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Drug Calculations - E-Book

Drug Calculations - E-Book

Meta Brown | Joyce L. Mulholland

(2014)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Covering the ratio and proportion method of drug calculations, Drug Calculations: Ratio and Proportion Problems for Clinical Practice, 9th Edition provides clear, step-by-step explanations and concise examples to ensure safety and accuracy. Unique to this book, a "proof" step in the answer key lets you double-check your calculation results to avoid medication errors. Safety is also addressed through the inclusion of Quality & Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) information and with features such as Clinical Alerts and High Alert drug icons calling attention to situations in actual practice that have resulted in drug errors. Written by Meta Brown Seltzer and Joyce Mulholland, this text includes extensive hands-on practice with calculation problems, critical thinking exercises, worksheets, and assessment tests. And to boost your proficiency, a companion Evolve website adds more than 600 additional practice problems.

  • The ratio and proportion method provides a logical, accurate, and consistent method of drug calculation.
  • Step-by-step format for each problem includes a unique "proof" step in the answer key to ensure that you understand the solution.
  • Clinical Alerts highlight potential and common drug calculation errors.
  • Critical thinking exercises help you apply analytical skills and drug calculations to clinical practice.
  • A patient safety chapter enhances your understanding of drug labels, medication administration forms, and physician's order forms.
  • Over 1,100 practice problems offer the extensive practice you need to become proficient in drug calculations.
  • Multiple-choice worksheets within each chapter help you prepare for the NCLEX examination.
  • Worksheets follow each chapter section for additional practice and application of drug calculations.
  • Chapter Finals and a Comprehensive Final let you evaluate your mastery of drug calculations.
  • Current recommendations from The Joint Commission and the Institute for Safe Medication Practices help reduce medication errors and promote patient safety.
  • Quality & Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) information highlights ways to reduce medication errors.
  • A high-risk medication icon calls attention to medications that have the most potential to cause harm to patients.
  • Updated, full-color drug labels and equipment photos (including pumps and IV equipment) show what you will encounter in the clinical setting.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
DRUG CALCULATIONS: RATIO AND PROPORTION PROBLEMS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE, Ninth Edition v
Copyright page vi
Reviewers vii
Preface to Instructors ix
Acknowledgments xi
Preface to Students xiii
Table of Contents xv
General Mathematics Self-Assessment 1
1 General Mathematics 3
Fractions 3
Changing Improper Fractions to Whole or Mixed Numbers 4
Changing Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions 4
Finding a Common Denominator for Two or More Fractions 5
Changing Fractions to Equivalent Fractions 6
Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms 6
Addition of Fractions and Mixed Numbers 7
Subtraction of Fractions and Mixed Numbers 8
Multiplication of Fractions and Mixed Numbers 10
Division of Fractions and Mixed Numbers 10
Value of Fractions 11
Value of Decimals 12
Comparison of Decimals 12
Rounding Decimals 13
Addition of Decimals 16
Subtraction of Decimals 17
Multiplication of Decimals 17
Division of Decimals 18
Changing Decimals to Fractions 20
Changing Common Fractions to Decimals 21
Percentages, Decimals, and Fractions 21
2 Ratio and Proportion 31
Ratio 31
Proportion 32
Setting Up Ratios and Proportions 34
3 Safe Medication Administration 41
Patient Rights 41
Abbreviations 43
Medication Delivery 48
Medication Labels 51
24-Hour Clock 55
Physician’s Orders 56
Understanding Medication Administration Records (MAR) 57
Summary of Safe Medication Administration Practices 62
4 Drug Measurements and Oral Dose Calculations 71
Metric System 71
Metric Equivalents 72
Rounding Medication Doses 74
One-Step Metric Ratio and Proportion Calculations 76
Identifying Units and Milliequivalents in Medication Dosages 78
Comparing Metric Unit Doses and Orders 78
Two-Step Metric Ratio and Proportion Calculations 83
Comparing Metric and Household Measurements 91
5 Injectable Medication Calculations 99
Measuring and Reading Amounts in a Syringe 99
Parenteral Routes 103
Intradermal (ID) Injections 103
Subcutaneous (subcut) Injections 103
Intramuscular (IM) Injections 103
Needle Sizes 106
Safety Issues 106
6 Medications from Powders and Crystals: Oral and Intramuscular 119
Measuring Liquid Medications 119
Reconstitution: Medication Labels 121
Reconstituting Medications for Parenteral Use 126
Diluting Powders or Crystals in Vials 127
7 Basic Intravenous Therapy Calculations 149
IV Infusions 149
Types of IV Lines 150
IV Calculations 151
Abbreviations for Common IV Solutions 158
Percentage of Solute in IV Bags 161
IV Delivery Sets 169
8 Advanced Intravenous Calculations 181
Advanced IV Calculations 181
Titrated Infusions 182
New High Technology Infusion Devices Called “Smart Pumps” 184
Direct IV (Bolus) Administration with a Syringe 193
9 Parenteral Nutrition 205
Total Parenteral Nutrition 205
10 Insulin Administration 223
Insulin 223
Diabetes Mellitus 223
Injection Sites 224
Types of Insulin 225
Types of U-100 Insulins 229
Insulin Syringes 231
Insulin Orders 232
Mixing Insulin 237
Sliding-Scale Calculations 241
Insulin Infusion Devices 242
Insulin Dosage Based on Carbohydrate Intake 243
Estimating Insulin-to-Carbohydrate Ratio 247
IV Insulin 249
Oral Diabetes Medications 251
11 Anticoagulants 257
Injectable Anticoagulants 257
IV Heparin 266
Oral Anticoagulants 271
12 Children’s Dosages 277
Dosages based on Body Weight and Surface Area 277
mg/kg Method (Weight-Based Dosing) 278
BSA Method (mg/m²) 281
Children’s IV Medications: Reconstitution, Dilution, and Flow Rate Information 291
Multiple-Choice Final 309
Comprehensive Final 321
APPENDIX A 5 Minute Sample Verbal Communication Hand-off Report 333
APPENDIX B ISMP’s List of High-Alert Medications 335
Answer Key 337
Index 441