Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Written and edited by the most respected authorities in forensic nursing and forensic sciences, this new edition provides the tools and concepts you need to collect evidence that is admissible in court, determine the significance of that evidence, and provide accurate, reliable testimony while administering high-quality patient care. Now in full color throughout, it remains the most comprehensive, highly illustrated text of its kind.
- Provides a comprehensive, updated guide to forensic nursing science, paying special attention to the International Association of Forensic Nurses’s (IAFN) goals for forensic nursing.
- Retains a focus on assessment skills and the collection and preservation of evidence, following the established guidelines of the forensic sciences. Prepares you to provide testimony as a fact witness or a forensic nursing expert. Includes an illustrated case study in almost every chapter, helping you relate the information to clinical practice.
- Highlights important recommendations for interventions in Best Practice boxes, including the evidence base for each.
- Summarizes important points in Key Point boxes, so you can quickly review the most important concepts in each chapter.
- Explores the evolving role of forensic nurses in today’s health care facilities and the community.
- Edited by Virginia Lynch, founding member and first President of the International Association of Forensic Nurses and Janet Barber Duval, both well-respected pioneers and educators in the field.
- Contains 300 full-color illustrations integrated throughout the text, so you can view evidence quickly and easily, as it is likely to appear in practice.
- Presents information on courtroom testimony and depositions in one reorganized, streamlined chapter, giving you a full, organized treatment of this extremely important topic.
- Includes twelve new chapters: Digital Evidence, Medical Evidence Recovery at the Death Scene, Asphyxia, Electrical and Thermal Injury, Intrafamilial Homicide and Unexplained Childhood Death, Human Trafficking, Credential Development for Forensic Nurses, Gangs and Hate Crimes, Ethics Issues in Forensic Nursing, Forensic Physics and Fracture Analysis, Sexual Deviant Behaviors and Crime and Forensic Epidemiology.
- Contains heavily revised information on Prehospital Evidence, Forensic Investigation in the Hospital, and Human Abuse and Deaths in Custody.
- Features critical thinking questions with every case study, so you can thoroughly consider the implications of each clinical scenario.
- Evolve site will include appendices and additional documentation materials.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication Page | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Reviewers | ix | ||
| Foreword | xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgment | xv | ||
| Contents | xvii | ||
| Unit One: Introduction to Forensic Nursing Science | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Evolution of Forensic Nursing Science | 1 | ||
| Scientific Foundations of Forensic Nursing | 1 | ||
| Violence and Healthcare | 1 | ||
| Overview of Forensic Sciences | 2 | ||
| Forensic Science and Public Health | 3 | ||
| Forensic Medicine | 3 | ||
| Forensic Pathology | 3 | ||
| Clinical Forensic Medicine | 3 | ||
| Forensic Nursing | 4 | ||
| Specialty Recognition | 5 | ||
| Framework for Accountability | 6 | ||
| Framework for Practice: Nursing Process | 6 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis: Basis for Nursing Care Plans | 7 | ||
| Prevention of Violence | 7 | ||
| Future of Forensic Nursing Science | 8 | ||
| Summary | 8 | ||
| Resources | 8 | ||
| References | 8 | ||
| Chapter 2: Concepts and Theory of Forensic Nursing Science | 10 | ||
| The Science of Forensic Nursing | 10 | ||
| Theoretical Foundations | 10 | ||
| Assumptions Applied and Defined | 10 | ||
| Truth | 11 | ||
| Paradigms, Theories, and Ways of Knowing | 11 | ||
| Components of Theoretical Concepts | 11 | ||
| Assumptions of the Theory | 12 | ||
| Propositions | 12 | ||
| Application of Propositions | 12 | ||
| Theoretical Components of Forensic Nursing | 12 | ||
| Descriptive Theory | 12 | ||
| Prescriptive Theory | 12 | ||
| Practice Theory | 13 | ||
| An Integrated Practice Model | 13 | ||
| Description of the Integrated Practice Model | 13 | ||
| Explanation of the Pictorial Model | 13 | ||
| Explanatory Theory: Interactionism | 14 | ||
| Metaparadigms | 15 | ||
| Person (Patient, Victim, Suspect, Perpetrator, Human Behavior) | 15 | ||
| Health (Healthcare Institutions, Nursing Science, Individuals or Groups, Physical or Mental) | 15 | ||
| Nursing (Nursing Science, Forensic Nursing Science, and Practice) | 15 | ||
| Environment (Human Experience, Societal Impact, Healthcare Systems, Correctional Facilities, Courts) | 15 | ||
| Relevance and Roles | 16 | ||
| Relevance | 16 | ||
| Roles | 16 | ||
| Prevention and Risk Reduction | 17 | ||
| Predictive Theory | 17 | ||
| Deterrent to Crime | 18 | ||
| Summary | 18 | ||
| Resources | 19 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| Chapter 3: Forensic Nursing Education | 20 | ||
| Forensic Nursing Educational Programs | 20 | ||
| Nursing Specialty Education | 20 | ||
| Forensic Nursing Specialty | 20 | ||
| Specialty Status | 20 | ||
| History of Forensic Nursing Educational Development | 20 | ||
| Research to Date on Forensic Nursing Education | 22 | ||
| Research on the Need for Forensic Nursing | 22 | ||
| Early Research to Date | 22 | ||
| 2008 Forensic Nursing Education Study | 22 | ||
| Findings in the Descriptive Statistics | 23 | ||
| Definitions of Forensic Nursing | 24 | ||
| Research Definition of Forensic Nursing | 24 | ||
| Differential Forensic Nursing Definitions | 25 | ||
| Implications for Interprofessional Education | 25 | ||
| Forensic Nursing Model | 26 | ||
| Social Factors Influencing Educational Development | 26 | ||
| Organizations’/Professional Associations’ Influence on Forensic Nursing Education | 27 | ||
| Influences of Institutions of Higher Education \non Forensic Nursing Education | 27 | ||
| Sustainability Factors for Forensic Nursing Educational Development | 28 | ||
| Why Forensic Nursing Education Developed | 28 | ||
| Why Forensic Nursing Education \nDid Not Occur Sooner | 28 | ||
| Role and Responsibility of Educators | 28 | ||
| Benefits of Forensic Nursing Education | 29 | ||
| Improvements to Patient Care | 29 | ||
| Changes to Professional Practice Roles | 29 | ||
| Expanded Roles | 29 | ||
| Changing Attitudes and Changes \nto Practice Roles | 29 | ||
| Higher Rate of Offender Conviction | 30 | ||
| Summary | 30 | ||
| References | 30 | ||
| Unit Two: Principles and Techniques of Forensic Science | 33 | ||
| Chapter 4: Forensic Epidemiology and the Forensic Nurse | 33 | ||
| Development/Definition of Forensic Epidemiology | 33 | ||
| Roles of Forensic Epidemiology | 34 | ||
| Medical Examiner/Coroner’s Offices | 34 | ||
| Health Department | 34 | ||
| Public/Private Organizations | 34 | ||
| Private Consultants | 34 | ||
| Expert Witness | 35 | ||
| Basics of Forensic Epidemiology | 35 | ||
| Natural Deaths | 35 | ||
| Drug Overdose | 36 | ||
| Motor Vehicle Accidents | 37 | ||
| Homicide | 40 | ||
| Role of Nurses and Forensic Nurses in the Forensic Community | 43 | ||
| References | 44 | ||
| Chapter 5: Crime Scene Processing | 45 | ||
| Preparation | 45 | ||
| Crime Scene Search Equipment | 46 | ||
| Maintenance of Equipment and Vehicles | 46 | ||
| Attire at the Scene | 46 | ||
| Portable Lighting and Other Specialized Equipment | 46 | ||
| Notification and Response | 46 | ||
| Organization for Response | 46 | ||
| Proceeding to the Scene | 47 | ||
| Initial Actions at the Scene | 47 | ||
| Locate Senior Police Official or Most \nSignificant Witness | 48 | ||
| General Scene Security | 48 | ||
| Environment Security | 48 | ||
| Weather Security | 48 | ||
| Animal Security | 48 | ||
| Security in Emergencies | 48 | ||
| Scene Security and the Human Element | 48 | ||
| Security Concerning Suspects | 48 | ||
| Security Concerning Witnesses and Victims | 48 | ||
| Security Concerning Officials | 49 | ||
| Security Concerning Investigators | 49 | ||
| Security Concerning Admission | 49 | ||
| When the Treatment Room Is a Crime Scene | 49 | ||
| Searching the Scene | 49 | ||
| Preparation for Search | 49 | ||
| Scene Search and Sketch | 50 | ||
| Spotting the Evidence | 50 | ||
| Evidence in Natural and Artificial Light | 51 | ||
| Locating Evidence with Alternative Light Sources | 51 | ||
| Scene Processing | 51 | ||
| Measurement and Photography | 51 | ||
| Marking the Evidence | 51 | ||
| Evidence Recovery | 51 | ||
| Scene Closure | 52 | ||
| Evidence Removal | 52 | ||
| Equipment Removal | 52 | ||
| Arrangement for Continuing Security | 52 | ||
| Scene Departure | 52 | ||
| Summary | 52 | ||
| Resources | 53 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| Chapter 6: Principles of Forensic Evidence Collection and Preservation | 54 | ||
| Evidence Sources and the Environment | 54 | ||
| Locard’s Principle | 54 | ||
| Chain of Custody | 54 | ||
| Documentation of Evidence | 54 | ||
| Photodocumentation | 55 | ||
| Anatomical Charts and Diagrams | 55 | ||
| Evidence Kits | 55 | ||
| Evidence on Clothing | 55 | ||
| Preservation of Clothing-Related Evidence | 56 | ||
| Preservation of Firearm Evidence | 57 | ||
| Other Physical and Trace Evidence | 57 | ||
| Glass Fragments | 57 | ||
| Soil | 57 | ||
| Hair | 58 | ||
| Fiber | 58 | ||
| Arson Evidence | 58 | ||
| Sexual Assault Evidence | 59 | ||
| Summary | 60 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| Chapter 7: Forensic Photography | 61 | ||
| Historical Background | 61 | ||
| Exigent Evidence | 61 | ||
| Camera Basics | 61 | ||
| The Camera | 62 | ||
| The Lens | 62 | ||
| The Film | 64 | ||
| Light and Flash | 64 | ||
| Shutter Speed | 65 | ||
| Aperture | 65 | ||
| Depth of Field | 65 | ||
| Filters | 66 | ||
| Colpophotography | 67 | ||
| Digital Photography | 67 | ||
| Resolution of Images | 68 | ||
| Saving and Storing the Images | 68 | ||
| Ultraviolet and Infrared Photography | 69 | ||
| Ultraviolet | 70 | ||
| Infrared | 70 | ||
| Authenticity | 70 | ||
| Safeguards against Tampering | 70 | ||
| Consent | 71 | ||
| Guidelines for Photodocumentation in the Clinical Setting | 72 | ||
| Photographs as Legal Documents | 75 | ||
| Admissibility of Digital Photographs | 76 | ||
| Beyond the Medical Setting | 76 | ||
| Summary | 77 | ||
| Resources | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Chapter 8: Behavioral Analysis | 80 | ||
| Criminal Investigative Analysis \nfrom Crime Scene Analysis | 80 | ||
| Criminal Investigative Analysis in Serial \nSexual Homicides | 81 | ||
| Offender Motivation | 81 | ||
| Assessment of Murderers | 82 | ||
| Psychological Profiling to Criminal Investigative Analysis | 82 | ||
| Generating a Criminal Profile | 84 | ||
| Profiling Inputs | 85 | ||
| Decision-Process Models | 85 | ||
| Crime Assessment | 89 | ||
| Crime Scene Dynamics and Analysis | 90 | ||
| Crime Profile | 91 | ||
| Apprehension | 91 | ||
| Quantifying Success | 91 | ||
| Implications | 94 | ||
| Summary | 95 | ||
| Resources | 95 | ||
| References | 95 | ||
| Chapter 9: Digital Evidence and Forensic Investigations | 97 | ||
| Introduction to Digital Forensics | 97 | ||
| What Is Digital Evidence? | 97 | ||
| Digital Forensic Analysis Processes | 97 | ||
| Dead-Box versus Live-Box Analysis | 98 | ||
| Techniques for Computer \nEvidence Recovery | 98 | ||
| Lawful Interception of Data | 98 | ||
| Digital Data in Healthcare | 98 | ||
| Computer Use in Hospital Communications | 99 | ||
| Wireless Technologies in Healthcare | 99 | ||
| Wireless Security | 101 | ||
| Forensic Value of Hospital Communication and \nDocumentation Systems | 101 | ||
| Digital Media Devices, First Responders, and the Hospital Staff | 101 | ||
| Cyber Security | 102 | ||
| The Medical Record as Evidence | 102 | ||
| Discovery | 102 | ||
| Patient Privacy, Archiving, \nand Other Dilemmas | 103 | ||
| Summary | 103 | ||
| Resource | 104 | ||
| References | 104 | ||
| Chapter 10: Forensic Toxicology | 105 | ||
| Subdisciplines of Forensic Toxicology | 105 | ||
| Reasons for Drug Use | 105 | ||
| Toxicology Investigation | 105 | ||
| Trends in Drug Use | 105 | ||
| Drugs in the Military | 106 | ||
| Drugs and Crime | 106 | ||
| Drugs and Driving | 106 | ||
| Drugs and Health | 106 | ||
| Club Drugs | 106 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 107 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 107 | ||
| Absorption | 107 | ||
| Distribution | 109 | ||
| Elimination | 110 | ||
| Pharmacological Effects | 110 | ||
| Drug Recognition | 110 | ||
| Drug and Disease Interactions | 111 | ||
| Interpretation | 112 | ||
| Specimen Handling | 112 | ||
| Selection and Collection of Evidence | 112 | ||
| Preservation and Storage of Evidence | 113 | ||
| Preservation of Specimens While in Storage | 114 | ||
| Evidence Security | 114 | ||
| Toxicological Analysis | 114 | ||
| Screening Techniques | 114 | ||
| Confirmatory Analysis | 116 | ||
| Interpretation | 117 | ||
| Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | 117 | ||
| GHB and Flunitrazepam | 118 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 118 | ||
| Legislative Efforts | 118 | ||
| Effects Experienced by Victims | 118 | ||
| Warning Signs | 119 | ||
| Prevention of Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | 119 | ||
| Infant Drug Exposure | 119 | ||
| Drug Use in Nursing Mothers | 119 | ||
| Effects of Drug Exposure on the Fetus \nor Neonate | 119 | ||
| Drugs in Breast Milk | 120 | ||
| Determining Prenatal or Neonatal Drug Exposure | 120 | ||
| Summary | 120 | ||
| Resources | 120 | ||
| References | 121 | ||
| Unit Three: Evidence Collection in Human Subjects | 123 | ||
| Chapter 11: Forensic First Response: Approach for Emergency Medical Personnel | 123 | ||
| First Response | 123 | ||
| Forensic Evidence | 124 | ||
| Nonmedical Intervention | 124 | ||
| Death at Home | 124 | ||
| Responding to sudden infant death syndrome | 124 | ||
| Death outside the Home | 125 | ||
| Interventions: Life-Threatening Trauma | 125 | ||
| Firearm Injuries | 125 | ||
| Sharp Force Trauma | 126 | ||
| Blunt Force Trauma | 126 | ||
| Motor Vehicle Collisions | 127 | ||
| Overdose or Poisoning | 128 | ||
| Asphyxia | 128 | ||
| Other Prehospital Scenarios | 129 | ||
| Responding to Mass Casualty Incidents | 130 | ||
| Forensic Responsibilities | 131 | ||
| Prehospital Evidence Preservation | 131 | ||
| Chain of Custody | 131 | ||
| Prehospital Blood Specimens | 131 | ||
| Documentation | 131 | ||
| Photodocumentation | 132 | ||
| Legal Testimony | 132 | ||
| Summary | 132 | ||
| Resources | 133 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| Chapter 12: Forensic Investigations in the Hospital | 134 | ||
| Regulatory and Legal Responsibilities of Hospital Nurses | 134 | ||
| Role in Hospital Quality/Risk Management Processes | 136 | ||
| Criminal Behavior: Opportunities \nin Hospitals | 136 | ||
| Change of Shift Dynamics | 137 | ||
| Reportable Deaths | 138 | ||
| Suspicious, Unexpected Patient Death | 138 | ||
| Challenges for Investigators | 139 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers and the \nForensic Nurse | 140 | ||
| Role of the Forensic Nurse | 141 | ||
| Restraints | 141 | ||
| Forensic Investigation of Drug Diversion Among Healthcare Workers | 142 | ||
| Summary | 142 | ||
| References | 143 | ||
| Chapter 13: Sexual Assault Evidence Recovery | 144 | ||
| Role of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners | 144 | ||
| Sexual Assault Medical/Forensic Examinations | 144 | ||
| Initial Considerations | 144 | ||
| History of the Event | 145 | ||
| Sexual Assault Injuries | 145 | ||
| Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault | 145 | ||
| Consent for Examination | 145 | ||
| Occupational Health and Safety Issues | 146 | ||
| Evidence Recovery Procedures | 146 | ||
| Evidence Collection with Injury | 146 | ||
| Evidence Recovery during Menstruation | 146 | ||
| Physical Evidence | 146 | ||
| Biological Evidence | 146 | ||
| Photographic Documentation | 147 | ||
| Alternate Light Source (ALS) | 147 | ||
| Methods of Evidence Recovery | 147 | ||
| Clothing | 147 | ||
| Swabbing for Biological Materials | 148 | ||
| Dental Tape | 149 | ||
| Controversial Techniques | 149 | ||
| Body PIercing | 149 | ||
| Plucked Hair | 149 | ||
| Determining the Age of Bruises | 149 | ||
| Evidence Recovery Procedures for Females | 149 | ||
| Anal and Genital Inspection and Evidence Recovery | 149 | ||
| Labial Inspection and Evidence Collection | 150 | ||
| Vaginal Examination and Evidence Collection | 150 | ||
| Special Techniques to Enhance Evidentiary Examinations | 150 | ||
| Use of Toluidine Blue Dye | 150 | ||
| Hymenal Assessment and the Foley Catheter Technique | 151 | ||
| Imperforate Hymen | 152 | ||
| Forensic Evidence Recovery for Males | 152 | ||
| Penile/Scrotum Inspection and Collection of Evidence | 152 | ||
| Anal Inspection and Evidence Collection | 152 | ||
| Security of Evidence | 153 | ||
| Evidence Disbursement Sheet | 153 | ||
| Role of the Victim Advocate | 153 | ||
| Summary | 153 | ||
| Resources | 154 | ||
| References | 154 | ||
| Chapter 14: Evidence Collection in the Emergency Department | 155 | ||
| Forensic Focus in the Emergency Department | 155 | ||
| Emergency Nursing Adopts Forensic Role | 155 | ||
| Forensic Patients in the Emergency Department | 156 | ||
| Evidence Recovery Processes | 157 | ||
| Evidence Defined | 157 | ||
| Establishing Priorities | 158 | ||
| Forensic Examinations in the Emergency Department | 158 | ||
| Space and Equipment Considerations | 158 | ||
| Evidence Collection Guidelines | 158 | ||
| Head-to-Toe Examination Process | 158 | ||
| Other Evidence | 162 | ||
| Admissible Evidence | 163 | ||
| Forensic Photography | 163 | ||
| Use of Restraints | 163 | ||
| Patients in Police Custody | 164 | ||
| Body Searches | 165 | ||
| Mandatory Reporting Laws | 165 | ||
| The Body as Evidence | 165 | ||
| Summary | 166 | ||
| Resources | 166 | ||
| References | 167 | ||
| Chapter 15: Multi-Casualty Scenes | 168 | ||
| Role of Forensic Nursing in Disasters | 168 | ||
| Overview of the Disaster Response System | 168 | ||
| Clinical Response | 170 | ||
| Family Assistance | 171 | ||
| Forensic Processing | 172 | ||
| Forensic Aspects of Disaster Response | 174 | ||
| Disaster-Related Conditions | 175 | ||
| Summary | 176 | ||
| References | 176 | ||
| Unit Four: Postmortem Science and Forensic Analysis | 179 | ||
| Chapter 16: Forensic Investigationof Death | 179 | ||
| Health and Justice | 179 | ||
| Historical Perspective of Forensic Death | 179 | ||
| A Multidisciplinary Task | 179 | ||
| Death Investigation and the Law | 180 | ||
| Fundamentals of Death Investigation | 180 | ||
| Causes of Death | 181 | ||
| Forensic Pathologist/Medical Examiner/Coroner at the Scene | 181 | ||
| Death Scene Control and Processing | 181 | ||
| Body at the Scene | 181 | ||
| Place of Death | 182 | ||
| Death Investigation Systems | 182 | ||
| Medical Examiner System | 182 | ||
| Coroner’s System | 182 | ||
| Types of Deaths That Require a Forensic Investigation | 183 | ||
| Jurisdiction of Death | 183 | ||
| Death Defined | 183 | ||
| Brain Death | 184 | ||
| Molecular Death | 184 | ||
| Certification of Death | 184 | ||
| Terminology of Injury | 184 | ||
| Special Aspects of Certification of Death | 184 | ||
| Death Certificate | 184 | ||
| Pronouncement of Death | 185 | ||
| Time of Death | 185 | ||
| Signs of Death: Postmortem Changes to the Body | 186 | ||
| Livor Mortis | 186 | ||
| Rigor Mortis | 186 | ||
| Body Temperature | 187 | ||
| Decomposition | 187 | ||
| Entomology and Time of Death | 187 | ||
| Other Methods of Estimating Time of Death | 187 | ||
| Cause of Death | 188 | ||
| Asphyxia | 188 | ||
| Gunshot Wounds | 188 | ||
| Manner of Death | 188 | ||
| Homicide | 188 | ||
| Suicide | 189 | ||
| Accident | 189 | ||
| Natural | 189 | ||
| Undetermined | 189 | ||
| Mechanism of Death | 189 | ||
| Clinical Autopsy versus Forensic Autopsy | 189 | ||
| Necropsy Pathology: The Autopsy | 190 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology \nof the Autopsy | 190 | ||
| Prerequisites to Autopsy | 190 | ||
| Postmortem Evaluations | 190 | ||
| External Examination versus Complete Examination Forensic Autopsy | 190 | ||
| Autopsy Procedure | 190 | ||
| Special Cases | 191 | ||
| Identification of the Body | 191 | ||
| Methods and Means | 191 | ||
| Exhumation | 192 | ||
| Recovery of Skeletal Remains | 192 | ||
| Forensic Anthropology | 193 | ||
| Summary | 194 | ||
| Resources | 194 | ||
| References | 194 | ||
| Chapter 17: Forensic Nurse Examiners in Death Investigation | 195 | ||
| The Culture of Death | 195 | ||
| Death as a Phenomenon | 195 | ||
| Science of Death Investigation | 196 | ||
| Art and Science of Forensic Nursing | 196 | ||
| Significance of the Role | 196 | ||
| Unique to Nursing | 197 | ||
| Forensic Intervention | 197 | ||
| Forensic Nurse Investigator | 197 | ||
| Caring for the Dead | 199 | ||
| Forensic Nurse Examiner | 199 | ||
| Nurse Coroner | 200 | ||
| Implications for Forensic Nursing | 200 | ||
| Why Nurses? | 202 | ||
| Forensic Nursing Services | 203 | ||
| Death in the Clinical Environs | 203 | ||
| Death-Reporting Initiatives | 204 | ||
| Proper Body Handling | 204 | ||
| Suspicious Deaths | 204 | ||
| Notification of Death | 204 | ||
| Viewing of the Body | 206 | ||
| The Question | 207 | ||
| The Future | 207 | ||
| Advancing the Scope of Forensic Science | 208 | ||
| Advanced Practice in Death Investigation | 209 | ||
| Summary | 210 | ||
| Resources | 210 | ||
| References | 210 | ||
| Chapter 18: Intrafamilial Homicide and Unexplained Childhood Deaths | 212 | ||
| Types of Intrafamilial Homicides | 212 | ||
| Neonaticide | 212 | ||
| Infanticide and Filicide | 213 | ||
| Victims | 213 | ||
| Perpetrators | 213 | ||
| Role of the Forensic Nurse in the Death Investigation | 213 | ||
| Medicolegal Death Investigation | 214 | ||
| Scene Investigation | 214 | ||
| Healthcare Facility Investigation | 215 | ||
| Doll Reenactment | 219 | ||
| Autopsy Examination | 219 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 219 | ||
| Other Considerations for Cause of Death | 220 | ||
| Accidental Overlay due to Co-sleeping | 220 | ||
| Asphyxial Deaths | 220 | ||
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | 220 | ||
| Summary | 220 | ||
| References | 220 | ||
| Chapter 19: Medical Evidence Recovery at the Death Scene | 222 | ||
| Community Relationships | 222 | ||
| Science of Evidence Recovery: Education and Training | 223 | ||
| General Purpose of the Forensic Nurse Examiner Evidence Recovery Unit | 223 | ||
| Roles and Responsibilities | 225 | ||
| Elements of a Crime | 225 | ||
| Preparation to Enter the Crime Scene | 226 | ||
| Role Delineation | 226 | ||
| Crime Scene Evidence Techniques | 228 | ||
| Tape-Lifting Technique | 228 | ||
| Investigation at the Public Scene | 229 | ||
| Hospital as Scene of Death | 230 | ||
| Cold Case Evidence Recovery | 231 | ||
| Success Achieved | 232 | ||
| Summary | 233 | ||
| References | 233 | ||
| Chapter 20: Postmortem Sexual Assault Evaluation | 234 | ||
| Theoretical Framework: Sexual Murderers | 234 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 234 | ||
| Typologies of Rapists | 235 | ||
| Sequential Methodology for the Evaluation of the Sexual Homicide Victim | 236 | ||
| Roles and Responsibilities | 236 | ||
| Salient Case Data | 236 | ||
| Demographic Data | 238 | ||
| History | 238 | ||
| General Physical Examination | 238 | ||
| Clothing | 238 | ||
| Toxicology, Serology, and Urine Specimens | 238 | ||
| Evaluation of Nongenital Trauma | 239 | ||
| Touch DNA | 239 | ||
| Face, hair, and neck | 239 | ||
| Genital and Anal Examination | 240 | ||
| Colposcope Examination | 241 | ||
| Speculum Examination | 242 | ||
| Collection of Vaginal Swabs | 242 | ||
| Anal and Rectal Examination | 242 | ||
| Anoscopic Examination | 243 | ||
| Postmortem Genital Examination of the Male Victim | 243 | ||
| Documentation of the Postmortem Genital Examination | 245 | ||
| Summary of Findings | 246 | ||
| Development of a Taxonomy for Postmortem Genital Examinations | 246 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| Chapter 21: Analysis of Autoerotic Death Scenes | 249 | ||
| Definition | 249 | ||
| Incidence | 249 | ||
| Asphyxial Autoerotic Death | 249 | ||
| Atypical Autoerotic Fatalities | 250 | ||
| Sexual Asphyxial Fatalities Including a Partner | 250 | ||
| Autoerotic Suicides | 250 | ||
| The Autoerotic-Death Scene | 251 | ||
| Role of Fantasy | 251 | ||
| Location | 251 | ||
| Victim Position | 251 | ||
| The Injurious Agent | 251 | ||
| The Self-Rescue Mechanism | 251 | ||
| Bondage | 251 | ||
| Sexually Masochistic Behavior | 252 | ||
| Attire | 252 | ||
| Protective Padding | 253 | ||
| Sexual Paraphernalia | 253 | ||
| Props | 254 | ||
| Masturbatory Activity | 254 | ||
| Evidence of Previous Experience | 254 | ||
| Family Response | 254 | ||
| Traumatic News | 255 | ||
| Forensic Issues | 256 | ||
| Summary | 256 | ||
| Resources | 256 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| Chapter 22: Taphonomy, NecroSearch, and Mass Grave Exhumation | 257 | ||
| Science of Taphonomy | 257 | ||
| Taphonomy in the Forensic Context | 257 | ||
| Grave Locations | 257 | ||
| History of Taphonomy | 257 | ||
| Research Strategy | 258 | ||
| Baseline Data | 258 | ||
| Environmental Markers | 259 | ||
| Assets and Limitations of Detection Tools | 259 | ||
| Mass Graves | 259 | ||
| Consulting Scientists in Death Investigation | 260 | ||
| Stages of Exhumation | 260 | ||
| Stage 1: Exhumation Strategies and Forensic Recovery Methods | 261 | ||
| Stage 2: Postmortem Identification of Remains | 265 | ||
| Stage 3: Reconstructing Crime Scene and Criminal Events Leading to Death | 266 | ||
| Stage 4: Identifying and Prosecuting the Criminal | 268 | ||
| Summary | 268 | ||
| Resources | 269 | ||
| Unit Five: Mechanisms of Injury and Death | 271 | ||
| Chapter 23: Physics, Restraints, and Fractures | 271 | ||
| Physics | 271 | ||
| Velocity = Distance/Time | 271 | ||
| Delta V | 271 | ||
| Terminal Velocity | 271 | ||
| Acceleration/Deceleration | 272 | ||
| Force = Mass × Acceleration | 273 | ||
| Stress = Force per Unit Area | 273 | ||
| Engineering Design Challenges | 274 | ||
| Restraints | 274 | ||
| Seat Belts | 274 | ||
| Air Bags | 275 | ||
| Injuries from the Module Cover | 275 | ||
| Injuries from an Air Bag Interaction | 275 | ||
| Fractures | 278 | ||
| Impact Force | 279 | ||
| Twisting Force | 279 | ||
| Compressive Force | 280 | ||
| Summary | 280 | ||
| References | 280 | ||
| Chapter 24: Motor Vehicle Collision Reconstruction | 282 | ||
| Laws of Motion | 282 | ||
| Biomechanics of Impact | 282 | ||
| Automotive Engineering Improvements | 282 | ||
| Seat Belts | 282 | ||
| Air Bags | 283 | ||
| Auto Safety Glass | 283 | ||
| Dashboards | 283 | ||
| Collisions | 284 | ||
| Frontal | 284 | ||
| Side OR Angled | 284 | ||
| Motorcycle | 284 | ||
| Auto versus Pedestrian | 284 | ||
| Motor Vehicle Collision Reconstruction | 285 | ||
| Scene and Vehicle | 285 | ||
| Witness Accounts | 285 | ||
| Vehicle Interior Details | 285 | ||
| Role of the Forensic Nurse Examiner | 285 | ||
| Injury Assessment and Documentation | 286 | ||
| Vehicle Inspections | 286 | ||
| Summary | 287 | ||
| Resources | 287 | ||
| Chapter 25: Blunt, Sharp, and Firearm Injuries | 290 | ||
| Wound Terminology | 290 | ||
| Documenting Wound Characteristics | 290 | ||
| Documentation and Legal Proceedings | 291 | ||
| Blunt and Sharp Injuries | 291 | ||
| Pattern of Injury | 292 | ||
| Pattern Injury | 292 | ||
| Penetrating and Perforating | 292 | ||
| Blunt Force Injury | 292 | ||
| Abrasions | 292 | ||
| Contusions | 293 | ||
| Ecchymosis | 295 | ||
| Lacerations or Tears | 295 | ||
| Fractures | 297 | ||
| Summary | 297 | ||
| Sharp Force Injuries | 297 | ||
| Cuts | 297 | ||
| Stab Wounds | 298 | ||
| Summary | 299 | ||
| Other Wounds | 299 | ||
| Mixed Blunt and Sharp Injuries | 299 | ||
| Defensive Injuries | 300 | ||
| Factitious Injuries | 300 | ||
| Hesitation Marks | 300 | ||
| Paired or Grouped Injuries | 300 | ||
| Scrimmage Wounds | 300 | ||
| Wrinkle Wounds | 301 | ||
| Gunshot Injuries | 301 | ||
| Firearms | 301 | ||
| Bullet Characteristics | 301 | ||
| Range of Fire | 301 | ||
| Relative Angle of Impact | 303 | ||
| Interposed Factors | 304 | ||
| Myths and Realities | 304 | ||
| Wounds: Assessment and Documentation | 304 | ||
| Examination and Documentation of Clothing | 307 | ||
| Gunshot Residues | 307 | ||
| Bullet Design and Types of Guns | 308 | ||
| Firearm Wounds: Mechanics and Characteristics | 309 | ||
| Radiological Examination | 310 | ||
| Wound Documentation | 311 | ||
| Summary | 313 | ||
| Resources | 313 | ||
| References | 313 | ||
| Chapter 26: Bite Mark Injuries | 314 | ||
| Psychological Aspects of Biting | 314 | ||
| Animal Bites versus Human Bites | 314 | ||
| Bite Characteristics | 314 | ||
| Pathogenic Considerations | 316 | ||
| Bite Mark Recognition | 316 | ||
| Types of Human Bites | 316 | ||
| Two-Dimensional Bite | 316 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Bite | 317 | ||
| Avulsed Bite | 317 | ||
| Bite Mark Analysis | 317 | ||
| Collection of Evidence | 318 | ||
| Swabbing the Bite | 318 | ||
| Photography | 319 | ||
| Basic Equipment | 319 | ||
| Shooting Close-up Photographs | 319 | ||
| Summary | 321 | ||
| References | 324 | ||
| Chapter 27: Asphyxia | 325 | ||
| Hanging | 325 | ||
| Ligature Strangulation | 326 | ||
| Manual Strangulation | 327 | ||
| Choking | 327 | ||
| Smothering | 328 | ||
| Traumatic, Crush | 328 | ||
| Postural, Positional, Situational | 328 | ||
| Drowning | 329 | ||
| Containment, Entrapment, Environmental | 329 | ||
| Chemical, Poisonous, Toxic | 329 | ||
| Cerebral Hypoxia and Euphoria | 330 | ||
| Summary | 330 | ||
| References | 330 | ||
| Chapter 28: Electrical, Thermal, and Inhalation Injuries | 331 | ||
| Thermal Burn Wounds | 331 | ||
| Classifications | 331 | ||
| Scalding Burns | 331 | ||
| Burns with Inhalation | 331 | ||
| Carbon Monoxide Poisoning | 332 | ||
| Cyanide Poisoning | 333 | ||
| Hydrogen Sulfide | 333 | ||
| Death Investigation Considerations | 333 | ||
| Chemical Burns | 334 | ||
| Electrical Burns | 334 | ||
| Electrical Burn Wounds | 335 | ||
| Electrical Damage to Vital Organs | 336 | ||
| Lightning Injuries and Death | 336 | ||
| Cold-Related Tissue Injury | 337 | ||
| Frostnip | 337 | ||
| Frostbite | 338 | ||
| Summary | 339 | ||
| References | 339 | ||
| Unit Six: Violence and Interpersonal Crimes: Role of the Forensic Nurse | 341 | ||
| Chapter 29: Child Maltreatment: Forensic Biomarkers | 341 | ||
| Definitions | 342 | ||
| Incidence | 342 | ||
| Theory, Assessment, and History: Gathering Information | 343 | ||
| Models and Theory | 343 | ||
| Dynamics of Child Maltreatment | 343 | ||
| Categories of Child Abuse and Neglect | 343 | ||
| Physical Abuse | 343 | ||
| Emotional Abuse | 344 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 344 | ||
| Neglect | 344 | ||
| Other Abuse and Neglect Issues | 344 | ||
| Sibling Abuse | 344 | ||
| Teasing | 345 | ||
| Bullying | 345 | ||
| Human Trafficking | 345 | ||
| Methamphetamine Exposure to Children | 346 | ||
| Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP) | 346 | ||
| Abusive Head Trauma/Shaken Baby Syndrome | 346 | ||
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | 347 | ||
| Seat Belts and Child Restraints | 347 | ||
| Child Prostitution | 347 | ||
| Identification of Abuse and Neglect | 347 | ||
| Creating a Safe Environment | 347 | ||
| History | 347 | ||
| Child’s Appearance and Behavior | 348 | ||
| Physical Evidence of Abuse \nand Neglect | 348 | ||
| Patterned Injuries Suspicious \nfor Abuse | 348 | ||
| Immersion Burns | 348 | ||
| Patterned Burns | 348 | ||
| Bite Marks | 349 | ||
| Sequelae of Child Abuse and Neglect | 349 | ||
| Laws and Regulations | 350 | ||
| Laws Requiring Report of Suspicion | 350 | ||
| Temporary Holding Custody | 351 | ||
| The Investigation | 351 | ||
| Testimony and Judicial Hearings | 352 | ||
| Mimicking Injuries | 352 | ||
| Summary | 352 | ||
| Resources | 353 | ||
| References | 353 | ||
| Chapter 30: Elder Maltreatment: Forensic Biomarkers | 355 | ||
| Background | 355 | ||
| Elder Maltreatment Statistics | 355 | ||
| Elder Maltreatment Definition Controversy | 356 | ||
| Categories of Elder Maltreatment | 356 | ||
| Physical Abuse | 356 | ||
| Psychological/Emotional Abuse | 356 | ||
| Financial Abuse | 356 | ||
| Neglect | 356 | ||
| Self-Neglect | 356 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 356 | ||
| Other | 356 | ||
| Cause of Elder Abuse \nand Maltreatment | 357 | ||
| Elder Abuse Detection | 358 | ||
| Forensic biomarkers | 358 | ||
| Physical Abuse | 358 | ||
| Psychological/Emotional Abuse | 359 | ||
| Financial Abuse | 359 | ||
| Neglect | 360 | ||
| Self-Neglect | 360 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 361 | ||
| Education | 362 | ||
| Screening Tools | 362 | ||
| Indicators of Abuse Screen | 363 | ||
| Elder Assessment Instrument | 363 | ||
| Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse \nScreening Test | 363 | ||
| Caregiver Abuse Screen | 363 | ||
| Elder Abuse Management | 364 | ||
| Legislative History | 364 | ||
| Elder Abuse Reporting Controversy | 364 | ||
| Research Related to Clinician Elder Maltreatment Detection and Management | 364 | ||
| Forensic Nurse’s Role | 365 | ||
| History and Interview | 366 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 366 | ||
| Intervention | 366 | ||
| Summary | 368 | ||
| References | 368 | ||
| Chapter 31: Relationship Crimes | 370 | ||
| Domestic Violence | 370 | ||
| Scope of the Problem | 370 | ||
| Risk Factors | 371 | ||
| Clinical Presentations | 371 | ||
| Psychological Signs and Symptoms | 371 | ||
| biomarkers | 371 | ||
| Screening and Assessment | 372 | ||
| Children as Victims and Witnesses | 372 | ||
| Acquaintance Violence (Date Rape) | 372 | ||
| Scope of the Problem | 373 | ||
| Aspects | 373 | ||
| Screening and Assessment | 373 | ||
| Prevention | 373 | ||
| Stalking | 374 | ||
| Escort Abuse: Escort Service and Prostitution-Related Offenses | 374 | ||
| Violence Against Men | 375 | ||
| Workplace Violence | 376 | ||
| Teacher/Mentor Student Abuse | 377 | ||
| Crimes Against Homeless People | 377 | ||
| Summary | 378 | ||
| Resources | 378 | ||
| References | 378 | ||
| Chapter 32: Sexual Violence: Victims and Offenders | 380 | ||
| SANE History and Role Development | 380 | ||
| Demonstrating the Need for SANE Programs | 381 | ||
| SANE Program Development | 382 | ||
| Sexual Assault Impact and Treatment Needs | 382 | ||
| Nongenital Physical Injury | 382 | ||
| Strangulation | 382 | ||
| Anogenital Trauma | 383 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Infections | 384 | ||
| Pregnancy | 385 | ||
| General Health Risk | 385 | ||
| Psychological Impact | 387 | ||
| SANE-SART Program Operation | 388 | ||
| Sexual Assault Response Team | 389 | ||
| How a SANE-SART Program Typically Operates | 389 | ||
| SANE Responsibilities | 389 | ||
| Summary | 392 | ||
| Resources | 393 | ||
| References | 393 | ||
| Chapter 33: Sequelae of Sexual Violence | 397 | ||
| Social Impact of Sexual Violence | 397 | ||
| Global Issues | 398 | ||
| Child Prostitution | 398 | ||
| Rape in War | 398 | ||
| Male Victims | 398 | ||
| Women in the Military | 398 | ||
| Poverty-Related Sexual Assault | 398 | ||
| Economic Impact of Interpersonal Violence | 399 | ||
| Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Health Effects | 399 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 399 | ||
| Physiological Expression of Rape Trauma Syndrome | 403 | ||
| Rape Trauma Syndrome and Sexual Health | 404 | ||
| Nursing Implications | 404 | ||
| Education and Prevention | 405 | ||
| Screening and Risk-Reduction Strategies | 406 | ||
| Follow-up Care | 407 | ||
| Creating a Healing Environment | 407 | ||
| Summary | 408 | ||
| Resources | 409 | ||
| Chapter 34: Sexual Exploitation of Children and Child Pornography | 414 | ||
| Child Sexual Exploitation | 414 | ||
| Widespread Use of the Internet | 414 | ||
| Technology and Sexual Predators | 415 | ||
| Technology and Child Pornography | 416 | ||
| Types of Offenders | 417 | ||
| Situational/Preferential Child Molesters: A Continuum | 417 | ||
| Male Internet Predators | 418 | ||
| Child Abductors/Rapists | 418 | ||
| Family, Friends, and Neighbors | 419 | ||
| Female Sex Offenders | 419 | ||
| Sex Rings | 419 | ||
| Child Prostitution | 420 | ||
| Child Sex Tourism | 420 | ||
| Compliant Victims | 421 | ||
| Noncompliant Victims | 421 | ||
| Grooming | 421 | ||
| Child Pornography as an Industry | 422 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 422 | ||
| Psychological Aspects of Being a Victim | 423 | ||
| Moral Considerations | 424 | ||
| False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse | 424 | ||
| Resources | 425 | ||
| Chapter 35: Youth Gangs and Hate Crimes | 426 | ||
| Getting Started: What Is a Youth Gang? | 426 | ||
| Gang Member Typologies | 426 | ||
| Manifestations of Youth Gang Violence: Why Are Our Children in Gangs? | 427 | ||
| Identity or Recognition | 427 | ||
| Protection | 427 | ||
| Fellowship and Brotherhood | 427 | ||
| Intimidation | 427 | ||
| Other Factors | 427 | ||
| African-American Gangs | 427 | ||
| Crips | 427 | ||
| Bloods/Piru | 428 | ||
| United Blood Nation | 428 | ||
| Folk Nation | 429 | ||
| People Nation | 429 | ||
| Latino Gangs | 430 | ||
| Latin Kings | 431 | ||
| Ms 13 | 432 | ||
| Asian Gangs | 433 | ||
| Skinhead Gangs | 436 | ||
| Typology of Skinhead Gangs | 436 | ||
| Philosophy of the Skinhead Gang | 436 | ||
| Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents | 437 | ||
| Strategies for Reducing Youth Gang Violence in the Medical Setting | 438 | ||
| Emergency Department | 439 | ||
| Hospital | 439 | ||
| References | 439 | ||
| Unit Seven: Forensic Mental Health and Correctional Issues | 441 | ||
| Chapter 36: Psychiatric Forensic Nursing | 441 | ||
| History | 441 | ||
| Theoretical Underpinnings | 442 | ||
| Role Definition and Skills/Competencies | 443 | ||
| Role Functions | 444 | ||
| Differentiating Correctional Nurses and Forensic Psychiatric Nurses | 445 | ||
| Role Developments | 446 | ||
| Clinical Nurse Specialist | 446 | ||
| Forensic Nurse Examiner | 447 | ||
| Legal Insanity | 447 | ||
| Diminished Capacity/Responsibility | 448 | ||
| Competent to Proceed | 448 | ||
| Personal Safety | 449 | ||
| Summary | 449 | ||
| Resources | 450 | ||
| References | 450 | ||
| Chapter 37: Suicidal Behavior and Risk Assessment | 451 | ||
| Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior | 452 | ||
| Demographic Characteristics | 452 | ||
| Mental Disorders | 452 | ||
| Substance Abuse | 453 | ||
| Physical Illness | 453 | ||
| Suicidal Ideation | 454 | ||
| Previous Suicidal Behavior | 454 | ||
| Access to Lethal Means | 454 | ||
| Family History of Psychiatric Illness and Suicidal Behavior | 455 | ||
| Biological Factors in Suicide | 455 | ||
| Economic Factors | 455 | ||
| Stress and Coping Potential | 455 | ||
| Social Isolation | 456 | ||
| Hopelessness and Other Cognitive Factors | 456 | ||
| Other Risk Factors | 456 | ||
| Interactions among the Risk Factors | 456 | ||
| Protective Factors Lowering the Risk of Suicide | 457 | ||
| Suicide Risk Assessment Tools | 457 | ||
| Direct Assessment of Suicidal Ideation, Intent, and Behavior | 457 | ||
| Suicide Risk Assessment Guidelines | 458 | ||
| The Seven-Step Decision Model | 458 | ||
| Suicide Assessment Protocol Guidelines | 458 | ||
| Risk Factor Model for Suicide Assessment and Intervention | 459 | ||
| The Empirical Approach and the Clinical Approach | 459 | ||
| Critical Points in Suicide Risk Assessment | 459 | ||
| Summary | 460 | ||
| Resources | 460 | ||
| References | 460 | ||
| Chapter 38: Forensic Nursing in Correctional Care | 462 | ||
| Societal Factors Contributing to High Incarceration Rates | 463 | ||
| Who Is Incarcerated? | 464 | ||
| History of Prison Care | 465 | ||
| Prison Life and Organization | 467 | ||
| Maintaining Human Rights during Incarceration | 467 | ||
| Issues Related to Incarcerating Prisoners | 467 | ||
| Restraint and Seclusion | 468 | ||
| Issues Related to the Healthcare of Prisoners | 469 | ||
| Ethical Issues | 469 | ||
| Scope of Practice | 471 | ||
| Health Problems of Inmates | 473 | ||
| General Health Status of Inmates | 473 | ||
| Healthcare Costs for Inmates | 473 | ||
| Geriatric Offenders | 474 | ||
| Communicable Diseases | 475 | ||
| HIV-Infected Offenders | 476 | ||
| Gender Differences in Corrections | 478 | ||
| Reproductive and Sexual Health Issues | 479 | ||
| Mental Illness | 481 | ||
| Bridge Programs with the Community | 483 | ||
| Summary | 483 | ||
| Resources | 484 | ||
| References | 484 | ||
| Chapter 39: Sudden Death During Restraint: Excited Delirium Syndrome | 489 | ||
| Deaths Associated with EDS | 489 | ||
| Mechanisms of Death and Use of Restraint | 489 | ||
| Physiological Effects | 490 | ||
| Taser Use Wrongly Linked to \nEDS Deaths | 491 | ||
| Assessment and Prevention of Deaths by Medical Personnel | 492 | ||
| Use of Physical Restraint | 493 | ||
| Management of Violence | 493 | ||
| Summary | 493 | ||
| Resources | 494 | ||
| References | 494 | ||
| Unit Eight: Global and Cultural Crimes | 497 | ||
| Chapter 40: Sociocultural Crimes: A Forensic Approach | 497 | ||
| Gender-Based Crimes | 497 | ||
| Dowry Death | 497 | ||
| Female Feticide | 497 | ||
| Female Infanticide | 497 | ||
| Female Genital Mutilation | 498 | ||
| Criminal Abortion | 498 | ||
| India | 499 | ||
| China | 499 | ||
| United States | 499 | ||
| Ireland | 499 | ||
| Domestic Terrorism | 500 | ||
| Wife Battering | 500 | ||
| Baby Battering | 500 | ||
| Geriatric Battering | 500 | ||
| Antiquated Cultural Crimes | 500 | ||
| Child Marriage | 500 | ||
| Sati Pratha | 501 | ||
| Honor Killing | 501 | ||
| Siri | 501 | ||
| Blind Superstition, Rampant Illiteracy | 502 | ||
| Tantriks and Witchcraft | 502 | ||
| Religious and Therapy-Related Death | 502 | ||
| Faith and Medicine Collide | 502 | ||
| Socially Unacceptable Behavior | 503 | ||
| Corporal Punishment | 503 | ||
| Societal Discrimination | 507 | ||
| Communal Riots | 507 | ||
| Caste Conflicts and Segregation | 507 | ||
| Regional Conflicts | 507 | ||
| Crimes of the Rich and Powerful | 508 | ||
| Forbidden Behavior | 508 | ||
| Human Sacrifice (Narbali) | 508 | ||
| Muti Murder | 508 | ||
| Men and HIV | 508 | ||
| Superstitions and Negative Myths | 509 | ||
| Social Taboos | 509 | ||
| In the Name of God | 509 | ||
| Myths | 509 | ||
| Summary | 509 | ||
| References | 510 | ||
| Chapter 41: Sexual Deviant Behaviorand Crimes | 512 | ||
| Who Is a Sexual Offender? | 512 | ||
| What Is Deviant Behavior? | 513 | ||
| Etiology of Sexually Deviant Behavior | 513 | ||
| Psychodynamic Theory | 513 | ||
| Biological Theory | 513 | ||
| Feminist Theory | 513 | ||
| Attachment Theory | 513 | ||
| Behavioral Theory | 513 | ||
| Cognitive-Behavioral Theory | 513 | ||
| Psychosocial Theory | 513 | ||
| Integrated Theory | 514 | ||
| Cycle of Sexual Offending | 514 | ||
| Female Sexual Offenders | 514 | ||
| Assessment of Sexual Offenders | 515 | ||
| Risk Factors | 515 | ||
| Tools for Assessment | 515 | ||
| Unstructured Clinical Decision-Making | 515 | ||
| Management and Supervision of Sex Offenders in the Community | 516 | ||
| Probation and Parole | 516 | ||
| Civil Commitment of Sexual Offenders | 517 | ||
| Registration and Community Notification Laws Regarding Sexual Offenders | 518 | ||
| Summary | 518 | ||
| References | 518 | ||
| Chapter 42: Female Genital Mutilation | 521 | ||
| Significance of the Issue | 521 | ||
| Criminalization of FGM/FC | 522 | ||
| Historical Basis | 523 | ||
| Naming the Ritual | 523 | ||
| Type I | 523 | ||
| Type II | 523 | ||
| Type III | 524 | ||
| Type IV | 524 | ||
| Physical Consequences | 524 | ||
| Psychosexual Problems | 525 | ||
| Medicalization | 526 | ||
| The Nurse’s Role | 526 | ||
| Gender Asylum Case Summaries | 528 | ||
| Resources | 529 | ||
| References | 529 | ||
| Chapter 43: Human Trafficking | 531 | ||
| Awareness of Human Trafficking | 531 | ||
| Human Trafficking Defined | 531 | ||
| Trafficking Victims Protection Act | 532 | ||
| Forms of Trafficking | 532 | ||
| Bio-Psycho-Social Impact | 533 | ||
| Resources to Guide Forensic Nursing Practice | 534 | ||
| Summary | 534 | ||
| References | 535 | ||
| Unit Nine: Legal and Ethical Issues in Forensic Nursing Roles | 537 | ||
| Chapter 44: Legal and Ethical Issuesin Forensic Nursing Roles | 537 | ||
| Sources of Law | 537 | ||
| Forensic Nursing and the Nurse Practice Act | 538 | ||
| Patient Confidentiality and the Forensic Nurse | 539 | ||
| Informed Consent | 541 | ||
| When Should a Forensic Nurse Consult an Attorney? | 542 | ||
| Summary | 542 | ||
| Resources | 543 | ||
| References | 543 | ||
| Chapter 45: Testifying as a Forensic Nurse | 544 | ||
| Role of the Forensic Nurse Examiner | 545 | ||
| Curriculum Vitae | 545 | ||
| Subpoena | 546 | ||
| Fact Witness versus Expert Witness | 546 | ||
| Frye Rule | 547 | ||
| Daubert Test | 547 | ||
| Hearsay Rule | 547 | ||
| Preparation for Trial | 549 | ||
| Court Appearance | 550 | ||
| Consulting for the Defense | 551 | ||
| Ethics of Testifying and Malpractice Issues | 554 | ||
| Summary | 555 | ||
| Part II: Civil Depositions | 555 | ||
| Purpose of Depositions | 555 | ||
| Oral Deposition | 556 | ||
| Preparation | 556 | ||
| Witness Representation by Counsel | 556 | ||
| Professional Insurance Carrier Support | 556 | ||
| Length of Deposition | 556 | ||
| Interrogatives | 556 | ||
| Focus of Questioning | 557 | ||
| Composing Answers | 557 | ||
| Supporting Documentation | 557 | ||
| Objections to Questions | 557 | ||
| Postdeposition Procedures | 557 | ||
| Testifying Expert | 558 | ||
| Jury Access to Oral Depositions | 558 | ||
| Anticipation of Testimony | 558 | ||
| Witnesses in the Courtroom | 558 | ||
| Summary | 559 | ||
| Resources | 559 | ||
| References | 559 | ||
| Chapter 46: Malpractice and Negligence | 560 | ||
| Standards of Care | 560 | ||
| Nursing Malpractice and Negligence | 561 | ||
| Elements of Negligence | 561 | ||
| Duty | 561 | ||
| Breach of Duty | 561 | ||
| Causation | 561 | ||
| Damages | 561 | ||
| Criminal versus Civil Law | 562 | ||
| Intentional Torts | 562 | ||
| Assault | 562 | ||
| Battery | 562 | ||
| False Imprisonment | 562 | ||
| Quasi-Intentional Torts | 562 | ||
| Liability Issues in Healthcare | 562 | ||
| Failure to Notify the Physician | 562 | ||
| Making Assumptions and Following Orders | 562 | ||
| Inadequate Monitoring | 563 | ||
| Failure to Follow Policies and Procedures | 563 | ||
| Medication Errors | 563 | ||
| Failure to Provide Safeguards | 563 | ||
| Equipment Failures or User Errors | 563 | ||
| Breach of Confidentiality | 563 | ||
| Reducing Risks of Malpractice | 563 | ||
| Common Malpractice Defenses | 564 | ||
| Summary | 566 | ||
| Resources | 566 | ||
| References | 566 | ||
| Chapter 47: Ethics and Ethical DecisionMaking in Forensic Nursing | 568 | ||
| The Challenge of \nInterdisciplinary Ethics | 568 | ||
| Always a Nurse! | 568 | ||
| Ethics and Its Place in Philosophy | 568 | ||
| Metaphysics | 568 | ||
| Logic | 569 | ||
| Epistemology | 569 | ||
| Aesthetics | 569 | ||
| Universality—Ethical \nFrameworks | 569 | ||
| Metaethics | 569 | ||
| Global Ethics | 569 | ||
| Normative Ethics | 569 | ||
| Descriptive Ethics | 569 | ||
| Professional Ethics | 570 | ||
| Applied Ethics | 570 | ||
| Survival | 570 | ||
| Theoretical Considerations | 571 | ||
| Wisdom | 574 | ||
| Kindness | 574 | ||
| Whistle-Blowing | 574 | ||
| Summary | 575 | ||
| References | 575 | ||
| Chapter 48: Research with Vulnerable Subjects | 576 | ||
| Current Ethical Framework | 576 | ||
| The Nuremberg Code | 576 | ||
| Declaration of Helsinki | 576 | ||
| The Belmont Report | 576 | ||
| Institutional Review Board Oversight | 577 | ||
| Composition | 577 | ||
| Responsibilities | 577 | ||
| Research Protections for Vulnerable Subjects | 577 | ||
| Informed Consent | 577 | ||
| Confidentiality and Privacy | 578 | ||
| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and European Privacy Laws: Protected \nHealth Information | 578 | ||
| Subject Selection | 579 | ||
| Pregnant Women and Women of Childbearing Potential | 579 | ||
| Subjects Vulnerable Because \nof Coercion | 579 | ||
| Prisoners | 580 | ||
| Students and Employees | 580 | ||
| Data Safety Monitoring Boards | 580 | ||
| Resources | 580 | ||
| References | 580 | ||
| Chapter 49: Organ Donation and Tissue Transplantation | 581 | ||
| Impact of the Medical Examiner on Organ Donation | 583 | ||
| Impact of the Forensic Nurse \non Organ Donation | 584 | ||
| National System | 584 | ||
| Procurement Organizations | 584 | ||
| Donation and Death Investigation Process | 585 | ||
| Donor Criteria | 585 | ||
| Brain Death | 585 | ||
| Donor Identification and Referral | 585 | ||
| Family Consent | 586 | ||
| Donor Evaluation | 587 | ||
| Donor Management and Organ Placement | 588 | ||
| Surgical Recovery of Organs | 588 | ||
| Follow-up of Transplanted Organs | 589 | ||
| Child Abuse Cases: Special Attention | 589 | ||
| Case Law Related to Organ Donation | 589 | ||
| Legal Cases Involving Removal of Life Support | 590 | ||
| Evidentiary Issues Presented by Organ Donation | 591 | ||
| Immunity from Liability | 591 | ||
| Summary of Case Law Discussion | 591 | ||
| State Legislation | 592 | ||
| Organ Procurement and the Medical Examiner | 593 | ||
| Release/Nonrelease Patterns | 593 | ||
| Successful Collaborations among Medical Professionals | 593 | ||
| Tissue Donation | 594 | ||
| Bone Recovery | 595 | ||
| Skin Recovery | 595 | ||
| Heart Valve Donation | 595 | ||
| Eye or Corneal Donation | 595 | ||
| Summary | 596 | ||
| Resources | 596 | ||
| Chapter 50: International Law and the Forensic Nurse Examiner | 598 | ||
| Relevance of International Law \nto Forensic Nursing | 598 | ||
| Sources of International Law | 598 | ||
| Treaties | 598 | ||
| International Law Originating \nin International Bodies | 600 | ||
| Customary International Law | 600 | ||
| Human Rights Under International Law | 600 | ||
| Responsibility to Protect: A New Concept for Forensic Practitioners | 601 | ||
| More Global Opportunities \nfor Forensic Nurses | 602 | ||
| Testifying in International Forums | 604 | ||
| Summary | 604 | ||
| References | 605 | ||
| Unit Ten: Credentialling and Career Planning | 607 | ||
| Chapter 51: Credential Developmentfor Forensic Nurses | 607 | ||
| Purpose and Value of Credentialing | 607 | ||
| Types of Credentials | 607 | ||
| Accreditation | 607 | ||
| Academic Degrees | 608 | ||
| Regulation of Practice | 608 | ||
| Membership in a Professional Organization | 608 | ||
| Clinical Privileging | 608 | ||
| Certification | 608 | ||
| Assessment of Competence | 608 | ||
| Factors in Selecting Measures of Competence | 609 | ||
| Measures of Competence | 610 | ||
| Testing | 610 | ||
| Continuing Education | 610 | ||
| Performance-Based Evaluation | 610 | ||
| Anecdotal SUBJECTIVE Evaluation | 611 | ||
| Case Studies | 611 | ||
| Portfolio | 611 | ||
| Application of the Credentialing Process in Forensic Nursing | 612 | ||
| Environmental Influences on Forensic Nursing Credentials | 612 | ||
| National and International Credentialing for Forensic Nurses | 612 | ||
| Sexual Assault Examination | 612 | ||
| Death Investigation | 612 | ||
| Legal Nurse Consultation | 613 | ||
| Corrections | 613 | ||
| Certified Forensic Nurse | 613 | ||
| Advanced Forensic Nurse Recognition | 614 | ||
| Controversies on Credentialing \nof Forensic Nurses | 614 | ||
| Efforts of Professional Groups Outside \nof Nursing to Regulate Practice | 614 | ||
| Clinical Nurse Specialist Scope of Practice | 614 | ||
| Certification Arenas | 615 | ||
| New Credentials on the Horizon | 615 | ||
| Recognition of Advanced Practice Nurses | 615 | ||
| International Association of Forensic Nurses Generalist Certification | 615 | ||
| Forensic Nurse Death Investigation | 615 | ||
| Summary | 615 | ||
| Websites | 615 | ||
| Chapter 52: Global Expansion and Future Perspectives | 617 | ||
| Global Expansion and Future Perspectives | 617 | ||
| Frontiers of Forensic Nursing | 617 | ||
| International Evolution | 617 | ||
| Commonwealth of Australia | 617 | ||
| Africa | 618 | ||
| Canada | 618 | ||
| Central and south America | 619 | ||
| United Kingdom and Europe | 620 | ||
| Middle East | 622 | ||
| Asia | 622 | ||
| Forensic Nursing in the U.S. Military Services | 623 | ||
| Historical Background | 624 | ||
| Training and Education | 624 | ||
| Mortuary Affairs and Forensic Pathology | 625 | ||
| Boundaries in Practice | 626 | ||
| Public Expectations | 627 | ||
| Horizons for the Forensic Nurse | 627 | ||
| Innovations in Forensic Nursing Service Delivery | 628 | ||
| Summary | 628 | ||
| The Future | 628 | ||
| References | 628 | ||
| Appendix A International Association of Forensic Nurses Vision of Ethical Practice | 630 | ||
| Scope | 630 | ||
| Fidelity to Patients and Clients | 630 | ||
| Responsibility to the Public | 630 | ||
| Obligation to Science | 630 | ||
| Dedication to Colleagues | 630 | ||
| Appendix B: Nursing Diagnoses for Forensic Nursing Problems and Issues | 631 | ||
| Victim Management: Psychological and Emotional | 631 | ||
| Victim Management: Physical Injuries and Disabilities Associated with Violence | 631 | ||
| Appendix C Procedures for Sexual Assault Examination \nfor Male Victims | 632 | ||
| General Guidelines | 632 | ||
| Process | 632 | ||
| Procedure | 632 | ||
| Personal History | 632 | ||
| Body Evidence | 632 | ||
| Oral Examination | 633 | ||
| Anal/Rectal Examination | 633 | ||
| Medical Laboratory Examinations | 633 | ||
| Securing the Evidence | 633 | ||
| Baseline Status and Prophylaxis | 633 | ||
| Federal Rules of Evidence | 673 | ||
| Article I. General Provisions | 673 | ||
| Article Ii. Judicial Notice | 673 | ||
| Article Iii. Presumptions In Civil Actions And Proceedings | 673 | ||
| Article Iv. Relevancy And Its Limits | 673 | ||
| Article V. Privileges | 673 | ||
| Article Vi. Witnesses | 673 | ||
| Article Vii. Opinions And Expert Testimony | 673 | ||
| Article Viii. Hearsay | 673 | ||
| Article Ix. Authentication And Identification | 673 | ||
| Article X. Contents Of Writings, Recordings, And Photographs | 673 | ||
| Article Xi. Miscellaneous Rules | 673 |