURGERY | 3265 | ||
| ADVANTAGES OF MOHS SURGERY OVER TRADITIONAL EXCISION | 3266 | ||
| BASAL CELL CARCINOMA | 3266 | ||
| SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA | 3269 | ||
| LENTIGO MALIGNA AND LENTIGO MALIGNA MELANOMA | 3272 | ||
| SEBACEOUS CELL CARCINOMA | 3273 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF MOHS SURGERY | 3275 | ||
| SUMMARY | 3275 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3275 | ||
| Chapter 249. Basal Cell Carcinoma in the Eyelid | 3279 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3279 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 3279 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS | 3279 | ||
| BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR | 3280 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL FEATURES | 3280 | ||
| INHERITED PREDISPOSITIONS | 3282 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 3283 | ||
| IMMUNOPROFILE | 3285 | ||
| TREATMENT OF BCC IN THE EYELIDS | 3285 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 3287 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3287 | ||
| Chapter 250. Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Eyelids | 3293 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3293 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 3293 | ||
| BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR | 3293 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS | 3294 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND HISTOPATHOLOGY | 3295 | ||
| INHERITED PREDISPOSITIONS | 3297 | ||
| IMMUNOPROFILE | 3298 | ||
| INVASION ROUTES IN PERIOCULAR SCC | 3298 | ||
| TREATMENT OF NONINVASIVE SQUAMOUS PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS | 3299 | ||
| TREATMENT OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA | 3300 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 3301 | ||
| PREVENTION | 3302 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3302 | ||
| Chapter 251. Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms | 3309 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3309 | ||
| SEBACEOUS GLAND | 3309 | ||
| BENIGN SEBACEOUS NEOPLASMS | 3309 | ||
| MALIGNANT SEBACEOUS NEOPLASMS | 3312 | ||
| THERAPY | 3318 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3319 | ||
| Chapter 252. Eyelid and Periorbital Reconstruction | 3323 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3323 | ||
| TREATMENT OF COMMON EYELID MALIGNANCIES | 3323 | ||
| DEFECT ASSESSMENT AND PERIORBITAL RECONSTRUCTION: AN OVERVIEW | 3323 | ||
| PERIORBITAL DEFECTS NOT INVOLVING THE EYELID MARGIN | 3325 | ||
| FLAP REPAIR OF LARGE NONMARGINAL PERIOCULAR DEFECTS | 3333 | ||
| EYELID DEFECTS INVOLVING THE EYELID MARGIN | 3334 | ||
| MEDIAL CANTHAL RECONSTRUCTION | 3337 | ||
| CANALICULAR REPAIR | 3339 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3340 | ||
| Chapter 253. Eyelid Tumors of Apocrine, Eccrine, and Pilar Origins | 3343 | ||
| NORMAL APOCRINE APPARATUS | 3344 | ||
| BENIGN TUMORS OF APOCRINE ORIGIN | 3344 | ||
| APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND CARCINOMA | 3349 | ||
| NORMAL ECCRINE APPARATUS | 3350 | ||
| BENIGN TUMORS OF ECCRINE ORIGIN | 3350 | ||
| ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND CARCINOMAS | 3353 | ||
| TUMORS OF PILAR ORIGIN | 3357 | ||
| OTHER TUMORS SIMULATING PRIMARY ADNEXAL TUMORS | 3360 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3363 | ||
| Chapter 254. Melanocytic Lesions of the Eyelid and Ocular Adnexa | 3367 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3367 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY OF EYELID MELANOMA AND ITS PRECURSOR LESIONS | 3367 | ||
| EYELID MELANOMA | 3369 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3377 | ||
| Chapter 255. Unusual Eyelid Tumors | 3379 | ||
| ANGIOSARCOMA | 3379 | ||
| KAPOSI'S SARCOMA | 3381 | ||
| NODULAR FASCIITIS | 3383 | ||
| MERKEL CELL TUMOR (NEUROENDOCRINE OR TRABECULAR CARCINOMA OF THE SKIN) | 3384 | ||
| METASTATIC TUMORS | 3386 | ||
| PHAKOMATOUS CHORISTOMA | 3388 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3389 | ||
| Chapter 256. Upper Eyelid Malpositions: Congenital Ptosis | 3395 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3395 | ||
| EXAMINATION | 3395 | ||
| CONGENITAL PTOSIS FROM LEVATOR MALDEVELOPMENT | 3396 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 3397 | ||
| BLEPHAROPHIMOSIS SYNDROME | 3398 | ||
| DOUBLE ELEVATOR PALSY | 3398 | ||
| HORNER'S SYNDROME | 3398 | ||
| OCULOMOTOR NERVE PALSY | 3399 | ||
| MYASTHENIA GRAVIS | 3399 | ||
| CONGENITAL FIBROSIS OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES | 3399 | ||
| MARCUS…GUNN JAW-WINKING PHENOMENON | 3400 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3400 | ||
| Chapter 257. Acquired Ptosis | 3403 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3403 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 3403 | ||
| EVALUATION AND TREATMENT | 3404 | ||
| LEVATOR REPAIR | 3406 | ||
| MÜLLER'S MUSCLE…CONJUNCTIVAL RESECTION | 3408 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3410 | ||
| Chapter 258. Upper Eyelid Malpositions: Retraction, Ectropion, and Entropion | 3411 | ||
| EYELID RETRACTION | 3411 | ||
| ENTROPION | 3419 | ||
| ECTROPION | 3422 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3423 | ||
| Chapter 259. Lower Eyelid Malpositions | 3427 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3427 | ||
| ENTROPION | 3427 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3432 | ||
| Chapter 260. Disorders of the Eyelashes and Eyebrows | 3435 | ||
| ABUNDANT GROWTH | 3435 | ||
| DEFICIENCY OF EYEBROWS AND EYELASHES | 3437 | ||
| MALPOSITION | 3440 | ||
| OTHER DISORDERS OF POSITION | 3444 | ||
| MISDIRECTION | 3444 | ||
| DISORDERS OF PIGMENTATION | 3447 | ||
| DISORDERS OF TEXTURE | 3447 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3448 | ||
| Chapter 261. Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm | 3451 | ||
| BLEPHAROSPASM | 3451 | ||
| HEMIFACIAL SPASM | 3455 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3456 | ||
| Chapter 262. Upper Blepharoplasty | 3459 | ||
| HISTORY | 3459 | ||
| SURGICAL INDICATIONS | 3459 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 3459 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 3460 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: UPPER BLEPHAROPLASTY | 3461 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF BLEPHAROPLASTY | 3463 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3467 | ||
| Chapter 263. Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty and Midface Elevation Surgery | 3471 | ||
| INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEW | 3471 | ||
| LOWER EYELID AND MIDFACE ANATOMY | 3471 | ||
| LOWER EYELID/MIDFACE AGING CHANGES | 3473 | ||
| EVALUATION | 3474 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 3476 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 3479 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 3480 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3480 | ||
| Chapter 264. Ablative CO2 Laser Skin Resurfacing | 3483 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3483 | ||
| BASIC DERMATOLOGY FOR THE AESTHETIC FACIAL SURGEON | 3483 | ||
| ABLATIVE LASER SKIN RESURFACING | 3484 | ||
| LASER PARAMETERS | 3485 | ||
| TISSUE RESPONSE | 3485 | ||
| WOUND HEALING | 3486 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND COUNSELLING | 3487 | ||
| PROPHYLAXIS | 3487 | ||
| ANESTHESIA | 3488 | ||
| LASER SAFETY AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE | 3489 | ||
| TREATMENT | 3489 | ||
| RETREATMENT | 3493 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AND COMPLICATIONS | 3493 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3495 | ||
| Chapter 265. Evaluation of the Tearing Patient | 3497 | ||
| HISTORY | 3497 | ||
| EXAMINATION | 3498 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3501 | ||
| Chapter 266. Lacrimal Drainage System Surgery | 3503 | ||
| ANATOMY* | 3503 | ||
| CONGENITAL NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION | 3503 | ||
| ACQUIRED NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION | 3505 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVODACRYOCYSTORHINOSTO MY WITH A JONES PYREX TUBE | 3510 | ||
| PUNCTAL SURGERY | 3511 | ||
| LACRIMAL TRAUMA* | 3512 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3516 | ||
| Chapter 267. Enucleation, Evisceration, and Exenteration | 3519 | ||
| ENUCLEATION AND EVISCERATION | 3519 | ||
| SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA | 3519 | ||
| INTRAOCULAR TUMOR | 3520 | ||
| ENDOPHTHALMITIS | 3520 | ||
| BLIND PAINFUL EYE | 3521 | ||
| IMPLANT SELECTION | 3521 | ||
| ORBITAL GROWTH | 3522 | ||
| MOTILITY | 3522 | ||
| ENUCLEATION TECHNIQUE | 3523 | ||
| EVISCERATION TECHNIQUE | 3524 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF ENUCLEATION AND EVISCERATION | 3525 | ||
| EXENTERATION | 3525 | ||
| EXENTERATION TECHNIQUE | 3526 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF EXENTERATION | 3526 | ||
| ROLE OF THE OCULARIST | 3527 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3527 | ||
| Chapter 268. Assessment and Management of the Eyebrow | 3529 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3529 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE BROW | 3530 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF BROW PTOSIS | 3531 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF BROW PTOSIS | 3532 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3541 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3542 | ||
| SECTION 13: OPHTHALMIC PATHOLOGY | 3543 | ||
| Chapter 269. Principles of Pathology | 3543 | ||
| DEFINITION | 3543 | ||
| CELLULAR RESPONSE TO ALTERED OR INJURIOUS CONDITIONS | 3543 | ||
| INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR | 3548 | ||
| NEOPLASIA | 3553 | ||
| DISEASES OF BLOOD VESSELS | 3556 | ||
| NEUROPATHOLOGY | 3561 | ||
| ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY OF THE EYE AND OCULAR ADNEXA37,38 | 3563 | ||
| METHODOLOGIES USED IN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF OPHTHALMIC DISEASES | 3564 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF HISTOPATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS | 3565 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3575 | ||
| Chapter 270. Conjunctival and Corneal Pathology | 3577 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVA | 3577 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVAL TUMORS OF THE SURFACE EPITHELIUM | 3584 | ||
| NORMAL CORNEAL STRUCTURE | 3589 | ||
| CORNEAL PATHOLOGY | 3589 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3606 | ||
| Chapter 271. Pathology of the Uveal Tract | 3609 | ||
| NORMAL ANATOMY | 3609 | ||
| CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES | 3610 | ||
| UVEITIS | 3612 | ||
| SYSTEMIC METABOLIC CONDITIONS | 3626 | ||
| VASCULAR DISEASES | 3628 | ||
| DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS | 3629 | ||
| NEOPLASMS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS OF THE UVEAL TRACT | 3632 | ||
| PROLIFERATIONS OF UVEAL MELANOCYTES | 3633 | ||
| LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES | 3642 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3645 | ||
| Chapter 272. Pathology of the Lens | 3653 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3653 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF THE MATURE LENS | 3654 | ||
| CATARACTOGENESIS IN THE ADULT | 3656 | ||
| OTHER EXFOLIATIVE CATARACTS | 3663 | ||
| CATARACT ASSOCIATED WITH MECHANICAL FACTORS AND RADIATION | 3664 | ||
| METABOLISM-RELATED CATARACTS | 3666 | ||
| INFLAMMATION-RELATED CATARACTS | 3667 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES OF LENS EMBRYOGENESIS | 3668 | ||
| THE ZONULAR APPARATUS AND LENS DISLOCATION | 3672 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3675 | ||
| Chapter 273. Pathology of the Retina and Vitreous | 3679 | ||
| CONGENITAL OR INHERITED DISEASES OF THE RETINA AND VITREOUS | 3679 | ||
| PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC PRIMARY VITREOUS | 3679 | ||
| RETINAL DYSPLASIA, DEGENERATIONS, AND DYSTROPHIES | 3680 | ||
| AGING AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE RETINA AND VITREOUS | 3685 | ||
| VITREOUS DEGENERATION | 3689 | ||
| PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY | 3692 | ||
| CHOROIDORETINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF TRAUMA | 3693 | ||
| RETINAL RADIATION AND DRUG TOXICITY | 3695 | ||
| VITREOUS OPACITIES | 3696 | ||
| VASCULAR AND METABOLIC CONDITIONS | 3696 | ||
| INFECTIOUS RETINITIS | 3713 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3714 | ||
| Chapter 274. Pathology of Glaucoma | 3725 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3725 | ||
| MORPHOLOGY OF THE AQUEOUS HUMOR OUTFLOW PATHWAY | 3725 | ||
| CELLULAR REGULATION AND PATHOGENESIS OF ELEVATED INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE | 3725 | ||
| SEQUELAE OF GLAUCOMA | 3725 | ||
| PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA | 3727 | ||
| NORMAL-TENSION GLAUCOMA | 3728 | ||
| PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA | 3728 | ||
| CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA | 3729 | ||
| SECONDARY GLAUCOMA | 3730 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3734 | ||
| Chapter 275. Pathology of the Lids | 3737 | ||
| ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY | 3737 | ||
| BASIC PATHOLOGY TERMINOLOGY OF THE SKIN | 3737 | ||
| INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION | 3738 | ||
| CYSTIC LESIONS | 3739 | ||
| EPITHELIAL TUMORS | 3740 | ||
| NONMELANOCYTIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS | 3741 | ||
| MALIGNANT EPITHELIAL LESIONS | 3742 | ||
| EYELID MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE | 3749 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3750 | ||
| Chapter 276.Orbital Pathology* | 3753 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3753 | ||
| CONGENITAL DISORDERS | 3753 | ||
| CYSTIC LESIONS | 3754 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY DISEASES | 3756 | ||
| THYROID ORBITOPATHY | 3761 | ||
| AMYLOID DEPOSITION | 3762 | ||
| LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE AND LEUKEMIC PROCESSES | 3762 | ||
| NEOPLASMS | 3768 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES OF THE LACRIMAL GLAND | 3783 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3786 | ||
| Chapter 277. Pathology of the Optic Nerve | 3797 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3797 | ||
| TUMORS | 3797 | ||
| CONGENITAL ANOMALIES | 3803 | ||
| ATROPHY OF THE OPTIC NERVE | 3804 | ||
| PAPILLEDEMA | 3805 | ||
| OPTIC DISK CUPPING | 3805 | ||
| OPTIC DISK DRUSEN | 3806 | ||
| VASCULAR OPTIC NEUROPATHY | 3806 | ||
| INFLAMMATION | 3807 | ||
| INJURIES | 3807 | ||
| HEREDITARY, PARANEOPLASTIC, AND DEMYELINATING OPTIC NEUROPATHIES | 3809 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3810 | ||
| SECTION 14: NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY | 3813 | ||
| Chapter 278. Clinical Examination | 3813 | ||
| HISTORY | 3813 | ||
| EXAMINATION | 3813 | ||
| VISUAL ACUITY | 3813 | ||
| STEREOSCOPIC VISION | 3813 | ||
| COLOR VISION/CONTRAST ACUITY/GLARE RECOVERY | 3813 | ||
| PERIMETRY | 3814 | ||
| PUPILS | 3814 | ||
| EXTERNAL EXAMINATION | 3814 | ||
| OCULAR MOTILITY EXAMINATION | 3814 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION | 3816 | ||
| SUMMARY | 3816 | ||
| Chapter 279. Examination of the Visual Field | 3817 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3817 | ||
| THE NORMAL VISUAL FIELD | 3817 | ||
| CLINICAL (BEDSIDE) PERIMETRY | 3818 | ||
| FORMAL PERIMETRY | 3820 | ||
| ANATOMY OF VISUAL-FIELD DEFECTS | 3825 | ||
| ORDERING THE CORRECT PERIMETRIC EXAM | 3836 | ||
| NEW TECHNIQUES IN AUTOMATED PERIMETRY | 3836 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3837 | ||
| Chapter 280. Neuroophthalmologic Disease of the Retina | 3839 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RETINAL DISEASE | 3839 | ||
| ISCHEMIA OF THE RETINA | 3839 | ||
| PARANEOPLASTIC RETINOPATHY | 3850 | ||
| BIG BLIND SPOT SYNDROME | 3853 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3855 | ||
| Chapter 281. Optic Atrophy and Papilledema | 3861 | ||
| OPTIC ATROPHY | 3861 | ||
| PAPILLEDEMA (DISC EDEMA) | 3866 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3868 | ||
| Chapter 282. Optic Neuritis | 3871 | ||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | 3871 | ||
| CLINICAL SYMPTOMS | 3871 | ||
| CLINICAL HISTORY | 3873 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 3873 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES | 3875 | ||
| OPTIC NEURITIS IN CHILDREN | 3878 | ||
| INVESTIGATIVE STUDIES | 3878 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 3880 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID | 3881 | ||
| RISK OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AFTER A SINGLE ATTACK OF OPTIC NEURITIS | 3881 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PREVENTION | 3881 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3882 | ||
| Chapter 283. The Ischemic Optic Neuropathies | 3887 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3887 | ||
| ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY | 3887 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3891 | ||
| Chapter 284. Tumors of the Anterior Visual Pathways | 3893 | ||
| OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA | 3893 | ||
| MALIGNANT GLIOMA OF ADULTHOOD | 3895 | ||
| OTHER PRIMARY OPTIC NERVE TUMORS | 3896 | ||
| PRIMARY OPTIC NERVE SHEATH MENINGIOMA | 3896 | ||
| SECONDARY OPTIC NERVE SHEATH MENINGIOMA | 3899 | ||
| LYMPHORETICULAR TUMORS | 3902 | ||
| METASTATIC TUMORS OF THE OPTIC NERVE | 3902 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3902 | ||
| Chapter 285. Hereditary Optic Neuropathies | 3907 | ||
| MONOSYMPTOMATIC HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHIES | 3907 | ||
| HEREDITARY OPTIC ATROPHY WITH OTHER NEUROLOGIC OR SYSTEMIC SIGNS | 3914 | ||
| PROGRESSIVE OPTIC ATROPHY WITH JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS, DIABETES INSIPIDUS, AND HEARING LOSS (WOLFRAM SYNDROME, DIDMOAD) | 3914 | ||
| OPTIC NEUROPATHY AS A MANIFESTATION OF HEREDITARY DEGENERATIVE OR DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES | 3916 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3917 | ||
| Chapter 286. Infectious, Inflammatory, Toxic and Other Optic Neuropathies | 3919 | ||
| INFECTIOUS OPTIC NEUROPATHIES | 3919 | ||
| OPTIC NEURITIS FOLLOWING VACCINATION | 3920 | ||
| SARCOIDOSIS | 3920 | ||
| OPTIC NEUROPATHY IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | 3922 | ||
| NEURORETINITIS | 3922 | ||
| TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY | 3923 | ||
| RADIATION OPTIC NEUROPATHY | 3924 | ||
| OPTIC NEUROPATHIES SECONDARY TO SINUS DISEASE | 3925 | ||
| FIBROUS DYSPLASIA | 3927 | ||
| SPECIFIC TOXIC OPTIC NEUROPATHIES | 3929 | ||
| OTHER TOXIC OPTIC NEUROPATHIES | 3930 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF TOXIC AND NUTRITIONAL OPTIC NEUROPATHY | 3930 | ||
| LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS FOR TOXIC/ NUTRITIONAL OPTIC NEUROPATHIES | 3931 | ||
| COURSE AND TREATMENT | 3931 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3931 | ||
| Chapter 287. Chiasmal Disorders | 3935 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CHIASM | 3935 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 3936 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 3939 | ||
| NONCOMPRESSIVE CHIASMAL LESIONS | 3944 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS NONNEOPLASTIC LESIONS | 3946 | ||
| BITEMPORAL FIELD LOSS NOT CAUSED BY CHIASMAL DISORDERS | 3946 | ||
| SUMMARY | 3947 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3947 | ||
| Chapter 288. Retrochiasmal Disorders | 3953 | ||
| OPTIC TRACT | 3953 | ||
| LATERAL GENICULATE BODY | 3954 | ||
| VISUAL RADIATIONS | 3954 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3961 | ||
| Chapter 289. Neurovascular Neuroophthalmology | 3963 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE CEREBRAL AND ORBITAL VASCULATURE | 3963 | ||
| VASOOCCLUSIVE DISEASE | 3964 | ||
| VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSES | 3971 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS | 3971 | ||
| CAROTID-CAVERNOUS FISTULAS | 3980 | ||
| CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION | 3983 | ||
| VERTEBRAL ARTERY DISSECTION | 3984 | ||
| VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS | 3984 | ||
| REFERENCES | 3991 | ||
| Chapter 290. Primary Headache Disorders with Ophthalmic Features | 3997 | ||
| MIGRAINE | 3997 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF MIGRAINE | 3999 | ||
| CLUSTER HEADACHE AND THE TRIGEMINAL AUTONOMIC CEPHALGIAS | 4002 | ||
| PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS CAUSING OCULAR OR PERIOCULAR PAIN | 4005 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 4006 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4006 | ||
| Chapter 291. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) | 4009 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4009 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION | 4009 | ||
| LABORATORY STUDIES | 4011 | ||
| IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 4012 | ||
| VISUAL-EVOKED POTENTIAL | 4012 | ||
| SPECIFIC TREATMENT MODALITIES | 4013 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4015 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4015 | ||
| Chapter 292. Nonorganic Visual Disorders | 4017 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4017 | ||
| NOMENCLATURE | 4017 | ||
| CLINICAL PROFILE | 4017 | ||
| EVALUATION | 4018 | ||
| TESTING TECHNIQUES FOR FUNCTIONAL VISUAL LOSS AND ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF CLINICAL TESTS | 4019 | ||
| VISUAL-FIELD LOSS: MONOCULAR AND BINOCULAR | 4024 | ||
| EFFERENT VISUAL PATHWAY | 4025 | ||
| MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS | 4027 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 4027 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP | 4027 | ||
| SUMMARY AND GUIDELINES | 4028 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4028 | ||
| Chapter 293. The Pupils and Accommodation | 4029 | ||
| THE PUPIL AND ACCOMMODATIVE PATHWAY | 4029 | ||
| PUPILS | 4033 | ||
| ACCOMMODATION ABNORMALITIES | 4047 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4047 | ||
| Chapter 294. Diseases of the Ocular Muscles | 4049 | ||
| EVALUATION OF OPHTHALMOPLEGIA AND SUSPECTED NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES | 4049 | ||
| PROGRESSIVE OPHTHALMOPLEGIA | 4049 | ||
| STATIC OPHTHALMOPLEGIA | 4052 | ||
| EPISODIC PARALYSIS AND OPHTHALMOPLEGIA | 4054 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4055 | ||
| Chapter 295. Myasthenia | 4057 | ||
| CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CORRELATIONS | 4057 | ||
| ROLE OF T LYMPHOCYTES AND THYMUS | 4057 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 4058 | ||
| SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS | 4058 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 4062 | ||
| DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH MYASTHENIA | 4065 | ||
| OCULAR MYASTHENIA | 4066 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4068 | ||
| NEONATAL MYASTHENIA | 4068 | ||
| PEDIATRIC MYASTHENIA | 4068 | ||
| LAMBERT…EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME | 4068 | ||
| CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES | 4069 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4069 | ||
| Chapter 296. Third-, Fourth-, and Sixth-Nerve Lesions and the Cavernous Sinus | 4071 | ||
| ANATOMY | 4071 | ||
| SYMPTOMS AND HISTORY | 4074 | ||
| TECHNIQUES OF EXAMINATION | 4076 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES IN THIRD-NERVE FUNCTION | 4076 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES IN FOURTH-NERVE FUNCTION | 4082 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES IN SIXTH-NERVE FUNCTION | 4085 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES OF MORE THAN ONE OCULAR MOTOR NERVE | 4093 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4096 | ||
| Chapter 297. Central Eye Movement Disorders | 4101 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS | 4101 | ||
| NOMENCLATURE OF LESIONS OF THE OCULAR MOTOR SYSTEM | 4101 | ||
| CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF EYE MOVEMENTS | 4103 | ||
| COMMON SYNDROMES OF DISORDERED EYE MOVEMENT | 4105 | ||
| DISORDERED EYE MOVEMENTS PRODUCED BY FOCAL BRAIN LESIONS | 4121 | ||
| ANATOMICAL DIAGNOSIS | 4125 | ||
| ETIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS | 4125 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4126 | ||
| VOLUME 4 | 4133 | ||
| SECTION 15: PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY | 4133 | ||
| Chapter 298. \rThe Pediatric Eye Examination | 4133 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4133 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF THE PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATION | 4133 | ||
| VISUAL FUNCTION TESTING | 4135 | ||
| EYE MOVEMENT AND ALIGNMENT | 4139 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE EYE | 4139 | ||
| OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY | 4142 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 4142 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4142 | ||
| Chapter 299. Refractive Errors in Children | 4145 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4145 | ||
| THE EYE AS AN OPTICAL SYSTEM | 4145 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 4145 | ||
| POSTNATAL GROWTH OF THE EYE | 4146 | ||
| EMMETROPIZATION | 4147 | ||
| FAILURE OF EMMETROPIZATION | 4148 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF REFRACTIVE ERROR | 4149 | ||
| MEASURING REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN CHILDREN | 4149 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN CHILDREN | 4150 | ||
| INHERITANCE OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS | 4153 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS | 4155 | ||
| SURGICALLY INDUCED REFRACTIVE ERRORS | 4155 | ||
| SYNDROMES AND DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN CHILDREN | 4156 | ||
| DISCUSSING REFRACTIVE ERRORS WITH PARENTS | 4157 | ||
| THE FUTURE | 4157 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4158 | ||
| Chapter 300. Amblyopia | 4159 | ||
| BIOLOGY OF AMBLYOPIA | 4159 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF AMBLYOPIA | 4160 | ||
| DIAGNOSING AMBLYOPIA | 4162 | ||
| SCREENING FOR AMBLYOPIA | 4162 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4163 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF AMBLYOPIA IN EYES WITH STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES | 4166 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4166 | ||
| Chapter 301. Infections of the Eye and Adnexa in Children | 4171 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVITIS | 4171 | ||
| EYELID INFECTIONS | 4173 | ||
| NASOLACRIMAL INFECTIONS | 4174 | ||
| ORBITAL CELLULITIS | 4174 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4175 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4176 | ||
| Chapter 302. Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Eye, Orbit, and Ocular Adnexa | 4177 | ||
| CONGENITAL AND INFANTILE VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS | 4177 | ||
| ORBITAL VENOLYMPHATIC MALFORMATIONS | 4178 | ||
| CONGENITAL OCULAR CHORISTOMAS | 4178 | ||
| CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE WHOLE EYE FORMATION | 4179 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4182 | ||
| Chapter 303. Pediatric Ptosis | 4185 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4185 | ||
| SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LID | 4185 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION OF PEDIATRIC PTOSIS | 4186 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION | 4188 | ||
| TIMING OF SURGICAL INTERVENTION | 4189 | ||
| CHOICE OF OPERATION: SURGICAL CONCEPTS | 4189 | ||
| POSTSURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 4193 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF CONGENITAL PTOSIS SURGERY | 4193 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4193 | ||
| Chapter 304. Lacrimal System Abnormalities | 4195 | ||
| INFANTILE TEAR DEFICIENCY | 4195 | ||
| EXCESS TEARING | 4195 | ||
| EXTERNAL ANOMALIES OF THE LACRIMAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM | 4195 | ||
| CONGENITAL NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION | 4195 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4198 | ||
| Chapter 305. Pediatric Glaucomas | 4201 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4201 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 4202 | ||
| PEDIATRIC GLAUCOMA EXAMINATION | 4203 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 4205 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL PEDIATRIC GLAUCOMA | 4206 | ||
| SECONDARY PEDIATRIC GLAUCOMA | 4208 | ||
| TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD GLAUCOMA | 4209 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4210 | ||
| Chapter 306. Congenital and Childhood Cataracts | 4213 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 4213 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 4213 | ||
| SYSTEMIC AND OCULAR ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH PEDIATRIC CATARACTS | 4214 | ||
| SYSTEMIC EVALUATION OF PEDIATRIC CATARACTS | 4216 | ||
| IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 4217 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 4219 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4220 | ||
| Chapter 307. Visual Impairment in Infants and Young Children | 4225 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4225 | ||
| NORMAL DEVELOPMENT | 4225 | ||
| DISORDERS OF RETINA, OPTIC NERVE, AND BRAIN | 4228 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 4237 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4238 | ||
| Chapter 308. Retinal Lesions Presenting in Childhood | 4241 | ||
| POSTERIOR SEGMENT EXAMINATION IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION | 4241 | ||
| TUMORS | 4241 | ||
| RETINAL VASCULAR DISEASE | 4243 | ||
| MACULAR LESIONS | 4244 | ||
| CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | 4246 | ||
| INFECTIOUS CHORIORETINOPATHIES | 4247 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4248 | ||
| Chapter 309. Retinopathy of Prematurity | 4249 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 4249 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4249 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 4249 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 4250 | ||
| SEVERITY OF DISEASE | 4250 | ||
| LOCATION OF DISEASE | 4251 | ||
| EXTENT OF DISEASE | 4251 | ||
| PLUS DISEASE | 4252 | ||
| AGGRESSIVE POSTERIOR ROP | 4252 | ||
| RESOLUTION OF ROP | 4253 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 4254 | ||
| ROP … THE THIRD EPIDEMIC | 4254 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPY OF ROP | 4255 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ESTABLISHED DISEASE | 4255 | ||
| EARLY TREATMENT FOR ROP (ETROP) TRIAL | 4257 | ||
| TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR PERIPHERAL RETINAL ABLATION | 4257 | ||
| SURGERY FOR RETINAL DETACHMENT | 4258 | ||
| DETECTION OF ROP REQUIRING TREATMENT | 4258 | ||
| LONG-TERM OUTCOMES IN PREMATURE BABIES WITH AND WITHOUT ROP | 4259 | ||
| ROP AND PREMATURITY | 4259 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4260 | ||
| Chapter 310. Ocular Trauma in Infancy and Childhood | 4263 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4263 | ||
| PREHOSPITAL CARE OF OCULAR INJURIES | 4263 | ||
| MECHANISM OF TRAUMA | 4263 | ||
| CORNEAL ABRASIONS | 4264 | ||
| ANTERIOR SEGMENT/ORBITAL TRAUMA | 4264 | ||
| CHEMICAL INJURIES | 4266 | ||
| CANALICULAR LACERATIONS/ PERIOCULAR LACERATIONS | 4266 | ||
| ORBITAL FRACTURES | 4267 | ||
| BIRTH TRAUMA AND THE EYE | 4267 | ||
| SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME/ NONACCIDENTAL TRAUMA | 4267 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4268 | ||
| Chapter 311. Congenital Optic Nerve Anomalies | 4271 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4271 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC VARIABILITY | 4271 | ||
| DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN PRE- VERSUS POSTNATAL AXONAL LOSS | 4271 | ||
| OPTIC NERVE HYPOPLASIA | 4271 | ||
| POSTERIOR NEURONAL LOSS | 4272 | ||
| PERIPHERAL CAVITARY ANOMALIES | 4273 | ||
| PAPILLORENAL SYNDROME | 4273 | ||
| MORNING GLORY DISK ANOMALY | 4273 | ||
| TRISOMY 21 | 4274 | ||
| DISK COLOBOMA | 4274 | ||
| PERIPAPILLARY STAPHYLOMA | 4274 | ||
| AICARDI SYNDROME | 4274 | ||
| MAXIMIZING VISUAL FUNCTION | 4275 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4275 | ||
| Chapter 312. Nystagmus and Nystagmoid Eye Movements | 4277 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4277 | ||
| DEFINITION | 4277 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 4277 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NYSTAGMUS | 4277 | ||
| SUPRANUCLEAR EYE MOVEMENTS | 4278 | ||
| TYPES OF NYSTAGMUS | 4278 | ||
| ACQUIRED NYSTAGMUS | 4285 | ||
| JERK NYSTAGMUS | 4285 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS NYSTAGMUS TYPES | 4290 | ||
| NYSTAGMOID EYE MOVEMENTS | 4290 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4294 | ||
| Chapter 313. Learning Disorders and Vision Therapy | 4301 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4301 | ||
| HOW WE READ | 4301 | ||
| DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH READING DIFFICULTY | 4301 | ||
| TREATMENT OPTIONS | 4302 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS | 4302 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4302 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4303 | ||
| Chapter 314. Clinical Evaluation of Strabismus | 4305 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 4305 | ||
| QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY THE EVALUATION OF STRABISMUS | 4305 | ||
| EXAMINATION ROOM ESSENTIALS | 4305 | ||
| HISTORY | 4306 | ||
| EXAMINATION | 4306 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4313 | ||
| Chapter 315. Genetics of Strabismus | 4315 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4315 | ||
| CONCOMITANT STRABISMUS | 4315 | ||
| INCOMITANT STRABISMUS | 4316 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4322 | ||
| Chapter 316. Imaging and Strabismus | 4325 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4325 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF NORMAL EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES | 4326 | ||
| IMAGING IN STRABISMUS | 4327 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4330 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 4330 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4331 | ||
| Chapter 317. Comitant Strabismus | 4333 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4333 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4333 | ||
| COMITANT ESODEVIATIONS | 4333 | ||
| COMITANT EXODEVIATIONS | 4337 | ||
| EPIPHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL BINOCULAR VISION DEVELOPMENT | 4339 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4341 | ||
| Chapter 318. Complex or Incomitant Strabismus | 4345 | ||
| OCULOMOTOR (THIRD) NERVE PALSY | 4345 | ||
| SIXTH NERVE PALSY | 4346 | ||
| DUANE SYNDROME AND RELATED CONGENITAL DYSINNERVATION OF THE ABDUCENS NERVE | 4347 | ||
| MÖBIUS SYNDROME | 4348 | ||
| TROCHLEAR (FOURTH) NERVE PALSY | 4349 | ||
| BROWN SYNDROME | 4350 | ||
| AXIAL MYOPIA AND FALLEN EYE SYNDROME | 4350 | ||
| CRANIOFACIAL SYNOSTOSIS AND INCOMITANT STRABISMUS | 4351 | ||
| GRAVES' ORBITOPATHY AND INCOMITANT STRABISMUS | 4352 | ||
| BLOW-OUT FRACTURES | 4352 | ||
| MYASTHENIA GRAVIS | 4354 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX STRABISMUS | 4354 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4354 | ||
| Chapter 319. Treatment of Diplopia and Strabismus | 4357 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4357 | ||
| BINOCULAR SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY | 4357 | ||
| DIPLOPIA | 4359 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4364 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4365 | ||
| SECTION 16: THE EYE AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE | 4367 | ||
| Chapter 320. Hypertension and Its Ocular Manifestations | 4367 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4367 | ||
| SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION | 4367 | ||
| ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION | 4368 | ||
| SECONDARY HYPERTENSION | 4369 | ||
| OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPERTENSION | 4372 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4382 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4383 | ||
| Chapter 321. Diabetes Mellitus | 4385 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4385 | ||
| SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS | 4387 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4387 | ||
| COMMON CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS | 4388 | ||
| DIABETES AND PREGNANCY | 4395 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4396 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4396 | ||
| Chapter 322. Childhood Arthritis and Anterior Uveitis | 4401 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 4401 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4413 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4413 | ||
| Chapter 323. Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis | 4417 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4417 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS | 4417 | ||
| IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS | 4418 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4419 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS | 4420 | ||
| LABORATORY FINDINGS | 4425 | ||
| TREATMENT OF RA | 4425 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4426 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 4426 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4426 | ||
| Chapter 324. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 4429 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4429 | ||
| LABORATORY FINDINGS | 4429 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4429 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4431 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS | 4432 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4434 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4435 | ||
| Chapter 325. Giant Cell Arteritis | 4437 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4437 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4437 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4437 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4438 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 4440 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4441 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4443 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4443 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4443 | ||
| Chapter 326. Wegener's Granulomatosis | 4447 | ||
| HISTORY | 4447 | ||
| DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION | 4447 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4447 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4447 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES AND ASSOCIATIONS | 4448 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 4451 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4454 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4455 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4456 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4456 | ||
| Chapter 327. Scleroderma | 4461 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS | 4462 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 4462 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4462 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4463 | ||
| LABORATORY FINDINGS | 4465 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4465 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS | 4465 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4467 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4468 | ||
| Chapter 328. Adamantiades…Behçet's Disease | 4469 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4469 | ||
| ETIOLOGIC AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 4469 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA | 4471 | ||
| OCULAR ABD | 4472 | ||
| OTHER AGENTS | 4478 | ||
| PROGNOSIS FOR VISION | 4478 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4478 | ||
| Chapter 329. Systemic Manifestations of Sarcoidosis | 4483 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4483 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 4484 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4484 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4485 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 4488 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 4490 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4491 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4492 | ||
| Chapter 330. Osseous and Musculoskeletal Disorders | 4495 | ||
| DISORDERS OF BONE | 4495 | ||
| MUSCULAR DISORDERS | 4508 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4511 | ||
| Chapter 331. Amyloidosis and the Eye | 4517 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 4517 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4517 | ||
| CHEMICAL SUBTYPING OF AMYLOID DEPOSITS | 4518 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 4520 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES AND ASSOCIATIONS | 4520 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4531 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4531 | ||
| SYSTEMIC EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH SUSPECTED AMYLOIDOSIS | 4531 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4532 | ||
| Chapter 332. Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Disorders | 4535 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 4535 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES | 4537 | ||
| OTHER GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES | 4539 | ||
| PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS | 4540 | ||
| ALCOHOLISM | 4540 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4544 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4544 | ||
| Chapter 333. Oculorenal Syndromes | 4547 | ||
| DISEASES AFFECTING THE VASCULATURE | 4547 | ||
| NEOPLASIA | 4547 | ||
| DISEASES AFFECTING BASEMENT MEMBRANES | 4549 | ||
| METABOLIC DISORDERS | 4552 | ||
| SYNDROMIC ASSOCIATIONS | 4556 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4561 | ||
| Chapter 334. Ophthalmic Manifestations of Some Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders | 4565 | ||
| MINERAL DISORDERS | 4565 | ||
| VITAMIN DISORDERS | 4567 | ||
| ENDOCRINE DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL CALCIUM METABOLISM | 4568 | ||
| METABOLIC ERRORS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND STORAGE | 4569 | ||
| LYSOSOMAL ENZYME STORAGE DISORDERS | 4570 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4575 | ||
| Chapter 335. Nutritional Blindness | 4579 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4579 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 4579 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS | 4579 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4580 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4580 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 4582 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4583 | ||
| PREVENTION | 4583 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4584 | ||
| Chapter 336. Pregnancy and the Eye | 4587 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC OCULAR CHANGES | 4587 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC OCULAR CHANGES | 4589 | ||
| EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON PREEXISTING OCULAR DISORDERS | 4591 | ||
| LABOR AND DELIVERY | 4595 | ||
| OCULAR MEDICATIONS | 4595 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4599 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4599 | ||
| Chapter 337. The Eye in Aging | 4605 | ||
| EYELIDS AND PERIOCULAR SKIN | 4605 | ||
| LACRIMAL GLAND AND LACRIMAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM | 4610 | ||
| CORNEA | 4611 | ||
| LENS AND ZONULES | 4626 | ||
| RETINA AND CHOROID | 4634 | ||
| AGING CHANGES IN THE SCLERA | 4650 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4653 | ||
| Chapter 338. Systemic Bacterial Infections and the Eye | 4665 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4665 | ||
| OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS | 4665 | ||
| SPECIFIC INFECTIONS AND THEIR OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS | 4667 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4670 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4670 | ||
| Chapter 339. Mycobacterial Diseases: Tuberculosis and Leprosy | 4671 | ||
| TUBERCULOSIS | 4671 | ||
| LEPROSY (HANSEN'S DISEASE) | 4679 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4682 | ||
| Chapter 340. Systemic Viral Infections and the Eye | 4685 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4685 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 4685 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4685 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4686 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL DISEASES | 4691 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4692 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 4697 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4697 | ||
| Chapter 341. AIDS and Its Ophthalmic Manifestations | 4699 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4699 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4699 | ||
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS | 4700 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY AND CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF HIV INFECTION | 4701 | ||
| INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AIDS | 4702 | ||
| MALIGNANCIES ASSOCIATED WITH AIDS | 4703 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF AIDS | 4704 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS | 4711 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF HIV DISEASE | 4711 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4711 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4712 | ||
| Chapter 342. Fungal Infections and the Eye | 4717 | ||
| CANDIDIASIS | 4717 | ||
| ASPERGILLOSIS | 4723 | ||
| ZYGOMYCOSIS (MUCORMYCOSIS) | 4727 | ||
| SPOROTRICHOSIS | 4729 | ||
| CRYPTOCOCCOSIS | 4731 | ||
| HISTOPLASMOSIS | 4734 | ||
| COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS | 4739 | ||
| BLASTOMYCOSIS | 4742 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4745 | ||
| Chapter 343. Systemic Parasitic Infections and the Eye | 4751 | ||
| SYSTEMIC MICROSPORIDIAL INFECTIONS | 4751 | ||
| SYSTEMIC PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS | 4752 | ||
| SYSTEMIC HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS | 4756 | ||
| HOOKWORM INFECTION | 4764 | ||
| CESTODES | 4764 | ||
| TREMATODES | 4766 | ||
| SYSTEMIC PENTASTOMAL INFECTIONS | 4768 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4769 | ||
| Chapter 344. Spirochetal Infections and the Eye | 4775 | ||
| SPIROCHETES | 4775 | ||
| VENEREAL TREPONEMAL DISEASES | 4775 | ||
| NONVENEREAL TREPONEMATOSES | 4781 | ||
| BORRELIA INFECTION | 4782 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4788 | ||
| Chapter 345. Chlamydial Disease | 4791 | ||
| INFECTION CAUSED BY OCULOGENITAL SEROVARS OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS | 4791 | ||
| TRACHOMA (CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS) | 4794 | ||
| LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM | 4796 | ||
| REACTIVE ARTHRITIS | 4797 | ||
| PSITTACOSIS | 4798 | ||
| DISEASE CAUSED BY C. PNEUMONIAE | 4798 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4799 | ||
| Chapter 346. Hematologic Disorders | 4803 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4803 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM | 4803 | ||
| DISORDERS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS | 4804 | ||
| RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS | 4809 | ||
| PLATELET DISORDERS | 4813 | ||
| COAGULATION DISORDERS | 4814 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4817 | ||
| Chapter 347. Graft versus Host Disease | 4821 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4821 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 4822 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4823 | ||
| PREVENTION | 4823 | ||
| OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS | 4823 | ||
| TREATMENT OF OCULAR GVHD | 4827 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4828 | ||
| Chapter 348. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Vasculitides | 4831 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 4831 | ||
| GENERAL PATHOGENESIS | 4831 | ||
| GENERAL CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 4833 | ||
| GENERAL OCULAR PRESENTATION | 4833 | ||
| PRIMARY SYSTEMIC VASCULITIDES WITH OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS | 4834 | ||
| GENERAL DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES | 4852 | ||
| GENERAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES | 4853 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4854 | ||
| SECTION 17: OCULAR ONCOLOGY | 4859 | ||
| Chapter 349. Pigmented Tumors of the Iris | 4859 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4859 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4859 | ||
| CLINICAL DIFFERENTIATION | 4861 | ||
| ASSOCIATED GLAUCOMA | 4862 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION | 4862 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4863 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 4864 | ||
| EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION | 4866 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 4868 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4869 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4870 | ||
| Chapter 350. Diagnosis of Choroidal Melanoma | 4875 | ||
| HISTORY | 4875 | ||
| CLINICAL EXAMINATION AND INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY | 4875 | ||
| ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 4878 | ||
| FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY | 4878 | ||
| OTHER ANCILLARY TESTS AND PROCEDURES | 4878 | ||
| LESIONS SIMULATING CHOROIDAL MELANOMA | 4879 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4885 | ||
| Chapter 351. Charged Particle Irradiation of Uveal Melanoma | 4887 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4887 | ||
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TREATED PATIENTS | 4891 | ||
| TUMOR REGRESSION | 4891 | ||
| VISUAL ACUITY | 4891 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 4893 | ||
| ENUCLEATION | 4894 | ||
| TUMOR RECURRENCE | 4895 | ||
| MELANOMA-RELATED MORTALITY | 4896 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 4897 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4897 | ||
| Chapter 352. Brachytherapy for Posterior Uveal Malignant Melanoma | 4899 | ||
| HISTORY | 4899 | ||
| RATIONALE AND INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT | 4899 | ||
| RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES | 4900 | ||
| MECHANISM OF RADIATION TUMOR DESTRUCTION | 4901 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE ESTIMATION OF RADIOACTIVE PLAQUE SIZE | 4901 | ||
| RADIATION DOSIMETRY | 4901 | ||
| PLAQUE CONFIGURATIONS | 4902 | ||
| OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS | 4903 | ||
| TUMOR CONTROL AND PATIENT SURVIVAL | 4904 | ||
| VISUAL ACUITY OUTCOMES | 4905 | ||
| QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER BRACHYTHERAPY | 4905 | ||
| OUTCOMES WITH PALLADIUM-103 VERSUS IODINE-125 | 4906 | ||
| OUTCOMES WITH RUTHENIUM-106 VERSUS IODINE-125 | 4906 | ||
| CONTROVERSIES IN PLAQUE THERAPY | 4906 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 4908 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4908 | ||
| Chapter 353. Surgical Resection of Uveal Melanoma | 4911 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4911 | ||
| IRIDECTOMY | 4911 | ||
| IRIDOCYCLECTOMY | 4912 | ||
| TRANSSCLERAL CHOROIDECTOMY | 4913 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4913 | ||
| ENDORESECTION | 4916 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 4916 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4917 | ||
| Chapter 354. Enucleation for Uveal Melanoma | 4919 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS | 4919 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 4919 | ||
| RELATIVE INDICATIONS | 4919 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 4920 | ||
| PATIENT COUNSELING | 4920 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 4920 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 4922 | ||
| PROSTHESIS | 4922 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4922 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4922 | ||
| Chapter 355. Genetics of Uveal Melanoma | 4925 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4925 | ||
| CLINICAL GENETICS | 4925 | ||
| CYTOGENETICS | 4927 | ||
| MOLECULAR GENETICS | 4929 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4931 | ||
| Chapter 356. Melanocytomas | 4935 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4935 | ||
| MELANOCYTOMAS OF THE OPTIC DISK | 4935 | ||
| ANTERIOR UVEAL MELANOCYTOMAS | 4939 | ||
| CHOROIDAL MELANOCYTOMAS | 4940 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4940 | ||
| Chapter 357. Choroidal Metastasis | 4943 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 4943 | ||
| SYMPTOMS | 4943 | ||
| MEDICAL HISTORY | 4943 | ||
| PHYSICAL FINDINGS | 4943 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 4944 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 4945 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4945 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 4946 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4947 | ||
| Chapter 358. Leukemias | 4949 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF THE LEUKEMIAS | 4949 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF LEUKEMIA | 4949 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4951 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4951 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4952 | ||
| Chapter 359. Intraocular Lymphoma | 4953 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4953 | ||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | 4953 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 4953 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4954 | ||
| OPHTHALMIC EVALUATION | 4955 | ||
| CYTOLOGIC EVALUATION | 4955 | ||
| SYSTEMIC EVALUATION | 4957 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 4957 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4957 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4958 | ||
| Chapter 360. Choroidal Nevus and Melanocytoma | 4959 | ||
| CHOROIDAL NEVUS | 4959 | ||
| MELANOCYTOMA | 4963 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4964 | ||
| Chapter 361. Tumors of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 4967 | ||
| CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHY OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM | 4967 | ||
| CONGENITAL AND REACTIVE HYPERPLASIA OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM | 4968 | ||
| COMBINED HAMARTOMA OF THE RETINA AND RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM | 4969 | ||
| NEOPLASMS OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM | 4971 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4971 | ||
| Chapter 362. Choroidal Hemangiomas | 4973 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4973 | ||
| HISTORICAL ASPECTS | 4973 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND PATHOGENESIS | 4973 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 4973 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 4974 | ||
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | 4974 | ||
| ANCILLARY STUDIES | 4975 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4977 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4979 | ||
| SUMMARY | 4979 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4979 | ||
| Chapter 363. Choroidal Osteoma | 4981 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS | 4981 | ||
| DEFINITION AND INCIDENCE | 4981 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4982 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 4984 | ||
| PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS | 4985 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES | 4985 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 4987 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4987 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4987 | ||
| Chapter 364. Tumor Involvement of the Vitreous | 4989 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 4989 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4989 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4989 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 4989 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 4991 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 4991 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4992 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4992 | ||
| Chapter 365. Ophthalmological Manifestations of Systemic Neoplasia and Its Treatment | 4995 | ||
| METASTASES | 4995 | ||
| PARANEOPLASTIC DISEASE | 4997 | ||
| TUMOR SYNDROMES WITH OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS | 5000 | ||
| EFFECTS OF TREATMENT FOR SYSTEMIC MALIGNANCY ON THE OCULAR STRUCTURES | 5003 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 5005 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5005 | ||
| Chapter 366. The Phakomatoses | 5009 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5009 | ||
| NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 | 5009 | ||
| NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 2 | 5012 | ||
| VON HIPPEL…LINDAU DISEASE | 5013 | ||
| TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX | 5014 | ||
| STURGE…WEBER SYNDROME | 5017 | ||
| WYBURN…MASON SYNDROME | 5019 | ||
| RETINAL CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA | 5019 | ||
| ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA | 5020 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5021 | ||
| Chapter 367. Assessment of Risk for Hereditary Retinoblastoma | 5025 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 5025 | ||
| DIRECT METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF THE RETINOBLASTOMA GENE | 5025 | ||
| INDIRECT METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF THE RETINOBLASTOMA GENE | 5029 | ||
| FACTORS CONFOUNDING DNA ANALYSIS OF THE RETINOBLASTOMA GENE | 5032 | ||
| FREQUENCY OF OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS | 5034 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5034 | ||
| Chapter 368. Second Primary Neoplasms in Retinoblastoma: Effect of Gene and Environment | 5037 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY | 5037 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 5037 | ||
| LOCATIONS AND TYPES OF ADDITIONAL NEOPLASMS | 5037 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEOPLASMS IN RETINOBLASTOMA SURVIVORS | 5039 | ||
| SURVIVAL | 5042 | ||
| PREVENTION EFFORTS | 5042 | ||
| RESEARCH IN PATIENT SCREENING | 5042 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 5043 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 5043 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5043 | ||
| Chapter 369. Staging and Grouping of Retinoblastoma | 5045 | ||
| INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND DEFINITIONS | 5045 | ||
| THE GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF INTRAOCULAR DISEASE | 5046 | ||
| THE NEW INTERNATIONAL STAGE CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMIC RETINOBLASTOMA | 5050 | ||
| APPLYING STAGE AND GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS CLINICALLY | 5051 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5052 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5052 | ||
| Chapter 370. Current Management of Retinoblastoma | 5053 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5053 | ||
| CONCLUSION/OVERVIEW | 5058 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5058 | ||
| Chapter 371. Genetic Progression from Retina to Retinoblastoma | 5061 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5061 | ||
| RB1 MUTATIONS (M1, M2) INITIATE RETINOBLASTOMA | 5061 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL WINDOW OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND CELL OF ORIGIN | 5062 | ||
| GENOMIC CHANGES DRIVE PROGRESSION OF RETINOBLASTOMA | 5062 | ||
| RETINOMA IS A BENIGN PRECURSOR OF RETINOBLASTOMA | 5064 | ||
| GENETIC CASCADE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RETINOBLASTOMA | 5064 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5065 | ||
| SECTION 18: TRAUMA | 5069 | ||
| Chapter 372. Overview of Ocular Trauma | 5069 | ||
| Chapter 373. Evaluation and Initial Management of Patients with Ocular and Adnexal Trauma | 5071 | ||
| INITIAL EMERGENCY CARE BY NONOPHTHALMIC SPECIALISTS | 5071 | ||
| EYE CARE BY THE OPHTHALMOLOGIST IN THE EMERGENCY SETTING | 5074 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | 5081 | ||
| EMERGENCY TREATMENT | 5083 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PREPARATIONS AND TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED OPEN GLOBE INJURY | 5085 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF OCULAR INJURIES | 5090 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 5090 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5091 | ||
| Chapter 374. Anterior Segment Trauma | 5093 | ||
| BLUNT TRAUMA | 5093 | ||
| PENETRATING TRAUMA | 5102 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 5109 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5109 | ||
| Chapter 375. Penetrating Posterior Segment Trauma | 5113 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF INJURY | 5113 | ||
| TRAUMATIC ENDOPHTHALMITIS | 5113 | ||
| SURGICAL PRINCIPLES | 5113 | ||
| VISUAL OUTCOMES AFTER POSTERIOR SEGMENT PERFORATION | 5117 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5117 | ||
| Chapter 376. Nonpenetrating Posterior Segment Trauma | 5121 | ||
| MANIFESTATIONS OF BLUNT TRAUMA ON THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT | 5121 | ||
| MANIFESTATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC TRAUMA ON THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT | 5127 | ||
| MANIFESTATIONS OF REMOTE TRAUMA ON THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT | 5129 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5132 | ||
| Chapter 377. Intraocular Foreign Bodies | 5137 | ||
| MECHANISM OF INJURY | 5137 | ||
| EVALUATION OF AN INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY | 5137 | ||
| IMAGING | 5137 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 5139 | ||
| VISUAL OUTCOME | 5143 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5144 | ||
| Chapter 378. Sports Injuries | 5147 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 5147 | ||
| SPORTS VISUAL TRAINING | 5154 | ||
| LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF SPORTSRELATED EYE INJURIES | 5154 | ||
| PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR RECOMMENDATIONS | 5154 | ||
| THE METHODOLOGY OF INJURY PREVENTION | 5155 | ||
| MOST EYE INJURIES ARE PREVENTABLE | 5157 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5157 | ||
| Chapter 379. Epidemiology and Prevention of Ocular Trauma | 5159 | ||
| PREVENTION | 5160 | ||
| OBLIGATION OF THE PATIENT | 5163 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 5163 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5163 | ||
| Chapter 380. Neuroophthalmologic Manifestations of Trauma | 5165 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5165 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT | 5165 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 5165 | ||
| NEURO-IMAGING IN TRAUMA | 5166 | ||
| PUPIL DYSFUNCTION IN TRAUMA | 5166 | ||
| TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY | 5166 | ||
| OPTIC CHIASM INJURY | 5169 | ||
| CRANIAL NERVE III-VII INJURY | 5170 | ||
| ORBITAL FRACTURE | 5173 | ||
| CENTRAL DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY | 5174 | ||
| NYSTAGMUS | 5175 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5175 | ||
| Chapter 381. Penetrating Eyelid and Orbital Trauma | 5179 | ||
| HISTORY | 5179 | ||
| EXAM | 5179 | ||
| IMAGING | 5179 | ||
| INFECTIOUS RISKS | 5180 | ||
| FOREIGN BODY | 5181 | ||
| TREATMENT | 5182 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 5183 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 5186 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5188 | ||
| Chapter 382. Structural Injuries of the Orbit | 5189 | ||
| CONCEPTS OF ACUTE FACIAL SKELETAL RE-CONSTRUCTION | 5189 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING | 5189 | ||
| EXTENDED OPEN REDUCTION AND RIGID INTERNAL FIXATION | 5189 | ||
| EXTENDED OPEN REDUCTION AND INTERNAL FIXATION | 5190 | ||
| ACUTE BONE GRAFTING | 5191 | ||
| NASOETHMO-ORBITAL FRACTURES | 5199 | ||
| THE INTERNAL ORBIT | 5202 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5206 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5207 | ||
| Chapter 383. Late Management of Orbital Deformities | 5211 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 5211 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 5211 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5219 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5220 | ||
| Chapter 384. Managing the Child with an Ocular or Orbital Injury | 5221 | ||
| EXAMINATION | 5221 | ||
| UNIQUE FORMS OF CHILDHOOD EYE TRAUMA | 5221 | ||
| AMBLYOPIA | 5223 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5224 | ||
| SECTION 19: OPTICS | 5227 | ||
| Chapter 385. Physical Optics for Clinicians | 5227 | ||
| INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OPTICS | 5227 | ||
| WAVE FRONTS AND ABERRATIONS | 5231 | ||
| LASER PHYSICS | 5236 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5239 | ||
| Chapter 386. Geometric Optics | 5241 | ||
| REFRACTION OF LIGHT | 5241 | ||
| PRISMS | 5241 | ||
| SPHERICAL LENSES | 5241 | ||
| ASTIGMATIC (SPHEROCYLINDRICAL) LENSES | 5244 | ||
| VERGENCE FORMULAS | 5245 | ||
| CARDINAL POINTS AND PLANES OF AN OPTICAL SYSTEM | 5250 | ||
| REFLECTION OF LIGHT | 5250 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5251 | ||
| Chapter 387. Optics of the Eye | 5253 | ||
| THE HUMAN EYE AS AN OPTICAL SYSTEM | 5253 | ||
| REFRACTIVE ERRORS | 5253 | ||
| ACCOMMODATION | 5254 | ||
| CYCLOPLEGIA | 5254 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS | 5255 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5255 | ||
| Chapter 388. Objective Determination of Refractive Error | 5257 | ||
| TECHNIQUES OF RETINOSCOPY | 5257 | ||
| ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES OF RETINOSCOPY | 5258 | ||
| SUBJECTIVE DETERMINATION OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS | 5258 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5260 | ||
| Chapter 389. Optical Instruments Used to Examine the Eye | 5261 | ||
| MAGNIFICATION | 5261 | ||
| MICROSCOPES AND TELESCOPES | 5261 | ||
| ABERRATIONS | 5261 | ||
| REFLECTIONS | 5263 | ||
| APERTURES | 5263 | ||
| DIFFRACTION | 5263 | ||
| DETERMINANTS AND MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS | 5263 | ||
| OPTICAL ABERRATIONS OF THE EYE | 5264 | ||
| OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS DESIGNED FOR THE EXAMINATION OF THE EYE | 5264 | ||
| BINOCULAR INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE | 5264 | ||
| SLIT LAMP | 5265 | ||
| RETINOSCOPE | 5265 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5267 | ||
| Chapter 390. Prescription of Spectacles | 5269 | ||
| MYOPIA | 5269 | ||
| HYPEROPIA | 5269 | ||
| ASTIGMATISM | 5270 | ||
| ANISOMETROPIA | 5271 | ||
| ACCOMMODATION | 5272 | ||
| PRESBYOPIA | 5272 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5274 | ||
| Chapter 391. Prescribing Prisms | 5275 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5275 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 5275 | ||
| FRESNEL PRISMS | 5275 | ||
| OBLIQUE PRISMS | 5276 | ||
| PRESCRIBING INDUCED PRISM BY INTENTIONALLY DISPLACING THE OPTICAL CENTERS | 5276 | ||
| SLAB-OFF PRISM | 5276 | ||
| OTHER CLINICAL USES OF PRISM | 5276 | ||
| MEASURING PRISM IN SPECTACLES | 5277 | ||
| WRITING A PRISM PRESCRIPTION | 5277 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5277 | ||
| Chapter 392. Contact Lenses | 5279 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTACT LENS OPTICS | 5279 | ||
| CONTACT LENSES AND CORNEAL PHYSIOLOGY | 5280 | ||
| HYDROGEL CONTACT LENSES | 5281 | ||
| NONHYDROPHILIC FLEXIBLE CONTACT LENSES | 5283 | ||
| RIGID GAS-PERMEABLE CORNEAL CONTACT LENSES | 5283 | ||
| LENS DESIGNS | 5284 | ||
| FITTING TECHNIQUES AND GUIDELINES | 5286 | ||
| HYDROGEL LENSES AS CORNEAL BANDAGE | 5291 | ||
| FLUID-VENTILATED, GAS-PERMEABLE (FV-GP) SCLERAL LENS | 5291 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5293 | ||
| Chapter 393. Optics of Intraocular Lenses | 5295 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5295 | ||
| OPTICS OF APHAKIA | 5295 | ||
| OPTICS OF PHAKIC IOL OR SECONDARY PIGGYBACK LENS | 5296 | ||
| IOL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE: OPTICAL IMPLICATIONS | 5297 | ||
| OPTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN IOL DESIGN | 5299 | ||
| CLINICAL DETERMINATION OF IOL POWER | 5303 | ||
| OPTICS-RELATED COMPLICATIONS OF IOLS | 5311 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 5312 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5312 | ||
| SECTION 20: LOW VISION | 5317 | ||
| Chapter 394. Low Vision, Vision Disability, and Blindness | 5317 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 5317 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF LOW VISION | 5317 | ||
| VISUAL FIELD LOSS AND LOW VISION | 5317 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL IMPACT OF LOW VISION | 5318 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL LOSS AND DISABILITY | 5320 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5320 | ||
| Chapter 395. Visual System Disorders and Low Vision Rehabilitation | 5323 | ||
| CENTRAL VISUAL LOSS | 5323 | ||
| PERIPHERAL VISUAL FIELD LOSS | 5325 | ||
| CONDITIONS CAUSING LOW VISION WITHOUT SPECIFIC VISUAL FIELD LOSS | 5325 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 5326 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5326 | ||
| Chapter 396. Quantifying Vision Disability | 5327 | ||
| EARLY ATTEMPTS TO QUANTIFY VISION DISABILITY | 5327 | ||
| SYSTEMS FOR DEFINING VISION DISABILITY | 5327 | ||
| QUANTIFYING VISUAL ABILITY | 5329 | ||
| ACTIVITY INVENTORY AS A QUANTITATIVE FUNCTIONAL HISTORY | 5330 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 5330 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5330 | ||
| Chapter 397. Psychiatric and Psychosocial Factors in Low Vision Rehabilitation | 5333 | ||
| DEPRESSION | 5333 | ||
| SOCIAL SUPPORT | 5334 | ||
| COGNITIVE FUNCTION | 5335 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 5335 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5335 | ||
| Chapter 398. Rehabilitation Medicine Model for Low Vision Rehabilitation | 5337 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: THE PREVENTABLE DISASTER | 5337 | ||
| THE MEDICAL MODEL: A NEW PRACTICE PARADIGM FOR A NEW POPULATION | 5338 | ||
| THE MEDICAL MODEL IN COMPARISON | 5340 | ||
| KEY CONCEPTS FOR ALL OPHTHALMOLOGISTS | 5340 | ||
| OPENING YOUR LEVEL 3 MEDICAL MODEL VISION REHABILITION PROGRAM: A GUIDE | 5343 | ||
| SAMPLE MEDICAL MODEL REHABILITATION DOCUMENTATION | 5347 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5351 | ||
| Chapter 399. Evaluation and Management of the Patient with Low Vision: Entrée into Vision Rehabilitation | 5353 | ||
| VISION REHABILITATION | 5353 | ||
| PATIENT MANAGEMENT | 5360 | ||
| SPECTACLE SYSTEMS | 5360 | ||
| CLINICAL STRATEGIES FOR SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 5363 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5363 | ||
| Chapter 400. Central Scotomas and Preferred Retinal Loci | 5365 | ||
| RETINAL CONSIDERATIONS | 5365 | ||
| PREFERRED RETINAL LOCUS CHARACTERISTICS | 5365 | ||
| THE PREFERRED RETINAL LOCUS AND LOW VISION REHABILITATION | 5366 | ||
| PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLINICAL REHABILITATION PRACTICE | 5367 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5367 | ||
| Chapter 401. Driving with Low Vision: Who, Where, When, and Why | 5369 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5369 | ||
| RESTRICTED AND UNRESTRICTED DRIVING LICENSES | 5369 | ||
| DRIVING WITH A BIOPTIC TELESCOPE | 5370 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 5374 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 5375 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5375 | ||
| Chapter 402. Computer Technology Assistance for the Low Vision Patient | 5377 | ||
| LOW-VISION APPROACHES TO COMPUTER ACCESS | 5377 | ||
| EVALUATION PROCESS | 5381 | ||
| RESOURCES FOR PATIENTS | 5382 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 5382 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5382 | ||
| Chapter 403. Conclusion: The Role of the Ophthalmologist in Low-Vision Rehabilitation … Help When There Is No Cure | 5383 | ||
| SECTION 21: ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM | 5385 | ||
| Chapter 404. Professionalism in Medicine | 5385 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5385 | ||
| THE PROFESSION OF MEDICINE | 5385 | ||
| PROFESSIONALISM IN MEDICINE | 5387 | ||
| THE FUTURE OF PROFESSIONALISM IN MEDICINE | 5388 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5389 | ||
| Chapter 405. The Ethical Ophthalmologist | 5391 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5391 | ||
| PATERNALISM | 5391 | ||
| AUTONOMY | 5392 | ||
| BENEFICIENCE | 5393 | ||
| JUSTICE | 5393 | ||
| OTHER ETHICAL ISSUES FOR THE OPHTHALMOLOGIST | 5393 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 5395 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5396 | ||
| Chapter 406. Teaching Professionalism and Ethics in Ophthalmology | 5397 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5397 | ||
| DEFINING PROFESSIONALISM IN OPHTHALMOLOGY | 5397 | ||
| HOW WE COULD (AND SHOULD) TEACH AND ASSESS PROFESSIONALISM AND ETHICS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY | 5397 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5402 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5403 | ||
| Chapter 407. Informed Consent | 5405 | ||
| THE PROCESS OF INFORMED CONSENT | 5405 | ||
| CONTEMPORARY ETHICAL ISSUES IN INFORMED CONSENT | 5406 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5406 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5407 | ||
| Chapter 408. Learning Surgery … An Ethical Perspective | 5409 | ||
| LEARNING SURGERY: THE APPRENTICE MODEL | 5409 | ||
| THE LEARNING CURVE: FORMAL MEDICAL TRAINING | 5409 | ||
| THE LEARNING CURVE: LEARNING NEW TECHNIQUES AFTER RESIDENCY | 5410 | ||
| ETHICAL CONCERNS IN LEARNING NEW TECHNIQUES FOLLOWING RESIDENCY | 5410 | ||
| LEARNING NEW PROCEDURES … OTHER CONSIDERATIONS | 5411 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5411 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5411 | ||
| Chapter 409. Ophthalmic Co-Management | 5413 | ||
| DEFINITION OF CO-MANAGEMENT | 5413 | ||
| THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMED CONSENT AND PATIENT AUTONOMY | 5413 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF CO-MANAGEMENT IN OPHTHALMOLOGY | 5413 | ||
| CO-MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINES | 5413 | ||
| FINANCIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | 5414 | ||
| PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY | 5414 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5414 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5415 | ||
| Chapter 410. Ethics in Marketing a Medical Practice | 5417 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5417 | ||
| MEDICOLEGAL ISSUES OF PROFESSIONAL MARKETING | 5417 | ||
| CLAIMS MADE IN ADVERTISING | 5418 | ||
| ETHICAL ISSUES OF PROFESSIONAL MARKETING | 5418 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 5419 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5419 | ||
| Chapter 411. Commercial Relationships | 5421 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5421 | ||
| CORPORATE RELATIONSHIPS | 5421 | ||
| CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | 5421 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5423 | ||
| Chapter 412. Ethics of Expert Witness Testimony | 5425 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5425 | ||
| ROLE OF THE EXPERT WITNESS: DEFINING MEDICAL MALPRACTICE | 5425 | ||
| CONCEPT OF IMMUNITY | 5425 | ||
| AUSTIN VERSUS AANS: A SENTINEL CASE | 5426 | ||
| THE ETHICS OF EXPERT WITNESS TESTIMONY | 5426 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5427 | ||
| Chapter 413. Complementary and Alternative Therapy | 5429 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5429 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE | 5429 | ||
| 'DO NO HARM' | 5430 | ||
| PHYSICIAN COMPETENCY | 5430 | ||
| CONFLICT OF INTEREST | 5430 | ||
| SUMMARY | 5431 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5431 | ||
| Chapter 414. Ethics and Professionalism Online: The Internet, E-Mail, and Ethical Practice | 5433 | ||
| WEB PAGES IN MEDICAL PRACTICE | 5433 | ||
| MEDICAL CONFIDENTIALITY AND E-MAIL | 5434 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 5434 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5435 | ||
| Chapter 415. Ethical Issues in Clinical Research | 5437 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5437 | ||
| INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS | 5437 | ||
| INFORMED CONSENT FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH: A PROCESS | 5441 | ||
| CLINICAL PRACTICE OR CLINICAL RESEARCH | 5441 | ||
| HIPAA AND CLINICAL RESEARCH | 5442 | ||
| CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | 5442 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 5444 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5445 | ||
| Chapter 416. The American Academy of Ophthalmology Code of Ethics | 5447 | ||
| THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY CODE OF ETHICS3 | 5447 | ||
| THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES OF THE CODE OF ETHICS3 | 5449 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5452 | ||
| Chapter 417. Source Documents for Medical Ethics | 5453 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 5453 | ||
| HIPPOCRATIC OATH: CLASSICAL VERSION | 5453 | ||
| HIPPOCRATIC OATH: MODERN VERSION | 5453 | ||
| ISLAMIC CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS: THE OATH OF THE DOCTOR | 5453 | ||
| INTERNATIONAL CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS OF THE WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION | 5454 | ||
| DECLARATION OF GENEVA | 5454 | ||
| AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PRINCIPLE OF MEDICAL ETHICS PREAMBLE | 5454 | ||
| THE NUREMBERG CODE | 5455 | ||
| WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DECLARATION OF HELSINKI: ETHICAL PRINCIPLES FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS | 5455 | ||
| THE BELMONT REPORT: ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS | 5457 | ||
| REFERENCES | 5461 | ||
| Index to Volume 1 | V1-I-1 | ||
| Index to Volume 2 | V2-I-1 | ||
| Index to Volume 3 | V3-I-1 | ||
| Index to Volumes 1– 4 | V4-I-1 |