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Book Details
Abstract
Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, by Drs. Robert Wyllie and Jeffrey S. Hyams provides the comprehensive reference you need to treat GI diseases in children. Review the latest developments in the field and get up-to-date clinical information on hot topics like polyps, capsule endoscopy, and pancreatic treatments. With expert guidance from an expanded international author base and online access to 475 board-review-style questions, this latest edition is a must-have for every practicing gastroenterologist.
- Confirm each diagnosis by consulting a section, organized by symptoms, that presents the full range of differential diagnoses and treatment options for each specific condition.
- Recognize disease processes at a glance with detailed diagrams that accurately illustrate complex concepts.
- Stay current with advances in the field by reviewing new chapters on Polyps and Polyposis Syndromes, Capsule Endoscopy and Small Bowel Enteroscopy, Small Bowel Transplantation, IBD, Short Gut Syndrome, Steatosis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Pancreatic and Islet Cell Transplants.
- Gain fresh global perspectives from an expanded list of expert international contributors.
- Sharpen your visual recognition by accessing a color-plate section that displays additional endoscopy images.
- Prepare for certification or recertification with 475 online board review-style questions, answers, and rationales.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | xix | ||
| Contents | xxi | ||
| Section 1 Biologic Aspects of Gastrointestinal Function\r | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 - Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 2 | ||
| MORPHOGENESIS | 2 | ||
| MOLECULAR MECHANISMS \r | 5 | ||
| REFERENCES | 9 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Basic Aspects of Digestion and Absorption | 10 | ||
| CARBOHYDRATES \r | 10 | ||
| PROTEINS \r | 12 | ||
| LIPIDS \r | 14 | ||
| DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN INFANTS \r | 17 | ||
| VITAMINS AND MINERALS \r | 18 | ||
| MINERALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS \r | 19 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT \r | 19 | ||
| REFERENCES | 19 | ||
| FURTHER READINGS | 19 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Bile Acid Physiology and Alterations in the Enterohepatic Circulation | 20 | ||
| BIOSYNTHESIS | 20 | ||
| ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION | 20 | ||
| MATURATION OF THE ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION | 22 | ||
| ALTERATIONS IN THE ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION | 22 | ||
| PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS | 25 | ||
| ALTERATION OF HEPATIC BILE ACID TRANSPORT | 25 | ||
| ALTERATION IN CHOLESTASIS (GENERAL) | 26 | ||
| ALTERATION OF THE ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION OF BILE ACIDS | 26 | ||
| MECHANISM OF BILE ACID-INDUCED DIARRHEA \r | 27 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 27 | ||
| REFERENCES | 27 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Indigenous Flora | 28 | ||
| UNDERSTANDING THE INDIGENOUS FLORA BY STUDYING GERM-FREE ANIMALS \r | 28 | ||
| ESTABLISHING THE INDIGENOUS FLORA \r | 29 | ||
| BACTERIAL FLORA WITHIN THE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT \r | 30 | ||
| CONTROLLING THE GROWTH OF THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION \r | 31 | ||
| SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN HOST AND FECAL FLORA \r | 32 | ||
| BACTERIAL FLORA IN ILLNESS \b\r | 33 | ||
| BACTERIAL FLORA AND ALLERGY \r | 34 | ||
| BACTERIAL FLORA AND ANTIBIOTICS \r | 34 | ||
| BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH \r | 34 | ||
| TROPICAL SPRUE \r | 35 | ||
| PROBIOTICS \r | 35 | ||
| PREBIOTICS \r | 37 | ||
| SYNBIOTICS \r | 38 | ||
| REFERENCES\r | 38 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Physiology of Gastrointestinal Motility | 39 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY \r | 39 | ||
| GASTRIC MOTILITY \r | 41 | ||
| MOTILITY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND COLON \r | 41 | ||
| ADDITIONAL MOTOR FUNCTIONS \r | 46 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 47 | ||
| REFERENCES | 49 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immunology and Mechanisms of Inflammation | 50 | ||
| HIERARCHY OF GUT IMMUNE RESPONSES \r | 50 | ||
| GENERATION OF INFLAMMATION \r | 51 | ||
| MECHANISMS THAT PREVENT INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS TO GUT LUMINAL CONTENTS \r | 51 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM \r | 53 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM \r | 54 | ||
| ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ORAL TOLERANCE TO ANTIGENS AND THE FLORA \r | 59 | ||
| PATTERNS OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE WITHIN THE INTESTINE \r | 60 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS \r | 62 | ||
| REFERENCES | 63 | ||
| Section 2 Clinical Problems | 65 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Chronic Abdominal Pain of Childhood and Adolescence | 66 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE CHILD WITH CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN \r | 68 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS \r | 69 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF CHILDHOOD FUNCTIONAL ABDOMINAL PAIN DISORDERS \r | 72 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT \r | 73 | ||
| DIET \r | 75 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY \r | 75 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES \r | 77 | ||
| PROGNOSIS \r | 78 | ||
| PREVENTION \r | 79 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 79 | ||
| REFERENCES | 79 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Approach to the Child With a Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder | 80 | ||
| BIOMEDICAL MODEL \r | 80 | ||
| BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL \r | 81 | ||
| EARLY LEARNING-DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS \r | 81 | ||
| EFFECTIVE REASSURANCE \r | 82 | ||
| BIOMEDICAL VERSUS BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELS \r | 83 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 84 | ||
| APPROACH TO THE CHILD OR ADOLESCENT WITH PAIN-ASSOCIATED DISABILITY SYNDROME \r | 84 | ||
| WHAT SHOULD A PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY CONSULTATION ACCOMPLISH? \r | 85 | ||
| PEDIATRIC FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS \r | 85 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 87 | ||
| REFERENCES | 87 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Vomiting and Nausea | 88 | ||
| VOMITING EVENT \r | 88 | ||
| CLINICAL ASPECTS OF VOMITING \r | 90 | ||
| CLINICAL ASPECTS OF NAUSEA \r | 96 | ||
| SPECIFIC VOMITING DISORDERS \r | 101 | ||
| REFERENCES | 105 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Diarrhea | 106 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL CONTENT HANDLING \r | 106 | ||
| DEFINITIONS OF DIARRHEA \r | 106 | ||
| CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS OF TYPES OF DIARRHEA \r | 107 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SECRETORY DIARRHEA \r | 107 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OSMOTIC DIARRHEA \r | 108 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATORY DIARRHEA \r | 108 | ||
| CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF ACUTE INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA \r | 109 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS \r | 109 | ||
| APPROACH TO THE CHILD WITH DIARRHEA \r | 114 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT \r | 117 | ||
| REFERENCES | 118 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Colic and Gastrointestinal Gas | 119 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL GAS \r | 119 | ||
| COLIC \r | 121 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS \r | 125 | ||
| REFERENCES | 126 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Constipation and Fecal Incontinence | 127 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY \r | 127 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL CONSTIPATION IN INFANTS AND TODDLERS \r | 127 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL CONSTIPATION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS \r | 128 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF CONSTIPATION \r | 128 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL FECAL INCONTINENCE \r | 128 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONS \r | 130 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 131 | ||
| OUTCOME \r | 134 | ||
| REFERENCES | 135 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Failure to Thrive | 136 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 136 | ||
| DEFINITION \r | 136 | ||
| NORMAL GROWTH PATTERNS \r | 137 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS \r | 138 | ||
| CAUSES AND CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS \r | 138 | ||
| EVALUATION OF FAILURE TO THRIVE \r | 140 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONS \r | 141 | ||
| MANAGEMENT \r | 141 | ||
| OUTCOME \r | 143 | ||
| GROWTH OUTCOME \r | 143 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 144 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS \r | 144 | ||
| REFERENCES | 144 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage | 146 | ||
| THERAPY \r | 149 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS \r | 153 | ||
| REFERENCES | 153 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Obesity | 154 | ||
| DEFINITIONS \r | 154 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 155 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS \r | 155 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE OBESE CHILD \r | 158 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 162 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS \r | 165 | ||
| REFERENCES | 165 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents | 166 | ||
| CHANGING FACE OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 166 | ||
| ASPECTS OF THE HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION \r | 168 | ||
| MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS OF EATING DISORDERS \r | 169 | ||
| AMENORRHEA AND OSTEOPENIA \r | 171 | ||
| PROGNOSIS: BONE, BRAINS, AND BABIES (OR FUTURE FERTILITY) \r | 173 | ||
| NEXT STEP \r | 174 | ||
| PREVENTION: HOW CAN WE DO BETTER? \r | 174 | ||
| REFERENCES | 174 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Jaundice | 176 | ||
| BILIRUBIN METABOLISM \r | 176 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF JAUNDICE \r | 178 | ||
| NEONATAL JAUNDICE | 179 | ||
| JAUNDICE IN INFANTS AND OLDER CHILDREN \r | 185 | ||
| REFERENCES | 186 | ||
| Chapter 18 - Ascites | 187 | ||
| ETIOLOGY \r | 187 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY \r | 191 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 192 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 193 | ||
| SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS \r | 195 | ||
| References | 196 | ||
| Chapter 19 - Caustic Ingestion and Foreign Bodies | 197 | ||
| INGESTION OF CAUSTIC AGENTS \r | 197 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF DAMAGE TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT \r | 197 | ||
| LOCATION OF INJURY \r | 198 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF CAUSTIC INGESTION \r | 199 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT \r | 200 | ||
| INGESTION OF FOREIGN BODIES \r | 200 | ||
| ACUTE MANAGEMENT OF FOREIGN BODIES \r | 203 | ||
| References | 206 | ||
| Chapter 20 - Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus | 207 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY \r | 207 | ||
| GENETIC AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL DEVELOPMENT \r | 209 | ||
| ANATOMY \r | 210 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY \r | 212 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY \r | 218 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 220 | ||
| REFERENCES | 220 | ||
| Section 3 The Esophagus | 221 | ||
| Chapter 21 - Congenital Malformations of the Esophagus | 222 | ||
| CONGENITAL LESIONS OF THE ESOPHAGUS \r | 222 | ||
| CONGENITAL ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS \r | 222 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA AND TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA \r | 222 | ||
| LARYNGOTRACHEOESOPHAGEAL CLEFTS \r | 230 | ||
| Chapter 22 - Gastroesophageal Reflux | 232 | ||
| DEFINITIONS \r | 232 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS \r | 232 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY \r | 233 | ||
| SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS \r | 234 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 240 | ||
| TREATMENT OPTIONS \r | 241 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 246 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| Chapter 23 - Achalasia and Other Motor Disorders | 248 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE PROXIMAL ESOPHAGUS \r | 248 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE DISTAL ESOPHAGUS \r | 250 | ||
| REFERENCES | 254 | ||
| Chapter 24 - Other Diseases of the Esophagus | 255 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL SYMPTOMS \r | 255 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL INFECTIONS \r | 255 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL TUMORS \r | 260 | ||
| REFERENCES | 260 | ||
| Section 4 The Stomach | 261 | ||
| Chapter 25 - Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach | 262 | ||
| HISTOLOGY \r | 262 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTIONS\r | 264 | ||
| GASTRIC SECRETIONS \r | 265 | ||
| GASTRIC ACID SECRETION \r | 265 | ||
| OTHER HORMONES AND PEPTIDES \r | 267 | ||
| PEPSINOGEN \r | 267 | ||
| MUCUS AND BICARBONATE SECRETION\r | 267 | ||
| GASTRIC LIPASE \r | 268 | ||
| INTRINSIC FACTOR \r | 268 | ||
| REFERENCES | 268 | ||
| Chapter 26 - Congenital Anomalies and Surgical Disorders of the Stomach | 269 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY \r | 269 | ||
| HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS \r | 269 | ||
| FOVEOLAR HYPERPLASIA \r | 271 | ||
| GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION \r | 271 | ||
| GASTRIC VOLVULUS \r | 273 | ||
| CONGENITAL MICROGASTRIA \r | 274 | ||
| GASTRIC PERFORATION \r | 274 | ||
| GASTRIC AND DUODENAL DUPLICATIONS \r | 275 | ||
| POLYPS \r | 275 | ||
| TUMORS \r | 276 | ||
| REFERENCES | 276 | ||
| Chapter 27 - Gastritis, Gastropathy, and Ulcer Disease | 277 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 277 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC METHODS \r | 278 | ||
| APPROACH TO GASTRITIS \r | 280 | ||
| GASTRITIS \r | 281 | ||
| PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE \r | 288 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 291 | ||
| MANAGEMENT \r | 291 | ||
| REFERENCES | 292 | ||
| Chapter 28 - Helicobacter pylori in Childhood | 293 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 293 | ||
| HOST FACTORS AND RESPONSES \r | 294 | ||
| BACTERIAL FACTORS AND ADAPTATIONS \r | 298 | ||
| DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS \r | 301 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 303 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 306 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 308 | ||
| REFERENCES | 308 | ||
| Chapter 29 - Gastric Motility Disorders | 309 | ||
| GASTRIC MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY AND GASTRIC EMPTYING \r | 309 | ||
| DISORDERS OF GASTRIC FUNCTION \r | 311 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF GASTRIC MOTOR AND SENSORY FUNCTION \r | 314 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 316 | ||
| REFERENCES | 318 | ||
| Chapter 30 - Bezoars | 319 | ||
| DEFINITIONS \r | 319 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 319 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS \r | 319 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 320 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 321 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 321 | ||
| PREVENTION \r | 322 | ||
| REFERENCES\r | 322 | ||
| Section 5 The Small and Large Intestine | 323 | ||
| Chapter 31 - Anatomy and Physiology of the Small and Large Intestines | 324 | ||
| INTESTINAL ANATOMY \r | 324 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF WATER AND ION TRANSPORT \r | 333 | ||
| REFERENCES | 336 | ||
| Chapter 32 - Maldigestion and Malabsorption | 337 | ||
| CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS \r | 337 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH \r | 346 | ||
| MANAGEMENT \r | 349 | ||
| REFERENCES | 349 | ||
| Chapter 33 - Protracted Diarrhea | 350 | ||
| Definitions, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors \r | 350 | ||
| PATHOPHSYSIOLOGY OF PROTRACTED DIARRHEA \r | 350 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH PROTRACTED DIARRHEA | 357 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS \r | 359 | ||
| REFERENCES | 359 | ||
| Chapter 34 - Protein-Losing Enteropathy | 360 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY \r | 360 | ||
| CAUSES OF PLE \r | 360 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 364 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 364 | ||
| REFERENCES | 365 | ||
| Chapter 35 - Celiac Disease | 366 | ||
| DEFINITION \r | 366 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND \r | 366 | ||
| CEREAL PROTEINS AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS \r | 366 | ||
| GENETICS OF CELIAC DISEASE \r | 367 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 367 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS \r | 368 | ||
| PATHOLOGY \r | 370 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 370 | ||
| ASSOCIATED DISEASES \r | 371 | ||
| LABORATORY FINDINGS \r | 372 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 372 | ||
| THERAPY \r | 373 | ||
| REFERENCES | 373 | ||
| Chapter 36 - Short Bowel Syndrome | 374 | ||
| DEFINITION \r | 374 | ||
| ETIOLOGY \r | 374 | ||
| INTESTINAL FUNCTION AND THE IMPACT OF INTESTINAL LOSS \r | 374 | ||
| FACTORS THAT DETERMINE PROGNOSIS OF SBS \r | 375 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF SBS \r | 378 | ||
| ADDITIONAL MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS \r | 380 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF SBS AND PN | 380 | ||
| SURVIVAL AND ITS COSTS IN PEDIATRIC SBS \r | 384 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 384 | ||
| REFERENCES | 385 | ||
| Chapter 37 - Small Bowel Transplant | 386 | ||
| HISTORY \r | 386 | ||
| INDICATIONS AND REFERRAL \r | 386 | ||
| PRETRANSPLANT NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT \r | 387 | ||
| CHOICE OF ALLOGRAFT \r | 387 | ||
| DONOR AND RECIPIENT OPERATIONS \r | 388 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT \r | 389 | ||
| POSTTRANSPLANT NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT \r | 391 | ||
| NURSING IMPLICATIONS \r | 391 | ||
| OUTCOMES \r | 392 | ||
| FUTURE PROSPECTS \r | 394 | ||
| REFERENCES | 394 | ||
| Chapter 38 - Allergic and Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease | 395 | ||
| FOOD ALLERGY OR HYPERSENSITIVITY \r | 395 | ||
| EOSINOPHILIC GASTROENTEROPATHIES \r | 395 | ||
| EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS \r | 396 | ||
| EOSINOPHILIC GASTROENTERITIS \r | 399 | ||
| EOSINOPHILIC PROCTOCOLITIS \r | 401 | ||
| OTHER MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL ALLERGY \r | 402 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 403 | ||
| REFERENCES | 404 | ||
| Chapter 39 - Infectious Diarrhea | 405 | ||
| VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS \r | 405 | ||
| BACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS \r | 409 | ||
| POTENTIAL DIARRHEAGENIC ORGANISMS \r | 422 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 422 | ||
| REFERENCES | 422 | ||
| Chapter 40 - Enteric Parasites | 423 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 423 | ||
| HOST FACTORS \r | 423 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS \r | 423 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 423 | ||
| BENEFITS OF PARASITES \r | 424 | ||
| PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS \r | 425 | ||
| REFERENCES | 434 | ||
| Chapter 41 - Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Primary Immunodeficiency | 435 | ||
| INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY \r | 435 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE \r | 435 | ||
| HUMORAL IMMUNODEFICIENCIES\r | 439 | ||
| CELLULAR IMMUNODEFICIENCIES\r | 441 | ||
| COMBINED CELLULAR-HUMORAL IMMUNODEFICIENCIES \r | 442 | ||
| DISORDERS OF PHAGOCYTE FUNCTION \r | 444 | ||
| OTHER PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES \r | 445 | ||
| References | 446 | ||
| Chapter 42 - Gastrointestinal Complications of Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes | 447 | ||
| PEDIATRIC HIV INFECTION \r | 447 | ||
| HIV AND THE CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT \r | 447 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT IN HIV INFECTION \r | 448 | ||
| INFECTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT \r | 450 | ||
| INFECTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN REGIONS WITH LOW HAART ACCESSIBILITY OR IN PATIENTS WITH CD4 COUNTS BELOW 200 CELLS/...\r | 450 | ||
| INFECTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN REGIONS WITH HIGH HAART ACCESSIBILITY AND SUCCESSFUL HIV VIRAL SUPPRESSION \r | 455 | ||
| MOTILITY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN HIV INFECTION \r | 455 | ||
| IDIOPATHIC ESOPHAGEAL ULCERATION \r | 457 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN HIV INFECTION AND OTHER IMMUNODEFICIENCIES \r | 457 | ||
| OTHER SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES \r | 458 | ||
| LIVER COMPLICATIONS IN SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY \r | 459 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 460 | ||
| References | 461 | ||
| Chapter 43 - Pediatric Polyposis Syndromes\r | 462 | ||
| Histopathologic Classification \r | 462 | ||
| Clinical Management \r | 462 | ||
| FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS \r | 462 | ||
| JUVENILE POLYP (SOLITARY AT DIAGNOSIS) \r | 467 | ||
| JUVENILE POLYPOSIS SYNDROME \r | 467 | ||
| PTEN – HAMARTOMA TUMOR SYNDROME \r | 468 | ||
| PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME (PJS) \r | 469 | ||
| OTHER POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES\r | 471 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 471 | ||
| References | 471 | ||
| Chapter 44 - Crohn’s Disease\r | 472 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 472 | ||
| ETIOLOGY \r | 472 | ||
| PATHOLOGY \r | 475 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS \r | 476 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF SUBGROUPS IN CROHN’S DISEASE \r | 476 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES \r | 478 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 481 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS \r | 483 | ||
| THERAPY \r | 483 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY \r | 489 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT \r | 489 | ||
| References | 489 | ||
| Chapter 45 - Ulcerative Colitis in Children and Adolescents\r | 490 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 490 | ||
| GENETICS \r | 490 | ||
| ETIOLOGY \r | 491 | ||
| PATHOLOGY \r | 492 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES \r | 493 | ||
| EXTRAINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS \r | 494 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS \r | 495 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 497 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS \r | 498 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPIES \r | 498 | ||
| SURGERY \r | 503 | ||
| COURSE AND PROGNOSIS \r | 504 | ||
| References | 504 | ||
| Chapter 46 - Chronic Intestinal \rPseudo-obstruction | 505 | ||
| ETIOLOGY \r | 505 | ||
| PATHOLOGY \r | 505 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES \r | 507 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 509 | ||
| OUTCOMES \r | 511 | ||
| REFERENCES | 511 | ||
| Chapter 47 - Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 512 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 512 | ||
| PATHOLOGY \r | 513 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS \r | 514 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS \r | 516 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 517 | ||
| PREVENTION \r | 519 | ||
| MANAGEMENT \r | 519 | ||
| OUTCOME \r | 520 | ||
| References | 520 | ||
| Chapter 48 - Disorders of the Anorectum: | 521 | ||
| ANAL FISSURE \r | 521 | ||
| RECTAL PROLAPSE \r | 521 | ||
| FISTULAS \r | 522 | ||
| HEMORRHOIDS \r | 524 | ||
| TAGS AND MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS \r | 526 | ||
| REFERENCES | 527 | ||
| Chapter 49 - Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver | 528 | ||
| NEOPLASMS OF THE LUMINAL GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT \r | 528 | ||
| NEOPLASMS OF LYMPHOID ORIGIN \r | 528 | ||
| NEOPLASMS OF EPITHELIAL ORIGIN \r | 531 | ||
| NEOPLASMS OF MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN \r | 534 | ||
| NEOPLASMS OF THE LIVER \r | 535 | ||
| REFERENCES | 539 | ||
| Chapter 50 - Other Diseases of the Small Intestine and Colon | 540 | ||
| HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA | 540 | ||
| ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA \r | 541 | ||
| HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME \r | 542 | ||
| RADIATION ENTERITIS \r | 543 | ||
| MALAKOPLAKIA \r | 544 | ||
| BEHÇET’S SYNDROME \r | 545 | ||
| TYPHLITIS \r | 546 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC COLITIS \r | 547 | ||
| EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME \r | 547 | ||
| PNEUMATOSIS INTESTINALIS \r | 548 | ||
| SOLITARY RECTAL ULCER SYNDROME AND COLITIS CYSTICA PROFUNDA \r | 549 | ||
| AMYLOIDOSIS \r | 549 | ||
| INTESTINAL GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE \r | 550 | ||
| REFERENCES | 550 | ||
| Chapter 51 - Appendicitis | 551 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY | 551 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY \r | 551 | ||
| HISTOLOGY \r | 551 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 551 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION \r | 552 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTS \r | 553 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OPTIONS \r | 553 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS \r | 554 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS \r | 555 | ||
| CHRONIC APPENDICEAL PAIN \r | 556 | ||
| REFERENCES | 556 | ||
| Section 6 Pediatric Surgical Disorders | 557 | ||
| Chapter 52 - Intussusception in Infants and Children | 558 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY \r | 558 | ||
| ETIOLOGY \r | 559 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 559 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP \r | 560 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS \r | 562 | ||
| RECURRENCE \r | 565 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS \r | 565 | ||
| REFERENCES | 566 | ||
| Chapter 53 - Inguinal Hernias and Hydroceles | 568 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS \r | 568 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 568 | ||
| MANAGEMENT \r | 570 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS \r | 571 | ||
| REFERENCES | 571 | ||
| Chapter 54 - Meckel’s Diverticulum and Other Omphalomesenteric Duct Remnants\r | 572 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY \r | 572 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 572 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 573 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 574 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 574 | ||
| REFERENCES | 575 | ||
| Chapter 55 - Hirschsprung’s Disease | 576 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS \r | 576 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY \r | 576 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 576 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS \r | 577 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 578 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 579 | ||
| RESULTS OF SURGICAL THERAPY \r | 581 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 581 | ||
| REFERENCES | 582 | ||
| Chapter 56 - Imperforate Anus | 583 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF DEFECTS \r | 583 | ||
| ASSOCIATED DEFECTS \r | 586 | ||
| EARLY MANAGEMENT AND DIAGNOSIS \r | 586 | ||
| MAIN REPAIR \r | 587 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL SEQUELAE \r | 588 | ||
| References | 590 | ||
| Chapter 57 - Abnormal Rotation and Fixation of the Intestine | 591 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY \r | 591 | ||
| ANATOMY \r | 591 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 594 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 594 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 595 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS, RESULTS, OUTCOME \r | 596 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 597 | ||
| References | 597 | ||
| Chapter 58 - Small and Large Bowel Stenosis and Atresias | 598 | ||
| DUODENAL STENOSIS AND ATRESIA \r | 598 | ||
| SMALL BOWEL ATRESIA \r | 600 | ||
| COLONIC ATRESIA \r | 601 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 602 | ||
| References | 602 | ||
| Chapter 59 - Newborn Abdominal Wall Defects | 603 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND TERMINOLOGY \r | 603 | ||
| EMBRYOGENESIS DICTATES THE TYPE OF DEFECT \r | 603 | ||
| FACTORS THAT MAY CAUSE THE DEFECT \r | 604 | ||
| A CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY \r | 604 | ||
| A SPECTRUM OF DEFECTS \r | 604 | ||
| ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES (THE MAJOR DETERMINANT OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY) \r | 605 | ||
| PRENATAL MANAGEMENT \r | 607 | ||
| INITIAL MANAGEMENT AFTER DELIVERY \r | 607 | ||
| SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT OF THE DEFECT \r | 608 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT \r | 611 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF CLOSURE \r | 612 | ||
| EXPECTED MORTALITY \r | 613 | ||
| INCREASING HOSPITAL COSTS \r | 613 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS \r | 613 | ||
| LATE MORBIDITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE \r | 614 | ||
| References | 614 | ||
| Chapter 60 - Stomas of the Small and Large Intestine | 615 | ||
| HISTORICAL NOTE \r | 615 | ||
| CHILD WITH A STOMA \r | 615 | ||
| TYPES OF INTESTINAL STOMA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS \r | 616 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR ENTEROSTOMIES IN CHILDREN \r | 617 | ||
| CHOICE OF ENTEROSTOMY \r | 618 | ||
| TECHNICAL ASPECTS \r | 621 | ||
| STOMA CARE \r | 622 | ||
| REESTABLISHING INTESTINAL CONTINUITY \r | 623 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF ENTEROSTOMIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT \r | 623 | ||
| OSTOMY TRENDS \r | 624 | ||
| References | 624 | ||
| Section 7 GastrointestinalProcedures | 625 | ||
| Chapter 61 - Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Related Techniques | 626 | ||
| PERSONNEL \r | 626 | ||
| FACILITIES \r | 626 | ||
| EQUIPMENT \r | 627 | ||
| INDICATIONS \r | 628 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS \r | 628 | ||
| ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS \r | 628 | ||
| PREPARATION \r | 629 | ||
| SEDATION AND MONITORING \r | 629 | ||
| ANATOMY \r | 630 | ||
| TECHNIQUE \r | 631 | ||
| BIOPSY TECHNIQUE \r | 633 | ||
| Stomach \r | 634 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC ENDOSCOPY \r | 635 | ||
| INJECTION \r | 635 | ||
| THERMOCOAGULATION \r | 636 | ||
| ELECTROCOAGULATION \r | 636 | ||
| STRICTURE DILATION \r | 640 | ||
| SMALL BOWEL ENTEROSCOPY \r | 641 | ||
| WIRELESS CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY \r | 642 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY \r | 642 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC JEJUNOSTOMY (PEJ) \r | 645 | ||
| POLYPECTOMY \r | 645 | ||
| SPECIAL ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES \r | 645 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY \r | 647 | ||
| CHROMOENDOSCOPY AND NARROW BAND IMAGING \r | 647 | ||
| CONFOCAL LASER MICROSCOPY (ENDOMICROSCOPY) \r | 647 | ||
| NEW TECHNIQUES \r | 647 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS \r | 647 | ||
| References | 649 | ||
| Chapter 62 - Colonoscopy, Polypectomy, and Related Techniques | 650 | ||
| PERSONNEL, SEDATION, AND ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS \r | 650 | ||
| EQUIPMENT \r | 650 | ||
| INDICATIONS \r | 650 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS \r | 651 | ||
| PREPARATION \r | 652 | ||
| ANATOMY \r | 653 | ||
| TECHNIQUE \r | 654 | ||
| BIOPSY TECHNIQUE \r | 658 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC COLONOSCOPY \r | 659 | ||
| INJECTION \r | 659 | ||
| THERMOCOAGULATION: HEATER PROBE, MULTIPOLAR PROBES, AND HOT BIOPSY FORCEPS \r | 659 | ||
| STRICTURE DILATION \r | 663 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS CECOSTOMY \r | 663 | ||
| POLYPECTOMY \r | 663 | ||
| SPECIAL ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES \r | 665 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS \r | 666 | ||
| REFERENCES\r | 666 | ||
| Chapter 63 - Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography | 668 | ||
| PANCREATICOBILIARY IMAGING METHODS \r | 668 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR ERCP \r | 668 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS TO ERCP \r | 669 | ||
| PREPARATION FOR ERCP \r | 669 | ||
| TECHNIQUE OF ERCP \r | 670 | ||
| BILIARY DISORDERS \r | 670 | ||
| CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS \r | 671 | ||
| CHOLEDOCHAL CYST \r | 672 | ||
| BILIARY STRICTURES \r | 673 | ||
| BILIARY LEAKS \r | 674 | ||
| UNUSUAL BILIARY INFECTIONS \r | 674 | ||
| BILIARY DYSKINESIA \r | 674 | ||
| PANCREATIC DISORDERS \r | 675 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF ERCP \r | 677 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 677 | ||
| References | 678 | ||
| Chapter 64 - CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY AND SMALLBOWEL ENTEROSCOPY | 679 | ||
| EQUIPMENT | 679 | ||
| PERFORMANCE OF CE STUDY | 679 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 680 | ||
| LIMITATIONS | 682 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS | 682 | ||
| ENTEROSCOPY | 682 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 684 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE ENTEROSCOPY | 684 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 684 | ||
| REFERENCES | 685 | ||
| Chapter 65 - Gastrointestinal Motility Procedures | 686 | ||
| GASTOINTESTINAL MOTILITY STUDIES \r | 686 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL MANOMETRY \r | 686 | ||
| ANTRODUODENAL MANOMETRY \r | 689 | ||
| COLONIC MANOMETRY \r | 693 | ||
| ANORECTAL MANOMETRY \r | 696 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 698 | ||
| References | 698 | ||
| Chapter 66 - Gastrointestinal Pathology | 699 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL BIOPSY \r | 699 | ||
| STOMACH BIOPSY \r | 701 | ||
| SMALL INTESTINAL BIOPSY \r | 702 | ||
| INTERPRETATION OF COLONIC MUCOSAL BIOPSY SPECIMENS IN THE EVALUATION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE \r | 706 | ||
| EVALUATION OF RESECTION SPECIMENS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE \r | 709 | ||
| DISORDERS OF INTESTINAL MOTILITY \r | 711 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL POLYPS AND POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES \r | 713 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS \r | 716 | ||
| References | 716 | ||
| Section 8 The Liver and Bile Ducts | 717 | ||
| Chapter 67 - Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver and Bile Ducts | 718 | ||
| EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIVER IN HUMANS AND OTHER VERTEBRATES | 718 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE BILIARY TREE \r | 720 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEPATIC VASCULATURE \r | 722 | ||
| THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE LIVER: THE HEPATIC LOBULE AND SINUSOIDAL SYSTEM \r | 722 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIVER \r | 723 | ||
| LIVER AS A METABOLIC ORGAN \r | 724 | ||
| LIVER AS A FILTER \r | 725 | ||
| LIVER AS A HEMATOPOIETIC ORGAN \r | 725 | ||
| LIVER AS AN IMMUNE ORGAN \r | 725 | ||
| STEM CELLS AND LIVER REGENERATION \r | 725 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 727 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS \r | 727 | ||
| References | 727 | ||
| Chapter 68 - Neonatal Hepatitis | 728 | ||
| APPROACH TO THE INFANT WITH CHOLESTASIS \r | 728 | ||
| CHOLESTASIS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION \r | 733 | ||
| SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEONATAL HEPATITIS \r | 737 | ||
| IDIOPATHIC NEONATAL HEPATITIS \r | 738 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF NEONATAL CHOLESTASIS \r | 738 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 740 | ||
| ACKNOWLEGMENTS \r | 740 | ||
| References | 740 | ||
| Chapter 69 - Biliary Atresia and Neonatal Disorders of the Bile Ducts | 741 | ||
| SURGICALLY CORRECTABLE DISORDERS \r | 741 | ||
| References | 751 | ||
| Chapter 70 - Pediatric Cholestatic Liver Disease with Genetic Etiology | 752 | ||
| DEFECTS IN BILE ACID PRODUCTION \r | 752 | ||
| DEFECTS IN MEMBRANE TRANSPORTERS \r | 752 | ||
| DISORDERS OF EMBRYOGENESIS: ALAGILLE SYNDROME \r | 758 | ||
| DISORDER OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION \r | 763 | ||
| GENETIC CHOLESTASIS \r | 764 | ||
| References | 766 | ||
| Chapter 71 - Mitochondrial Hepatopathies: | 767 | ||
| FAO DISORDERS \r | 767 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF NORMAL FAO \r | 767 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF FAO DISORDERS \r | 771 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF FAO DISORDERS \r | 771 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF FAO DISORDERS \r | 774 | ||
| TREATMENT OF DISORDERS OF FAO \r | 776 | ||
| RESPIRATORY CHAIN DISORDERS \r | 778 | ||
| MITOCHONDRIAL RC GENETICS AND BIOLOGY \r | 778 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RC DISORDERS \r | 779 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION \r | 779 | ||
| GENETICS OF MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHIES \r | 781 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHIES \r | 783 | ||
| TREATMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHIES \r | 784 | ||
| References | 785 | ||
| Chapter 72 - Abnormalities of Hepatic Protein Metabolism | 786 | ||
| α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY | 786 | ||
| TYROSINEMIA \r | 789 | ||
| UREA CYCLE DEFECTS \r | 791 | ||
| References | 794 | ||
| Chapter 73 - Abnormalities of Carbohydrate Metabolism and the Liver | 795 | ||
| NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE \r | 795 | ||
| GALACTOSEMIA \r | 797 | ||
| HEREDITARY FRUCTOSE INTOLERANCE \r | 798 | ||
| FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE DEFICIENCY \r | 799 | ||
| GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE \r | 799 | ||
| References | 803 | ||
| Chapter 74 - Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 804 | ||
| DEFINITION AND CAUSES \r | 804 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND DEMOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS \r | 804 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY \r | 804 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY \r | 805 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS \r | 805 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 806 | ||
| TREATMENT \r | 808 | ||
| PREVENTION AND SCREENING \r | 810 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 810 | ||
| References | 810 | ||
| Chapter 75 - Acute and Chronic Hepatitis | 811 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE CHILD WITH HEPATITIS \r | 811 | ||
| HEPATOTROPIC VIRUSES \r | 811 | ||
| AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS \r | 823 | ||
| NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE \r | 825 | ||
| TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS \r | 827 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 828 | ||
| References | 828 | ||
| Chapter 76 - Portal Hypertension | 829 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION \r | 829 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES \r | 829 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS \r | 833 | ||
| THERAPY \r | 834 | ||
| References | 839 | ||
| Chapter 77 - Liver Failure | 840 | ||
| CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE \r | 840 | ||
| ACUTE LIVER FAILURE \r | 847 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 852 | ||
| References | 852 | ||
| Chapter 78 - Liver Transplantation in Children | 853 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION \r | 853 | ||
| GENERAL CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDREN \r | 855 | ||
| EVALUATION OF PEDIATRIC LIVER TRANSPLANT CANDIDATES \r | 855 | ||
| PREPARATION FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION \r | 856 | ||
| ORGAN ALLOCATION \r | 856 | ||
| LIVER TRANSPLANTATION SURGERY \r | 857 | ||
| POSTTRANSPLANT MANAGEMENT AND COMPLICATIONS \r | 859 | ||
| GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF LIFE \r | 862 | ||
| NONADHERENCE WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSION \r | 863 | ||
| SURVIVAL AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION \r | 863 | ||
| LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN SPECIAL GROUPS \r | 863 | ||
| WITHDRAWAL OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND TOLERANCE \r | 864 | ||
| CONCLUSION \r | 864 | ||
| References | 864 | ||
| Chapter 79 - Diseases of the Gallbladder | 866 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GALLSTONE DISEASE \r | 866 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GALLSTONE DISEASE \r | 866 | ||
| CHOLESTEROL STONES \r | 868 | ||
| PIGMENT STONES \r | 868 | ||
| GALLSTONES IN INFANTS \r | 869 | ||
| TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION–ASSOCIATED STONES \r | 870 | ||
| CYSTIC FIBROSIS–ASSOCIATED GALLSTONES \r | 870 | ||
| ILEAL DISEASE AND ILEAL RESECTION-ASSOCIATED STONES \r | 870 | ||
| DRUG-ASSOCIATED STONES \r | 870 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF GALLSTONE DISEASE \r | 871 | ||
| TREATMENT OF GALLSTONE DISEASE \r | 871 | ||
| CHOLECYSTITIS \r | 872 | ||
| CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS (COMMON BILE DUCT STONES) \r | 873 | ||
| ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS \r | 874 | ||
| ACUTE HYDROPS OF THE GALLBLADDER \r | 875 | ||
| UNUSUAL DISEASES OF THE GALLBLADDER \r | 875 | ||
| References | 875 | ||
| Section 9 The Pancreas | 877 | ||
| Chapter 80 - Pancreatic Development | 878 | ||
| BUDS FORM AND FUSE \r | 878 | ||
| DUCTAL SYSTEM FORMS \r | 878 | ||
| DIFFERENTIATION OF PANCREATIC PROGENITORS \r | 878 | ||
| PROGRAMMED DEVELOPMENT BY HIERARCHICAL SIGNALS \r | 878 | ||
| REGENERATIVE CAPACITY OF THE PANCREAS \r | 881 | ||
| SUMMARY ON PANCREATIC DEVELOPMENT \r | 882 | ||
| PANCREATIC SECRETION AND EXOCRINE FUNCTION \r | 882 | ||
| References | 889 | ||
| Chapter 81 - Cystic Fibrosis and Congenital Anomalies of the Exocrine Pancreas | 890 | ||
| CYSTIC FIBROSIS \r | 890 | ||
| STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE PANCREAS \r | 900 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE PANCREAS \r | 903 | ||
| References | 904 | ||
| Chapter 82 - Pancreatitis | 905 | ||
| ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS \r | 905 | ||
| ACUTE PANCREATITIS \r | 905 | ||
| CHRONIC PANCREATITIS \r | 911 | ||
| References | 914 | ||
| Chapter 83 - Total Pancreatectomy with Autoislet Transplantation, and Pancreatic Allotransplantation | 915 | ||
| TOTAL PANCREATECTOMY WITH AUTOISLET TRANSPLANTATION (TP-AIT) \r | 915 | ||
| WHOLE-ORGAN PANCREAS ALLOTRANSPLANTATION \r | 919 | ||
| PANCREATIC ISLET ALLOTRANSPLANTATION \r | 924 | ||
| References | 926 | ||
| Chapter 84 - Secretory Neoplasms of the Pancreas | 927 | ||
| MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA\r | 927 | ||
| INSULINOMA \r | 928 | ||
| CONGENITAL HYPERINSULINISM \r | 929 | ||
| GASTRINOMA: ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME \r | 929 | ||
| VIPOMA \r | 931 | ||
| OTHER TUMORS \r | 933 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 933 | ||
| References | 934 | ||
| Chapter 85 - Infant and Toddler Nutrition | 935 | ||
| GROWTH \r | 935 | ||
| BREAST-FEEDING \r | 936 | ||
| FORMULA FEEDING \r | 939 | ||
| COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING \r | 940 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTS \r | 941 | ||
| TODDLERS \r | 942 | ||
| DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION \r | 942 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION \r | 943 | ||
| SPECIFIC NUTRIENT DEFICITS \r | 944 | ||
| TODDLERS’ NUTRITON AND STOOLING \r | 945 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGY OF TODDLERS’ NUTRITION \r | 945 | ||
| References | 946 | ||
| Section 10 \rNutrition | 947 | ||
| Chapter 86 - Nutritional Assessment | 948 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS \r | 948 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT \r | 948 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF NORMAL GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION IN CHILDREN \r | 948 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT \r | 950 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT \r | 951 | ||
| SUMMARY \r | 956 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS \r | 956 | ||
| References | 956 | ||
| Chapter 87 - Tubes for Enteric Access | 957 | ||
| EVALUATION\r | 957 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS FOR SHORT-TERM ACCESS\r | 958 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS FOR LONG-TERM ACCESS\r | 960 | ||
| GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX AND TUBES\r | 962 | ||
| SUMMARY\r | 963 | ||
| References | 963 | ||
| Chapter 88 - Parenteral Nutrition | 964 | ||
| INDICATIONS\r | 964 | ||
| ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION\r | 964 | ||
| PARENTERAL NUTRITION COMPONENTS AND REQUIREMENTS\r | 965 | ||
| MONITORING\r | 972 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS\r | 972 | ||
| TOTAL NUTRIENT ADMIXTURES\r | 974 | ||
| FORMULATING A REGIMEN\r | 975 | ||
| CYCLIC PARENTERAL NUTRITION\r | 975 | ||
| HOME PARENTERAL NUTRITION\r | 976 | ||
| MONITORING THE HOME PN PATIENT\r | 976 | ||
| SUMMARY\r | 976 | ||
| References | 977 | ||
| Chapter 89 - Enteral Nutrition | 978 | ||
| MALNUTRITION IN THE HOSPITAL SETTING\r | 978 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR ENTERAL FEEDING (TABLE 89-1)\r | 978 | ||
| GROWTH FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC DISEASE\r | 981 | ||
| HYPERMETABOLIC STATES\r | 982 | ||
| CHOICE OF ENTERAL FEEDING ROUTE\r | 983 | ||
| CHOICE OF FEEDING METHOD (CONTINUOUS, NOCTURNAL, OR BOLUS FEEDING)\r | 985 | ||
| ENTERAL NUTRITION IN THE NEONATE\r | 985 | ||
| ENTERAL FEEDING IN THE INFANT AND CHILD\r | 988 | ||
| PRACTICAL ISSUES OF ENTERAL NUTRITION\r | 994 | ||
| SAFETY OF ENTERAL FEEDS\r | 997 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS\r | 997 | ||
| TRANSITION FROM PARENTERAL TO ENTERAL/ORAL NUTRITION\r | 1000 | ||
| SUMMARY\r | 1001 | ||
| References | 1001 | ||
| Chapter 90 - Management of Diarrhea | 1002 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE DIARRHEA\r | 1002 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DIARRHEA\r | 1009 | ||
| References | 1011 | ||
| Chapter 91 - Effects of Digestive Diseases on Bone Metabolism | 1012 | ||
| BONE BIOLOGY IN CHILDREN\r | 1012 | ||
| PEAK BONE MASS\r | 1013 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF BONE METABOLISM AND BONE MASS IN CHILDREN\r | 1014 | ||
| DEFINITION OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN CHILDREN\r | 1014 | ||
| COMMON MECHANISMS BY WHICH DIGESTIVE DISEASES AFFECT BONE MASS\r | 1015 | ||
| SELECTED GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED BMD\r | 1016 | ||
| LIVER DISEASES\r | 1017 | ||
| CYSTIC FIBROSIS\r | 1018 | ||
| TREATMENT\r | 1018 | ||
| References | 1019 | ||
| Chapter 92 - Nutrition and Feeding for Children with Developmental Disabilities | 1020 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL GOALS AND RISKS\r | 1020 | ||
| VARIABILITY IN NEEDS\r | 1020 | ||
| CONTRIBUTING FACTORS\r | 1021 | ||
| PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION\r | 1024 | ||
| INTERVENTION\r | 1026 | ||
| ORAL FEEDING\r | 1027 | ||
| ORAL FEEDING PROBLEMS\r | 1029 | ||
| ENTERAL DELIVERY\r | 1030 | ||
| SUMMARY\r | 1031 | ||
| References | 1031 | ||
| Index | 1033 | ||
| Color Plates\r | CP1 |