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Book Details
Abstract
All veterinary team members involved in the everyday care of horses that require anesthesia or special emergency care will benefit from this reliable and inclusive resource. This text provides all of the information needed to prepare, conduct, and monitor the administration of drugs in order to produce safe and effective anesthesia, treat pain, respond to adverse effects, and perform and monitor emergency and critical care treatment. It is the most comprehensive and detailed book available on these subjects, addressing the needs and concerns of practitioners in both hospital and field settings.
- Discusses all aspects of equine anesthesia, including history, physiology, pharmacology, drug dosages, patient preparation, induction-maintenance-recovery of anesthesia management of potential complications, and more.
- Provides a detailed review of the respiratory and cardiovascular physiology of the horse.
- Provides thorough coverage of preoperative pain management in horses.
- Covers emergency medical care and managing anesthetic complications in both hospital and field situations.
- Includes information on the latest anesthetic drugs, including safe and effective protocols for different procedures, and the most up-to-date monitoring techniques.
- Each contributor is a recognized expert in his or her respective equine specialty, renowned for clinical as well as academic and research expertise.
- A complete update of all drug information and pain management techniques.
- The very latest research findings and clinical applications of anesthetic agents and techniques.
- The most recent developments in post-anesthetic care and monitoring.
- A chapter on intravenous anesthetic and analgesic adjuncts to inhalation anesthesia.
- A chapter on anesthesia and analgesia for donkeys and mules.
- A chapter on perioperative pain management.
- Many new illustrations as well as tables, graphs, boxes, key points, and summaries that make information instantly accessible.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Equine Anesthesia | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Dedication Page | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| Chapter 1: History of Equine Anesthesia | 1 | ||
| Defining Anesthesia in Equine Practice: An Emerging Science | 1 | ||
| The Evolution of Equine Anesthesia | 4 | ||
| Recent Developments (1950 to Today) | 6 | ||
| The Future | 9 | ||
| References | 9 | ||
| Chapter 2: The Respiratory System | 11 | ||
| Ventilation of the Lung | 11 | ||
| Minute, Dead-Space, and Alveolar Ventilation | 11 | ||
| Muscles of Respiration | 11 | ||
| Mechanics of Ventilation | 12 | ||
| Pulmonary Elasticity | 12 | ||
| Interactions on the Lung and Chest Wall | 13 | ||
| Frictional Resistance to Breathing | 13 | ||
| Dynamic Airway Compression | 15 | ||
| Distribution of Ventilation | 15 | ||
| Collateral Ventilation and Interdependence | 18 | ||
| Postural and Anesthetic Effects on Lung Volumes and Ventilation Distribution | 18 | ||
| Blood Flow | 19 | ||
| Pulmonary Circulation | 19 | ||
| Vascular Pressures and Resistance | 19 | ||
| Passive Changes in Vascular Resistance | 20 | ||
| Vasomotor Regulation | 20 | ||
| Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow | 20 | ||
| Bronchial Circulation | 20 | ||
| Pulmonary Blood Flow and Its Distribution Under Anesthesia | 21 | ||
| Gas Exchange | 23 | ||
| Alveolar Gas Composition | 23 | ||
| Diffusion | 24 | ||
| Matching of the Ventilation and Blood Flow | 25 | ||
| Ventilation Perfusion Matching Under Anesthesia | 27 | ||
| Blood Gas Tensions | 27 | ||
| Gas Transport | 28 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 28 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Transport | 29 | ||
| Control of Breathing | 30 | ||
| Central Control of Respiration | 30 | ||
| Pulmonary and Airway Receptors | 31 | ||
| Chemoreceptors | 31 | ||
| Effects of Drugs on Ventilation and Control of Breathing | 32 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| Chapter 3: The Cardiovascular System | 37 | ||
| Normal Cardiovascular Structure and Function | 37 | ||
| Cardiac Anatomy | 37 | ||
| Cardiac Electrophysiology | 40 | ||
| Autonomic Modulation of Cardiac Activation and Heart Rate | 45 | ||
| Mechanical Function of the Heart | 47 | ||
| The Circulation-Central Hemodynamics, Peripheral Blood Flow, and Tissue Perfusion | 56 | ||
| Recognition and Management of Heart Disease | 63 | ||
| Overview of Heart Disease in the Horse | 63 | ||
| Evaluation of Cardiovascular Function | 63 | ||
| Structural Heart Disease | 72 | ||
| Cardiac Rhythm Disturbances | 77 | ||
| General Effects of Anesthetic Drugs on Cardiovascular Function | 93 | ||
| References | 93 | ||
| Chapter 4: Stress Associated with Anesthesia and Surgery | 101 | ||
| Markers of the Stress Response | 101 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 101 | ||
| Catecholamines | 102 | ||
| Insulin and Glucose | 102 | ||
| Nonesterified Fatty Acids | 103 | ||
| Hematology and Clinical Chemistry | 104 | ||
| Effect of Anesthesia Without Surgery | 105 | ||
| Total Intravenous Anesthesia Without Surgery | 105 | ||
| Inhalation Anesthesia Without Surgery | 106 | ||
| Effect of Anesthesia with Surgery | 106 | ||
| Effect of Hypothermia on the Stress Response to Anesthesia | 107 | ||
| Conclusion and Clinical Relevance | 107 | ||
| References | 107 | ||
| Chapter 5: Physical Restraint | 109 | ||
| Halter and Lead | 109 | ||
| Use of the Chain Lead | 109 | ||
| Twitches | 110 | ||
| Picking up a Foot | 112 | ||
| Stocks | 113 | ||
| Leading Unwilling Horses | 114 | ||
| Foal Restraint | 114 | ||
| Restraint for Induction to Anesthesia | 116 | ||
| Restraint During Anesthesia | 116 | ||
| Restraint During Anesthetic Recovery | 117 | ||
| References | 120 | ||
| Chapter 6: Preoperative Evaluation: General Considerations | 121 | ||
| History | 121 | ||
| Physical Examination | 122 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 124 | ||
| Anesthetic Risk and Physical Status | 126 | ||
| Preoperative Considerations Associated with Specific Conditions or Diseases | 126 | ||
| Colic | 126 | ||
| Uroperitoneum | 127 | ||
| Orthopedic Injuries | 127 | ||
| Injuries or Diseases Causing Blood Loss | 127 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Obstruction | 128 | ||
| Pregnancy | 128 | ||
| Foals | 128 | ||
| Preparation of the Horse for Anesthesia and Surgery | 128 | ||
| References | 130 | ||
| Chapter 7: Venous and Arterial Catheterization and Fluid Therapy | 131 | ||
| Purpose of Vascular Catheterization | 131 | ||
| Methods of Intravenous Catheterization | 131 | ||
| Methods of Arterial Catheterization | 134 | ||
| Types of Catheters | 136 | ||
| Butterfly Catheters | 137 | ||
| Over-the-Needle Catheters | 137 | ||
| Through-the-Needle Catheters | 137 | ||
| Over-the-Wire Catheters | 137 | ||
| Catheter Materials and Sizes | 137 | ||
| Extension Sets, Coil Sets, Injection Caps, and Administration Sets | 138 | ||
| Fluid Pumps | 139 | ||
| Complications Associated with Venous or Arterial Catheterization | 139 | ||
| Fluid Therapy | 139 | ||
| Fluid Administration | 142 | ||
| Type of Fluids | 143 | ||
| Fluids Used for Severe Hypotension, Hypovolemia, and Resuscitation | 144 | ||
| Colloids | 145 | ||
| Bicarbonate Replacement | 145 | ||
| Blood Component Therapy | 146 | ||
| Blood Replacement | 146 | ||
| Plasma Replacement | 147 | ||
| References | 147 | ||
| Chapter 8: Monitoring Anesthesia | 149 | ||
| The Anesthesia Record | 150 | ||
| Monitoring the Depth of Anesthesia | 150 | ||
| Physical Signs | 150 | ||
| Eye Signs | 150 | ||
| Electroencephalography | 153 | ||
| Monitoring the Concentration of Anesthetic Drugs | 153 | ||
| Monitoring Respiratory and Cardiovascular Variables | 153 | ||
| Respiratory Monitoring | 155 | ||
| Cardiovascular Monitoring | 159 | ||
| Other Monitoring Techniques | 166 | ||
| References | 169 | ||
| Chapter 9: Principles of Drug Disposition and Drug Interaction in Horses | 171 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 171 | ||
| Receptor Theory | 171 | ||
| Compartmental Models of Drug Disposition | 172 | ||
| One-Compartment Models | 172 | ||
| Multicompartmental Models | 172 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Terminology | 173 | ||
| Clearance | 173 | ||
| Hepatic Clearance | 174 | ||
| Renal Clearance | 176 | ||
| Volume of Distribution | 176 | ||
| Half-Life | 177 | ||
| Bioavailability | 177 | ||
| Plasma Protein Binding | 178 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Concepts | 179 | ||
| Relationship Between Drug Concentration and Drug Effect | 179 | ||
| Effects of Variables on Drug Pharmacokinetics | 181 | ||
| Age | 181 | ||
| Body Weight | 181 | ||
| Gender | 181 | ||
| Breed | 181 | ||
| Effects of Disease | 181 | ||
| Blood Flow Rate | 181 | ||
| Intrinsic Clearance | 181 | ||
| Protein Binding | 181 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 182 | ||
| Effects on Metabolism | 182 | ||
| Effects on Renal Clearance | 182 | ||
| Drug Additivity and Synergism | 182 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 182 | ||
| Intravenous | 182 | ||
| Intramuscular and Subcutaneous | 183 | ||
| Oral | 183 | ||
| Topical | 183 | ||
| References | 184 | ||
| Chapter 10: Anxiolytics, Nonopioid Sedative-Analgesics, and Opioid Analgesics | 185 | ||
| Phenothiazine Tranquilizers | 186 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 187 | ||
| Applied Pharmacology | 187 | ||
| Biodisposition | 188 | ||
| Clinical Use and Antagonism | 189 | ||
| Complications, Side Effects, and Toxicity | 189 | ||
| Butyrophenones | 190 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 190 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 191 | ||
| Applied Pharmacology | 191 | ||
| Biodisposition | 191 | ||
| Clinical Use and Antagonism | 191 | ||
| Complications, Side Effects, and Clinical Toxicity | 191 | ||
| Nonopioid Sedative-Analgesics | 192 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 192 | ||
| Applied Pharmacology | 192 | ||
| Biodisposition | 196 | ||
| Clinical Use and Antagonism | 196 | ||
| Complications, Side Effects, and Clinical Toxicity | 198 | ||
| Opioid Analgesics | 199 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 199 | ||
| Applied Pharmacology | 200 | ||
| Biodisposition | 202 | ||
| Clinical Use and Antagonism | 202 | ||
| Complications, Side Effects, and Clinical Toxicity | 203 | ||
| Sedative-Hypnotic, Opioid, And Nonopioid Drug Combinations | 203 | ||
| References | 204 | ||
| Chapter 11: Local Anesthetic Drugs and Techniques | 210 | ||
| Physiology of Nerve Transmission | 210 | ||
| Nerve Fiber Types | 210 | ||
| Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics | 211 | ||
| Mechanisms of Action | 211 | ||
| General Properties | 211 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Drugs | 212 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Drug Pharmacology | 214 | ||
| Potentiation and Inhibition of Local Anesthesia | 218 | ||
| Vasoconstrictors | 218 | ||
| Hyaluronidase | 220 | ||
| pH Adjustment | 220 | ||
| Inflammation and Local pH Changes | 220 | ||
| Indications and Choice of Local Anesthetic | 220 | ||
| Equipment for Performing Local Anesthesia | 220 | ||
| Nerve Blocks | 221 | ||
| Regional Anesthesia of the Head | 221 | ||
| Laparotomy | 230 | ||
| Caudal Anesthesia | 233 | ||
| Castration | 237 | ||
| Therapeutic Local Anesthesia | 237 | ||
| Complications | 239 | ||
| Systemic Toxicity | 239 | ||
| Local Tissue Toxicity and Nerve Damage | 239 | ||
| Tachyphylaxis | 239 | ||
| References | 239 | ||
| Chapter 12: Intravenous Anesthetic Drugs | 243 | ||
| Intravenous Anesthetics | 243 | ||
| The Barbiturates | 244 | ||
| Dissociative Anesthetics | 249 | ||
| Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants | 252 | ||
| Other Intravenous Drugs | 254 | ||
| Chloral Hydrate | 254 | ||
| Etorphine/Acepromazine | 255 | ||
| Propofol | 256 | ||
| Metomidate, Etomidate, Alphaxalone/Alphadolone | 256 | ||
| References | 257 | ||
| Chapter 13: Intravenous Anesthetic and Analgesic Adjuncts to Inhalation Anesthesia | 260 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Intravenous Agents | 260 | ||
| Total Intravenous Anesthesia Techniques in Horses | 261 | ||
| Total Intravenous Anesthesia for Short-Duration (<30 Minutes) Procedures | 261 | ||
| Total Intravenous Anesthesia for Intermediate-Duration (30 to 90 Minutes) Procedures | 267 | ||
| Total Intravenous Anesthesia for Prolonged Procedures (120 Minutes and More) | 270 | ||
| Intravenous Analgesic Adjuncts in Combination with Inhalation Anesthesia in Horses | 272 | ||
| Opioid Infusion | 273 | ||
| Ketamine Infusion | 273 | ||
| Medetomidine Infusion | 273 | ||
| Lidocaine Infusion | 273 | ||
| Simultaneous Infusion of Guaifenesin-Ketamine-Xylazine, Guaifenesin-Ketamine-Medetomidine, or Midazolam-Ketamine-Medetomidine During Inhalant Anesthesia | 274 | ||
| Conclusion | 274 | ||
| Reference | 274 | ||
| Chapter 14: Tracheal and Nasal Intubation | 277 | ||
| Anatomy | 277 | ||
| Purposes of Intubation | 278 | ||
| Complications of Tracheal Intubation | 280 | ||
| Preoperative Evaluation | 281 | ||
| Equipment | 281 | ||
| Tracheal Tubes | 281 | ||
| Mouth Specula | 282 | ||
| Lubricants | 282 | ||
| Cleaning, Sterilization, and Repair of Tracheal Tubes | 282 | ||
| Intubation Technique | 283 | ||
| Orotracheal intubation | 283 | ||
| Nasotracheal Intubation | 284 | ||
| Tracheostomy | 285 | ||
| Considerations for Laser Procedures of the Upper Airway and Oral Cavity | 285 | ||
| Extubation | 286 | ||
| Complications After Extubation | 286 | ||
| References | 286 | ||
| Chapter 15: Inhalation Anesthetics and Gases | 288 | ||
| Fundamentals of Inhalation Anesthesia | 288 | ||
| General Characteristics of Inhalation Anesthetics | 289 | ||
| Chemical and Physical Properties | 289 | ||
| Minimum Alveolar Concentration | 290 | ||
| Monitoring the Response to Anesthetics | 291 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Anesthetics | 292 | ||
| Anesthetic Uptake: Factors That Determine the Alveolar Partial Pressure of Anesthetic | 293 | ||
| Anesthetic Elimination | 295 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics: The Actions and Toxicity of Inhalation Anesthetics | 296 | ||
| The Volatile Anesthetics | 297 | ||
| The Gaseous Anesthetic-Nitrous Oxide | 308 | ||
| Trace Concentrations of Inhalation Anesthetics: Occupational Exposure | 308 | ||
| References | 309 | ||
| Chapter 16: Anesthetic Equipment | 315 | ||
| Systems for Delivery of Medical Gases | 315 | ||
| Compressed Gas Cylinders and Connections | 315 | ||
| Oxygen-Generating Systems | 317 | ||
| Pressure Regulators | 318 | ||
| Components of the Anesthetic Machine and Breathing Circuit | 318 | ||
| Vaporizers | 319 | ||
| Common Gas Outlet | 320 | ||
| Anesthetic Breathing Circuits | 320 | ||
| Fresh Gas Flow Rates | 324 | ||
| Equine Anesthetic Machines | 325 | ||
| Machine and Breathing Circuit Check | 326 | ||
| Complications Related to the Anesthetic Machine and Breathing Circuits | 328 | ||
| Waste Gas Disposal (Scavenger) Systems | 328 | ||
| Cleaning and Disinfection of Anesthetic Machines and Breathing Circuits | 329 | ||
| Surgical Tables and Protective Padding | 329 | ||
| Slings | 330 | ||
| Pools | 330 | ||
| References | 330 | ||
| Chapter 17: Oxygen Supplementation and Ventilatory Support | 332 | ||
| Historical Considerations | 332 | ||
| Special Considerations Regarding Equine Anatomy and Physiology | 332 | ||
| Conducting Airways | 332 | ||
| Pulmonary Mechanics | 333 | ||
| Gas Exchange Units | 333 | ||
| Indications for Oxygen Supplementation | 334 | ||
| Indications for Ventilatory Support | 335 | ||
| Equipment | 337 | ||
| Methods of Increasing the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) | 337 | ||
| Mechanical Ventilators | 338 | ||
| Ventilators for Equine Use | 342 | ||
| Ventilatory Assist Devices | 344 | ||
| Basics of Ventilator Setup | 344 | ||
| Respiratory Effects of Oxygen Supplementation and Mechanical Ventilation | 345 | ||
| Cardiovascular Effects of Oxygen Supplementation and Mechanical Ventilation | 346 | ||
| Effect of Changes in Intrathoracic Pressure on Venous Return and Right Heart Function | 346 | ||
| Effect of Changes in Intrathoracic Pressure on the Left Ventricle | 347 | ||
| Effects of Changing Lung Volume | 347 | ||
| Heart Rate Changes with Ventilation | 347 | ||
| Effects of Mechanical Ventilation on Cerebral Perfusion | 347 | ||
| Monitoring Ventilatory Support | 348 | ||
| Complications of Ventilatory Support | 348 | ||
| Special Situations | 350 | ||
| Abdominal Exploratory in the Adult Horse | 350 | ||
| Foals | 351 | ||
| Summary | 351 | ||
| References | 351 | ||
| Chapter 18: Anesthesia and Analgesia for Donkeys and Mules | 353 | ||
| Preoperative Evaluation | 353 | ||
| Behavioral Differences | 353 | ||
| Physiological Differences | 353 | ||
| Anatomical Differences | 353 | ||
| Normal Values | 354 | ||
| Preoperative Analgesia in Donkeys and Mules | 354 | ||
| Premedication and Sedation for Standing Procedures | 354 | ||
| Induction and Maintenance of General Anesthesia with Injectable Drugs | 355 | ||
| Guaifenesin-Ketamine-Xylazine Administration to Donkeys | 355 | ||
| Maintenance with Inhalant Anesthetics | 356 | ||
| Monitoring Anesthesia | 356 | ||
| Recovery from Anesthesia | 356 | ||
| Analgesia | 356 | ||
| References | 357 | ||
| Chapter 19: Peripheral Muscle Relaxants | 358 | ||
| Physiology and Pharmacology of the Neuromuscular Junction | 358 | ||
| Normal Neuromuscular Transmission | 358 | ||
| Pathological Alterations to Neuromuscular Transmission | 360 | ||
| Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 360 | ||
| Actions of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 360 | ||
| Other Effects of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 362 | ||
| Protein Binding, Metabolism, and Excretion of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 363 | ||
| Physiological Alterations Affecting Neuromuscular Blockade | 364 | ||
| Exercise, Temperature, and Acid-Base Balance | 364 | ||
| Electrolyte Disturbances | 364 | ||
| Reversal of Nondepolarizing Blockade | 364 | ||
| Mechanism of Action of Drugs that Facilitate Neuromuscular Junction Function | 364 | ||
| Autonomic Effects of the Facilitory Drugs | 364 | ||
| Monitoring Neuromuscular Blockade | 364 | ||
| Quantitative Techniques | 365 | ||
| Clinical Monitoring: Estimation \nof Mechanical Responses | 365 | ||
| Administration of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs to Anesthetized Horses | 367 | ||
| Administration of Neuromuscular Facilitory Drugs to Anesthetized Horses | 367 | ||
| References | 368 | ||
| Chapter 20: Perioperative Pain Management | 369 | ||
| Physiology of Pain | 369 | ||
| Consequences of Pain | 371 | ||
| Pain Assessment | 371 | ||
| Pain Assessment Tools | 372 | ||
| Treating Perioperative and Operative Pain | 374 | ||
| Analgesic Therapies | 374 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 374 | ||
| Opioids | 377 | ||
| alpha2-Adrenoceptor Agonists | 377 | ||
| Local Anesthetics | 377 | ||
| Other Drugs | 377 | ||
| Future Advancements | 378 | ||
| References | 378 | ||
| Chapter 21: Considerations for Induction, Maintenance, and Recovery | 381 | ||
| Producing (Inducing) Anesthesia | 381 | ||
| Maintaining Anesthesia | 383 | ||
| Recovery from Anesthesia | 384 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Duration of Recovery | 384 | ||
| Recovery Stall Design | 389 | ||
| Assisting Recovery | 391 | ||
| Equipment | 391 | ||
| Recovery From Anesthesia Outdoors | 392 | ||
| Recovery from Anesthesia in Specially Designed Facilities | 393 | ||
| Inflated Air Pillow Recoveries | 393 | ||
| Tilt-Table Recoveries | 393 | ||
| Sling Recoveries | 394 | ||
| Swimming Pool and Raft Systems | 394 | ||
| Rectangular (Hydropool System) | 395 | ||
| Conclusion | 395 | ||
| References | 395 | ||
| Chapter 22: Anesthetic-Associated Complications | 397 | ||
| The Induction Phase | 397 | ||
| Drug Administration | 397 | ||
| Sedation | 398 | ||
| Producing Anesthesia | 399 | ||
| Breathing | 399 | ||
| Blood Pressure and Tissue Perfusion | 400 | ||
| The Maintenance Phase | 401 | ||
| Breathing | 401 | ||
| Blood Pressure and Tissue Perfusion | 403 | ||
| The Recovery Phase | 406 | ||
| Breathing | 407 | ||
| Other Complications | 411 | ||
| Equipment | 411 | ||
| Hospitalization and Surgery | 413 | ||
| Human Error | 415 | ||
| References | 415 | ||
| Chapter 23: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 418 | ||
| Causes of Cardiopulmonary Emergencies | 418 | ||
| Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Emergencies | 418 | ||
| Chest Compression in Horses | 423 | ||
| Cardiac Compression | 424 | ||
| Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Horse | 424 | ||
| Airway and Breathing | 424 | ||
| Circulation | 426 | ||
| Drugs | 427 | ||
| Assessment of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Prognosis | 429 | ||
| References | 429 | ||
| Chapter 24: Anesthetic Protocols and Techniques for Specific Procedures | 430 | ||
| Castration | 430 | ||
| Arthroscopy | 431 | ||
| Arthrodesis | 432 | ||
| Nasal Septum Removal | 433 | ||
| Abdominal Exploratory for Colic Pain | 434 | ||
| Ophthalmological Surgery | 435 | ||
| Anesthesia of a Draft Horse | 436 | ||
| Anesthesia of a Foal | 437 | ||
| Anesthesia of a Foal with a Ruptured Bladder | 438 | ||
| Chapter 25: Anesthetic Risk and Euthanasia | 439 | ||
| Anesthetic Risk | 439 | ||
| Euthanasia | 439 | ||
| American Veterinary Medical Association Guidelines for Euthanasia | 441 | ||
| Modes of Action of Drugs Used for Euthanasia | 442 | ||
| Chemical Methods of Euthanasia | 442 | ||
| Inhalants | 442 | ||
| Injectable Drugs | 442 | ||
| Barbituric Acid Derivatives | 443 | ||
| Chloral Hydrate | 444 | ||
| Magnesium Sulfate | 444 | ||
| Potassium Chloride | 444 | ||
| Chloral Hydrate, Magnesium Sulfate, and Sodium Pentobarbital | 444 | ||
| Peripheral Muscle Relaxants | 444 | ||
| Strychnine | 444 | ||
| Nicotine Sulfate | 445 | ||
| Physical Methods of Euthanasia | 445 | ||
| Captive Bolt | 445 | ||
| Gunshot | 445 | ||
| Exsanguination | 445 | ||
| Electrocution | 445 | ||
| Methods of Confirming and Ensuring Death | 446 | ||
| Use of Euthanized Horses for Food | 446 | ||
| References | 446 | ||
| Appendix A: Respiratory Abbreviations | 447 | ||
| Appendix B: Drug Schedules | 449 | ||
| Class I and Class II | 449 | ||
| Class II | 450 | ||
| Class III, Class IV, and Class V | 450 | ||
| Refills | 450 | ||
| Written and Oral Refills (C-III,C-IV, and C-V) | 450 | ||
| Partials (C-III, C-IV, and C-V) | 450 | ||
| Labeling | 450 | ||
| Disposal | 450 | ||
| Appendix C: Equine Anesthesia Record and Recovery Sheet | 451 | ||
| References | 452 | ||
| Appendix D: Pain Management Plan | 453 | ||
| Appendix E: Anesthesia Equipment Companies | 455 | ||
| Index | 459 |