BOOK
Cell Biology E-Book
Thomas D. Pollard | William C. Earnshaw | Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
(2007)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A masterful introduction to the cell biology that you need to know! This critically acclaimed textbook offers you a modern and unique approach to the study of cell biology. It emphasizes that cellular structure, function, and dysfunction ultimately result from specific macromolecular interactions. You'll progress from an explanation of the "hardware" of molecules and cells to an understanding of how these structures function in the organism in both healthy and diseased states. The exquisite art program helps you to better visualize molecular structures.
- Covers essential concepts in a more efficient, reader-friendly manner than most other texts on this subject.
- Makes cell biology easier to understand by demonstrating how cellular structure, function, and dysfunction result from specific macromole¬cular interactions.
- Progresses logically from an explanation of the "hardware" of molecules and cells to an understanding of how these structures function in the organism in both healthy and diseased states.
- Helps you to visualize molecular structures and functions with over 1500 remarkable full-color illustrations that present physical structures to scale.
- Explains how molecular and cellular structures evolved in different organisms.
- Shows how molecular changes lead to the development of diseases through numerous Clinical Examples throughout.
- Includes STUDENT CONSULT access at no additional charge, enabling you to consult the textbook online, anywhere you go · perform quick searches · add your own notes and bookmarks · follow Integration Links to related bonus content from other STUDENT CONSULT titles—to help you see the connections between diverse disciplines · test your knowledge with multiple-choice review questions · and more!
- New keystone chapter on the origin and evolution of life on earth probably the best explanation of evolution for cell biologists available!
- Spectacular new artwork by gifted artist Graham Johnson of the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego. 200 new and 500 revised figures bring his keen insight to Cell Biology illustration and further aid the reader’s understanding.
- New chapters and sections on the most dynamic areas of cell biology - Organelles and membrane traffic by Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz; RNA processing (including RNAi) by David Tollervey., updates on stem cells and DNA Repair.
- ,More readable than ever. Improved organization and an accessible new design increase the focus on understanding concepts and mechanisms.
- New guide to figures featuring specific organisms and specialized cells paired with a list of all of the figures showing these organisms. Permits easy review of cellular and molecular mechanisms.
- New glossary with one-stop definitions of over 1000 of the most important terms in cell biology.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Title page | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| To Patty and Margarete and our families | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface to the Second Edition | ix | ||
| Organization of the Book | ix | ||
| Preface to the First Edition | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xv | ||
| Contents | xvii | ||
| Guide to Figures Featuring Specific Organisms and Specialized Cells | xix | ||
| SECTION I: Introduction to Cell Biology | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Cells | 3 | ||
| Features That Distinguish Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells | 4 | ||
| Some Universal Principles of Living Cells | 6 | ||
| Overview of Eukaryotic Cellular Organization and Functions | 11 | ||
| CHAPTER 2: Evolution of Life on Earth | 17 | ||
| Prebiotic Chemistry Leading to an RNA World | 18 | ||
| Divergent Evolution from the Last Universal Common Ancestor of Life | 19 | ||
| Evolution of Prokaryotes | 20 | ||
| Origin of Eukaryotes | 21 | ||
| Origin and Evolution of Mitochondria | 23 | ||
| The First Billion Years of Eukaryotic Evolution | 23 | ||
| Origins and Evolution of Chloroplasts | 25 | ||
| Evolution of Multicellular Eukaryotes | 26 | ||
| Looking Back in Time | 28 | ||
| SECTION II: Chemical and Physical Background | 29 | ||
| CHAPTER 3: Molecules: Structures and Dynamics | 33 | ||
| Water | 33 | ||
| Proteins | 34 | ||
| Nucleic Acids | 46 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 52 | ||
| The Aqueous Phase of Cytoplasm | 55 | ||
| CHAPTER 4: Biophysical Principles | 57 | ||
| First-Order Reactions | 57 | ||
| Second-Order Reactions | 58 | ||
| Reversible Reactions | 60 | ||
| Thermodynamic Considerations | 61 | ||
| Linked Reactions | 62 | ||
| Chemical Bonds | 63 | ||
| A Strategy for Understanding Cellular Functions | 64 | ||
| Analysis of an Enzyme Mechanism: The Ras GTPase | 64 | ||
| CHAPTER 5: Macromolecular Assembly | 69 | ||
| Assembly of Macromolecular Structures from Subunits | 70 | ||
| Specifi city by Multiple Weak Bonds on Complementary Surfaces | 71 | ||
| Symmetrical Structures Constructed from Identical Subunits with Equivalent (or Quasi-equivalent) Bonds | 72 | ||
| New Properties from Sequential Assembly Pathways | 73 | ||
| Regulation at Multiple Steps on Sequential Assembly Pathways | 74 | ||
| CHAPTER 6: Research Strategies | 85 | ||
| Imaging | 86 | ||
| Choice of Organisms for Biological Research | 92 | ||
| Inventory: Gene and Protein Discovery | 94 | ||
| Molecular Structure | 102 | ||
| Partners and Pathways | 102 | ||
| Rates and Affinities | 105 | ||
| Tests of Physiological Function | 105 | ||
| Mathematical Models of Systems | 107 | ||
| SECTION III: Membrane Structure and Function | 109 | ||
| CHAPTER 7: Membrane Structure and Dynamics | 113 | ||
| Development of Ideas about Membrane Structure | 113 | ||
| Lipids | 114 | ||
| Physical Structure of the Fluid Membrane Bilayer | 117 | ||
| Membrane Proteins | 120 | ||
| CHAPTER 8: Membrane Pumps | 127 | ||
| Membrane Permeability: An Introduction | 127 | ||
| Membrane Pumps | 128 | ||
| Diversity of Membrane Pumps | 128 | ||
| Light-Driven Proton Pumping by Bacteriorhodopsin | 129 | ||
| ATP-Driven Pumps | 130 | ||
| CHAPTER 9: Membrane Carriers | 139 | ||
| Diversity of Carrier Proteins | 139 | ||
| Structure of MFS Carrier Proteins | 140 | ||
| Carrier Physiology and Mechanisms | 142 | ||
| CHAPTER 10: Membrane Channels | 147 | ||
| Channel Diversity and Evolution | 149 | ||
| Channel Structure | 149 | ||
| Channel Activity | 151 | ||
| Channels with One Transmembrane Segment | 153 | ||
| Channels with Two Transmembrane Segments | 153 | ||
| Voltage-Gated Cation Channels | 155 | ||
| TRP Channels | 158 | ||
| Channels Gated by Intracellular Ligands | 159 | ||
| Ion Channels Gated by Extracellular Ligands | 160 | ||
| ClC Chloride Channels | 162 | ||
| Ammonia Channels | 163 | ||
| Water Channels | 164 | ||
| Porins | 165 | ||
| APPENDIX 10-1: Electrical Recordings in Biology | 166 | ||
| Single-Channel Recordings with Patch Electrodes | 166 | ||
| Measurement of Membrane Potentials with Intracellular Microelectrodes and Fluorescent Dyes | 167 | ||
| Extracellular Electrical Measurements | 167 | ||
| APPENDIX 10-2: The Biophysical Basis of Membrane Potentials | 167 | ||
| Diffusion Potentials | 167 | ||
| Quantitative Relationships | 168 | ||
| Nernst Potential for Various Ions | 169 | ||
| APPENDIX 10-3: Charging and Discharging the Membrane | 169 | ||
| Membrane Capacitance | 169 | ||
| Charge Movement for a Small Cell | 170 | ||
| Rate of Charge Movement through Channels | 170 | ||
| Net Current through Ion-Selective Channels | 170 | ||
| Consequence of Multiple Channel Types Opening Simultaneously | 171 | ||
| Charge Redistribution by Electrical Conduction | 172 | ||
| CHAPTER 11: Membrane Physiology | 173 | ||
| Chemiosmotic Cycles | 173 | ||
| Epithelial Transport | 174 | ||
| Cellular Volume Regulation | 176 | ||
| Excitable Membranes | 177 | ||
| Synaptic Transmission | 179 | ||
| Cardiac Membrane Physiology | 185 | ||
| SECTION IV: Chromatin, Chromosomes, and the Cell Nucleus | 189 | ||
| CHAPTER 12: Chromosome Organization | 193 | ||
| Chromosome Morphology and Nomenclature | 193 | ||
| One DNA Molecule per Chromosome | 193 | ||
| The Organization of Genes on Chromosomes | 195 | ||
| Transposons Make Up Much of the Human Genome | 197 | ||
| Pseudogenes | 199 | ||
| Segmental Duplications in the Human Genome | 199 | ||
| The Centromere: Overview | 200 | ||
| Variations in Centromere Organization among Species | 200 | ||
| Mammalian Centromere DNA | 202 | ||
| The Ends of the Chromosomes: Why Specialized Telomeres Are Needed | 204 | ||
| The Structure of Telomeric DNA | 204 | ||
| How Telomeres Replicate the Ends of the Chromosomal DNA | 204 | ||
| Structural Proteins of the Telomere | 206 | ||
| Telomeres, Aging, and Cancer | 207 | ||
| CHAPTER 13: DNA Packaging in Chromatin and Chromosomes | 209 | ||
| The First Level of Chromosomal DNA Packaging: The Nucleosome | 209 | ||
| The Second Level of Chromosomal DNA Packaging: The 30-nm Fiber | 214 | ||
| Higher Levels of Chromosomal DNA Packaging in Interphase Nuclei | 214 | ||
| Functional Compartmentation of the Nucleus: Heterochromatin and Euchromatin | 214 | ||
| Large-Scale Structural Compartmentation of the Nucleus | 220 | ||
| Higher-Order Structure of Chromosomes | 221 | ||
| The Nuclear Matrix | 223 | ||
| Specialized Chromosomal Substructures: The Kinetochore | 227 | ||
| Centromere Proteins of the Budding Yeast | 228 | ||
| Mammalian Centromere Proteins | 228 | ||
| Role of RNAi at Centromeres | 230 | ||
| Conclusions | 230 | ||
| CHAPTER 14: Nuclear Structure and Dynamics | 231 | ||
| Overall Organization of the Nucleus | 232 | ||
| Structure of the Nuclear Envelope | 236 | ||
| Traffic between Nucleus and Cytoplasm | 240 | ||
| Disorders Associated with Defective Nuclear Trafficking | 246 | ||
| Other Uses of the Importin/Ran Switch | 247 | ||
| SECTION V: Central Dogma: From Gene to Protein | 249 | ||
| CHAPTER 15: Gene Expression | 253 | ||
| The Transcription Cycle | 254 | ||
| Transcription Initiation | 258 | ||
| Transcription Elongation and Termination | 263 | ||
| Gene-Specific Transcription | 265 | ||
| Factor Interactions | 271 | ||
| Chromatin and Transcription | 273 | ||
| Transcription Factors and Signal Transduction | 275 | ||
| Transcription Factors and Human Disease | 277 | ||
| CHAPTER 16: Eukaryotic RNA Processing | 279 | ||
| Synthesis of mRNAs | 279 | ||
| Synthesis of Stable RNAs | 288 | ||
| Synthesis and Function of miRNAs | 292 | ||
| Conclusions | 296 | ||
| CHAPTER 17: Protein Synthesis and Folding | 297 | ||
| Protein Synthetic Machinery | 297 | ||
| Outline of Protein Synthesis | 302 | ||
| Spontaneous Protein Folding | 306 | ||
| Chaperone-Assisted Protein Folding | 307 | ||
| SECTION VI: Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking | 311 | ||
| CHAPTER 18: Posttranslational Targeting of Proteins | 315 | ||
| Transport of Proteins into Mitochondria | 317 | ||
| Transport of Proteins into Chloroplasts | 320 | ||
| Transport of Proteins into Peroxisomes | 321 | ||
| Translocation of Eukaryotic Proteins across the Plasma Membrane by ABC Transporters | 323 | ||
| Targeting to the Surfaces of the Plasma Membrane | 323 | ||
| Bacterial Protein Export | 324 | ||
| APPENDIX 18-1: Peroxin Features and Known Roles | 329 | ||
| CHAPTER 19: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes | 331 | ||
| Mitochondria | 331 | ||
| Peroxisomes | 343 | ||
| CHAPTER 20: Endoplasmic Reticulum | 345 | ||
| Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions and Organization | 346 | ||
| Overview of Protein Translocation into the Endoplasmic Reticulum | 347 | ||
| Molecular Machinery for Protein Translocation into the Endoplasmic Reticulum | 350 | ||
| Protein Insertion into the Endoplasmic Reticulum Bilayer or Lumen | 352 | ||
| Protein Folding and Oligomerization in the Endoplasmic Reticulum | 355 | ||
| Protein Degradation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Unfolded Protein Response | 357 | ||
| Lipid Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Transport within the Endoplasmic Reticulum | 360 | ||
| CHAPTER 21: Secretory Membrane System and Golgi Apparatus | 365 | ||
| Overview of the Secretory Membrane System | 365 | ||
| Building and Maintaining the Secretory Membrane System | 367 | ||
| Secretory Transport from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus | 377 | ||
| Sorting from the Trans-Golgi Network | 379 | ||
| Regulated Fusion with the Plasma Membrane | 383 | ||
| The Golgi Apparatus: Function, Structure, and Dynamics | 383 | ||
| CHAPTER 22: Endocytosis and the Endosomal Membrane System | 391 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 392 | ||
| Macropinocytosis | 395 | ||
| Endocytosis Mediated by Caveolae | 396 | ||
| Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis | 397 | ||
| Nonclathrin/Noncaveolar Endocytosis | 401 | ||
| The Endosomal Compartment and the Endocytic Pathway | 401 | ||
| Viruses and Protein Toxins as “Opportunistic Endocytic Ligands” | 406 | ||
| CHAPTER 23: Degradation of Cellular Components | 409 | ||
| Characteristics of Constitutive Protein Turnover | 409 | ||
| Degradation in Lysosomes | 410 | ||
| Degradation by Proteasomes | 413 | ||
| Lipid Turnover and Degradation | 418 | ||
| APPENDIX 23-1: Lysosomal Storage Diseases | 421 | ||
| SECTION VII: Signaling Mechanisms | 423 | ||
| CHAPTER 24: Plasma Membrane Receptors | 427 | ||
| Seven-Helix Receptors | 428 | ||
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases | 431 | ||
| Cytokine Receptors | 433 | ||
| Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases | 433 | ||
| Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors | 435 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Family | 436 | ||
| Toll-Like Receptors | 436 | ||
| Notch Receptors | 437 | ||
| Hedgehog Receptors | 437 | ||
| APPENDIX 24-1: Receptors and Ligands | 439 | ||
| CHAPTER 25: Protein Hardware for Signaling | 443 | ||
| Protein Phosphorylation | 443 | ||
| Guanosine Triphosphate–Binding Proteins | 451 | ||
| Molecular Recognition by Adapter Domains | 457 | ||
| APPENDIX 25-1: Families of Protein Kinases | 462 | ||
| APPENDIX 25-2: Parallels among Guanosine Triphosphate-Binding Proteins | 463 | ||
| CHAPTER 26: Second Messengers | 465 | ||
| Cyclic Nucleotides | 466 | ||
| Lipid-Derived Second Messengers | 468 | ||
| Calcium | 475 | ||
| Nitric Oxide | 482 | ||
| APPENDIX 26-1: Examples of Ca2+ Regulated Proteins | 485 | ||
| CHAPTER 27: Integration of Signals | 487 | ||
| Signal Transduction by G-Protein-Coupled, Seven-Helix Transmembrane Receptors | 487 | ||
| Detection of Odors by the Olfactory System | 488 | ||
| Photon Detection by the Vertebrate Retina | 491 | ||
| Regulation of Metabolism through the b-Adrenergic Receptor | 494 | ||
| Signaling Pathways Influencing Gene Expression | 497 | ||
| MAP Kinase Pathways to the Nucleus | 498 | ||
| Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway through Ras to Map Kinase | 499 | ||
| Insulin Pathways to GLUT4 and MAP Kinase | 501 | ||
| T-Lymphocyte Pathways through Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases | 502 | ||
| Cytokine Receptor, JAK/STAT Pathways | 505 | ||
| Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptor Pathways through Smads | 506 | ||
| Two-Component Phosphotransfer Systems | 507 | ||
| SECTION VIII: Cellular Adhesion and the Extracellular Matrix | 513 | ||
| CHAPTER 28: Cells of the Extracellular Matrix and Immune System | 517 | ||
| Indigenous Connective Tissue Cells | 517 | ||
| Origin and Development of Blood Cells | 520 | ||
| Cells Confined to the Blood | 521 | ||
| Cells Responsible for Innate and Adaptive Immunity | 523 | ||
| Cellular Basis of Innate Immunity | 524 | ||
| Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity | 526 | ||
| CHAPTER 29: Extracellular Matrix Molecules | 531 | ||
| Collagen | 531 | ||
| Elastic Fibers | 536 | ||
| Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans | 539 | ||
| Adhesive Glycoproteins | 541 | ||
| The Basal Lamina | 544 | ||
| Matrix Metalloproteinases | 546 | ||
| APPENDIX 29-1: Collagen Families | 549 | ||
| APPENDIX 29-2: Proteoglycans | 550 | ||
| APPENDIX 29-3: Adhesive Glycoproteins | 551 | ||
| CHAPTER 30: Cellular Adhesion | 553 | ||
| General Principles of Cellular Adhesion | 554 | ||
| Identification and Characterization of Adhesion Receptors | 555 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Family of Cell Adhesion Molecules | 556 | ||
| Cadherin Family of Adhesion Receptors | 556 | ||
| Integrin Family of Adhesion Receptors | 560 | ||
| Selectin Family of Adhesion Receptors | 565 | ||
| Other Adhesion Receptors | 566 | ||
| Examples of Dynamic Adhesion | 567 | ||
| CHAPTER 31: Intercellular Junctions | 571 | ||
| Tight Junctions | 573 | ||
| Gap Junctions | 575 | ||
| Adherens Junctions | 579 | ||
| Desmosomes | 579 | ||
| Adhesion to the Extracellular Matrix: Hemidesmosomes and Focal Contacts | 581 | ||
| CHAPTER 32: Connective Tissues | 583 | ||
| Loose Connective Tissue | 583 | ||
| Dense Connective Tissue | 583 | ||
| Cartilage | 584 | ||
| Bone | 586 | ||
| Formation and Growth of the Skeleton | 589 | ||
| Repair of Wounds and Fractures | 593 | ||
| Plant Cell Wall | 595 | ||
| APPENDIX 32-1: Examples of Genetic Defects of Cartilage and Bone | 598 | ||
| SECTION IX: Cytoskeleton and Cellular Motility | 599 | ||
| CHAPTER 33: Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins | 603 | ||
| Actin Molecule | 604 | ||
| Actin-Related Proteins | 606 | ||
| Actin Polymerization | 606 | ||
| Actin-Binding Proteins | 609 | ||
| Actin Dynamics in Live Cells | 614 | ||
| Mechanical Properties of Cytoplasm | 618 | ||
| APPENDIX 33-1: Classification of Actin-Binding Proteins | 619 | ||
| CHAPTER 34: Microtubules and Centrosomes | 623 | ||
| Tubulin Structure | 625 | ||
| Tubulin Diversity | 626 | ||
| Structure of Microtubules | 626 | ||
| Microtubule Assembly from GTP Tubulin | 627 | ||
| Microtubule-Organizing Centers | 628 | ||
| Steady-State Dynamics of Microtubules in Vitro | 628 | ||
| Microtubule Dynamics in Cells | 630 | ||
| Regulation by Microtubule-Associated Proteins | 631 | ||
| The Centrosome | 635 | ||
| APPENDIX 34-1: Some Microtubule-Associated Proteins | 641 | ||
| APPENDIX 34-2: Some Centrosomal Proteins | 643 | ||
| CHAPTER 35: Intermediate Filaments | 645 | ||
| Structure of Intermediate Filament Subunits | 646 | ||
| Polymer Structure | 647 | ||
| Assembly and Dynamics of Intermediate Filaments | 647 | ||
| Posttranslational Modifications | 649 | ||
| Expression of Intermediate Filaments in Specialized Cells | 649 | ||
| Proteins Associated with Intermediate Filaments | 650 | ||
| Functions of Intermediate Filaments in Cells | 650 | ||
| CHAPTER 36: Motor Proteins | 655 | ||
| Myosins | 657 | ||
| Microtubule Motors | 663 | ||
| CHAPTER 37: Intracellular Motility | 673 | ||
| Strategies to Identify Tracks and Motors | 674 | ||
| Rapid Movements along Microtubules | 674 | ||
| Intracellular Movements Driven by Microtubule Polymerization | 678 | ||
| Bulk Movement of Cytoplasm Driven by Actin and Myosin | 680 | ||
| Actin-Based Movements of Organelles in Other Cells | 681 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Movements Driven by Actin Polymerization | 681 | ||
| CHAPTER 38: Cellular Motility | 685 | ||
| Cell Shape Changes Produced by Extension of Surface Processes | 685 | ||
| Cell Shape Changes Produced by Contraction | 688 | ||
| Locomotion by Pseudopod Extension | 689 | ||
| Locomotion by Cilia and Flagella | 695 | ||
| Bacterial Flagella | 699 | ||
| CHAPTER 39: Muscles | 705 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 705 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 719 | ||
| SECTION X: Cell Cycle | 727 | ||
| CHAPTER 40: Introduction to the Cell Cycle | 731 | ||
| Principles of Cell-Cycle Regulation | 731 | ||
| Phases of the Cell Cycle | 733 | ||
| The Biochemical Basis of Cell-Cycle Transitions | 735 | ||
| Role of Protein Destruction in Cell-Cycle Control | 742 | ||
| Changing States of the Cytoplasm during the Cell Cycle | 743 | ||
| APPENDIX 40-1: Inventory of the Enzymes of the Cell Cycle Engine | 745 | ||
| CHAPTER 41: G1 Phase and Regulation of Cell Proliferation | 747 | ||
| The G0 Phase and Growth Control | 747 | ||
| Exit from the G0 Phase | 749 | ||
| The Restriction Point: A Critical G1 Decision Point | 750 | ||
| Regulation of Cell Proliferation by the Restriction Point | 751 | ||
| The Restriction Point and Cancer | 753 | ||
| Proteolysis and G1 Cell Cycle Progression | 754 | ||
| Integrity of Cellular DNA Monitored by a G1 Checkpoint | 755 | ||
| Moving into and out of G0: Stem Cells | 756 | ||
| G1 Regulation: A Matter of Life and Death | 760 | ||
| CHAPTER 42: S Phase and DNA Replication | 761 | ||
| DNA Replication: A Primer | 761 | ||
| Origins of Replication | 762 | ||
| Assembly of the Prereplication Complex | 765 | ||
| Signals That Start Replication | 767 | ||
| Mechanism of DNA Synthesis | 768 | ||
| Higher-Order Organization of DNA Replication in the Nucleus | 771 | ||
| Temporal Control of Replication during the S Phase | 771 | ||
| The Intra-S Checkpoint | 774 | ||
| Synthesis of the Histone Proteins | 775 | ||
| Other Events of the S Phase | 775 | ||
| CHAPTER 43: G2 Phase and Control of Entry into Mitosis | 777 | ||
| Enzymology of the G2/Mitosis Transition | 777 | ||
| Changes in Subcellular Localization at the G2/M Transition | 779 | ||
| Cdk1–Cyclin A and the Initiation of Prophase | 780 | ||
| Summary of the Main Events of the G2/M Transition | 780 | ||
| The G2 Checkpoint | 781 | ||
| The G2 Checkpoint and Cancer | 783 | ||
| How the G2 Checkpoint Works | 783 | ||
| Transition to Mitosis | 785 | ||
| CHAPTER 44: Mitosis and Cytokinesis | 791 | ||
| Prophase | 791 | ||
| Prometaphase | 795 | ||
| Metaphase | 802 | ||
| Anaphase | 803 | ||
| Telophase | 806 | ||
| Cytokinesis | 807 | ||
| CHAPTER 45: Meiosis | 815 | ||
| Meiosis: An Essential Process for Sexual Reproduction | 816 | ||
| The Language of Meiosis | 818 | ||
| Recombination | 818 | ||
| Tracking the Homologous Chromosomes through the Stages of Meiotic Prophase I | 821 | ||
| Chromosomal Ikebana: The Bouquet Stage | 822 | ||
| Pairing and Synapsis in More Detail | 823 | ||
| Synaptonemal Complex Components | 825 | ||
| Chiasmata | 826 | ||
| Cohesion and Chromosomal Movements during Meiosis I | 827 | ||
| Behavior of the Sex Chromosomes in Meiosis | 828 | ||
| Cell-Cycle Regulation of Meiotic Events | 829 | ||
| Suppression of DNA Replication between Meiosis I and Meiosis II | 829 | ||
| The Metaphase II Arrest and the MAP Kinase Pathway | 829 | ||
| Timing of Meiosis in Humans | 830 | ||
| Meiotic Defects and Human Disease | 831 | ||
| CHAPTER 46: Programmed Cell Death | 833 | ||
| The Necessity for Cell Death in Multicellular Organisms | 833 | ||
| Programmed Cell Death versus Accidental Cell Death: Apoptosis versus Necrosis | 833 | ||
| Nonapoptotic Programmed Cell Death | 836 | ||
| Classes of Cells That Undergo Programmed Cell Death | 837 | ||
| Genetic Analysis of Programmed Cell Death | 839 | ||
| Signals and Pathways of Apoptosis | 840 | ||
| Protein Regulators and Effectors of Apoptosis | 840 | ||
| The Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptotic Death | 846 | ||
| Role of the Fas Death Receptor in Normal and Diseased Cells | 848 | ||
| Linking Apoptosis to the Cell Cycle by p53 | 849 | ||
| Importance of Apoptosis in Human Disease | 849 | ||
| Glossary | 851 | ||
| Index | 875 |