Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Use the simplicity of the dimensional analysis method to minimize drug calculation errors! The Nurse, The Math, The Meds, 2nd Edition helps you overcome any math anxiety you may have by clearly explaining how to use the dimensional analysis method. It shows how to analyze practice problems, find the reasonable answer, and then evaluate it. But first, it lets you refresh your math skills with a review of essential math. Written by noted nursing educator Joyce Mulholland, this book offers over 1,400 questions for plenty of practice in mastering math concepts and learning dosage calculations.
- A comprehensive math review at the beginning of the book includes a self-assessment test to help you identify areas of strength and weakness.
- A consistent chapter format includes objectives, essential prior knowledge, equipment needed, estimated time to complete the chapter, key vocabulary, and more.
- Rapid Practice exercises follow each new topic with multiple practice problems, so you can apply concepts immediately.
- A full-color design includes a special margin section so you can work out practice problems on the spot.
- Mnemonics make memorization easier and save time in learning.
- Test tips enhance your comprehension and improve test-taking skills and comfort level.
- Red arrow alerts call attention to critical math concepts and patient safety theory.
- Clinical Relevance boxes help you apply medication-related concepts to practice.
- Unique! FAQ and Answers are derived from students' actual classroom questions, and are especially useful if you are studying outside of a classroom environment.
- Unique! Ask Yourself questions help in synthesizing information and reinforcing understanding.
- Unique! Communication boxes include sample nurse-patient and nurse-prescriber dialogues that illustrate clinical application of medication administration.
- Cultural boxes describe selected math notation and medication-related cultural practices.
- TJC and ISMP recommendations for abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols are used to reduce medication errors, increase patient safety, and ensure compliance with agency regulations.
- Online and print references provide opportunities for further research and study.
- Two chapter finals are included at the end of each chapter.
- Two comprehensive finals evaluate your understanding, one in NCLEX® exam-style multiple-choice format and the other following a traditional written format.
- Answer key in the back of the book provides step-by-step solutions to the Rapid Practice exercises, chapter finals, and comprehensive finals so you can pinpoint specific areas for further review.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover\r | Cover | ||
| The Nurse, The Math, The Meds: Drug Calculations Using Dimensional Analysis | iii | ||
| Copyright Page\r | iv | ||
| Table of Contents\r | xiv | ||
| IFC\r | IFC | ||
| Content and Math Reviewers | v | ||
| To the Instructor | vi | ||
| To the Student | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | xii | ||
| Contents in Brief | xiii | ||
| Essential Math Self-Assessment | 2 | ||
| Chapter 1. Essential Math Review | 5 | ||
| Introduction | 5 | ||
| Directions | 6 | ||
| Essential Math Vocabulary and Concepts | 6 | ||
| Whole Numbers | 8 | ||
| Implied Decimal Points and Trailing Zeros | 8 | ||
| Sum | 10 | ||
| Product | 10 | ||
| Factor | 10 | ||
| Common Factors | 10 | ||
| Multiple | 11 | ||
| Factors Versus Multiples | 11 | ||
| Multiplier | 11 | ||
| Divisor, Dividend, Quotient, and Remainder | 11 | ||
| Square | 12 | ||
| Square Root | 12 | ||
| Bases and Exponents | 14 | ||
| Powers of 10 Calculations | 14 | ||
| Multiplying and Dividing by 10, 100, and 1000 | 15 | ||
| Decimal Fractions | 16 | ||
| Reading Numbers and Decimals | 17 | ||
| Decimal Point Spatial Placement | 18 | ||
| Writing Decimals in Fraction Form | 18 | ||
| Comparing Decimals to See Which Is Larger | 19 | ||
| General Rules for Rounding Decimals and Whole Numbers to an Approximate Number | 20 | ||
| Adding and Subtracting Decimal Numbers | 20 | ||
| Multiplying Decimals | 21 | ||
| Dividing Decimals | 21 | ||
| Fractions | 23 | ||
| Alternative Fraction Forms | 24 | ||
| Mixed Fractions | 24 | ||
| Improper Fractions | 24 | ||
| Converting Mixed and Improper Fractions | 24 | ||
| Converting an Improper Fraction to a Mixed Fraction | 24 | ||
| Reducing Fractions | 25 | ||
| Common (Same) Denominator | 26 | ||
| Lowest Common Denominator (LCD) | 27 | ||
| Equivalent Fractions | 27 | ||
| Comparing Fractions | 28 | ||
| Adding and Subtracting Fractions | 29 | ||
| Multiplying Fractions | 31 | ||
| Fraction Multiplication and Canceling Fractions | 31 | ||
| Multiplication with Mixed Fractions | 32 | ||
| Dividing Fractions | 33 | ||
| Percentages | 34 | ||
| Changing a Fraction to a Percentage | 34 | ||
| Changing a Percentage to a Fraction | 34 | ||
| Changing a Decimal to a Percentage | 35 | ||
| Changing a Percentage to a Decimal | 35 | ||
| Calculating the Percentage of a Whole Number | 36 | ||
| Constants | 36 | ||
| Finding Unit Values and Totals | 37 | ||
| Finding the Total Value | 37 | ||
| Equations | 38 | ||
| Chapter 2. Dimensional Analysis Calculations | 43 | ||
| Introduction | 43 | ||
| Three Required Elements of a Dimensional Analysis Equation | 45 | ||
| Setup of a Simple Equation Using Dimensional Analysis | 45 | ||
| Conversion Factor Review | 48 | ||
| Two Kinds of Conversions That Must Be Identified | 50 | ||
| Problems That Call for More Than One Conversion Factor | 54 | ||
| Chapter 3. Measurement Units and Conversions for Medications | 64 | ||
| Introduction | 64 | ||
| Metric Measurements: Base Units | 66 | ||
| Metric Units Number Line | 66 | ||
| Metric Prefixes and Values | 67 | ||
| Metric Notation | 68 | ||
| Equivalent Metric Measurements of Weight or Mass | 71 | ||
| Equivalent Metric Measurements of Volume | 72 | ||
| Equivalent Metric Measurements of Length | 73 | ||
| Metric Equivalents | 74 | ||
| Finding Equivalents: Changing Milligrams to Grams and Grams to Milligrams | 75 | ||
| Examining Micrograms | 78 | ||
| Milliequivalents (mEq) | 79 | ||
| Other Medication Measurement Systems | 80 | ||
| Key Points About the Measurement Systems | 83 | ||
| Chapter 4. Patient Records, Medication Orders, and Labels | 89 | ||
| Introduction | 89 | ||
| Medication Storage and Security | 92 | ||
| Medication Forms and Packaging | 94 | ||
| Solid Drug Forms | 94 | ||
| Liquid Drug Forms | 96 | ||
| Medication Routes | 98 | ||
| Frequency and Times of Medication | 100 | ||
| The 24-Hour Clock | 106 | ||
| Medication Orders | 108 | ||
| Interpreting Labels and Orders | 109 | ||
| Calculating Dose Based on Label and Order Information | 114 | ||
| Orders for Two or More Medications to Be Combined | 119 | ||
| Telephone and Verbal Orders | 119 | ||
| Examples of Orders That Must Be Clarified | 119 | ||
| Medication Administration Records | 121 | ||
| PRN Medication Administration Record | 124 | ||
| Patients’ Rights | 125 | ||
| Chapter 5. Solid and Liquid Oral Dose Calculations | 135 | ||
| Introduction | 135 | ||
| Converting Grams to Micrograms and Micrograms to Grams by Moving Decimal Places | 140 | ||
| Analyzing Liquid Dose Orders | 145 | ||
| Setting up DA-Style Equations for Liquid Dose Calculations | 147 | ||
| Usual Unit Doses | 148 | ||
| Equipment for Administering Oral Liquid Doses | 151 | ||
| Measuring Liquids | 151 | ||
| Reading Syringe Calibrations on the 3-mL and 5-mL Syringe | 151 | ||
| Safe Dose Ranges | 158 | ||
| Chapter 6. Syringe Measurements | 178 | ||
| Introduction | 178 | ||
| Syringe Sizes | 179 | ||
| Parts of the Syringe | 181 | ||
| Total Capacity and Lowest Measurable Dose | 182 | ||
| Where to Measure the Dose on Syringes | 182 | ||
| Examining the Calculated Doses for Correct Syringe Selection | 186 | ||
| Oral Syringes | 188 | ||
| Oral Syringes Versus Injectable Syringes | 188 | ||
| Prefilled Injectable Syringes | 189 | ||
| Prefilled Medication Cartridges for Injection | 189 | ||
| Needle Sizes | 190 | ||
| Safety Syringes | 192 | ||
| Safety Issues and Disposal of Sharps | 193 | ||
| Recommended Fluid Volume for Selected Sites | 198 | ||
| Chapter 7. Reconstitution of Powders and Liquids | 204 | ||
| Introduction | 204 | ||
| Reconstituted Medications | 206 | ||
| Expired Reconstituted Drugs | 208 | ||
| Reconstituted Parenteral Drugs | 215 | ||
| Reconstituted Drug Prefilled Containers | 219 | ||
| Liquid Concentrates: Diluting Liquids | 224 | ||
| Inactive Ingredients Used for Dilutions | 224 | ||
| Converting Dilution Ratios to Fractions and Percentages | 225 | ||
| Using a DA Equation to Calculate the Amount of Concentrate | 225 | ||
| Chapter 8. Injectable Medication Calculations | 234 | ||
| Introduction | 234 | ||
| Intradermal Injections | 235 | ||
| Subcutaneous Injections | 236 | ||
| Intramuscular Injections | 237 | ||
| Administering Injections | 237 | ||
| Parenteral Mixes | 244 | ||
| Medicines Supplied in Units | 252 | ||
| Chapter 9. Basic Intravenous Calculations | 262 | ||
| Introduction | 262 | ||
| Overview of Intravenous Therapy | 265 | ||
| Basic Intravenous Equipment | 266 | ||
| Types of Intravenous Solutions | 267 | ||
| Tonicity of Intravenous Solutions | 267 | ||
| Intravenous Solution Volume | 268 | ||
| Intravenous Solution Orders for Milliliters per Hour | 269 | ||
| Determining Infusion Durations | 269 | ||
| Intravenous Flow Rate Entries for Electronic Infusion Devices | 271 | ||
| Gravity Infusions | 271 | ||
| Intravenous Administration Sets | 272 | ||
| Selection of Gravity Infusion Administration Sets | 273 | ||
| Calculating Flow Rates for Gravity Infusion Devices | 274 | ||
| Intravenous Piggyback Solutions | 282 | ||
| Regulating and Positioning Gravity Infusion Devices | 287 | ||
| Flow Rate Errors | 289 | ||
| Monitoring the Flow Rate on Infusion Devices | 289 | ||
| Calculating Milliliters per Hour from Drops per Minute on Gravity Devices at the Bedside | 291 | ||
| Setting the Alarm for Electronic Intravenous Equipment | 292 | ||
| Calculating the Volume for a “Volume to Be Infused” Alarm | 293 | ||
| “To Keep Open” Flow Rates | 298 | ||
| Calculating Grams of Solute in Intravenous Solutions | 298 | ||
| A Word about Potassium Chloride | 299 | ||
| Intravenous Intermittent Solution Delivery Systems | 300 | ||
| Administration of Blood | 304 | ||
| Chapter 10. Advanced Intravenous Calculations | 312 | ||
| Introduction | 312 | ||
| Equation Setups for Advanced Intravenous Calculations | 314 | ||
| Conversion Factors That May Be Needed for Intravenous Infusion Calculations | 315 | ||
| Calculating Medicated Intravenous Flow Rates That Require One Conversion Factor | 316 | ||
| Calculating Intravenous Flow Rates That Require Two Conversion Factors | 318 | ||
| Calculating Flow Rates for Weight-Based Doses | 319 | ||
| Equipment for Medicated Intravenous Solutions | 323 | ||
| Calculating Milligrams per Milliliter (mg per mL) from Available Drug Concentration | 327 | ||
| Deriving Infusion Dose from Existing Flow Rate and Available Solution | 327 | ||
| Dilutions: When the Nurse Prepares the Drug for the Intravenous Solution | 329 | ||
| Intravenous Direct Push Medications | 330 | ||
| Intravenous Direct Push Calculations | 331 | ||
| Hyperalimentation: Parenteral Nutrition | 336 | ||
| Chapter 11. Antidiabetic Agents | 350 | ||
| Introduction | 350 | ||
| Oral and Injectable Non-Insulin Antidiabetic Agents | 353 | ||
| Parenteral Antidiabetic Agents: Insulin Products | 355 | ||
| Insulin Labels | 357 | ||
| Short- and Rapid-Acting Insulins | 358 | ||
| Intermediate-Acting Insulins | 361 | ||
| Short- and Intermediate-Acting Insulins: Insulin Fixed-Combination Mixes | 362 | ||
| Long-Acting Insulins | 362 | ||
| Steps to Prepare Doses for Insulin Syringes | 363 | ||
| Matching Insulin Concentration and Syringes | 364 | ||
| Reading Units on Insulin Syringes | 365 | ||
| Even- and Odd-Numbered Scales on Insulin Syringes | 365 | ||
| Lo-Dose Syringes | 366 | ||
| Sites for Insulin Injection | 369 | ||
| Sliding-Scale Insulin (SSI) | 369 | ||
| Mixing Insulins: Short Fast-Acting and Slower-Acting Intermediate Mixes | 374 | ||
| When the Mix Must Be Prepared by the Nurse | 376 | ||
| Technique for Preparing Insulin Mixes | 376 | ||
| Intravenous Insulin Infusions | 380 | ||
| Insulin Administration Devices | 383 | ||
| Chapter 12. Anticoagulant Agents | 392 | ||
| Introduction | 392 | ||
| Injectable Anticoagulants | 400 | ||
| Low-Dose Heparin Concentrations Used to Maintain Patency of Intravenous Devices (Flushes) | 401 | ||
| Heparin Concentrations Used for Subcutaneous Administration and Bolus Intravenous Doses | 402 | ||
| Heparin Concentrations Used for Intravenous Infusions | 403 | ||
| Calculating Heparin Flow Rates in Milliliters per Hour (mL per hr) and Units per Hour Using DA-Style Equations | 405 | ||
| Determining mL per hr from a Weight-Based Order of Units per kg per hr | 405 | ||
| Determining Units per hr Being Infused on an Existing Infusion | 406 | ||
| Chapter 13. Pediatric Medication Calculations | 418 | ||
| Introduction | 418 | ||
| Comparing Adult and Pediatric Medication Doses and Schedules | 420 | ||
| Calculating Kilograms to the Nearest Tenth from Pounds and Ounces | 421 | ||
| Sequence for Calculating Safe Dose Range (SDR) | 423 | ||
| Body Surface Area (BSA) | 425 | ||
| Equipment for Medication Administration to Pediatric Patients and Patients Unable to Chew Tablets and Pills | 428 | ||
| Injection Sites for Pediatric Patients | 433 | ||
| Injection Volumes for Pediatric Populations | 434 | ||
| Fluid Requirements for Pediatric Patients | 438 | ||
| Intravenous Injections for Infants and Children | 439 | ||
| Comparing Safe Dose Range and Order | 445 | ||
| Multiple-Choice Final Review: Chapters 1-13 | 456 | ||
| Comprehensive Final Practice: Chapters 1-13 | 461 | ||
| Answer Keys | 481 | ||
| Appendix A: Apothecary System Measurements | 583 | ||
| Appendix B: ISMP's List of High-Alert Medications | 585 | ||
| Appendix C: 5-Minute Sample Verbal Communication Hand-off Report | 587 | ||
| Index | 589 | ||
| IBC | IBC |