BOOK
Brody's Human Pharmacology - E-Book
Stephanie Watts | Carl Faingold | George Dunaway | Lynn Crespo | Stephanie Watts | Carl Faingold | George Dunaway | Lynn Crespo
(2009)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Featuring the contributions of leading faculty, this new edition provides a succinct overview of the most important aspects of pharmacology necessary for a basic understanding of the subject. It reviews the concepts, clinical applications and side effects of pharmacology, placing an emphasis on practical applications of the material, whenever possible. More than 480 full-color illustrations explain important processes, while color-coded boxes for major drugs, therapeutic overviews, clinical problems, and trade names—as well as USMLE-style self-assessment questions with answers and rationales—reinforce your mastery of the information. A consistent style of writing—and more focused, concise content—provide for better learning of the essentials. Online access to Student Consult—where you’ll find 15 pharmacology animations...150 USMLE-style questions...and more—further enhances your study and prepares you for exams.
- Includes online access to Student Consult where you’ll find USMLE-style questions, animations showing the actions of various important toxins, and much more.
- Focuses on the essential aspects of pharmacology for a solid foundation of knowledge in the subject.
- Includes more than 480 full-color illustrations that explain key pharmacologic processes.
- Provides between 4 and 6 USMLE-style self-assessment questions at the end of each chapter—with answers and full explanations in the appendix—that help you prepare for exams and master the material.
- Uses a templated format that promotes more effective and efficient learning.
- Presents color-coded boxes in each chapter that emphasize key points.
- Features a clinical emphasis throughout on both the basic science of pharmacology and its clinical relevance.
- Includes new Gold Standard content on Student Consult with 200 Professional Drug Monographs for additional information on generic and brand names, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications and dosage, drug interactions, patient education and much more!
- Features a more consistent style of writing—as well as focused, concise content—for enhanced learning of the essentials.
- Presents chapters in a re-arranged order for a more logical approach to learning.
- Includes additional biochemistry and physiology information in the introduction for each section for greater understanding.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover\r | Cover | ||
| Brody’s Human Pharmacology | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
| Introduction | xv | ||
| Contents | xvii | ||
| PART 1 -General Principles | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 1 - Pharmacodynamics: Receptors and Concentration-Response Relationships | 3 | ||
| SITES OF DRUG ACTION | 3 | ||
| AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS | 3 | ||
| RECEPTORS | 4 | ||
| LIGAND-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS | 5 | ||
| RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILIES | 5 | ||
| OTHER TARGETS | 6 | ||
| RECEPTOR CLASSIFICATION | 8 | ||
| CONCENTRATION-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS | 9 | ||
| ANTAGONISTS | 11 | ||
| PARTIAL AGONISTS | 12 | ||
| SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION—SPARE RECEPTORS | 12 | ||
| RECEPTOR DESENSITIZATION AND SUPERSENSITIVITY | 13 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 15 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 15 | ||
| CHAPTER 2 - Pharmacokinetics: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination | 17 | ||
| WHAT HAPPENS TO DRUGS IN THE BODY? | 17 | ||
| ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION | 17 | ||
| METABOLISM AND ELIMINATION OF DRUGS | 21 | ||
| PHARMACOGENETICS | 26 | ||
| SUMMARY | 27 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 27 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 28 | ||
| CHAPTER 3 - Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Issues in Therapeutics | 29 | ||
| DRUG CONCENTRATIONS | 29 | ||
| ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION | 29 | ||
| DOSE ADJUSTMENT FOR SIZE OF PATIENT | 30 | ||
| SINGLE DOSES | 30 | ||
| CALCULATION OF PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS | 32 | ||
| MULTIPLE OR PROLONGED DOSING | 35 | ||
| PRACTICAL EXAMPLE | 36 | ||
| CLEARANCE AND ELIMINATION | 36 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF CLEARANCE AND BIOAVAILABILITY | 37 | ||
| AGE CONSIDERATIONS | 37 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETIC CHANGES WITH AGING | 39 | ||
| DRUG RESPONSE CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING | 40 | ||
| GUIDELINES FOR DRUG PRESCRIBING IN THE ELDERLY | 41 | ||
| DRUG INTERACTIONS | 41 | ||
| SUMMARY | 41 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 41 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 41 | ||
| CHAPTER 4 - Drug Development, Regulation, and Prescription Writing | 43 | ||
| CLINICAL TESTING AND INTRODUCTION OF NEW DRUGS | 43 | ||
| PRESCRIPTION WRITING | 46 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 47 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 47 | ||
| CHAPTER 5 - Gene Therapy and Emerging Molecular Therapies | 49 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL GENE THERAPY | 51 | ||
| VEHICLES FOR GENE TRANSFER | 52 | ||
| CLINICAL GENE THERAPY STUDIES | 55 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 55 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 56 | ||
| CHAPTER 6 - Antibodies and Biological Products | 57 | ||
| Immune Response | 58 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 58 | ||
| Acquired Immunity | 58 | ||
| Pharmacological Immunosuppression | 59 | ||
| Pharmacological Immunostimulation | 64 | ||
| Low Molecular Weight Drugs | 65 | ||
| Biologicals | 67 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 68 | ||
| Side Effects Common to Immunosuppressive Therapy | 70 | ||
| Side Effects Common to Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus | 70 | ||
| Side Effects Associated with Biologicals | 70 | ||
| Other Serious Side Effects with Specific Biologicals | 71 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 72 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 72 | ||
| CHAPTER 7 - Herbals and Natural Products | 74 | ||
| Antioxidant Effects | 75 | ||
| Immunomodulation | 75 | ||
| Actions on Neurotransmission | 76 | ||
| Hormonal Actions | 76 | ||
| Anticancer Effects | 77 | ||
| Ergogenics | 77 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 81 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 81 | ||
| CHAPTER 8 - Principles of Toxicology | 82 | ||
| TOXIC GASES | 86 | ||
| HEAVY METALS | 87 | ||
| INTERACTIVE TOXICOLOGY | 88 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY | 88 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 89 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 89 | ||
| PART II -Drugs Affecting the Peripheral Nervous System and the Skeletal and Smooth Muscle | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 9 - Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System | 93 | ||
| DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 93 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMISSION AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 96 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS IN THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 99 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES MEDIATED BY THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 101 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 105 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 105 | ||
| CHAPTER 10 - Drugs Affecting the Parasympathetic Nervous System and Autonomic Ganglia | 107 | ||
| Cholinergic Transmission | 108 | ||
| Activation of Cholinergic Receptors | 108 | ||
| Cholinesterase Inhibitors | 110 | ||
| Blockade of Cholinergic Receptors | 113 | ||
| Cholinomimetics | 113 | ||
| Cholinergic Blocking Drugs | 115 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 115 | ||
| Ophthalmology | 115 | ||
| Gastrointestinal and Urinary Tracts | 116 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 117 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 117 | ||
| Hypertensive Emergencies | 117 | ||
| Miscellaneous Uses of Cholinesterase Inhibitors | 117 | ||
| Muscarinic Receptor Agonists | 118 | ||
| Cholinesterase Inhibitors | 118 | ||
| Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists | 119 | ||
| Nicotine | 119 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 120 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 120 | ||
| CHAPTER 11 - Drugs Affecting the Sympathetic Nervous System | 122 | ||
| Noradrenergic Transmission | 123 | ||
| Activation of Adrenergic Receptors | 123 | ||
| Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics | 125 | ||
| Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics | 125 | ||
| Sympatholytics | 126 | ||
| Direct and Reflex Cardiovascular Actions of Adrenergic Agents | 127 | ||
| Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics | 128 | ||
| Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics | 131 | ||
| α Receptor Antagonists | 132 | ||
| β Receptor Antagonists | 133 | ||
| Drugs that Interfere with Sympathetic Neuronal Function | 134 | ||
| Drugs that Reduce Central Sympathetic Outflow | 134 | ||
| Drugs that Inhibit Catecholamine Synthesis | 135 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 137 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 137 | ||
| CHAPTER 12 - Skeletal Muscle Relaxants | 138 | ||
| Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 138 | ||
| Spasmolytics | 139 | ||
| Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 141 | ||
| Spasmolytics | 141 | ||
| Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 142 | ||
| Spasmolytics | 142 | ||
| Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 143 | ||
| Spasmolytics | 144 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 146 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 146 | ||
| CHAPTER 13 - Local Anesthetics | 147 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 152 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 152 | ||
| CHAPTER 14 - Histamine and Antihistamines | 154 | ||
| Synthesis and Metabolism of Histamine | 154 | ||
| Storage and Release of Histamine by Mast Cells and Basophils | 154 | ||
| Inhibitors of Degranulation and Histamine Release | 156 | ||
| H1 Receptor Antagonists | 157 | ||
| Other Antiallergic Properties of Antihistamines | 157 | ||
| Actions of Histamine | 158 | ||
| Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactoid Reactions | 159 | ||
| Histamine Agonists | 159 | ||
| Inhibitors of Mast Cell Degranulation | 159 | ||
| H1 Receptor Antagonists | 159 | ||
| H2 Receptor Antagonists | 160 | ||
| Combination of H1 and H2 Receptor Antagonists | 160 | ||
| H1 Receptor Antagonists | 160 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 161 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 161 | ||
| CHAPTER 15 - Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids | 163 | ||
| Synthesis | 164 | ||
| Metabolism and Concentration | 165 | ||
| Prostaglandin Receptors | 166 | ||
| Thromboxane Receptors | 166 | ||
| Leukotriene Receptors | 166 | ||
| Blood Flow Regulation | 166 | ||
| Platelet Aggregation | 166 | ||
| Ductus Arteriosus | 167 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 167 | ||
| Inflammatory and Immune Responses | 167 | ||
| Reproductive System | 167 | ||
| Bronchoconstriction | 167 | ||
| Eye | 167 | ||
| Cancer | 167 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 168 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 168 | ||
| CHAPTER 16 - Drugs to Treat Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 170 | ||
| Chromones (Cromolyn and Nedocromil) | 172 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 172 | ||
| Leukotriene Modulators | 173 | ||
| Methylxanthines | 173 | ||
| Adrenergic β2 Receptor Agonists | 173 | ||
| Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists | 173 | ||
| Anti-immunoglobulin Antibody | 174 | ||
| Chromones | 174 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 174 | ||
| Leukotriene Modulators | 174 | ||
| Methylxanthines | 174 | ||
| Adrenergic β2 Receptor Agonists | 175 | ||
| Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists | 175 | ||
| Outpatient Treatment of Asthma | 176 | ||
| Allergen Avoidance | 176 | ||
| Chromones | 177 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 177 | ||
| Leukotriene Modulators | 177 | ||
| Methylxanthines | 178 | ||
| Adrenergic β2 Receptor Agonists | 178 | ||
| Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists | 178 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 179 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 179 | ||
| CHAPTER 17 - Drugs Affecting Uterine Motility | 181 | ||
| Uterine Stimulants | 181 | ||
| Uterine Relaxants | 181 | ||
| Regulation of Myometrial Contractility | 183 | ||
| Uterine Stimulants | 184 | ||
| Uterine Relaxants | 185 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 185 | ||
| Uterine Stimulants | 185 | ||
| Uterine Relaxants | 186 | ||
| Induction/Augmentation of Labor | 186 | ||
| Early Pregnancy Termination | 186 | ||
| Treatment of Preterm Labor | 186 | ||
| Treatment of Dysmenorrhea | 186 | ||
| Uterine Stimulants | 187 | ||
| Uterine Relaxants | 187 | ||
| New Horizons | 188 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 188 | ||
| CHAPTER 18 - Drugs Affecting the Gastrointestinal System | 191 | ||
| Antisecretory Drugs, Antacids, Mucosal Protectants, and Prostaglandins | 193 | ||
| Promotility Agents | 195 | ||
| Antiemetics | 195 | ||
| Laxatives | 196 | ||
| Antidiarrheal Drugs | 197 | ||
| Aminosalicylates | 197 | ||
| Antisecretory Drugs, Antacids, Mucosal Protectants, and Prostaglandins | 198 | ||
| Promotility Drugs | 199 | ||
| Antiemetics | 199 | ||
| Laxatives | 199 | ||
| Antidiarrheal Drugs | 199 | ||
| 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists | 199 | ||
| Aminosalicylates | 199 | ||
| Antisecretory Drugs, Antacids, Mucosal Protectants, and Prostaglandins | 200 | ||
| Promotility Agents | 200 | ||
| Antiemetics | 201 | ||
| Laxatives | 201 | ||
| Antidiarrheals | 201 | ||
| 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists | 201 | ||
| Aminosalicylates | 201 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 202 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 203 | ||
| PART III -Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular, Renal, and Circulatory Systems | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 19 - Introduction to the Regulation of Cardiovascular Function | 207 | ||
| CENTRAL CONTROL OF AUTONOMIC NERVE ACTIVITY | 208 | ||
| REGULATION OF SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY | 211 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 212 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 212 | ||
| CHAPTER 20 - Antihypertensive Drugs | 213 | ||
| OTHER CONSIDERATIONS | 222 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 224 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 224 | ||
| CHAPTER 21 - Diuretic Drugs | 226 | ||
| Renal Function and Regulation | 228 | ||
| Osmotic Diuretics | 233 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 233 | ||
| Thiazide Diuretics | 233 | ||
| Loop Diuretics | 234 | ||
| Potassium-Sparing Diuretics | 234 | ||
| Osmotic Diuretics | 236 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 236 | ||
| Thiazide Diuretics | 236 | ||
| Loop Diuretics | 237 | ||
| Potassium-Sparing Diuretics | 237 | ||
| Diuretic Resistance | 237 | ||
| Osmotic Diuretics | 238 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 238 | ||
| Thiazide Diuretics | 238 | ||
| Loop Diuretics | 238 | ||
| Potassium-Sparing Diuretics | 238 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 240 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 240 | ||
| CHAPTER 22 - Antiarrhythmic Drugs | 242 | ||
| ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS | 245 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 253 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 254 | ||
| CHAPTER 23 - Drugs to Treat Heart Failure | 255 | ||
| Physiology of the Failing Heart | 256 | ||
| Left Ventricular Remodeling | 256 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System | 257 | ||
| Systolic Heart Failure | 257 | ||
| Diastolic Heart Failure | 257 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 257 | ||
| β Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Drugs | 258 | ||
| Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 258 | ||
| Aldosterone Antagonists | 259 | ||
| Cardiac Glycosides | 259 | ||
| Diuretics | 260 | ||
| Sympathomimetics | 260 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 260 | ||
| Vasodilators | 261 | ||
| Cardiac Glycosides | 261 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 262 | ||
| Nesiritide | 262 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 262 | ||
| β Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Drugs | 262 | ||
| Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 263 | ||
| Aldosterone Antagonists | 263 | ||
| Cardiac Glycosides | 263 | ||
| Diuretics | 264 | ||
| Sympathomimetics | 264 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 265 | ||
| Vasodilators | 265 | ||
| Cardiac Glycosides | 265 | ||
| Other Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure | 266 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 268 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 268 | ||
| CHAPTER 24 - Vasodilators and Nitric Oxide Synthase | 270 | ||
| Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Contraction and Relaxation | 270 | ||
| Nitrovasodilators | 271 | ||
| K+ Channel Activators | 272 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors | 272 | ||
| Other Agents | 273 | ||
| Nitrovasodilators and Angina Pectoris | 273 | ||
| Other Drugs for Angina Pectoris | 274 | ||
| Vasodilators and Congestive Heart Failure | 274 | ||
| Vasodilators and Peripheral Vascular Disease | 275 | ||
| Vasodilators and Hemostasis | 275 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors and Impotence | 275 | ||
| Nitrovasodilators | 275 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors | 275 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 276 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 277 | ||
| CHAPTER 25 - Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Atherosclerosis | 278 | ||
| Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis and Therapeutic Targets | 278 | ||
| Cholesterol Balance | 280 | ||
| Lipoproteins and Lipids | 280 | ||
| HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors | 284 | ||
| Fibric Acid Derivatives | 284 | ||
| Bile Acid Sequestrants | 285 | ||
| Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors | 285 | ||
| Niacin | 285 | ||
| HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors | 286 | ||
| Fibric Acid Derivatives | 286 | ||
| Bile Acid Sequestrants | 287 | ||
| Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors | 287 | ||
| Niacin | 287 | ||
| Combination Therapies | 288 | ||
| HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors | 288 | ||
| Fibric Acid Derivatives | 288 | ||
| Bile Acid Sequestrants | 289 | ||
| Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors | 289 | ||
| Niacin | 289 | ||
| Lifestyle Interventions and Drugs in Atherosclerosis | 289 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 290 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 290 | ||
| CHAPTER 26 - Antithrombotic Drugs | 292 | ||
| Parenteral Anticoagulant Drugs | 294 | ||
| Oral Anticoagulant Drugs | 294 | ||
| Fibrinolytics | 296 | ||
| Antiplatelet Drugs | 296 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 298 | ||
| Antiplatelet Drugs | 299 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 300 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 300 | ||
| PART IV -Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous Systems | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 27 - Introduction to the Central Nervous System | 305 | ||
| NEUROTRANSMISSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 306 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 309 | ||
| DRUG ACTION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 312 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 315 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 315 | ||
| CHAPTER 28 - Treatment of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases | 317 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 317 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 317 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease Drugs | 318 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease Drugs | 319 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease Drugs | 319 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease Drugs | 320 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease Drugs | 320 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease Drugs | 321 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease Drugs | 321 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease Drugs | 322 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 323 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 323 | ||
| CHAPTER 29 - Treatment of Psychotic Disorders | 324 | ||
| Typical Antipsychotics | 325 | ||
| Atypical Antipsychotics | 326 | ||
| Typical Antipsychotics | 328 | ||
| Atypical Antipsychotics | 329 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 330 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 330 | ||
| CHAPTER 30 - Treatment of Affective Disorders | 332 | ||
| Amine Reuptake Inhibitors and Atypical Antidepressants | 333 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | 334 | ||
| Lithium | 336 | ||
| Antidepressants | 337 | ||
| Drugs for Bipolar Disorder | 337 | ||
| Amine Reuptake Inhibitors and Atypical Compounds | 337 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | 340 | ||
| Lithium | 340 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 341 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 341 | ||
| CHAPTER 31 - Treatment of Anxiety and Insomnia | 343 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 344 | ||
| Benzodiazepine Antagonist | 344 | ||
| Non-Benzodiazepine Anxiolytics | 344 | ||
| Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists | 344 | ||
| Melatonin Receptor Agonists | 344 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 346 | ||
| Benzodiazepine Antagonist | 347 | ||
| Non-Benzodiazepine Anxiolytics | 347 | ||
| Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists | 348 | ||
| Melatonin Receptor Agonists | 348 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 348 | ||
| Benzodiazepine Receptor Antagonist | 349 | ||
| Buspirone | 349 | ||
| Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists | 349 | ||
| Melatonin Receptor Agonists | 350 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 350 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 351 | ||
| CHAPTER 32 - Ethanol, Other Alcohols, and Drugs for Alcohol Dependence | 352 | ||
| CHAPTER 33 - Treatment of Obesity and Eating Disorders | 362 | ||
| Anti-Obesity Agents | 363 | ||
| Drugs for Anorexia and Bulimia | 364 | ||
| Orexigenics | 364 | ||
| CHAPTER 34 - Treatment of Seizure Disorders | 368 | ||
| Ion Channel Modulators | 370 | ||
| GABA/Glutamate Modulators | 371 | ||
| Primary Agents | 372 | ||
| Secondary Agents | 373 | ||
| Primary Agents | 373 | ||
| Secondary Agents | 374 | ||
| Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome | 374 | ||
| Status Epilepticus | 374 | ||
| Primary Agents | 375 | ||
| Secondary/Adjunctive Agents | 375 | ||
| Antiepileptic Drugs during Pregnancy | 375 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 376 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 377 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 377 | ||
| CHAPTER 35 - General Anesthetics | 379 | ||
| Inhalational Anesthetics | 379 | ||
| Intravenous Anesthetics | 380 | ||
| Inhalational Anesthetics | 381 | ||
| Intravenous Anesthetics | 383 | ||
| Inhalational Anesthetics | 385 | ||
| Intravenous Anesthetics | 386 | ||
| Inhalational Anesthetics | 386 | ||
| Intravenous Anesthetics | 388 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 389 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 389 | ||
| CHAPTER 36 - Drugs to Control Pain | 391 | ||
| Neurophysiology of Pain | 392 | ||
| Opioids | 392 | ||
| NSAIDs and Acetaminophen | 394 | ||
| Drugs for Specific Pain Syndromes | 395 | ||
| Opioids | 397 | ||
| NSAIDs and Acetaminophen | 397 | ||
| Drugs for Specific Pain Syndromes | 399 | ||
| Opioids | 400 | ||
| NSAIDs and Acetaminophen | 401 | ||
| Drugs for Specific Pain Syndromes | 402 | ||
| Opioids | 404 | ||
| NSAIDs and Acetaminophen | 405 | ||
| Drugs for Specific Pain Syndromes | 406 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 408 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 408 | ||
| CHAPTER 37 - Drugs and Substance Abuse, Addiction, and Treatment | 410 | ||
| Tolerance and Dependence | 410 | ||
| Reinforcing Compounds | 411 | ||
| Non-Reinforcing Compounds | 414 | ||
| Reinforcing Compounds | 415 | ||
| PART V -Drugs Affecting Endocrine Systems | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 38 - Introduction to Endocrine Pharmacology and Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland | 427 | ||
| HORMONES | 427 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 440 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 441 | ||
| CHAPTER 39 - Adrenocorticosteroids | 442 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 443 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 444 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 445 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 447 | ||
| Selection of Drugs | 447 | ||
| Exposure to Excessive Levels of Glucocorticoids | 447 | ||
| Disorders Associated with Decreased Cortisol Production | 448 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 449 | ||
| Glucocorticoids and the HPA Axis | 449 | ||
| Glucocorticoids and Bone | 449 | ||
| Glucocorticoids and Glucose | 449 | ||
| Other Side Effects | 449 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 450 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 450 | ||
| CHAPTER 40 - Estrogens and Progestins | 452 | ||
| Estrogens | 452 | ||
| Progestins | 452 | ||
| Combined Effects | 453 | ||
| Biosynthesis of Estrogens and Progestins | 454 | ||
| Ligand Structure | 455 | ||
| Transport of Hormones in the Blood | 456 | ||
| Receptor Mechanisms | 456 | ||
| Estrogens | 456 | ||
| Progestins | 456 | ||
| Other Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Ligands | 457 | ||
| Inhibitors of Steroidogenesis and Aromatase | 457 | ||
| Fertility Control | 457 | ||
| Ovulation Induction | 459 | ||
| Replacement Therapy | 459 | ||
| Other Uses of Replacement Therapy | 460 | ||
| Cancer Chemotherapy | 460 | ||
| Other Uses | 461 | ||
| Estrogens | 461 | ||
| Progestins | 461 | ||
| Combination Oral Contraceptives | 461 | ||
| Combination Replacement Therapy | 462 | ||
| Antiestrogens, SERMs, and Progesterone Receptor Ligands | 462 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 464 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 464 | ||
| CHAPTER 41 - Androgens and Antiandrogens | 466 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 474 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 474 | ||
| CHAPTER 42 - Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs | 476 | ||
| Thyroid Hormones | 476 | ||
| Antihyperthyroid Drugs | 478 | ||
| Thyroid Hormones | 479 | ||
| Iodide | 480 | ||
| Thioureylenes | 480 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 480 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 480 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 481 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 482 | ||
| CHAPTER 43 - Insulin and Drugs Used in the Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus | 483 | ||
| Insulin | 486 | ||
| Agents that Promote Insulin Release | 489 | ||
| Other Antihyperglycemic Agents | 490 | ||
| Insulin | 491 | ||
| Agents that Promote Insulin Release | 492 | ||
| Other Antihyperglycemic Agents | 493 | ||
| Insulin | 493 | ||
| Agents that Promote Insulin Release | 494 | ||
| Other Antihyperglycemic Agents | 494 | ||
| Controlling Blood Glucose | 495 | ||
| Insulin | 495 | ||
| Agents that Promote Insulin Release | 495 | ||
| Other Antihyperglycemic Agents | 496 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 498 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 498 | ||
| CHAPTER 44 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Other Agents Affecting Bone | 500 | ||
| Vitamin D, Metabolites, and Analogs | 502 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 503 | ||
| Calcitonin | 503 | ||
| Estrogens and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators | 504 | ||
| Bisphosphonates | 504 | ||
| Other Agents Affecting Calcium Metabolism and Bone Formation | 504 | ||
| Vitamin D | 505 | ||
| Teriparatide | 505 | ||
| Calcitonin | 505 | ||
| Estrogens and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators | 505 | ||
| Bisphosphonates | 505 | ||
| Vitamin D and Metabolites | 505 | ||
| PART VI -Chemotherapy of Invading Organisms | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 45 - Principles of Antimicrobial Use | 511 | ||
| DRUG SELECTION FOR INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS | 512 | ||
| PHARMACOVIGILANCE | 517 | ||
| Allergy History | 517 | ||
| Age | 518 | ||
| Renal Function | 518 | ||
| Hepatic Function | 518 | ||
| Pregnancy | 518 | ||
| Genetic and Metabolic Factors | 518 | ||
| Host Defenses | 518 | ||
| ANTIMICROBIAL COMBINATIONS | 519 | ||
| ANTIBIOTIC DECISION MAKING AFTER THERAPY HAS BEEN INITIATED | 519 | ||
| MONITORING ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY | 519 | ||
| PROPHYLAXIS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS | 520 | ||
| BACTERIAL RESISTANCE | 521 | ||
| SELECTION OF AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT | 524 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 527 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 527 | ||
| CHAPTER 46 - Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors | 528 | ||
| β-Lactams | 528 | ||
| Mechanisms of Resistance to β-Lactams | 530 | ||
| Vancomycin and Bacitracin | 531 | ||
| Penicillins | 532 | ||
| Penicillins G and V | 532 | ||
| β-Lactamase-Resistant Penicillins | 532 | ||
| Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ticarcillin, and Piperacillin | 533 | ||
| β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations | 533 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 533 | ||
| Carbapenems and Monobactams | 533 | ||
| Vancomycin and Bacitracin | 534 | ||
| Penicillins and Cephalosporins | 535 | ||
| Other β-Lactams | 537 | ||
| Vancomycin and Bacitracin | 537 | ||
| Penicillins | 538 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 539 | ||
| Other β-Lactams | 539 | ||
| Vancomycin and Bacitracin | 540 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 541 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 541 | ||
| CHAPTER 47 - Inhibitors of Bacterial Ribosomal Actions | 543 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 544 | ||
| Macrolides, Chloramphenicol, and Clindamycin | 547 | ||
| Ketolides | 548 | ||
| Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines | 548 | ||
| Streptogramins | 548 | ||
| Oxazolidinones | 549 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 551 | ||
| Erythromycin | 552 | ||
| Azithromycin | 552 | ||
| Clarithromycin | 552 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 552 | ||
| Clindamycin | 553 | ||
| Telithromycin | 553 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 553 | ||
| Quinupristin and Dalfopristin | 553 | ||
| Linezolid | 553 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 554 | ||
| Macrolides | 554 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 555 | ||
| Clindamycin | 555 | ||
| Telithromycin | 555 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 555 | ||
| Quinupristin and Dalfopristin | 556 | ||
| Linezolid | 556 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 556 | ||
| Macrolides | 557 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 558 | ||
| Clindamycin | 558 | ||
| Telithromycin | 558 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 558 | ||
| Quinupristin and Dalfopristin | 558 | ||
| Linezolid | 559 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 560 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 560 | ||
| CHAPTER 48 - Bacterial Folate Antagonists, Fluoroquinolones, and Other Antibacterial Agents | 561 | ||
| Folic Acid Synthesis and Regeneration | 562 | ||
| Sulfonamides | 562 | ||
| Trimethoprim | 562 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | 562 | ||
| Nitrofurans | 563 | ||
| Polymyxins | 564 | ||
| Sulfonamides | 564 | ||
| Trimethoprim | 565 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | 565 | ||
| Nitrofurans | 566 | ||
| Polymyxins | 566 | ||
| Sulfonamides | 566 | ||
| Trimethoprim | 566 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | 567 | ||
| Nitrofurans | 567 | ||
| Polymyxins | 568 | ||
| Sulfonamides | 568 | ||
| Trimethoprim | 568 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | 568 | ||
| Nitrofurans | 568 | ||
| Polymyxins | 569 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 570 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 570 | ||
| CHAPTER 49 - Antimycobacterial Agents | 571 | ||
| Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs | 572 | ||
| Anti-Leprosy Drugs | 574 | ||
| Anti-M. avium Complex (MAC) Drugs | 574 | ||
| Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs | 574 | ||
| Anti-Leprosy Drugs | 575 | ||
| Anti-M. avium Complex Drugs | 575 | ||
| Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs | 575 | ||
| Anti-Leprosy Drugs | 577 | ||
| Anti-M. avium Complex Drugs | 577 | ||
| Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs | 578 | ||
| Anti-Leprosy Drugs | 579 | ||
| Anti-M. avium Complex Drugs | 580 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 581 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 581 | ||
| CHAPTER 50 - Antifungal Agents | 583 | ||
| Polyenes | 583 | ||
| Azoles | 584 | ||
| Allylamines | 584 | ||
| Echinocandins | 584 | ||
| Others | 585 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 586 | ||
| Polyenes | 586 | ||
| Azoles | 587 | ||
| Allylamines | 587 | ||
| Echinocandins | 587 | ||
| Others | 587 | ||
| Polyenes | 588 | ||
| Azoles | 589 | ||
| Allylamines | 589 | ||
| Echinocandins | 589 | ||
| Others | 589 | ||
| Polyenes | 590 | ||
| Azoles | 590 | ||
| Allylamines | 590 | ||
| Echinocandins | 590 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 591 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 592 | ||
| CHAPTER 51 - Antiviral Agents | 593 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 605 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 605 | ||
| CHAPTER 52 - Drugs to Treat Parasitic Infections | 607 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF MAJOR PARASITIC GROUPS | 607 | ||
| Mechanisms of Action | 608 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 617 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 617 | ||
| PART VII -Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 53 - Principles of Antineoplastic Drug Use | 621 | ||
| DRUG SELECTION AND PROBLEMS | 622 | ||
| Primary versus Adjuvant Therapy | 623 | ||
| Selection of Drug Regimen | 623 | ||
| Special Clinical Problems | 625 | ||
| Targeted Therapies and Biological Response Modifiers | 625 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 626 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 626 | ||
| CHAPTER 54 - Mechanisms of Action of Antineoplastic Drugs | iii | ||
| Basic Approaches | 628 | ||
| Alkylating Agents | 628 | ||
| Antimetabolites | 631 | ||
| Antibiotics | 631 | ||
| Plant Alkaloids | 632 | ||
| Others | 633 | ||
| Mechanisms of Resistance | 633 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 638 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 638 | ||
| CHAPTER 55 - Adjuvant Antineoplastic Drugs | 640 | ||
| Hormonal Agents | 640 | ||
| Biological Therapy | 641 | ||
| Growth Factor Receptors: Anti-EGFR Therapy | 642 | ||
| Vaccines | 643 | ||
| Inhibitors of Intracellular Signaling | 643 | ||
| FURTHER READING | 646 | ||
| SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS | 646 | ||
| APPENDIX - Answers to Self-Assessment Questions | 647 | ||
| Index | 659 |