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Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians - E-Book

BOOK

Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians - E-Book

Margi Sirois

(2014)

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Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN
978-0-323-24357-5
Edition
6
Language
English
Pages
448
Subjects
Veterinary medicine

Abstract

Now in full color with hundreds of new images, Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 6th Edition covers the broad spectrum of laboratory procedures that veterinary technicians need to perform effectively in the practice setting. Comprehensive content presents the fundamentals of microbiology, hematology, urinalysis, immunology, and cytology, along with the laboratory procedures used to perform the most widely used tests such as complete blood count, urinalysis, and immunologic assays. This edition includes newly organized chapters with expanded coverage of essential material to prepare you for real-life laboratory work.

"Everything you would expect from an in- house lab is listed here." Reviewed by Fabienne Dethioux on behalf of Vet Nurses Today, March 2015

  • Comprehensive coverage gives you a solid foundation in the fundamentals of microbiology, hematology, urinalysis, immunology, and cytology, along with the laboratory procedures used to perform related tests.
  • Step-by-step procedure boxes offer quick access to the skills you must perform during your educational program, as well as procedures that are commonly performed by vet techs in private practice.
  • Provides the latest information needed to successfully perform a broad spectrum of laboratory tests, including complete blood count, urinalysis, and immunologic assays.
  • Completely updated content throughout reflects the latest advances in veterinary clinical laboratory procedures for improved patient service and higher practice revenue.
  • A comprehensive glossary of terms at the end of the text offers accurate, concise definitions and phonetic pronunciation guides.
  • NEW! Streamlined chapters are shorter and easier to digest with expanded coverage of essential material to prepare you for real-life laboratory work.
  • NEW! Full-color photos bring concepts to life, sequentially arranged to illustrate step-by-step procedures for all commonly performed diagnostic tests in the clinical laboratory.
  • NEW! Companion Lab Manual (sold separately) includes multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank exercises, photo quizzes, labeling exercises, crossword puzzles, and other activities to help you master and apply key concepts and procedures in clinical situations.
  • NEW! Special emphasis on the significance of abnormal results of key lab tests, zoonoses, and hematology.
  • NEW! Vet Tech Threads provide you with introductions, suggested readings, boxed technician notes, learning objectives, chapter outlines, key terms, and a glossary for easy navigation through chapters and more focused learning.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover cover
Inside Front Cover ifc1
Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians 6E i
Copyright Page ii
Dedication iii
Preface iv
New to this Edition iv
Procedures iv
Clinical Chemistry iv
Cytology iv
General Laboratory iv
Hematology iv
Microbiology v
Parasitology v
Urinalysis v
Acknowledgments vi
Table Of Contents vii
Unit One The Veterinary Practice Laboratory 1
Unit Objectives 1
Unit Overview 1
Role of the Veterinary Technician 1
Unit Outline 1
Recommended Reading 1
Internet Resources 1
1 Safety Concerns and OSHA Standards 2
Outline 2
Learning Objectives 2
Key Terms 2
Hazard Control 3
OSHA Standards 4
Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories Standard 4
The Hazard Communication Standard 4
Container Labeling 4
The Bloodborne Pathogens Standard 5
Other Potentially Infectious Materials 5
The Personal Protective Equipment Standard 5
Biosafety Hazard Considerations 6
Biosafety Level I 6
Biosafety Level II 7
Biosafety Level III 7
Biosafety Level IV 7
Shipping Hazardous Materials 7
Laboratory Design 8
General Considerations 8
Sink 8
Storage Space 8
Electrical Supply 9
Internet Access 9
Key Points 9
2 General Laboratory Equipment 10
Outline 10
Learning Objectives 10
Key Terms 10
Test Tubes 10
Centrifuge 10
Refractometer 13
Care and Maintenance 13
Pipettes 14
Temperature-Controlling Equipment 14
Incubators 14
Refrigerators 15
Water Baths and Heat Blocks 15
Automated Analyzers 15
Miscellaneous Equipment and Supplies 15
Key Points 16
3 The Microscope 17
Outline 17
Learning Objectives 17
Key Terms 17
Care and Maintenance 20
Calibration of the Microscope 21
Digital Microscopy 21
Capturing Digital Images 22
Resolution 22
Types of Systems 22
Quality 23
Key Points 23
4 The Metric System and Lab Calculations 24
Outline 24
Learning Objectives 24
Key Terms 24
Numbering Systems 24
The Metric System 24
The International System of Units 25
Dilutions 25
Scientific Notation 26
pH and Logarithms 26
Temperature Conversions 26
Points of Equivalence 26
Key Points 27
5 Quality Control and Record Keeping 28
Outline 28
Learning Objectives 28
Key Terms 28
Accuracy, Precision, and Reliability 28
Analysis of Control Materials 29
Errors 30
Preanalytic Variables 30
Analytic Variables 30
Applied Quality Control 31
Laboratory Records 31
Internal Records 31
External Records 31
Key Points 31
Unit One Review Questions 32
Chapter 1 32
Chapter 2 32
Chapter 3 33
Chapter 4 33
Chapter 5 33
Answers 34
Chapter 1 34
Chapter 2 34
Chapter 3 34
Chapter 4 34
Chapter 5 34
Unit Two Hematology 35
Unit Objectives 35
Unit Overview 35
Normal Values 35
Unit Outline 35
Recommended Reading 35
Internet Resources 35
6 Hematopoiesis 36
Outline 36
Learning Objectives 36
Key Terms 36
Hematopoiesis 36
Erythropoiesis 37
Thrombopoiesis 38
Granulopoiesis 38
Monopoiesis 38
Lymphopoiesis 38
Definitions 39
Key Points 39
7 Sample Collection and Handling 40
Outline 40
Learning Objectives 40
Key Terms 40
Collection and Handling of Blood Samples 40
Collection Equipment 40
Whole Blood 41
Plasma and Serum 41
Anticoagulants 42
Heparin 42
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid 42
Oxalates and Citrates 42
Sodium Fluoride 43
Sample Volume 43
Collection Procedure 43
Order of Draw 44
Key Points 44
8 Automated Analyzers 45
Outline 45
Learning Objectives 45
Key Terms 45
Cell Counts 45
Types of Hematology Instruments 46
Impedance Analyzers 46
Quantitative Buffy Coat System 47
Laser-Based Flow Cytometer Analyzers 47
Histograms 48
Manual Cell Counts 49
Key Points 50
9 Hemoglobin, PCV, and Erythrocyte Indices 51
Outline 51
Learning Objectives 51
Key Terms 51
Packed Cell Volume 51
Significance of Packed Cell Volume Test Results 54
Plasma Protein Concentration 54
Hemoglobin Testing 54
Erythrocyte Indices 55
Mean Corpuscular Volume 55
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin 56
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration 56
Key Points 56
10 Evaluating the Blood Film 57
Outline 57
Learning Objectives 57
Key Terms 57
Preparation of Blood Films 57
Staining Blood Films 58
Performing the Differential Cell Count 59
Absolute Values 60
White Blood Cells 61
Morphologic Features of Mammalian Leukocytes in Peripheral Blood 61
Neutrophil. 61
Band Neutrophil. 62
Eosinophil. 62
Basophil. 63
Lymphocyte. 63
Monocyte. 63
Morphology of NORMAL Mammalian Erythrocytes in the Peripheral Blood 64
Platelet Estimate 64
Key Points 65
11 Morphologic Abnormalities of Blood Cells 66
Outline 66
Learning Objectives 66
Key Terms 66
Quantifying Morphologic Changes 66
Morphologic Abnormalities Seen in White Blood Cells 67
Nuclear Hyposegmentation 67
Nuclear Hypersegmentation 67
Toxic Change 67
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions in Infectious Diseases 68
Atypical and Reactive Lymphocytes 68
Lysosomal Storage Disorders 68
Birman Cat Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly 69
ChƩdiak-Higashi Syndrome 69
Siderotic Granules 69
Smudge Cells 69
Karyolysis, Pyknosis, and Karyorrhexis 69
Morphologic Abnormalities Seen in Red Blood Cells 69
Variations in Cell Arrangement 70
Rouleaux 70
Autoagglutination 70
Variations in Cell Size 70
Anisocytosis 70
Variations in Cell Color 70
Polychromasia 70
Hypochromasia 70
Hyperchromatophilic 71
Variations in Cell Shape 71
Poikilocytes 71
Schistocytes 71
Acanthocytes 71
Echinocytes 72
Drepanocytes 72
Keratocytes 72
Spherocytes 72
Leptocytes 73
Elliptocytes (Ovalocytes) 73
Eccentrocytes 73
Dacryocytes 73
Inclusions 73
Basophilic Stippling 73
Howell-Jolly Bodies 73
Heinz Bodies 74
Nucleated Erythrocytes 74
Parasites 74
Key Points 76
12 Additional Hematologic Tests 77
Outline 77
Learning Objectives 77
Key Terms 77
Reticulocyte Count 77
Bone Marrow Evaluation 78
Collection of Bone Marrow Samples 78
Aspiration Biopsy 79
Core Biopsy 79
Preparing Marrow Smears 79
Evaluation of Bone Marrow Films 80
Cells in Bone Marrow 80
Reporting of Results 82
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 82
Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility 82
Key Points 83
13 Hematopoietic Disorders and Classification of Anemia 84
Outline 84
Learning Objectives 84
Key Terms 84
Disorders of the Bone Marrow 84
Neoplasia 84
Classification of Anemia 85
Classification by Bone Marrow Response 85
Classification by Red Blood Cell Size and Hemoglobin Concentration 86
Classification by Etiology 86
Hemolytic 87
Hemorrhagic 87
Iron Deficiency 87
Production Disorders 88
Key Points 88
Unit Two Review Questions 89
Chapter 6 89
Chapter 7 89
Chapter 8 90
Chapter 9 90
Chapter 10 91
Chapter 11 92
Chapter 12 92
Unit Three Hemostasis 94
Unit Outline 94
Unit Objectives 94
Unit Overview 94
Recommended Reading 94
Internet Resources 94
14 Principles of Blood Coagulation 95
Outline 95
Learning Objectives 95
Key Terms 95
Overview of Blood Coagulation 95
Coagulation Testing 97
Key Points 97
15 Sample Collection and Handling 98
Outline 98
Learning Objectives 98
Key Terms 98
Sample Collection and Handling 98
Coagulation Instrumentation 99
Coag Dxā„¢ Analyzer 99
Fibrometer 99
Thromboelastograph 100
Platelet Function Analyzers 100
Point-of-Care Analyzers 100
Key Points 100
16 Platelet Evaluation 101
Outline 101
Learning Objectives 101
Key Terms 101
Platelet Count 101
Platelet Estimates 101
Platelet Indices 102
Mean Platelet Volume 102
Plateletcrit 102
Platelet Distribution Width 102
Platelet Function Tests 102
Additional Evaluations 103
Key Points 103
17 Coagulation Testing 104
Outline 104
Learning Objectives 104
Key Terms 104
Buccal Mucosa Bleeding Time 104
Activated Clotting Time 105
Whole Blood Clotting Time 105
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time 106
Prothrombin Time Test 106
Clot Retraction Test 106
Fibrinogen Determination 106
PIVKA 106
D-Dimer and Fibrin Degradation Products 107
Von Willebrand Factor 107
Coagulation Factor Assays 107
Key Points 107
18 Disorders of Hemostasis 108
Outline 108
Learning Objectives 108
Key Terms 108
Hemostatic Defects 108
Hereditary Coagulation Disorders 108
Von Willebrand Disease 109
Acquired Coagulation Disorders 110
Thrombocytopenia 110
Vitamin K Deficiency 112
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 112
Key Points 113
Unit Three Review Questions 114
Chapter 14 114
Chapter 15 114
Chapter 16 114
Chapter 17 114
Unit Four Immunology 116
Unit Outline 116
Unit Objectives 116
Unit Overview 116
Recommended Reading 116
Internet Resources 116
19 Basic Principles of Immunity 117
Outline 117
Learning Objectives 117
Key Terms 117
Innate Immune System 117
Adaptive Immune System 118
Humoral Immune System 119
Cell-Mediated Immune System 120
Immunologic Tolerance 121
Passive Immunity 121
Immunization 121
Key Points 122
20 Common Immunologic Laboratory Tests 123
Outline 123
Learning Objectives 123
Key Terms 123
Sample Collection and Handling 123
Handling Serologic Samples 124
Tests of Humoral Immunity 124
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 124
Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 127
Latex Agglutination 127
Rapid Immunomigration and Immunochromatography 127
Immunology Analyzers 128
Key Points 129
21 Blood Groups and Immunity 130
Outline 130
Learning Objectives 130
Key Terms 130
Blood Types 131
Dogs 131
Cats 131
Cattle 131
Sheep and Goats 131
Horses 131
Blood Typing 131
The Tube Method 131
The Card Agglutination Test 132
Immunochromatographic Assay 132
Crossmatching 133
Key Points 134
22 Intradermal Testing 135
Outline 135
Learning Objectives 135
Key Terms 135
Tests of Cell-Mediated Immunity 135
Intradermal Tests 135
Tuberculin Skin Test 137
Key Points 137
23 Reference Laboratory Tests 138
Outline 138
Learning Objectives 138
Key Terms 138
Coombs Testing 138
Immunodiffusion 138
Radioimmunoassay 139
Fluorescent Antibody Testing 139
Antibody Titers 139
Molecular Diagnostics 140
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction 141
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction 141
Polymerase Chain Reaction 141
Denaturation 141
Annealing 141
Extension 142
Key Points 142
24 Disorders of the Immune System 143
Outline 143
Learning Objectives 143
Key Terms 143
Hypersensitivity 143
Key Points 145
Unit Four Review Questions 146
Chapter 19 146
Chapter 20 146
Chapter 21 146
Chapter 22 147
Chapter 23 147
Chapter 24 147
Answers 148
Chapter 19 148
Chapter 20 148
Chapter 21 148
Chapter 22 148
Chapter 23 148
Chapter 24 148
Unit Five Urinalysis 149
Unit Outline 149
Unit Objectives 149
Unit Overview 149
Quality Assurance 149
Recommended Reading 149
Internet Resources 149
25 Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System 150
Outline 150
Learning Objectives 150
Key Terms 150
Formation of Urine 150
Ureters 151
Urinary Bladder 151
Urethra 151
Urine Volume Regulation 151
Key Points 153
26 Sample Collection and Handling 154
Outline 154
Learning Objectives 154
Key Terms 154
Voided or Free Catch Samples 154
Bladder Expression 155
Catheterization 155
Cystocentesis 156
Specimen Storage and Handling 157
Key Points 158
27 Physical Examination of Urine 159
Outline 159
Learning Objectives 159
Key Terms 159
Urine Volume 159
Color 160
Clarity/Transparency 160
Odor 160
Specific Gravity 161
Refractometer 161
Causes of Altered Urine Specific Gravity 162
Key Points 162
28 Chemical Evaluation 163
Outline 163
Learning Objectives 163
Key Terms 163
pH 163
Protein 165
Protein Determination by Reagent Test Strips 165
Protein Determination by Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity Test 165
Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio 166
Interpretation of Protein in Urine 166
Glucose 166
Ketones 167
Measurement of Urine Ketone Content 167
Bile Pigments 167
Blood (Hemoprotein) 168
Hematuria 168
Hemoglobinuria 168
Myoglobinuria 168
Leukocytes 169
Urinalysis Analyzers 169
Key Points 169
29 Urine Sediment Analysis 170
Outline 170
Learning Objectives 170
Key Terms 170
Constituents of Urine Sediment 172
Erythrocytes 172
Leukocytes 174
Epithelial Cells 174
Squamous Epithelial Cells 174
Transitional Epithelial Cells 174
Renal Epithelial Cells 174
Casts 174
Hyaline Casts 175
Granular Casts 176
Epithelial Casts 176
Leukocyte Casts 176
Erythrocyte Casts 176
Waxy Casts 176
Fatty Casts 176
Crystals 176
Struvite 178
Calcium Oxalate 178
Uric Acid 178
Amorphous Crystalline Material 178
Calcium Carbonate 179
Ammonium Biurate 179
Sulfonamide 179
Leucine 179
Tyrosine 179
Cystine 180
Crystals Associated with Melamine Toxicity 180
Microorganisms 180
Parasite Ova and Microfilaria 180
Miscellaneous Components of Urine 181
Mucus Threads 181
Spermatozoa 181
Fat Droplets 181
Artifacts 181
Urolithiasis 181
Key Points 182
Unit Five Review Questions 183
Chapter 25 183
Chapter 26 183
Chapter 27 183
Unit Six Clinical Chemistry 185
Unit Outline 185
Unit Objectives 185
Unit Overview 185
Recommended Reading 185
Internet Resources 185
30 Sample Collection and Handling 186
Outline 186
Learning Objectives 186
Key Terms 186
Plasma 187
Serum 187
Factors That Influence Results 187
Hemolysis 187
Chemical Contamination 188
Improper Labeling 188
Improper Sample Handling 188
Patient Influences 188
Reference Ranges 188
Key Points 189
31 Automated Analyzers 190
Outline 190
Learning Objectives 190
Key Terms 190
Photometry 190
End Point Versus Kinetic Assays 191
Units of Measurement 192
Ion-Selective Electrode and Electrochemical Methods 193
Features and Benefits of Common Chemistry Analyzer Types 193
Instrument Care and Maintenance 195
Key Points 195
32 Protein Assays and Hepatobiliary Function Tests 196
Outline 196
Learning Objectives 196
Key Terms 196
Protein Assays 196
Total Protein 196
Albumin 197
Globulins 197
Albumin/Globulin Ratio 198
Fibrinogen 198
Hepatobiliary Assays 198
Hepatocyte Function Tests 198
Bilirubin 199
Bile Acids 199
Cholesterol 200
Enzymes Released From Damaged Hepatocytes 200
Alanine Transaminase 201
Aspartate Transaminase 201
Iditol Dehydrogenase (Sorbitol Dehydrogenase) 201
Glutamate Dehydrogenase 201
Enzymes Associated with Cholestasis 201
Alkaline Phosphatase 201
Gamma Glutamyltransferase 202
Other Tests of Liver Function 202
Key Points 202
33 Kidney Function Tests 203
Outline 203
Learning Objectives 203
Key Terms 203
Blood Urea Nitrogen 204
Serum Creatinine 204
Blood Urea Nitrogen/ Creatinine Ratio 204
Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio 205
Uric Acid 205
Tests of Glomerular Function 205
Creatinine Clearance Tests 205
Endogenous Creatinine Clearance 205
Exogenous Creatinine Clearance 206
Iohexol Clearance 206
Single-Injection Inulin Clearance 206
Water-Deprivation Tests 206
Vasopressin Response 207
Fractional Clearance of Electrolytes 207
Inorganic Phosphorus 207
Enzymuria 208
Key Points 208
34 Pancreatic Function Tests 209
Outline 209
Learning Objectives 209
Key Terms 209
Exocrine Pancreas Tests 210
Amylase 210
Lipase 210
Amylase and Lipase in Peritoneal Fluid 210
Trypsin 210
Serum Trypsinlike Immunoreactivity 210
Serum Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity 211
Endocrine Pancreas Tests 211
Glucose 211
Fructosamine 212
Glycosylated Hemoglobin 212
Ī²-Hydroxybutyrate 212
Glucose Tolerance 212
Insulin Tolerance 213
Glucagon Tolerance 213
Insulin/Glucose Ratio 214
Miscellaneous Tests of Insulin Release 214
Key Points 214
35 Electrolytes and Acid-Base Status 215
Outline 215
Learning Objectives 215
Key Terms 215
Acid-Base Balance 215
Bicarbonate Buffer 216
Potassium Buffer 216
Protein Buffer 216
Acidosis and Alkalosis 216
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis 216
Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis 217
Base Excess 217
Electrolyte Assays 217
Sodium 217
Potassium 217
Chloride 218
Bicarbonate 218
Magnesium 219
Calcium 219
Inorganic Phosphorus 219
Anion Gap 219
Key Points 219
36 Miscellaneous Tests 221
Outline 221
Learning Objectives 221
Key Terms 221
Creatine Kinase 221
Lactate 222
Lactate Dehydrogenase 222
Endocrine System Assays 223
Adrenocortical Function Tests 223
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation Test 223
Dexamethasone Suppression 223
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation 225
Thyroid Assays 225
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Response 225
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Response 226
Triiodothyronine Suppression Test 226
Pituitary Function Tests 227
Chemical Tests of Gastrointestinal Function 227
Fecal Occult Blood 227
Monosaccharide Absorption Tests 227
d-Xylose Absorption 227
Serum Folate and Cobalamin 228
Mucin Clot Test 228
Toxicology 228
Toxicologic Specimens 228
Lead Poisoning 229
Nitrate or Nitrite Poisoning 229
Anticoagulant Rodenticides 230
Chemicals That Denature Hemoglobin 230
Ethylene Glycol 230
Drugs of Abuse 230
Key Points 231
Unit Six Review Questions 232
Chapter 30 232
Chapter 31 232
Chapter 32 232
Chapter 33 233
Chapter 34 233
Chapter 35 233
Unit Seven Microbiology 235
Unit Outline 235
Unit Objectives 235
Unit Overview 235
Recommended Reading 235
Internet Resources 235
37 Introduction to Microbiology 236
Outline 236
Learning Objectives 236
Key Terms 236
Bacterial Cell Morphology 236
Spores 237
Bacterial Growth 238
Fungal Characteristics 238
Virology 239
Cell Culture 239
Immunologic and Molecular Diagnostics Examination 239
Key Points 240
38 Equipment and Supplies 241
Outline 241
Learning Objectives 241
Key Terms 241
The in-House Microbiology Laboratory 241
Laboratory Safety 241
Equipment and Supplies Needed for the Microbiology Laboratory 242
Culture Media 243
Types of Media 243
Blood Agar 243
MacConkey Agar and Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar 244
Thioglycollate Broth 244
Urea Tubes 244
Sulfide-Indole Motility Tubes 244
Simmons Citrate Tubes 244
Triple Sugar Iron Agar 244
Brainā€“Heart Infusion Broth 245
Mannitol Salt Agar 245
Bismuth Sulfite Agar 245
Mueller-Hinton Agar 246
Sabouraud Dextrose and Bismuthā€“Glucoseā€“Glycineā€“Yeast Media 246
Combination and Modular Culture Media 246
Dermatophyte Test Media 247
Quality Control Cultures 247
Key Points 247
39 Sample Collection and Handling 248
Outline 248
Learning Objectives 248
Key Terms 248
General Guidelines 249
Collection of Viral Specimens 250
Submission of Samples 250
Key Points 251
40 Staining Specimens 252
Outline 252
Learning Objectives 252
Key Terms 252
Gram Stain 252
Procedure 252
Interpretation 253
Potassium Hydroxide Test 254
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain 254
Giemsa Stain 254
Specialized Stains 254
Quality Control 255
Key Points 255
41 Culture Techniques 256
Outline 256
Learning Objectives 256
Key Terms 256
Inoculation of Culture Media 259
Streaking Culture Plates 259
Inoculation of Slants 260
Incubation of Cultures 260
Colony Characteristics 261
Culture of Anaerobes 261
Key Points 263
42 Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing 264
Outline 264
Learning Objectives 264
Key Terms 264
Agar Diffusion Method 264
Reading the Zones of Inhibition 266
Interpretation of Zone Sizes 267
Control Organisms 267
Limitations of the Test 267
Colony Count 267
Key Points 267
43 Additional Testing 269
Outline 269
Learning Objectives 269
Key Terms 269
Motility 269
Catalase Test 270
Coagulase Test 270
Oxidase Activity 270
Acid Production From Glucose 271
California Mastitis Test 271
Immunologic Examination 272
Key Points 272
44 Mycology 273
Outline 273
Learning Objectives 273
Key Terms 273
Dermatophyte Testing 274
Fungal Cultures 275
Key Points 277
Unit Seven Review Questions 278
Chapter 37 278
Chapter 38 278
Chapter 39 278
Chapter 40 278
Chapter 41 279
Chapter 42 279
Chapter 43 279
Unit Eight Parasitology 281
Unit Outline 281
Unit Objectives 281
Unit Overview 281
Classification of Parasites 282
Zoonoses 282
Recommended Reading 282
Internet Resources 282
45 Nematodes 284
Outline 284
Learning Objectives 284
Key Terms 284
Phylum Nematoda 284
Ascaroidea (Ascarids) 285
Strongyloidea 289
Trichostrongyloidea 291
Rhabditoidea (Strongyloides Spp.) 292
Metastrongyloidea 292
Trichuroidea (Trichuris Spp., Eucoleus Spp., and Trichinella Spiralis) 293
Oxyuroidea 295
Spiruroidea 295
Dracunculoidea 296
Dioctophymoidea 296
Filaroidea 297
Key Points 298
46 Cestodes, Trematodes, and Acanthocephalans 299
Outline 299
Learning Objectives 299
Key Terms 299
Eucestodes 299
Eucestodes of Dogs and Cats 301
Dipylidium caninum 301
Canine Taeniid Tapeworms 302
Multiceps Species 303
Echinococcus Species 303
Eucestodes of Ruminants and Horses 303
Larval Stages 305
Eucestodes of Small Mammals 305
Pseudotapeworms 305
Trematodes 306
Trematodes of Dogs and Cats 307
Trematodes of Ruminants 310
Acanthocephalans (Thorny-Head Worms) 311
Key Points 312
47 Protozoa and Rickettsia 313
Outline 313
Learning Objectives 313
Key Terms 313
Phylum Sarcomastigophora 315
Giardia 315
Trypanosomes 316
Leishmania 317
Trichomonads 317
Histomonas 317
Entamoeba 318
Phylum Apicomplexa 318
Cystoisospora 318
Toxoplasma 319
Cryptosporidium 319
Sarcocystis 319
Babesia 319
Cytauxzoon 322
Hepatozoon 322
Eimeria 322
Plasmodium 323
Phylum Ciliophora 323
Rickettsial Parasites 323
Key Points 325
48 Arthropods 326
Outline 326
Learning Objectives 326
Key Terms 326
Order: Siphonaptera (Fleas) 327
Orders: Mallophaga and Anoplura (Lice) 329
Order: Diptera (Flies) 330
Blackflies and Midges 331
Sandflies and Muscid Flies 331
Deer Flies and Horseflies 332
Sheep Keds 332
Flies That Produce Myiasis 332
Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex Species (Mosquitoes) 333
Class: Acarina (Mites and Ticks) 333
Ticks 333
Mites 335
Pentastomids (Tongue Worms) 337
Phylum: Annelida (Segmented Worms) 338
Hirudo Medicinalis (Medicinal Leech) 338
Key Points 338
49 Sample Collection and Handling 340
Outline 340
Learning Objectives 340
Key Terms 340
Collection of Fecal Samples 340
Small Animal Fecal Samples 340
Large Animal Fecal Samples 341
Skin Scraping 341
Cellophane Tape Preparation 341
Vacuum Collection 342
Sample Collection at Necropsy 342
Collection of Blood Samples 342
Key Points 343
50 Diagnostic Techniques 344
Outline 344
Learning Objectives 344
Key Terms 344
Evaluation of Fecal Specimens 345
Direct Smear 345
Fecal Flotation 345
Centrifugal Flotation 346
Fecal Sedimentation 347
Cellophane Tape Preparation 348
Baermann Technique 348
Miscellaneous Fecal Examinations 349
Staining Procedures 351
Evaluation of Blood Samples 351
Direct Drop 352
Filter Test 352
Modified Knottā€™s Test 352
Immunologic and Molecular Diagnostic Tests 352
Miscellaneous Parasitologic Evaluations 353
Key Points 357
Unit Eight Review Questions 358
Chapter 45 358
Chapter 46 358
Chapter 47 359
Chapter 48 359
Chapter 49 360
Chapter 50 360
Answers 361
Chapter 45 361
Chapter 46 361
Chapter 47 361
Chapter 48 361
Chapter 49 361
Chapter 50 361
Unit Nine Cytology 362
Unit Outline 362
Unit Objectives 362
Unit Overview 362
Recommended Reading 362
Internet Resources 362
51 Sample Collection and Handling 363
Outline 363
Learning Objectives 363
Key Terms 363
Swabs 363
Scrapings 364
Imprints 364
Fine-Needle Biopsy 365
Preparation of the Site for Fine-Needle Biopsy 365
Selection of Syringe and Needle 365
Aspiration Procedure 365
Nonaspirate Procedure (Capillary Technique, Stab Technique) 366
Tissue Biopsy 366
Wedge Biopsy 366
Punch Biopsy 367
Centesis 368
Color and Turbidity 368
Transtracheal/Bronchial Wash 369
Percutaneous Technique 369
Orotracheal Technique 369
Concentration Techniques 370
Low-Speed Centrifugation 370
Gravitational Sedimentation 370
Membrane Filtration 370
Cytocentrifugation 371
Key Points 371
52 Preparation of Cytology Smears 372
Outline 372
Learning Objectives 372
Key Terms 372
Smear Preparation 372
Preparation of Smears From Solid Masses 372
Compression Preparation 372
Combination Technique 373
Starfish Smear 373
Preparation of Smears From Fluid Samples 374
Line Smear 374
Fixing and Staining the Cytology Sample 374
Romanowsky Stains 375
New Methylene Blue Stain 376
Papanicolaou Stains 376
Staining Problems 377
Submission of Cytologic Preparations and Samples for Interpretation 377
Key Points 378
53 Microscopic Evaluation 379
Outline 379
Learning Objectives 379
Key Terms 379
Inflammation 379
Neoplasia 382
Key Points 385
54 Cytology of Specific Sites 386
Outline 386
Learning Objectives 386
Key Terms 386
Peritoneal and Pleural Fluid 386
Color, Turbidity, and Odor 386
Total Nucleated Cell Count 387
Cellular Elements 387
Lymph Nodes 389
Reactive Lymph Nodes 390
Malignant Neoplasia 390
Cerebrospinal Fluid 390
Aqueous and Vitreous Humor 391
Synovial Fluid Analysis 391
Color and Turbidity 391
Viscosity 391
Tracheal Wash 392
Nasal Flush 394
Ear Swabs 394
Vaginal Cytology 394
Cell Types Seen on Vaginal Cytology Sample Preparations 394
Anestrus 394
Proestrus 395
Estrus 396
Metestrus 396
Vaginitis and Metritis 396
Semen Evaluation 396
Volume of Ejaculate 397
Gross Appearance of Ejaculate 398
Sperm Motility 398
Wave Motion 398
Motility 398
Sperm Concentration 398
Live-to-Dead Sperm Ratio 398
Sperm Morphology 399
Other Cells in Semen 400
Evaluation of Prostatic Secretions 400
Examination of Milk 400
Key Points 400
Unit Nine Review Questions 401
Chapter 51 401
Chapter 52 401
Chapter 53 401
Appendix A: Reference Ranges 403
Appendix B: Bacterial Pathogens of Veterinary Importance 406
Appendix C: Professional Associations Related to Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 417
Appendix D: Common Parasites of Some Exotic Animal Species 418
Parasites of Birds 418
Glossary 420
Index 429
A 429
B 429
C 430
D 431
E 432
F 433
G 433
H 433
I 434
J 434
K 434
L 434
M 435
N 436
O 436
P 436
Q 437
R 437
S 437
T 438
U 439
V 439
W 440
X 440
Y 440
Z 440
Inside Back Cover ibc1

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