BOOK
Pathophysiology for the Health Professions - E- Book
Karin C. VanMeter | Robert J Hubert
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A concise, easy-to-understand introduction to the fundamentals, Gould’s Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 5th Edition helps you learn essential concepts of major diseases/disorders and disease processes. Continuing in its well-known tradition of readability and vivid, full-color illustrations, the text is updated with the latest research and trends in human disease. Disorders are described by body system, with coverage of the interactions between systems, and special features help you apply the material to real-life situations. No matter which healthcare field you may enter, Gould’s Pathophysiology prepares you for the conditions encountered in clinical practice.
"Gould’s Pathophysiology for the Health Professions can easily be incorporated into a course as a prescribed book to students in the health care professions. The authors of this book are commended for their contribution to the literature on pathophysiology and its application to the health professions." Reviewed by: Dr Benita Olivier, University of the Witwatersrand, Date: Oct 14
- Concise and readable approach includes the information you need without being overwhelming, even if you have a limited scientific background.
- Unique Think About questions alert you to important points and help with self-evaluation, test preparation, and review.
- Warning Signs boxes help you identify the pre-emptive signs of physiologic events such as strokes.
- Emergency Treatment boxes give step-by-step instructions to follow for emergencies such as shock, cardiac arrest, and pneumothorax.
- Apply Your Knowledge questions ask you to use what you’ve learned to predict What can go wrong with this structure or system?
- Ready References in the appendix provide a quick lookup for anatomic terms, conversion tables, abbreviations and acronyms, diagnostic studies and tests, and more.
- Key terms are listed at the beginning of each chapter and defined within the text, covering the scientific terminology you need to know.
- Research boxes discuss new developments, problem areas of pathophysiology, and complications associated with research.
- Learning objectives and bulleted chapter summaries help you focus on key concepts and information.
- NEW Defense/Protective Mechanisms section consolidates coverage of inflammation and healing, infection, and immunity.
- UPDATED chapters are reorganized with a building-block method that presents content in a more logical and systematic approach.
- UPDATED format for individual disorders includes 1) background, 2) pathophysiology, 3) etiology, 4) signs and symptoms, 5) diagnoses, 6) possible related complications/disorders, and 7) treatments/research.
- NEW! Pathophysiology of Body Systems chapters begin with a brief review of normal anatomy and physiology and show the interrelatedness and the interactions between systems.
- NEW authors bring a fresh and contemporary approach to the content while keeping true to the integrity of Barbara Gould’s original text.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Gould's Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 5/e | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vii | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Organization | viii | ||
| Section I—Basic Concepts of Disease Processes | viii | ||
| Section II—Defense/Protective Mechanisms | viii | ||
| Section III—Pathophysiology of Body Systems | viii | ||
| Section IV: Biological Factors Contributing to Pathophysiology | viii | ||
| Section V: Environmental Factors and Pathophysiology | viii | ||
| Appendices—additional information: | viii | ||
| Format and Features | viii | ||
| What’s New? | ix | ||
| Guidelines for Users | ix | ||
| Resources | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xii | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| I Pathophysiology: Background and Overview | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology | 1 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key Terms | 1 | ||
| What Is Pathophysiology and Why Study It? | 2 | ||
| Understanding Health and Disease | 2 | ||
| Concept and Scope of Pathophysiology and Evidenced-Based Practice | 2 | ||
| Beginning the Process: A Medical History | 4 | ||
| New Developments and Trends | 5 | ||
| Basic Terminology of Pathophysiology | 5 | ||
| The Disease Process | 5 | ||
| Causes of Disease | 6 | ||
| Characteristics of Disease | 6 | ||
| Disease Prognosis | 7 | ||
| Introduction to Cellular Changes | 8 | ||
| Terms Used for Common Cellular Adaptations | 8 | ||
| Cell Damage and Necrosis | 9 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 12 | ||
| Study Questions | 13 | ||
| Additional Resources | 13 | ||
| 2 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances | 14 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 14 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 14 | ||
| Key Terms | 14 | ||
| Fluid Imbalance | 15 | ||
| Review of Concepts and Processes | 15 | ||
| Fluid Compartments | 15 | ||
| Movement of Water | 15 | ||
| Fluid Excess—Edema | 16 | ||
| Causes of Edema | 16 | ||
| Effects of Edema | 19 | ||
| Fluid Deficit—Dehydration | 20 | ||
| Causes of Dehydration | 21 | ||
| Effects of Dehydration | 21 | ||
| Third-Spacing: Fluid Deficit and Fluid Excess | 21 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalances | 21 | ||
| Sodium Imbalance | 21 | ||
| Review of Sodium | 21 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 22 | ||
| Causes of Hyponatremia | 22 | ||
| Effects of Hyponatremia | 23 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 23 | ||
| Causes of Hypernatremia | 23 | ||
| Effects of Hypernatremia | 24 | ||
| Potassium Imbalance | 24 | ||
| Review of Potassium | 24 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 24 | ||
| Causes of Hypokalemia | 24 | ||
| Effects of Hypokalemia | 24 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 24 | ||
| Causes of Hyperkalemia | 25 | ||
| Effects of Hyperkalemia | 25 | ||
| Calcium Imbalance | 25 | ||
| Review of Calcium | 25 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 26 | ||
| Causes of Hypocalcemia | 26 | ||
| Effects of Hypocalcemia | 27 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 27 | ||
| Causes of Hypercalcemia | 27 | ||
| Effects of Hypercalcemia | 27 | ||
| Other Electrolytes | 27 | ||
| Magnesium | 27 | ||
| Phosphate | 28 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 28 | ||
| Hyperphosphatemia | 28 | ||
| Chloride | 28 | ||
| Hypochloremia | 28 | ||
| Hyperchloremia | 28 | ||
| Acid-Base Imbalance | 28 | ||
| Review of Concepts and Processes | 28 | ||
| Control of Serum pH | 29 | ||
| Buffer Systems | 29 | ||
| The Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer System and Maintenance of Serum pH | 30 | ||
| Respiratory System | 31 | ||
| Renal System | 31 | ||
| Acid-Base Imbalance | 31 | ||
| Compensation | 31 | ||
| Decompensation | 31 | ||
| Acidosis | 32 | ||
| Causes of Acidosis | 32 | ||
| Effects of Acidosis | 32 | ||
| Alkalosis | 33 | ||
| Effects of Alkalosis | 33 | ||
| Treatment of Imbalances | 34 | ||
| Case Study A Vomiting | 37 | ||
| Part A: Day 1 | 37 | ||
| Part B: Days 2 to 3 | 37 | ||
| Part C: Day 3: Admission to the Hospital | 37 | ||
| Case Study B Diarrhea | 38 | ||
| Case Study C Nephrotic Syndrome | 38 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 38 | ||
| Study Questions | 39 | ||
| Additional Resources | 39 | ||
| 3 Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies | 40 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 40 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 40 | ||
| Key Terms | 40 | ||
| Pharmacology | 40 | ||
| Basic Principles | 40 | ||
| Drug Effects | 41 | ||
| Administration and Distribution of Drugs | 42 | ||
| Drug Mechanisms and Receptors | 45 | ||
| Drug Classifications and Prescriptions | 46 | ||
| Traditional Forms of Therapy | 47 | ||
| Physiotherapy | 47 | ||
| Occupational Therapy | 47 | ||
| Speech/Language Pathology | 48 | ||
| Nutrition/Diet | 48 | ||
| Registered Massage Therapy | 48 | ||
| Osteopathy | 48 | ||
| Chiropractic | 48 | ||
| Complementary or Alternative Therapies | 48 | ||
| Noncontact Therapeutic Touch | 49 | ||
| Naturopathy | 49 | ||
| Homeopathy | 49 | ||
| Herbal Medicine | 49 | ||
| Aromatherapy | 49 | ||
| Asian Concepts of Disease and Healing | 49 | ||
| Acupuncture | 49 | ||
| Shiatsu | 50 | ||
| Yoga | 50 | ||
| Reflexology | 50 | ||
| Craniosacral Therapy | 50 | ||
| Ayurveda | 50 | ||
| Emergency Assessment and Aid | 51 | ||
| Case Study A Therapies for Pain | 51 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 51 | ||
| Study Questions | 51 | ||
| Additional Resources | 52 | ||
| Web Sites | 52 | ||
| 4 Pain | 53 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 53 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 53 | ||
| Key Terms | 53 | ||
| Etiology and Sources of Pain | 53 | ||
| Structures and Pain Pathways | 54 | ||
| Physiology of Pain and Pain Control | 55 | ||
| Characteristics of Pain | 57 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 57 | ||
| Young Children and Pain | 57 | ||
| Referred Pain | 57 | ||
| Phantom Pain | 58 | ||
| Pain Perception and Response | 59 | ||
| Basic Classifications of Pain | 59 | ||
| Acute Pain | 59 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 59 | ||
| Headache | 59 | ||
| Central Pain | 61 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 61 | ||
| Ischemic Pain | 61 | ||
| Cancer-Related Pain | 61 | ||
| Pain Control | 61 | ||
| Methods of Managing Pain | 61 | ||
| Anesthesia | 62 | ||
| Case Study A Acute Pain | 63 | ||
| Case Study B Chronic Pain | 63 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 64 | ||
| Study Questions | 64 | ||
| Additional Resources | 64 | ||
| Web Sites | 64 | ||
| II Defense/Protective Mechanisms | 65 | ||
| 5 Inflammation and Healing | 65 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 65 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 65 | ||
| Key Terms | 66 | ||
| Review of Body Defenses | 66 | ||
| Mechanical Barriers | 66 | ||
| Nonspecific Mechanisms | 66 | ||
| Specific Mechanisms | 66 | ||
| Review of Normal Capillary Exchange | 66 | ||
| Physiology of Inflammation | 66 | ||
| Definition | 67 | ||
| Causes | 67 | ||
| Steps of Inflammation | 69 | ||
| Acute Inflammation | 69 | ||
| Pathophysiology and General Characteristics | 69 | ||
| Local Effects | 70 | ||
| Systemic Effects | 71 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 72 | ||
| Potential Complications | 72 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation | 72 | ||
| Pathophysiology and General Characteristics | 72 | ||
| Potential Complications | 73 | ||
| Treatment of Inflammation | 73 | ||
| Drugs | 73 | ||
| First Aid Measures | 75 | ||
| Other Therapies | 75 | ||
| Healing | 75 | ||
| Types of Healing | 75 | ||
| The Healing Process | 76 | ||
| Factors Affecting Healing | 77 | ||
| Complications due to Scar Formation | 77 | ||
| Loss of Function | 77 | ||
| Contractures and Obstructions | 78 | ||
| Adhesions | 78 | ||
| Hypertrophic Scar Tissue | 78 | ||
| Ulceration | 78 | ||
| Example of Inflammation and Healing | 78 | ||
| Burns | 78 | ||
| Classifications of Burns | 79 | ||
| Effects of Burn Injury | 82 | ||
| Shock | 82 | ||
| Respiratory Problems | 82 | ||
| Pain | 83 | ||
| Infection | 83 | ||
| Metabolic Needs | 83 | ||
| Healing of Burns | 83 | ||
| Children | 84 | ||
| Case Study A Trauma | 86 | ||
| Case Study B Burns | 86 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 86 | ||
| Study Questions | 86 | ||
| Inflammation | 86 | ||
| Healing | 87 | ||
| Burns | 87 | ||
| Additional Resources | 87 | ||
| Web Sites | 87 | ||
| 6 Infection | 88 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 88 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 88 | ||
| Key Terms | 88 | ||
| Review of Microbiology | 89 | ||
| Microorganisms | 89 | ||
| Types of Microorganisms | 90 | ||
| Bacteria | 90 | ||
| Viruses | 92 | ||
| Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, and Mycoplasmas | 93 | ||
| Fungi | 96 | ||
| Protozoa | 96 | ||
| Other Agents of Disease | 98 | ||
| Helminths | 98 | ||
| Prions | 98 | ||
| Algae | 98 | ||
| Resident Flora (Indigenous Normal Flora, Resident Microbiota) | 98 | ||
| Principles of Infection | 99 | ||
| Transmission of Infectious Agents | 99 | ||
| Host Resistance | 100 | ||
| Virulence and Pathogenicity of Microorganisms | 101 | ||
| New Issues Affecting Infections and Transmission | 101 | ||
| Control of Transmission and Infection | 102 | ||
| Physiology of Infection | 104 | ||
| Onset and Development | 104 | ||
| Patterns of Infection | 105 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Infection | 105 | ||
| Local Signs | 105 | ||
| Systemic Signs | 105 | ||
| Methods of Diagnosis | 106 | ||
| Treatment and Antimicrobial Drugs | 106 | ||
| Guidelines for Use | 106 | ||
| Classification | 107 | ||
| Mode of Action | 107 | ||
| Example of Infection: Influenza (Flu) | 109 | ||
| Case Study A Viral Gastroenteritis | 111 | ||
| Case Study B Upper Respiratory Infection | 111 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 111 | ||
| Study Questions | 112 | ||
| Additional Resources | 112 | ||
| Web Sites | 112 | ||
| 7 Immunity | 113 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 113 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 113 | ||
| Key Terms | 113 | ||
| Review of the Immune System | 114 | ||
| Components of the Immune System | 114 | ||
| Elements of the Immune System | 114 | ||
| Antigens | 114 | ||
| Cells | 114 | ||
| Antibodies or Immunoglobulins | 117 | ||
| Complement System | 117 | ||
| Chemical Mediators | 118 | ||
| The Immune Response | 118 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 118 | ||
| The Process of Acquiring Immunity | 118 | ||
| Outcome of Infectious Disease | 120 | ||
| Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases and Immunity | 120 | ||
| Bioterrorism | 120 | ||
| Tissue and Organ Transplant Rejection | 120 | ||
| Rejection Process | 121 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 121 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Reactions | 121 | ||
| Type I: Allergic Reactions | 122 | ||
| Causative Mechanism | 122 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Symptoms | 122 | ||
| Hay Fever or Allergic Rhinitis | 122 | ||
| Food Allergies | 122 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis or Eczema | 123 | ||
| Asthma | 123 | ||
| Anaphylaxis or Anaphylactic Shock | 124 | ||
| ■ Pathophysiology | 124 | ||
| ■ Signs and Symptoms | 124 | ||
| ■ Treatment | 124 | ||
| Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity | 124 | ||
| Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity | 125 | ||
| Type IV: Cell-Mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity | 126 | ||
| Autoimmune Disorders | 127 | ||
| Mechanism | 127 | ||
| Example: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 127 | ||
| ■ Pathophysiology | 128 | ||
| ■ Clinical Signs and Symptoms | 128 | ||
| ■ Diagnostic Tests | 128 | ||
| ■ Treatment | 128 | ||
| Immunodeficiency | 130 | ||
| Causes of Immunodeficiency | 130 | ||
| Effects of Immunodeficiency | 130 | ||
| ■ Treatment | 131 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 131 | ||
| History | 131 | ||
| The Agent | 133 | ||
| Transmission | 134 | ||
| ■ Diagnostic Tests | 135 | ||
| ■ Clinical Signs and Symptoms | 135 | ||
| Women with AIDS | 136 | ||
| Children with AIDS | 136 | ||
| People over 50 with HIV/AIDS | 136 | ||
| ■ Treatment | 137 | ||
| Case Study A Hypersensitivity | 138 | ||
| Case Study B Anaphylaxis | 138 | ||
| Case Study C Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 138 | ||
| Case Study D HIV and AIDS | 139 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 139 | ||
| Study Questions | 140 | ||
| Additional Resources | 140 | ||
| Web Sites | 140 | ||
| Information on Vaccinations or on HIV/AIDS | 140 | ||
| III Pathophysiology of Body Systems | 141 | ||
| 8 Skin Disorders | 141 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 141 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 141 | ||
| Key Terms | 141 | ||
| Review of the Skin | 142 | ||
| Skin Lesions | 143 | ||
| ■ Diagnostic Tests | 144 | ||
| ■ General Treatment Measures | 145 | ||
| Inflammatory Disorders | 145 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 145 | ||
| Urticaria | 145 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis | 146 | ||
| Psoriasis | 147 | ||
| Pemphigus | 147 | ||
| Scleroderma | 147 | ||
| Skin Infections | 148 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 148 | ||
| Cellulitis | 148 | ||
| Furuncles | 148 | ||
| Impetigo | 148 | ||
| Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis | 149 | ||
| Leprosy | 149 | ||
| Viral Infections | 150 | ||
| Herpes Simplex | 150 | ||
| Verrucae | 150 | ||
| Fungal Infections | 150 | ||
| Tinea | 150 | ||
| Other Infections | 152 | ||
| Scabies | 152 | ||
| Pediculosis | 153 | ||
| Skin Tumors | 153 | ||
| Keratoses | 153 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 154 | ||
| Malignant Melanoma | 155 | ||
| Kaposi’s Sarcoma | 155 | ||
| Case Study A Atopic Dermatitis | 156 | ||
| Case Study B Malignant Melanoma | 156 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 156 | ||
| Study Questions | 157 | ||
| Additional Resources | 157 | ||
| Web Sites | 157 | ||
| 9 Musculoskeletal System Disorders | 158 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 158 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 158 | ||
| Key Terms | 158 | ||
| Review of the Musculoskeletal System | 159 | ||
| Bone | 159 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 161 | ||
| Joints | 163 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 164 | ||
| Trauma | 164 | ||
| Fractures | 164 | ||
| ■ Pathophysiology | 165 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Healing of Bone | 166 | ||
| ■ Signs and Symptoms | 167 | ||
| ■ Diagnostic Tests | 167 | ||
| ■ Treatment | 167 | ||
| Dislocations | 167 | ||
| Sprains and Strains | 168 | ||
| Other Injuries | 168 | ||
| Muscle Tears | 168 | ||
| Repetitive Strain Injury | 169 | ||
| Bone Disorders | 169 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 169 | ||
| ■ Pathophysiology | 169 | ||
| ■ Etiology | 169 | ||
| IV Biological Factors Contributing to Pathophysiology | 548 | ||
| 20 Neoplasms and Cancer | 548 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 548 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 548 | ||
| Key Terms | 548 | ||
| Review of Normal Cells | 549 | ||
| Benign and Malignant Tumors | 549 | ||
| Nomenclature | 550 | ||
| Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors | 550 | ||
| Malignant Tumors: Cancer | 550 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 550 | ||
| Effects of Malignant Tumors | 552 | ||
| Local Effects of Tumors | 552 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Malignant Tumors | 552 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 553 | ||
| Spread of Malignant Tumors | 554 | ||
| Staging of Cancer | 556 | ||
| Etiology | 556 | ||
| Carcinogenesis | 556 | ||
| Risk Factors and Prevention | 557 | ||
| Host Defenses | 557 | ||
| Treatment | 559 | ||
| Surgery | 559 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 559 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 561 | ||
| Other Drugs | 563 | ||
| Nutrition | 563 | ||
| Complementary Therapies | 564 | ||
| Prognosis | 564 | ||
| Examples of Malignant Tumors | 564 | ||
| Skin Cancer | 564 | ||
| Ovarian Cancer | 565 | ||
| Brain Cancer | 565 | ||
| Cancer Incidences | 566 | ||
| Case Study A Lung Cancer | 567 | ||
| Case Study B Breast Cancer | 567 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 567 | ||
| Study Questions | 567 | ||
| Additional Resources | 568 | ||
| Web Sites | 568 | ||
| 21 Congenital and Genetic Disorders | 569 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 569 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 569 | ||
| Key Terms | 569 | ||
| Review of Genetic Control | 569 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 571 | ||
| Genetic Disorders | 574 | ||
| Single-Gene Disorders | 574 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Disorders | 575 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Disorders | 575 | ||
| X-Linked Dominant Disorders | 575 | ||
| X-Linked Recessive Disorders | 575 | ||
| Chromosomal Disorders | 576 | ||
| Multifactorial Disorders | 576 | ||
| Developmental Disorders | 577 | ||
| Diagnostic Tools | 578 | ||
| Genetic Technology | 579 | ||
| Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy | 579 | ||
| Genetic Diagnosis and DNA Testing | 579 | ||
| Proteomic Research and Designer Drugs | 579 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 580 | ||
| Case Study A Retinoblastoma | 580 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 580 | ||
| Study Questions | 582 | ||
| Additional Resources | 582 | ||
| Web Sites | 582 | ||
| 22 Complications of Pregnancy | 583 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 583 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 583 | ||
| Key Terms | 583 | ||
| Embryonic and Fetal Development | 583 | ||
| Physiological Changes During Pregnancy | 584 | ||
| Diagnosis of Pregnancy | 584 | ||
| Physiological Changes and Their Implications | 585 | ||
| Hormonal Changes | 585 | ||
| Reproductive System Changes | 585 | ||
| Weight Gain and Nutrition | 586 | ||
| Digestive System Changes | 586 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Changes | 586 | ||
| Cardiovascular Changes | 586 | ||
| Potential Complications of Pregnancy | 587 | ||
| Ectopic Pregnancy | 587 | ||
| Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension | 587 | ||
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | 587 | ||
| Placental Disorders | 588 | ||
| Blood Clotting Disorders | 588 | ||
| Thrombophlebitis and Thromboembolism | 588 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 588 | ||
| Rh Incompatibility | 588 | ||
| Infection | 589 | ||
| Adolescent Pregnancy | 590 | ||
| Case Study A Gestational Diabetes Mellitus* | 590 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 590 | ||
| Study Questions | 591 | ||
| Additional Resources | 591 | ||
| Web Sites | 591 | ||
| 23 Complications of Adolescence | 592 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 592 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 592 | ||
| Key Terms | 592 | ||
| Review of Changes During Adolescence | 592 | ||
| Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome | 593 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Abnormalities | 594 | ||
| Kyphosis and Lordosis | 594 | ||
| Scoliosis | 595 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 595 | ||
| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis | 597 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 598 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 598 | ||
| Bulimia Nervosa | 598 | ||
| Skin Disorders | 599 | ||
| Acne Vulgaris | 599 | ||
| Infection | 599 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis | 599 | ||
| Disorders Affecting Sexual Development | 600 | ||
| Chromosomal Disorders | 600 | ||
| Tumors | 600 | ||
| Menstrual Abnormalities | 600 | ||
| Case Study A Obesity | 601 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 601 | ||
| Study Questions | 601 | ||
| Additional Resources | 602 | ||
| Web Sites | 602 | ||
| 24 Complications of Aging | 603 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 603 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 603 | ||
| Key Terms | 603 | ||
| The Aging Process | 603 | ||
| Physiological Changes with Aging | 604 | ||
| Hormonal Changes | 604 | ||
| Reproductive System Changes | 604 | ||
| Changes in the Skin and Mucosa | 605 | ||
| Cardiovascular System Changes | 605 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System Changes | 606 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 606 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 607 | ||
| Herniated Intervertebral Disc | 607 | ||
| Other Changes | 607 | ||
| Respiratory System Changes | 607 | ||
| Nervous System Changes | 607 | ||
| Digestive System Changes and Nutrition | 608 | ||
| Urinary System Changes | 609 | ||
| Other Factors | 609 | ||
| Multiple Disorders | 609 | ||
| Case Study A Complications of Aging | 610 | ||
| Case Study B Alzheimer’s Disease | 610 | ||
| Case Study C Multiple Disorders of Aging | 610 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 610 | ||
| Study Questions | 611 | ||
| Additional Resources | 611 | ||
| Web Sites | 611 | ||
| V Environmental Factors and Pathophysiology | 612 | ||
| 25 Immobility and Associated Problems | 612 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 612 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 612 | ||
| Key Terms | 612 | ||
| Factors Involving Immobility | 613 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System Effects | 613 | ||
| Cutaneous Effects | 614 | ||
| Cardiovascular System Effects | 614 | ||
| Respiratory System Effects | 615 | ||
| Digestive System Effects | 615 | ||
| Urinary System Effects | 615 | ||
| Neurological/Psychological Effects | 616 | ||
| Effects of Immobility on Children | 616 | ||
| Case Study A Trauma and Immobility | 616 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 616 | ||
| Study Questions | 617 | ||
| Additional Resources | 617 | ||
| Web Sites | 617 | ||
| 26 Stress and Associated Problems | 618 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 618 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 618 | ||
| Key Terms | 618 | ||
| Review of the Stress Response | 618 | ||
| Stress and Disease | 619 | ||
| Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe Stress | 621 | ||
| Coping with Stress | 622 | ||
| Case Study A Situational Stress Response | 622 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 623 | ||
| Study Questions | 623 | ||
| Additional Resources | 623 | ||
| Web Sites | 623 | ||
| 27 Substance Abuse and Associated Problems | 624 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 624 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 624 | ||
| Key Terms | 624 | ||
| Terminology | 625 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 626 | ||
| Environmental/Behavioral Risk Factors | 626 | ||
| Indications/Recognition of Abuse | 627 | ||
| Potential Complications of Substance Abuse | 627 | ||
| Overdose | 627 | ||
| Withdrawal | 628 | ||
| Effects on Pregnancy | 628 | ||
| Cardiovascular Problems | 628 | ||
| Infection | 628 | ||
| Neurological/Psychological Effects | 628 | ||
| Alcohol | 628 | ||
| Cirrhosis (Laënnec’s Cirrhosis) | 628 | ||
| Nervous System Damage | 629 | ||
| Treatment for Substance Abuse | 629 | ||
| Case Study A Alcohol Abuse | 629 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 629 | ||
| Study Questions | 630 | ||
| Additional Resources | 630 | ||
| Web Sites | 630 | ||
| 28 Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems | 631 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 631 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 631 | ||
| Key Terms | 631 | ||
| Chemicals | 632 | ||
| Heavy Metals | 633 | ||
| Acids/Bases | 633 | ||
| Inhalants | 633 | ||
| Asbestos | 634 | ||
| Pesticides | 634 | ||
| Physical Agents | 634 | ||
| Temperature Hazards | 634 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 634 | ||
| Hypothermia | 635 | ||
| Radiation Hazards | 635 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation | 635 | ||
| Light Energy | 635 | ||
| Noise Hazards | 636 | ||
| Food and Waterborne Hazards | 636 | ||
| Biological Agents | 636 | ||
| Bites and Stings | 636 | ||
| Case Study A Occupational Hazards of Fighting Forest Fires | 637 | ||
| Chapter Summary | 637 | ||
| Study Questions | 637 | ||
| Additional Resources | 638 | ||
| Web Sites | 638 | ||
| Appendices | 639 | ||
| Ready Reference 1 | 639 | ||
| Body Planes, Cavities, Regions, and Fluid Compartments | 639 | ||
| Body Planes | 639 | ||
| Body Cavities | 639 | ||
| Body Regions | 639 | ||
| Body Fluid Compartments | 639 | ||
| Common Body Movements | 641 | ||
| Ready Reference 2 | 641 | ||
| Anatomic Terms | 641 | ||
| Prefix or Root (Combining Form) Used in Anatomic Terms | 641 | ||
| Directional Terms | 641 | ||
| Ready Reference 3 | 643 | ||
| Conversion Tables | 643 | ||
| Ready Reference 4 | 643 | ||
| Common Abbreviations and Acronyms | 643 | ||
| Common Pharmaceutical Abbreviations | 645 | ||
| Ready Reference 5 | 645 | ||
| Common Diagnostic Studies and Tests | 645 | ||
| Endoscopic Examination | 645 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 645 | ||
| Radiograph or X-ray Film | 645 | ||
| Computed Tomography (CT scan, formerly computerized axial tomography or CAT scan) | 645 | ||
| Ultrasonography (ultrasound) | 645 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 645 | ||
| Nuclear Scanning | 647 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | 647 | ||
| Determinations of Electrical Activity | 647 | ||
| Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) | 647 | ||
| Stress test (exercise electrocardiography) | 647 | ||
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | 647 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Tests | 648 | ||
| Blood Tests | 648 | ||
| Hematology testing | 648 | ||
| Blood chemistry tests | 648 | ||
| Immunodiagnostic Tests | 648 | ||
| Chromosomal and Genetic Analysis | 648 | ||
| Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | 649 | ||
| Urine Tests | 649 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests | 649 | ||
| Fecal Tests or Stool Analysis | 649 | ||
| Microbiologic Tests | 649 | ||
| Ready Reference 6 | 649 | ||
| Example of a Medical History | 649 | ||
| Ready Reference 7 | 653 | ||
| Disease Index | 653 | ||
| Ready Reference 8 | 658 | ||
| Drug Index | 658 | ||
| Ready Reference 9 | 660 | ||
| Additional Resources | 660 | ||
| Textbooks | 660 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 660 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 660 | ||
| Medicine | 660 | ||
| Pharmacology | 660 | ||
| Other Topics | 660 | ||
| Dictionaries and Medical Terminology | 660 | ||
| Journals | 661 | ||
| Journals Published by Professional Groups | 661 | ||
| Web Sites | 661 | ||
| Glossary | 662 | ||
| Index | 671 | ||
| A | 671 | ||
| B | 673 | ||
| C | 674 | ||
| D | 677 | ||
| E | 678 | ||
| F | 680 | ||
| G | 680 | ||
| H | 681 | ||
| I | 683 | ||
| J | 684 | ||
| K | 684 | ||
| L | 684 | ||
| M | 685 | ||
| N | 686 | ||
| O | 687 | ||
| P | 687 | ||
| Q | 689 | ||
| R | 689 | ||
| S | 690 | ||
| T | 692 | ||
| U | 693 | ||
| V | 694 | ||
| W | 694 | ||
| X | 694 | ||
| Z | 694 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc1 |