Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
With hundreds of images and a practical clinical emphasis, Small Animal Internal Medicine, 5th Edition helps you recognize, diagnose, and treat common internal disorders and conditions. Clear, step-by-step guidelines thoroughly describe commonly performed procedures. Hundreds of summary tables make it easy to look up clinical signs, potential causes, drug information, and treatment modalities. This edition is updated with the latest research findings for accurate diagnosis and management of small animal pathologies. Written by veterinary clinicians Richard Nelson and C. Guillermo Couto, and joined by a team of expert contributors, this text is a comprehensive, easy-to-read guide to solving internal medical challenges.
"The many tables, decision trees, drawings and photos highlight the key points which make for a very pleasant read. I bet that the previous edition of this major textbook is a bit dog-eared and so now is the time to invest. ROI* guaranteed. (*Return On Investment)" Reviewed by: Vet's Today Date: July 2014
"As a reference textbook for use on a day-today basis I would highly recommend this book. It lives up to its promises and really is a ‘practical, easy-to-use, quick, clear and logical’ text book for practitioners and students alike." Reviewed by: Veterinary Record Date: June 2014
- A problem-oriented approach begins with a discussion of clinical signs, diagnostic recommendations, and techniques, and then moves on to therapeutic considerations and management.
- Step-by-step procedures provide an easy-to-follow description of each procedure.
- Over 850 full-color photographs and illustrations accurately depict specific disorders, diseases, and procedures.
- Color-coded summary tables and boxes make it quick and easy to look up clinical signs, etiology, differential diagnoses, treatment, and recommended drug dosages and indications.
- Knowledgeable contributors are recognized experts in their respective internal medicine specialties, and known for their clinical as well as academic and research expertise.
- Practical algorithms promote decision-making skills based on clinical findings.
- Extensive cross-referencing makes it easy to locate related information.
- Suggested readings at the end of each chapter facilitate access to the latest research findings.
- NEW! Updated content on hundreds of internal medicine topics helps you make the best diagnostic and treatment determinations. New coverage includes management of heart failure, chronic mitral valve disease, and heartworm disease; diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in cats and treatment of pancreatitis in dogs; treatment and monitoring of diabetic dogs and cats; dietary recommendations for obesity in dogs and cats; diagnosis and management of seizure disorders; and new diagnostic methods in patients with hematologic disorders.
- NEW authors have completely revised the Urinary Tract Disorders and Reproductive System Disorders sections, providing all-new content that clarifies the latest research and clinical findings in these areas.
- UPDATED! Drug and treatment tables ensure that you have the most current treatment information.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Endsheet 2-3 | IFC2 | ||
| Endsheet 4 | IFC4 | ||
| Small Animal Internal Medicine, 5/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Section Editors | v | ||
| Contributors | viii | ||
| Dedication | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Organization | xi | ||
| Key Features of the Fifth Edition | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| One Cardiovascular System Disorders | 1 | ||
| 1 Clinical Manifestations of Cardiac Disease | 1 | ||
| Signs of Heart Disease | 1 | ||
| Signs of Heart Failure | 1 | ||
| Weakness and Exercise Intolerance | 1 | ||
| Syncope | 1 | ||
| Cardiovascular Causes of Syncope | 2 | ||
| Cough and Other Respiratory Signs | 3 | ||
| Cardiovascular Examination | 3 | ||
| Observation of Respiratory Pattern | 4 | ||
| Mucous Membranes | 4 | ||
| Jugular Veins | 5 | ||
| Arterial Pulses | 5 | ||
| Precordium | 6 | ||
| Evaluation for Fluid Accumulation | 6 | ||
| Auscultation | 7 | ||
| Transient Heart Sounds | 7 | ||
| Gallop Sounds | 8 | ||
| Other Transient Sounds | 9 | ||
| Cardiac Murmurs | 9 | ||
| Systolic murmurs. | 10 | ||
| Diastolic murmurs. | 11 | ||
| Continuous murmurs. | 11 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 11 | ||
| 2 Diagnostic Tests for the Cardiovascular System | 13 | ||
| Cardiac Radiography | 13 | ||
| Cardiomegaly | 14 | ||
| Cardiac Chamber Enlargement Patterns | 14 | ||
| Left Atrium | 14 | ||
| Left Ventricle | 16 | ||
| Right Atrium | 16 | ||
| Right Ventricle | 16 | ||
| Intrathoracic Blood Vessels | 16 | ||
| Great Vessels | 16 | ||
| Lobar Pulmonary Vessels | 16 | ||
| Patterns of Pulmonary Edema | 17 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 17 | ||
| Normal ECG Waveforms | 17 | ||
| Lead Systems | 18 | ||
| Approach to ECG Interpretation | 18 | ||
| Sinus Rhythms | 21 | ||
| Ectopic Rhythms | 21 | ||
| Supraventricular Premature Complexes | 21 | ||
| Supraventricular Tachycardias | 22 | ||
| Atrial Flutter | 23 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 23 | ||
| Ventricular Premature Complexes | 23 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia | 25 | ||
| Accelerated Ventricular Rhythm | 25 | ||
| Ventricular Fibrillation | 26 | ||
| Escape Complexes | 26 | ||
| Conduction Disturbances | 26 | ||
| Conduction Disturbances within the Atrioventricular Node | 26 | ||
| Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances | 27 | ||
| Ventricular Preexcitation | 28 | ||
| Mean Electrical Axis | 28 | ||
| Chamber Enlargement and Bundle Branch Block Patterns | 29 | ||
| Other QRS Abnormalities | 29 | ||
| ST-T Abnormalities | 29 | ||
| QT Interval | 30 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Manifestations of Drug Toxicity and Electrolyte Imbalance | 30 | ||
| Common Artifacts | 32 | ||
| Ambulatory Electrocardiography | 33 | ||
| Holter Monitoring | 33 | ||
| Event Recording | 35 | ||
| Other Methods of ECG Assessment | 35 | ||
| Heart Rate Variability | 35 | ||
| Signal-Averaged Electrocardiography | 35 | ||
| Echocardiography | 35 | ||
| Basic Principles | 35 | ||
| Two-Dimensional Echocardiography | 36 | ||
| Common Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Views | 36 | ||
| M-Mode Echocardiography | 37 | ||
| M-Mode Views | 38 | ||
| Common Measurements and Normal Values | 38 | ||
| Contrast Echocardiography | 43 | ||
| Doppler Echocardiography | 43 | ||
| Pulsed Wave Doppler | 43 | ||
| Continuous Wave Doppler | 45 | ||
| Pressure Gradient Estimation | 45 | ||
| Color Flow Mapping | 46 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography | 47 | ||
| Other Echocardiographic Modalities | 47 | ||
| Doppler Tissue Imaging | 47 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Echocardiography | 48 | ||
| Other Techniques | 48 | ||
| Central Venous Pressure Measurement | 48 | ||
| Biochemical Markers | 48 | ||
| Angiocardiography | 49 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 49 | ||
| Endomyocardial Biopsy | 50 | ||
| Other Imaging Techniques | 50 | ||
| Pneumopericardiography | 50 | ||
| Nuclear Cardiology | 50 | ||
| Cardiac Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 50 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 50 | ||
| Radiography | 50 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 50 | ||
| Echocardiography | 51 | ||
| Other Techniques | 52 | ||
| 3 Management of Heart Failure | 53 | ||
| Overview of Heart Failure | 53 | ||
| Cardiac Responses | 53 | ||
| Systemic Responses | 54 | ||
| Neurohormonal Mechanisms | 54 | ||
| Renal Effects | 56 | ||
| Other Effects | 56 | ||
| General Causes of Heart Failure | 56 | ||
| Approach to Treating Heart Failure | 57 | ||
| Classification of Severity | 57 | ||
| Treatment for Acute Congestive Heart Failure | 58 | ||
| General Considerations | 58 | ||
| Supplemental Oxygen | 58 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 60 | ||
| Diuresis | 60 | ||
| Vasodilation | 60 | ||
| Inotropic Support | 60 | ||
| Other Acute Therapy | 62 | ||
| Heart Failure Caused by Diastolic Dysfunction | 62 | ||
| Monitoring and Follow-Up | 62 | ||
| Management of Chronic Heart Failure | 63 | ||
| General Considerations | 63 | ||
| Diuretics | 63 | ||
| Furosemide | 63 | ||
| Other Loop Diuretics | 63 | ||
| Spironolactone | 63 | ||
| Thiazide Diuretics | 64 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 64 | ||
| Enalapril | 65 | ||
| Benazepril | 65 | ||
| Other Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 65 | ||
| Positive Inotropic Agents | 65 | ||
| Pimobendan | 65 | ||
| Digoxin | 66 | ||
| Digoxin Toxicity | 67 | ||
| Other Vasodilators | 67 | ||
| Hydralazine | 68 | ||
| Amlodipine | 68 | ||
| Prazosin | 68 | ||
| Nitrates | 68 | ||
| Dietary Considerations | 69 | ||
| Taurine | 70 | ||
| l-Carnitine | 70 | ||
| Other Supplements | 70 | ||
| β-Blockers in Patients with Heart Failure | 70 | ||
| Chronic Diastolic Dysfunction | 70 | ||
| Reevaluation and Monitoring | 71 | ||
| Strategies for Refractory Congestive Heart Failure | 71 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 72 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Heart Failure | 72 | ||
| Therapy of Heart Failure | 72 | ||
| 4 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Antiarrhythmic Therapy | 74 | ||
| General Considerations | 74 | ||
| Development of Arrhythmias | 74 | ||
| Approach to Arrhythmia Management | 74 | ||
| Diagnosis and Management of Common Arrhythmias | 75 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 76 | ||
| Tachyarrhythmias | 76 | ||
| Rapid Irregular Rhythms | 76 | ||
| Rapid Regular Rhythms | 77 | ||
| Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias | 78 | ||
| Oral therapy for frequent supraventricular premature beats or paroxysmal tachycardia. | 78 | ||
| Acute therapy for supraventricular tachycardia. | 78 | ||
| Vagal maneuver. | 79 | ||
| Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias | 79 | ||
| Acute therapy for ventricular tachycardia. | 79 | ||
| Chronic oral therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. | 81 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 81 | ||
| Therapy for atrial fibrillation. | 81 | ||
| Lone Atrial Fibrillation | 82 | ||
| Bradyarrhythmias | 82 | ||
| Sinus Bradycardia | 82 | ||
| Sick Sinus Syndrome | 83 | ||
| Atrial Standstill | 84 | ||
| Atrioventricular Conduction Block | 84 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic Agents | 84 | ||
| Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs | 85 | ||
| Lidocaine | 87 | ||
| Procainamide | 88 | ||
| Quinidine | 88 | ||
| Mexiletine | 89 | ||
| Phenytoin | 89 | ||
| Other Class I Agents | 89 | ||
| Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs: β-Adrenergic Blockers | 89 | ||
| Propranolol | 90 | ||
| Atenolol | 91 | ||
| Metoprolol | 91 | ||
| Esmolol | 91 | ||
| Other β-Blockers | 91 | ||
| Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs | 91 | ||
| Sotalol | 91 | ||
| Amiodarone | 92 | ||
| Other Class III Agents | 92 | ||
| Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Calcium Entry Blockers | 92 | ||
| Diltiazem | 93 | ||
| Verapamil | 93 | ||
| Other Calcium Channel Blockers | 93 | ||
| Anticholinergic Drugs | 93 | ||
| Atropine and Glycopyrrolate | 93 | ||
| Oral Anticholinergic Drugs | 94 | ||
| Sympathomimetic Drugs | 94 | ||
| Other Drugs | 94 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 94 | ||
| Arrhythmias and Antiarrhythmic Drugs | 94 | ||
| Cardiac Pacing | 95 | ||
| 5 Congenital Cardiac Disease | 96 | ||
| General Considerations | 96 | ||
| Extracardiac Arteriovenous Shunt | 96 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 98 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 98 | ||
| Clinical Features | 98 | ||
| Diagnosis | 98 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 99 | ||
| Ventricular Outflow Obstruction | 100 | ||
| Subaortic Stenosis | 101 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 101 | ||
| Clinical Features | 101 | ||
| Diagnosis | 102 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 103 | ||
| Pulmonic Stenosis | 103 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 103 | ||
| Clinical Features | 103 | ||
| Diagnosis | 104 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 105 | ||
| Intracardiac Shunt | 106 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 106 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 106 | ||
| Clinical Features | 106 | ||
| Diagnosis | 106 | ||
| Two Respiratory System Disorders | 217 | ||
| 13 Clinical Manifestations of Nasal Disease | 217 | ||
| General Considerations | 217 | ||
| Nasal Discharge | 217 | ||
| Classification and Etiology | 217 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 218 | ||
| Sneezing | 221 | ||
| Etiology and Diagnostic Approach | 221 | ||
| Reverse Sneezing | 222 | ||
| Stertor | 222 | ||
| Facial Deformity | 222 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 223 | ||
| 14 Diagnostic Tests for the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses | 224 | ||
| Nasal Imaging | 224 | ||
| Radiography | 224 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 226 | ||
| Rhinoscopy | 227 | ||
| Frontal Sinus Exploration | 229 | ||
| Nasal Biopsy: Indications and Techniques | 229 | ||
| Nasal Swab | 230 | ||
| Nasal Flush | 231 | ||
| Pinch Biopsy | 231 | ||
| Turbinectomy | 231 | ||
| Complications | 232 | ||
| Nasal Cultures: Sample Collection and Interpretation | 232 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 233 | ||
| 15 Disorders of the Nasal Cavity | 234 | ||
| Feline Upper Respiratory Infection | 234 | ||
| Etiology | 234 | ||
| Clinical Features | 234 | ||
| Diagnosis | 234 | ||
| Treatment | 235 | ||
| Prevention in the Individual Pet Cat | 235 | ||
| Three Digestive System Disorders | 367 | ||
| 28 Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disorders | 367 | ||
| Dysphagia, Halitosis, and Drooling | 367 | ||
| Distinguishing Regurgitation From Vomiting From Expectoration | 369 | ||
| Regurgitation | 370 | ||
| Vomiting | 371 | ||
| Hematemesis | 374 | ||
| Diarrhea | 376 | ||
| Hematochezia | 380 | ||
| Melena | 380 | ||
| Tenesmus | 381 | ||
| Constipation | 382 | ||
| Fecal Incontinence | 383 | ||
| Weight Loss | 383 | ||
| Anorexia/Hyporexia | 384 | ||
| Abdominal Effusion | 385 | ||
| Acute Abdomen | 385 | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 387 | ||
| Abdominal Distention or Enlargement | 388 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 389 | ||
| 29 Diagnostic Tests for the Alimentary Tract | 390 | ||
| Physical Examination | 390 | ||
| Routine Laboratory Evaluation | 390 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 390 | ||
| Coagulation | 390 | ||
| Serum Biochemistry Profile | 390 | ||
| Urinalysis | 391 | ||
| Fecal Parasitic Evaluation | 391 | ||
| Fecal Digestion Tests | 391 | ||
| Bacterial Fecal Culture | 392 | ||
| ELISA, IFA, and PCR Fecal Analyses | 392 | ||
| Cytologic Evaluation of Feces | 393 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 393 | ||
| Radiography of the Alimentary Tract | 393 | ||
| Ultrasonography of the Alimentary Tract | 393 | ||
| Four Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreatic Disorders | 501 | ||
| 35 Clinical Manifestations of Hepatobiliary Disease | 501 | ||
| General Considerations | 501 | ||
| Abdominal Enlargement | 501 | ||
| Organomegaly | 501 | ||
| Abdominal Effusion | 502 | ||
| Abdominal Muscular Hypotonia | 504 | ||
| Jaundice, Bilirubinuria, and Change in Fecal Color | 504 | ||
| Hepatic Encephalopathy | 508 | ||
| Coagulopathies | 510 | ||
| Polyuria and Polydipsia | 510 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 511 | ||
| 36 Diagnostic Tests for the Hepatobiliary System | 512 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 512 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 513 | ||
| Tests to Assess Status of the Hepatobiliary System | 513 | ||
| Serum Enzyme Activities | 513 | ||
| Tests to Assess Hepatobiliary System Function | 514 | ||
| Serum Albumin Concentration | 514 | ||
| Serum Urea Nitrogen Concentration | 514 | ||
| Serum Bilirubin Concentration | 515 | ||
| Serum Cholesterol Concentration | 515 | ||
| Serum Glucose Concentration | 515 | ||
| Serum Electrolyte Concentration | 516 | ||
| Serum Bile Acid Concentration | 516 | ||
| Urinary Bile Acid Concentration | 517 | ||
| Plasma Ammonia Concentration | 517 | ||
| Plasma Protein C Activity | 518 | ||
| Urinalysis | 518 | ||
| Fecal Evaluation | 519 | ||
| Abdominocentesis—Fluid Analysis | 519 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 519 | ||
| Coagulation Tests | 521 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 522 | ||
| Survey Radiography | 522 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 524 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 529 | ||
| Scintigraphy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 529 | ||
| Liver Biopsy | 529 | ||
| General Considerations | 529 | ||
| Techniques | 531 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 534 | ||
| 37 Hepatobiliary Diseases in the Cat | 536 | ||
| General Considerations | 536 | ||
| Hepatic Lipidosis | 536 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 536 | ||
| Primary Hepatic Lipidosis | 536 | ||
| Secondary Hepatic Lipidosis | 536 | ||
| Clinical Features | 537 | ||
| Diagnosis | 539 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 540 | ||
| Biliary Tract Disease | 543 | ||
| Cholangitis | 543 | ||
| Neutrophilic Cholangitis | 543 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 543 | ||
| Clinical Features | 545 | ||
| Diagnosis | 545 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 545 | ||
| Lymphocytic Cholangitis | 546 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 546 | ||
| Clinical Features | 546 | ||
| Diagnosis | 546 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 547 | ||
| Sclerosing Cholangitis | 548 | ||
| Liver Fluke Infestation | 548 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 548 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 548 | ||
| Diagnosis | 548 | ||
| Treatment | 549 | ||
| Cholecystitis | 549 | ||
| Biliary Cysts | 549 | ||
| Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction | 549 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Etiology | 549 | ||
| Clinical Features | 550 | ||
| Diagnosis | 550 | ||
| Treatment | 550 | ||
| Hepatic Amyloidosis | 551 | ||
| Five Urinary Tract Disorders | 629 | ||
| 41 Clinical Manifestations of Urinary Disorders | 629 | ||
| Clinical Approach | 629 | ||
| History | 629 | ||
| Physical Examination | 629 | ||
| Presenting Problems | 630 | ||
| Hematuria | 630 | ||
| Idiopathic Renal Hematuria | 631 | ||
| Dysuria | 632 | ||
| Polyuria and Polydipsia | 633 | ||
| Psychogenic Polydipsia | 633 | ||
| Renomegaly | 635 | ||
| Perinephric Pseudocysts | 636 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 637 | ||
| 42 Diagnostic Tests for the Urinary System | 638 | ||
| Glomerular Function | 638 | ||
| Blood Urea Nitrogen | 638 | ||
| Serum Creatinine | 638 | ||
| Cystatin C | 639 | ||
| Creatinine Clearance | 639 | ||
| Single-Injection Methods for Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate | 640 | ||
| Iohexol Clearance | 640 | ||
| Radioisotopes | 640 | ||
| Urine Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio | 640 | ||
| Microalbuminuria | 641 | ||
| Bladder Tumor Antigen Test | 641 | ||
| Tubular Function | 641 | ||
| Urine Specific Gravity and Osmolality | 642 | ||
| Water Deprivation Test | 642 | ||
| Gradual Water Deprivation | 642 | ||
| Fractional Clearance of Electrolytes | 643 | ||
| Urinalysis | 643 | ||
| Physical Properties of Urine | 643 | ||
| Appearance | 643 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 643 | ||
| Chemical Properties of Urine | 643 | ||
| pH | 643 | ||
| Protein | 643 | ||
| Glucose | 644 | ||
| Ketones | 644 | ||
| Occult Blood | 644 | ||
| Bilirubin | 644 | ||
| Leukocyte Esterase Reaction | 644 | ||
| Urinary Sediment Examination | 644 | ||
| Red Blood Cells | 644 | ||
| White Blood Cells | 645 | ||
| Epithelial Cells | 645 | ||
| Casts | 645 | ||
| Organisms | 646 | ||
| Crystals | 647 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 648 | ||
| Microbiology | 649 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 649 | ||
| Radiography | 649 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 650 | ||
| Urodynamic Testing | 650 | ||
| Urethral Pressure Profile | 650 | ||
| Procedure | 650 | ||
| Cystometrography | 651 | ||
| Procedure | 651 | ||
| Urethrocystoscopy | 651 | ||
| Renal Biopsy | 651 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 652 | ||
| 43 Glomerular Disease | 653 | ||
| Normal Structure | 653 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 654 | ||
| Mechanisms of Immune Injury | 655 | ||
| Progression | 655 | ||
| Histopathologic Lesions of Glomerulonephritis | 656 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 657 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 658 | ||
| History and Physical Examination Findings | 658 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 658 | ||
| Management of Patients with Glomerular Disease | 659 | ||
| Complications | 661 | ||
| Hypoalbuminemia | 661 | ||
| Sodium Retention | 661 | ||
| Thromboembolism | 661 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 662 | ||
| Hypertension | 662 | ||
| Prognosis | 662 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 662 | ||
| 44 Acute and Chronic Renal Failure | 663 | ||
| Acute Renal Failure | 663 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 663 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 666 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Findings | 666 | ||
| Treatment | 667 | ||
| Prognosis | 669 | ||
| Chronic Renal Failure | 669 | ||
| Staging | 669 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 670 | ||
| Uremia as Intoxication | 670 | ||
| Hyperfiltration | 670 | ||
| Functional and Morphologic Changes in Remnant Renal Tissue | 671 | ||
| External Solute Balance | 671 | ||
| Development of Polyuria and Polydipsia | 672 | ||
| Calcium and Phosphorus Balance | 672 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance | 674 | ||
| Anemia | 674 | ||
| Hemostatic Defects | 674 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Disturbances | 674 | ||
| Cardiovascular Complications | 674 | ||
| Metabolic Complications | 675 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 675 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Findings and Imaging | 675 | ||
| Conservative Treatment | 675 | ||
| General Principles | 675 | ||
| Dietary Management | 676 | ||
| Phosphorus restriction. | 677 | ||
| Therapy for gastrointestinal signs. | 677 | ||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. | 678 | ||
| Endocrine Replacement Therapy | 678 | ||
| Erythropoietin. | 678 | ||
| Calcitriol. | 678 | ||
| Anabolic steroids. | 678 | ||
| Blood pressure control agents. | 678 | ||
| Supportive Care | 679 | ||
| Course and Prognosis | 679 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 679 | ||
| 45 Canine and Feline Urinary Tract Infections | 680 | ||
| Introduction | 680 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 680 | ||
| Classification of Urinary Tract Infections | 680 | ||
| Physical Examination Findings | 682 | ||
| Diagnosis | 683 | ||
| Treatment | 683 | ||
| Treatment of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections | 683 | ||
| Recurrent and Complicated Urinary Tract Infections | 684 | ||
| Subclinical Urinary Tract Infections | 684 | ||
| Pyelonephritis | 684 | ||
| Bacterial Prostatitis | 685 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 686 | ||
| 46 Canine and Feline Urolithiasis | 687 | ||
| Introduction | 687 | ||
| Principles of Stone Analysis | 687 | ||
| Stone Removal | 687 | ||
| Struvite and Calcium Oxalate Calculi | 689 | ||
| In Dogs | 689 | ||
| Six Endocrine Disorders | 713 | ||
| 49 Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland | 713 | ||
| Polyuria and Polydipsia | 713 | ||
| Diabetes Insipidus | 714 | ||
| Etiology | 714 | ||
| Central Diabetes Insipidus | 715 | ||
| Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus | 715 | ||
| Clinical Features | 715 | ||
| Signalment | 715 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 715 | ||
| Physical Examination | 716 | ||
| Diagnosis | 716 | ||
| Modified Water Deprivation Test | 716 | ||
| Response to Desmopressin | 717 | ||
| Random Plasma Osmolality | 717 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Tests | 718 | ||
| Treatment | 718 | ||
| Prognosis | 719 | ||
| Primary (Psychogenic) Polydipsia | 719 | ||
| Endocrine Alopecia | 719 | ||
| Feline Acromegaly | 722 | ||
| Etiology | 722 | ||
| Clinical Features | 723 | ||
| Clinical Pathology | 723 | ||
| Diagnosis | 724 | ||
| Acromegaly Versus Hyperadrenocorticism | 725 | ||
| Treatment | 725 | ||
| Managing Insulin-Resistant Diabetes | 725 | ||
| Prognosis | 726 | ||
| Pituitary Dwarfism | 726 | ||
| Etiology | 726 | ||
| Clinical Features | 726 | ||
| Signalment | 726 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 726 | ||
| Clinical Pathology | 728 | ||
| Diagnosis | 728 | ||
| Treatment | 728 | ||
| Prognosis | 728 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 729 | ||
| Diabetes Insipidus | 729 | ||
| Endocrine Alopecia | 729 | ||
| Feline Acromegaly | 729 | ||
| Pituitary Dwarfism | 730 | ||
| 50 Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland | 731 | ||
| Classification of Hyperparathyroidism | 731 | ||
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism | 731 | ||
| Etiology | 731 | ||
| Clinical Features | 732 | ||
| Signalment | 732 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 732 | ||
| Physical Examination | 733 | ||
| Diagnosis | 733 | ||
| Treatment | 735 | ||
| Prognosis | 736 | ||
| Primary Hypoparathyroidism | 737 | ||
| Etiology | 737 | ||
| Clinical Features | 737 | ||
| Signalment | 737 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 737 | ||
| Physical Examination | 737 | ||
| Diagnosis | 738 | ||
| Treatment | 738 | ||
| Prognosis | 739 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 739 | ||
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism | 739 | ||
| Primary Hypoparathyroidism | 739 | ||
| 51 Disorders of the Thyroid Gland | 740 | ||
| Hypothyroidism in Dogs | 740 | ||
| Etiology | 740 | ||
| Clinical Features | 741 | ||
| Dermatologic Signs | 741 | ||
| Neuromuscular Signs | 743 | ||
| Reproductive Signs | 745 | ||
| Miscellaneous Clinical Signs | 745 | ||
| Myxedema Coma | 745 | ||
| Cretinism | 745 | ||
| Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes | 746 | ||
| Clinical Pathology | 746 | ||
| Dermatohistopathologic Findings | 747 | ||
| Ultrasonographic Findings | 747 | ||
| Tests of Thyroid Gland Function | 747 | ||
| Overview | 747 | ||
| Baseline Serum T4 Concentration | 748 | ||
| Baseline Serum fT4 Concentration | 750 | ||
| Baseline Serum TSH Concentration | 750 | ||
| TSH and TRH Stimulation Tests | 751 | ||
| Antibody Tests for Lymphocytic Thyroiditis | 751 | ||
| Factors Affecting Thyroid Gland Function Tests | 752 | ||
| Nonthyroidal Illness (Euthyroid Sick Syndrome) | 752 | ||
| Drugs | 753 | ||
| Glucocorticoids. | 753 | ||
| Phenobarbital. | 754 | ||
| Sulfonamide antibiotics. | 754 | ||
| Breed Variations | 754 | ||
| Diagnosis | 754 | ||
| Diagnosis in a Previously Treated Dog | 755 | ||
| Diagnosis in Puppies | 755 | ||
| Treatment | 756 | ||
| Therapy with Sodium Levothyroxine (Synthetic T4) | 756 | ||
| Response to Sodium Levothyroxine Therapy | 756 | ||
| Failure to Respond to Sodium Levothyroxine Therapy | 756 | ||
| Therapeutic Monitoring | 756 | ||
| Thyrotoxicosis | 757 | ||
| Prognosis | 757 | ||
| Hypothyroidism in Cats | 757 | ||
| Etiology | 757 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 758 | ||
| Diagnosis | 758 | ||
| Treatment | 759 | ||
| Prognosis | 760 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism in Cats | 760 | ||
| Etiology | 760 | ||
| Clinical Features | 762 | ||
| Signalment | 762 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 762 | ||
| Physical Examination | 762 | ||
| Clinical Pathology | 762 | ||
| Common Concurrent Problems | 763 | ||
| Thyrotoxic Cardiomyopathy | 763 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 763 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infection | 763 | ||
| Systemic Hypertension | 763 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders | 763 | ||
| Diagnosis | 763 | ||
| Baseline Serum T4 Concentration | 764 | ||
| Serum Free T4 Concentration | 764 | ||
| Serum TSH Concentration | 764 | ||
| T3 Suppression Test | 765 | ||
| Radionuclide Thyroid Scanning | 765 | ||
| Cervical Ultrasound | 766 | ||
| Treatment | 766 | ||
| Initial Treatment Recommendation | 766 | ||
| Oral Antithyroid Drugs | 766 | ||
| Iodine-Restricted Diet | 769 | ||
| Surgery | 770 | ||
| Radioactive Iodine | 771 | ||
| Prognosis | 771 | ||
| Canine Thyroid Neoplasia | 772 | ||
| Etiology | 772 | ||
| Clinical Features | 772 | ||
| Diagnosis | 774 | ||
| Treatment | 774 | ||
| Surgery | 774 | ||
| External Beam Radiation | 774 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 775 | ||
| Radioactive Iodine (131I) | 775 | ||
| Oral Antithyroid Drugs | 775 | ||
| Prognosis | 775 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 775 | ||
| Canine and Feline Hypothyroidism | 775 | ||
| Feline Hyperthyroidism | 776 | ||
| Canine Thyroid Neoplasia | 776 | ||
| 52 Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas | 777 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 777 | ||
| Seven Metabolic and Electrolyte Disorders | 863 | ||
| 54 Disorders of Metabolism | 863 | ||
| Polyphagia with Weight Loss | 863 | ||
| Obesity | 864 | ||
| Etiology | 864 | ||
| Diagnosis | 865 | ||
| Treatment | 866 | ||
| Prevention | 870 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 871 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 871 | ||
| Classification | 872 | ||
| Clinical Features | 872 | ||
| Diagnosis | 873 | ||
| Treatment | 874 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 876 | ||
| Obesity | 876 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 876 | ||
| 55 Electrolyte Imbalances | 877 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 877 | ||
| Etiology | 877 | ||
| Clinical Features | 877 | ||
| Diagnosis | 877 | ||
| Treatment | 877 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 879 | ||
| Etiology | 879 | ||
| Clinical Features | 880 | ||
| Diagnosis | 880 | ||
| Treatment | 880 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 880 | ||
| Etiology | 880 | ||
| Clinical Features | 881 | ||
| Diagnosis | 882 | ||
| Treatment | 883 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 883 | ||
| Etiology | 883 | ||
| Clinical Features | 883 | ||
| Diagnosis | 884 | ||
| Treatment | 884 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 885 | ||
| Identification | 885 | ||
| Etiology | 885 | ||
| Clinical Features | 886 | ||
| Diagnosis | 886 | ||
| Treatment | 888 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 889 | ||
| Etiology | 889 | ||
| Clinical Features | 889 | ||
| Diagnosis | 889 | ||
| Treatment | 889 | ||
| Hyperphosphatemia | 891 | ||
| Eight Reproductive System Disorders | 897 | ||
| 56 The Practice of Theriogenology | 897 | ||
| Estrous Cycle of the Bitch | 897 | ||
| Breeding Soundness Examinations in the Bitch or Queen | 899 | ||
| Canine Ovulation Timing | 899 | ||
| Evaluation of the Estrous Cycle to Identify the Optimal Time to Breed | 899 | ||
| Serum Hormone Interpretation | 900 | ||
| Estrogen | 900 | ||
| Luteinizing Hormone | 901 | ||
| Progesterone | 902 | ||
| Clinical Protocol: Veterinary Breeding Management | 902 | ||
| Feline Breeding Management | 904 | ||
| Breeding Husbandry | 905 | ||
| Semen Collection | 905 | ||
| Semen Analysis | 906 | ||
| Artificial Insemination: Vaginal | 907 | ||
| Artificial Insemination: Intrauterine | 907 | ||
| Obstetrics | 909 | ||
| Pregnancy Diagnosis | 909 | ||
| Gestational Length and Fetal Age Determination | 910 | ||
| Nutrition and Exercise in Pregnancy | 910 | ||
| Vaccination and Medications in the Pregnant Bitch or Queen | 911 | ||
| Neonatal Resuscitation | 912 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 913 | ||
| 57 Clinical Conditions of the Bitch and Queen | 915 | ||
| Normal Variations of the Canine Estrous Cycle | 915 | ||
| Delayed Puberty | 915 | ||
| Silent Heat Cycles | 915 | ||
| Split Heat Cycles | 915 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Estrous Cycle in the Bitch | 916 | ||
| Prolonged Proestrus/Estrus | 916 | ||
| Prolonged Interestrous Intervals | 917 | ||
| Prolonged Anestrus | 917 | ||
| Prolonged Diestrus | 917 | ||
| Shortened Interestrous Intervals | 918 | ||
| Exaggerated Pseudocyesis (Pseudopregnancy) | 919 | ||
| Vaginal Hyperplasia | 919 | ||
| Manipulation of the Estrous Cycle | 920 | ||
| Prevention of Estrous Cycles | 920 | ||
| Estrus Induction | 920 | ||
| Pregnancy Termination | 920 | ||
| Estrogens | 921 | ||
| Antiestrogens | 921 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 921 | ||
| Dexamethasone | 922 | ||
| Dopaminergic Compounds | 922 | ||
| Antiprogestational Agents | 922 | ||
| Prepartum Disorders | 922 | ||
| Semen Peritonitis | 922 | ||
| Pregnancy Loss | 922 | ||
| Canine Brucellosis | 925 | ||
| Metabolic Disorders | 926 | ||
| Hyperemesis Gravidarum | 926 | ||
| VASCULITIDES | 926 | ||
| Pregnancy Thrombosis | 926 | ||
| Pregnancy Edema | 927 | ||
| Gestational Diabetes | 927 | ||
| Pregnancy Toxemia | 927 | ||
| Parturition and Parturient Disorders | 927 | ||
| Normal Labor | 928 | ||
| Dystocia | 928 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 930 | ||
| Cesarean Section | 931 | ||
| Postpartum Disorders | 932 | ||
| Inappropriate Maternal Behavior | 933 | ||
| Metabolic Disorders | 933 | ||
| Eclampsia | 933 | ||
| Uterine Disorders | 934 | ||
| Uterine Trauma | 934 | ||
| Subinvolution of Placental Sites | 934 | ||
| Postpartum Endometritis | 935 | ||
| Mammary Disorders | 936 | ||
| Agalactia | 936 | ||
| Galactostasis | 936 | ||
| Mastitis | 936 | ||
| Feline Mammary Disorders | 937 | ||
| Neonatology | 937 | ||
| Canine Herpesvirus | 938 | ||
| Disorders of the Reproductive Tract in Ovariohysterectomized Bitches and Queens | 939 | ||
| Chronic Vestibulovaginitis | 939 | ||
| Ovarian Remnant Syndrome/Hyperestrogenism | 942 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 943 | ||
| 58 Clinical Conditions of the Dog and Tom | 944 | ||
| Cryptorchidism | 944 | ||
| Testicular Torsion | 944 | ||
| Scrotal Dermatitis | 945 | ||
| Balanoposthitis | 945 | ||
| Persistent Penile Frenulum | 946 | ||
| Urethral Prolapse | 946 | ||
| Priapism, Paraphimosis, and Phimosis | 946 | ||
| Testicular Neoplasia in Stud Dogs | 949 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 950 | ||
| 59 Female and Male Infertility and Subfertility | 951 | ||
| The Female | 951 | ||
| Infertility Versus Subfertility in the Bitch and Queen | 951 | ||
| Microbiology and Female Fertility | 951 | ||
| Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Pyometra Complex | 952 | ||
| The Male | 955 | ||
| Acquired Male Infertility | 955 | ||
| Microbiology and Male Fertility | 955 | ||
| Infectious Orchitis and Epididymitis | 957 | ||
| Prostatic Disorders in the Valuable Stud Dog | 958 | ||
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Cystic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | 958 | ||
| Bacterial Prostatitis | 959 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Orchitis | 960 | ||
| Obstructive Disorders of Ejaculation | 962 | ||
| Defects of Spermatogenesis | 962 | ||
| Congenital Infertility: Disorders of Sexual Differentiation | 962 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 963 | ||
| Nine Neuromuscular Disorders | 966 | ||
| 60 Lesion Localization and the Neurologic Examination | 966 | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Nervous System and Lesion Localization | 966 | ||
| Brain | 966 | ||
| Forebrain | 966 | ||
| Pons and Medulla | 966 | ||
| Cerebellum | 966 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 967 | ||
| Lower Motor Neuron Signs | 968 | ||
| Upper Motor Neuron Signs | 969 | ||
| Spinal Cord Sensory Pathways | 970 | ||
| Neuromuscular System | 970 | ||
| Peripheral Nerves | 970 | ||
| Neuromuscular Junction | 970 | ||
| Muscle | 971 | ||
| Neurologic Control of Micturition | 971 | ||
| Screening Neurologic Examination | 971 | ||
| Mental State | 972 | ||
| Posture | 972 | ||
| Schiff-Sherrington Posture | 972 | ||
| Decerebrate Rigidity | 973 | ||
| Decerebellate Rigidity | 973 | ||
| Gait | 973 | ||
| Paresis/Paralysis | 973 | ||
| Ataxia | 974 | ||
| Lameness | 975 | ||
| Circling | 975 | ||
| Postural Reactions | 975 | ||
| Muscle Size/Tone | 977 | ||
| Spinal Reflexes | 977 | ||
| Patellar Reflex | 977 | ||
| Pelvic Limb Withdrawal (Flexor) Reflex | 978 | ||
| Sciatic Reflex | 978 | ||
| Thoracic Limb Withdrawal (Flexor) Reflex | 979 | ||
| Crossed Extensor Reflex | 979 | ||
| Perineal Reflex and Bulbourethral Reflex | 979 | ||
| Cutaneous Trunci Reflex (Panniculus) | 979 | ||
| Sensory Evaluation | 980 | ||
| Pain/Hyperpathia | 980 | ||
| Urinary Tract Function | 983 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 983 | ||
| Evaluation of Menace Response, Vision, and Pupils | 983 | ||
| Examine for Strabismus, Nystagmus, and Head Tilt | 985 | ||
| Evaluation of Trigeminal (CN5) Nerves | 985 | ||
| Evaluation of the Facial (CN7) Nerves | 985 | ||
| Evaluation of the Glossopharyngeal (CN9), Vagus (CN10), and Hypoglossal (CN12) Nerves | 986 | ||
| Lesion Localization | 987 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 988 | ||
| Animal History | 988 | ||
| Disease Onset and Progression | 988 | ||
| Systemic Abnormalities | 988 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 989 | ||
| 61 Diagnostic Tests for the Neuromuscular System | 990 | ||
| Routine Laboratory Evaluation | 990 | ||
| Immunology, Serology, and Microbiology | 990 | ||
| Routine Systemic Diagnostic Imaging | 991 | ||
| Radiographs | 991 | ||
| Ultrasound | 991 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging of the Nervous System | 991 | ||
| Spinal Radiographs | 991 | ||
| Myelography | 991 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 992 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Analysis | 992 | ||
| Indications | 992 | ||
| Contraindications | 995 | ||
| Technique | 995 | ||
| Cisternal Puncture | 995 | ||
| Lumbar Puncture | 996 | ||
| Analysis | 996 | ||
| Electrodiagnostic Testing | 997 | ||
| Electromyography | 997 | ||
| Nerve Conduction Velocities | 998 | ||
| Electroretinography | 998 | ||
| Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response | 998 | ||
| Electroencephalography | 998 | ||
| Biopsy of Muscle and Nerve | 998 | ||
| Muscle Biopsy | 998 | ||
| Nerve Biopsy | 998 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 999 | ||
| 62 Intracranial Disorders | 1000 | ||
| General Considerations | 1000 | ||
| Abnormal Mentation | 1000 | ||
| Intoxications | 1000 | ||
| Metabolic Encephalopathies | 1000 | ||
| Hypermetria | 1000 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to Animals with Intracranial Disease | 1001 | ||
| Intracranial Disorders | 1001 | ||
| Head Trauma | 1001 | ||
| Vascular Accidents | 1002 | ||
| Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy | 1003 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 1003 | ||
| Lissencephaly | 1004 | ||
| Cerebellar Hypoplasia | 1004 | ||
| Inflammatory Diseases (Encephalitis) | 1004 | ||
| Inherited Degenerative Disorders Affecting the Brain | 1005 | ||
| Cerebellar Cortical Degeneration (Abiotropy) | 1005 | ||
| Neuroaxonal Dystrophy | 1005 | ||
| Neoplasia | 1006 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1007 | ||
| 63 Loss of Vision and Pupillary Abnormalities | 1008 | ||
| General Considerations | 1008 | ||
| Neuroophthalmologic Evaluation | 1008 | ||
| Vision | 1008 | ||
| Menace Response | 1008 | ||
| Pupillary Light Reflex | 1008 | ||
| Dazzle Reflex | 1009 | ||
| Pupil Size and Symmetry | 1009 | ||
| Disorders of Eyeball Position and Movement | 1010 | ||
| Lacrimal Gland Function | 1010 | ||
| Loss of Vision | 1010 | ||
| Lesions of the Retina, Optic Disk and Optic Nerve | 1010 | ||
| Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration | 1011 | ||
| Optic Neuritis | 1011 | ||
| Papilledema | 1012 | ||
| Lesions of the Optic Chiasm | 1012 | ||
| Lesions Caudal to the Optic Chiasm | 1012 | ||
| Horner Syndrome | 1013 | ||
| Protrusion of the Third Eyelid | 1015 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1015 | ||
| 64 Seizures and Other Paroxysmal Events | 1016 | ||
| Seizures | 1016 | ||
| Paroxysmal Events | 1016 | ||
| Seizure Descriptions | 1017 | ||
| Seizure Classification and Localization | 1017 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1018 | ||
| Idiopathic Epilepsy | 1018 | ||
| Intracranial Disease | 1019 | ||
| Scar Tissue–Related Acquired Epilepsy | 1019 | ||
| Extracranial Disease | 1020 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 1020 | ||
| Anticonvulsant Therapy | 1022 | ||
| Anticonvulsant Drugs | 1023 | ||
| Phenobarbital | 1023 | ||
| Potassium Bromide | 1024 | ||
| Zonisamide | 1025 | ||
| Levetiracetam | 1025 | ||
| Gabapentin | 1025 | ||
| Felbamate | 1025 | ||
| Diazepam | 1025 | ||
| Clorazepate | 1026 | ||
| Alternative Therapies | 1026 | ||
| Emergency Therapy for Dogs and Cats in Status Epilepticus | 1026 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1027 | ||
| 65 Head Tilt | 1028 | ||
| General Considerations | 1028 | ||
| Nystagmus | 1028 | ||
| Localization of Lesions | 1028 | ||
| Peripheral Vestibular Disease | 1028 | ||
| Central Vestibular Disease | 1029 | ||
| Paradoxical (Central) Vestibular Syndrome | 1030 | ||
| Disorders Causing Peripheral Vestibular Disease | 1030 | ||
| Otitis Media-Interna | 1030 | ||
| Geriatric Canine Vestibular Disease | 1032 | ||
| Feline Idiopathic Vestibular Syndrome | 1032 | ||
| Neoplasia | 1032 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal Polyps | 1033 | ||
| Trauma | 1033 | ||
| Congenital Vestibular Syndromes | 1033 | ||
| Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity | 1033 | ||
| Chemical Ototoxicity | 1033 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 1033 | ||
| Disorders Causing Central Vestibular Disease | 1034 | ||
| Inflammatory Diseases | 1034 | ||
| Intracranial Neoplasia | 1034 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 1034 | ||
| Acute Vestibular Attacks | 1034 | ||
| Metronidazole Toxicity | 1034 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1035 | ||
| 66 Encephalitis, Myelitis, and Meningitis | 1036 | ||
| General Considerations | 1036 | ||
| Neck Pain | 1036 | ||
| NonInfectious Inflammatory Disorders | 1037 | ||
| Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis | 1037 | ||
| Canine Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Etiology | 1038 | ||
| Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis | 1039 | ||
| Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis | 1040 | ||
| Necrotizing Leukoencephalitis | 1040 | ||
| Canine Eosinophilic Meningitis/Meningoencephalitis | 1040 | ||
| Canine Steroid-Responsive Tremor Syndrome | 1041 | ||
| Feline Polioencephalitis | 1041 | ||
| Infectious Inflammatory Disorders | 1041 | ||
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalopathy | 1041 | ||
| Bacterial Meningoencephalomyelitis | 1042 | ||
| Canine Distemper Virus | 1043 | ||
| Rabies | 1043 | ||
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis | 1044 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 1044 | ||
| Neosporosis | 1045 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 1046 | ||
| Mycotic Infections | 1046 | ||
| Rickettsial Diseases | 1047 | ||
| Parasitic Meningitis, Myelitis, and Encephalitis | 1047 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1047 | ||
| 67 Disorders of the Spinal Cord | 1048 | ||
| General Considerations | 1048 | ||
| Localizing Spinal Cord Lesions | 1048 | ||
| C1-C5 Lesions | 1048 | ||
| C6-T2 Lesions | 1048 | ||
| T3-L3 Lesions | 1050 | ||
| L4-S3 Lesions | 1050 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 1050 | ||
| Acute Spinal Cord Dysfunction | 1051 | ||
| Trauma | 1051 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1051 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1051 | ||
| Treatment | 1052 | ||
| Prognosis | 1053 | ||
| Hemorrhage/Infarction | 1053 | ||
| Acute Intervertebral Disk Disease | 1053 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1053 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 1054 | ||
| Treatment Recommendations | 1056 | ||
| Medical Management | 1056 | ||
| Cervical Disk Extrusion | 1056 | ||
| Thoracolumbar Disk Extrusions | 1057 | ||
| Traumatic Disk Extrusions | 1059 | ||
| Fibrocartilaginous Embolism | 1059 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1059 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1059 | ||
| Treatment | 1059 | ||
| Prognosis | 1059 | ||
| Atlantoaxial Instability | 1060 | ||
| Neoplasia | 1060 | ||
| Progressive Spinal Cord Dysfunction | 1060 | ||
| Subacute Progressive Disorders | 1060 | ||
| Infectious Inflammatory Disease | 1060 | ||
| Noninfectious Inflammatory Disease | 1060 | ||
| Diskospondylitis | 1060 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1060 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1061 | ||
| Treatment | 1061 | ||
| Chronic Progressive Disorders | 1062 | ||
| Neoplasia | 1062 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1062 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1063 | ||
| Treatment | 1063 | ||
| Spinal Articular Cysts | 1064 | ||
| Arachnoid Cysts | 1065 | ||
| Type II Intervertebral Disk Disease | 1065 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1065 | ||
| Ten Joint Disorders | 1103 | ||
| 70 Clinical Manifestations of and Diagnostic Tests for Joint Disorders | 1103 | ||
| General Considerations | 1103 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 1103 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 1103 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 1105 | ||
| Minimum Database | 1105 | ||
| Synovial Fluid Collection and Analysis | 1106 | ||
| Collection Method | 1106 | ||
| Analysis of Gross Appearance | 1106 | ||
| Analysis of Microscopic Appearance | 1108 | ||
| Synovial Fluid Culture | 1109 | ||
| Synovial Membrane Biopsy | 1109 | ||
| Radiography | 1109 | ||
| Immunologic and Serologic Tests | 1110 | ||
| Lyme Disease Titers | 1110 | ||
| Rickettsial Titers | 1110 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1110 | ||
| Rheumatoid Factor | 1110 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1110 | ||
| 71 Disorders of the Joints | 1111 | ||
| General Considerations | 1111 | ||
| Noninflammatory Joint Disease | 1111 | ||
| Degenerative Joint Disease | 1111 | ||
| Etiology | 1111 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1111 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1111 | ||
| Treatment | 1111 | ||
| Infectious Inflammatory Joint Diseases | 1113 | ||
| Septic (Bacterial) Arthritis | 1113 | ||
| Etiology | 1113 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1113 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1113 | ||
| Treatment | 1113 | ||
| Prognosis | 1115 | ||
| Mycoplasma Polyarthritis | 1115 | ||
| Bacterial L-Form- Associated Arthritis | 1115 | ||
| Rickettsial Polyarthritis | 1115 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 1116 | ||
| Etiology | 1116 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1116 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1116 | ||
| Treatment | 1116 | ||
| Prevention | 1116 | ||
| Leishmaniasis | 1116 | ||
| Fungal Arthritis | 1116 | ||
| Viral Arthritis | 1116 | ||
| Calicivirus | 1116 | ||
| Noninfectious Polyarthritis: Nonerosive | 1117 | ||
| Reactive Polyarthritis | 1117 | ||
| Idiopathic Immune-Mediated Nonerosive Polyarthritis | 1118 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1119 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1119 | ||
| Treatment | 1119 | ||
| Prognosis | 1120 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus–Induced Polyarthritis | 1120 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1120 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1120 | ||
| Treatment | 1121 | ||
| Prognosis | 1121 | ||
| Breed-Specific Polyarthritis Syndromes | 1121 | ||
| Familial Chinese Shar-Pei Fever | 1121 | ||
| Lymphoplasmacytic Synovitis | 1121 | ||
| Noninfectious Polyarthritis: Erosive | 1122 | ||
| Canine Rheumatoid-Like Polyarthritis | 1122 | ||
| Etiology | 1122 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1122 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1122 | ||
| Treatment | 1123 | ||
| Erosive Polyarthritis of Greyhounds | 1123 | ||
| Feline Chronic Progressive Polyarthritis | 1123 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1124 | ||
| Treatment | 1124 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1124 | ||
| Eleven Oncology | 1126 | ||
| 72 Cytology | 1126 | ||
| General Considerations | 1126 | ||
| Fine-Needle Aspiration | 1126 | ||
| Impression Smears | 1127 | ||
| Staining of Cytologic Specimens | 1127 | ||
| Interpretation of Cytologic Specimens | 1127 | ||
| Normal Tissues | 1128 | ||
| Epithelial Tissues | 1128 | ||
| Mesenchymal Tissues | 1128 | ||
| Hematopoietic Tissues | 1128 | ||
| Hyperplastic Processes | 1128 | ||
| Inflammatory Processes | 1128 | ||
| Malignant Cells | 1128 | ||
| Carcinomas | 1129 | ||
| Sarcomas | 1129 | ||
| Round (Discrete) Cell Tumors | 1130 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 1132 | ||
| Normal Lymph Node | 1132 | ||
| Reactive or Hyperplastic Lymphadenopathy | 1132 | ||
| Lymphadenitis | 1133 | ||
| Neoplasia | 1133 | ||
| Decision Making in Lymph Node Cytologic Evaluation | 1133 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1133 | ||
| 73 Principles of Cancer Treatment | 1134 | ||
| General Considerations | 1134 | ||
| Patient-Related Factors | 1134 | ||
| Family-Related Factors | 1134 | ||
| Treatment-Related Factors | 1135 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1137 | ||
| 74 Practical Chemotherapy | 1138 | ||
| Cell and Tumor Kinetics | 1138 | ||
| Basic Principles of Chemotherapy | 1138 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications of Chemotherapy | 1140 | ||
| Mechanism of Action of Anticancer Drugs | 1141 | ||
| Types of Anticancer Drugs | 1141 | ||
| Metronomic Chemotherapy | 1142 | ||
| Safe Handling of Anticancer Drugs | 1142 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1143 | ||
| 75 Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy | 1144 | ||
| General Considerations | 1144 | ||
| Hematologic Toxicity | 1144 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Toxicity | 1148 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Reactions | 1148 | ||
| Dermatologic Toxicity | 1149 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 1150 | ||
| Cardiotoxicity | 1150 | ||
| Urotoxicity | 1151 | ||
| Hepatotoxicity | 1152 | ||
| Neurotoxicity | 1152 | ||
| Acute Tumor Lysis Syndrome | 1152 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1153 | ||
| 76 Approach to the Patient with a Mass | 1154 | ||
| Approach to the Cat or Dog with a Solitary Mass | 1154 | ||
| Approach to the Cat or Dog with Metastatic Lesions | 1155 | ||
| Approach to the Cat or Dog with a Mediastinal Mass | 1156 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Features and Diagnosis | 1157 | ||
| Treatment | 1158 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1158 | ||
| 77 Lymphoma | 1160 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1160 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1160 | ||
| Hematologic and serum biochemical features. | 1163 | ||
| Imaging. | 1164 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1164 | ||
| Treatment | 1166 | ||
| COP-Based Protocols | 1167 | ||
| Induction of remission. | 1168 | ||
| Maintenance. | 1169 | ||
| Reinduction of remission or rescue. | 1170 | ||
| Intensification. | 1171 | ||
| CHOP-Based Protocols | 1171 | ||
| Should You Use COP-Based or CHOP-Based Protocols? | 1171 | ||
| Management of solitary and extranodal lymphomas. | 1171 | ||
| Central nervous system lymphoma. | 1172 | ||
| Ocular lymphoma. | 1173 | ||
| Cutaneous lymphoma. | 1173 | ||
| Alimentary lymphoma. | 1173 | ||
| “Low-Budget” Lymphoma Protocols | 1173 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1174 | ||
| 78 Leukemias | 1175 | ||
| Definitions and Classification | 1175 | ||
| Leukemias in Dogs | 1176 | ||
| Acute Leukemias | 1177 | ||
| Prevalence | 1177 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1177 | ||
| Hematologic Features | 1178 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1178 | ||
| Treatment | 1180 | ||
| Chronic Leukemias | 1181 | ||
| Prevalence | 1181 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1181 | ||
| Hematologic Features | 1181 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1182 | ||
| Treatment | 1182 | ||
| Leukemias in Cats | 1183 | ||
| Acute Leukemias | 1183 | ||
| Prevalence | 1183 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1183 | ||
| Hematologic Features | 1183 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 1184 | ||
| Chronic Leukemias | 1184 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1185 | ||
| 79 Selected Neoplasms in Dogs and Cats | 1186 | ||
| Hemangiosarcoma in Dogs | 1186 | ||
| Clinical and Clinicopathologic Features | 1186 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1187 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 1187 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 1188 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1188 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1189 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1189 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 1190 | ||
| Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs and Cats | 1191 | ||
| Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs | 1191 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1191 | ||
| Clinical and Pathologic Features | 1191 | ||
| Biologic Behavior | 1192 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1192 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 1193 | ||
| Mast Cell Tumors in Cats | 1194 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1194 | ||
| Clinical and Pathologic Features | 1194 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 1195 | ||
| Injection Site Sarcomas in Cats | 1195 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1196 | ||
| Hemangiosarcoma | 1196 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 1197 | ||
| Mast Cell Tumors | 1197 | ||
| Injection Site Sarcomas | 1197 | ||
| Twelve Hematology | 1201 | ||
| 80 Anemia | 1201 | ||
| Definition | 1201 | ||
| Clinical and Clinicopathologic Evaluation | 1201 | ||
| Management of the Anemic Patient | 1205 | ||
| Regenerative Anemias | 1206 | ||
| Blood Loss Anemia | 1206 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia | 1207 | ||
| Immune hemolytic anemia. | 1209 | ||
| Nonregenerative Anemias | 1212 | ||
| Anemia of Chronic Disease | 1213 | ||
| Bone Marrow Disorders | 1213 | ||
| Bone marrow (or erythroid) aplasia-hypoplasia. | 1213 | ||
| Myelophthisis, myelodysplastic syndromes, myelofibrosis, and osteosclerosis-osteopetrosis. | 1214 | ||
| Anemia of Renal Disease | 1214 | ||
| Acute and Peracute Blood Loss or Hemolysis | 1215 | ||
| Semiregenerative Anemias | 1215 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 1215 | ||
| Transfusion Therapy | 1216 | ||
| Blood Groups | 1217 | ||
| Cross-Matching and Blood Typing | 1217 | ||
| Blood Administration | 1218 | ||
| Complications of Transfusion Therapy | 1218 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1218 | ||
| 81 Clinical Pathology in Greyhounds and Other Sighthounds | 1220 | ||
| Hematology | 1220 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 1220 | ||
| Leukocytes | 1221 | ||
| Platelets | 1221 | ||
| Hemostasis | 1221 | ||
| Clinical Chemistry | 1221 | ||
| Creatinine | 1222 | ||
| Liver Enzymes | 1222 | ||
| Serum Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance | 1222 | ||
| Protein | 1222 | ||
| Thyroid Hormones | 1223 | ||
| Cardiac Troponins | 1223 | ||
| Clinical Pathology in Greyhounds: the Ohio State University Experience | 1223 | ||
| Conclusions | 1225 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1225 | ||
| 82 Erythrocytosis | 1227 | ||
| Definition and Classification | 1227 | ||
| Clinical and Clinicopathologic Findings | 1227 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 1228 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1229 | ||
| 83 Leukopenia and Leukocytosis | 1230 | ||
| General Considerations | 1230 | ||
| Normal Leukocyte Morphology and Physiology | 1230 | ||
| Leukocyte Changes in Disease | 1231 | ||
| Neutropenia | 1231 | ||
| Neutrophilia | 1234 | ||
| Eosinopenia | 1235 | ||
| Eosinophilia | 1235 | ||
| Basophilia | 1235 | ||
| Monocytosis | 1236 | ||
| Lymphopenia | 1236 | ||
| Lymphocytosis | 1237 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1238 | ||
| 84 Combined Cytopenias and Leukoerythroblastosis | 1239 | ||
| Definitions and Classification | 1239 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Features | 1239 | ||
| Bone Marrow Aplasia-Hypoplasia | 1242 | ||
| Myelophthisis | 1242 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes | 1243 | ||
| Myelofibrosis and Osteosclerosis | 1243 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1244 | ||
| 85 Disorders of Hemostasis | 1245 | ||
| General Considerations | 1245 | ||
| Physiology of Hemostasis | 1245 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Spontaneous Bleeding Disorders | 1246 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Evaluation of the Bleeding Patient | 1247 | ||
| Management of the Bleeding Patient | 1251 | ||
| Primary Hemostatic Defects | 1251 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 1251 | ||
| Approach to the Patient with Thrombocytopenia | 1252 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia | 1253 | ||
| Platelet Dysfunction | 1254 | ||
| von Willebrand Disease | 1254 | ||
| Other Congenital Platelet Function Defects | 1256 | ||
| Secondary Hemostatic Defects | 1256 | ||
| Congenital Clotting Factor Deficiencies | 1256 | ||
| Vitamin K Deficiency | 1256 | ||
| Mixed (Combined) Hemostatic Defects | 1257 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 1257 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1257 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1259 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1259 | ||
| Treatment | 1260 | ||
| Halting Intravascular Coagulation | 1260 | ||
| Maintaining Good Parenchymal Organ Perfusion | 1261 | ||
| Preventing Secondary Complications | 1261 | ||
| Prognosis | 1261 | ||
| Thrombosis | 1261 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1262 | ||
| 86 Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly | 1264 | ||
| Applied Anatomy and Histology | 1264 | ||
| Function | 1264 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 1264 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 1264 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1265 | ||
| Splenomegaly | 1268 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 1268 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1271 | ||
| Approach to Patients with Lymphadenopathy or Splenomegaly | 1271 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Features | 1271 | ||
| Imaging | 1272 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Tests | 1272 | ||
| Management of Lymphadenopathy or Splenomegaly | 1274 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1275 | ||
| 87 Hyperproteinemia | 1276 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1278 | ||
| 88 Fever of Undetermined Origin | 1279 | ||
| Fever and Fever of Undetermined Origin | 1279 | ||
| Disorders Associated with Fever of Undetermined Origin | 1279 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to the Patient with Fever of Undetermined Origin | 1280 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 1281 | ||
| Clinicopathologic Evaluation | 1281 | ||
| Treatment | 1282 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1282 | ||
| Thirteen Infectious Diseases | 1283 | ||
| 89 Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases | 1283 | ||
| Demonstration of the Organism | 1283 | ||
| Fecal Examination | 1283 | ||
| Direct Smear | 1283 | ||
| Stained Smear | 1283 | ||
| Fecal Flotation | 1284 | ||
| Baermann Technique | 1285 | ||
| Preservation of Feces | 1285 | ||
| Cytology | 1285 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 1286 | ||
| Rickettsial Diseases | 1286 | ||
| Fungal Diseases | 1286 | ||
| Cutaneous Parasitic Diseases | 1286 | ||
| Systemic Protozoal Diseases | 1286 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 1287 | ||
| Tissue Techniques | 1287 | ||
| Culture Techniques | 1287 | ||
| Immunologic Techniques | 1288 | ||
| Molecular Diagnostics | 1289 | ||
| Animal Inoculation | 1290 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 1290 | ||
| Antibody Detection | 1290 | ||
| Serum | 1290 | ||
| Body Fluids | 1291 | ||
| Antemortem Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases | 1291 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1291 | ||
| 90 Practical Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | 1293 | ||
| Anaerobic Infections | 1293 | ||
| Bacteremia and Bacterial Endocarditis | 1297 | ||
| Central Nervous System Infections | 1299 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract and Hepatic Infections | 1299 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Infections | 1300 | ||
| Respiratory Tract Infections | 1301 | ||
| Skin and Soft Tissue Infections | 1302 | ||
| Urogenital Tract Infections | 1302 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1303 | ||
| 91 Prevention of Infectious Diseases | 1305 | ||
| Biosecurity Procedures for Small Animal Hospitals | 1305 | ||
| General Biosecurity Guidelines | 1305 | ||
| Patient Evaluation | 1305 | ||
| Hospitalized Patients | 1306 | ||
| Basic Disinfection Protocols | 1307 | ||
| Biosecurity Procedures for Clients | 1307 | ||
| Vaccination Protocols | 1307 | ||
| Vaccine Types | 1307 | ||
| Vaccine Selection | 1308 | ||
| Vaccination Protocols for Cats | 1309 | ||
| Core Vaccines | 1309 | ||
| Feline panleukopenia virus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus-1. | 1309 | ||
| Noncore Vaccines | 1310 | ||
| Bordetella bronchiseptica. | 1310 | ||
| Chlamydia felis. | 1310 | ||
| Feline leukemia virus. | 1310 | ||
| Feline immunodeficiency virus. | 1311 | ||
| Feline infectious peritonitis. | 1311 | ||
| Rabies. | 1311 | ||
| Vaccination Protocols for Dogs | 1311 | ||
| Core Vaccines | 1311 | ||
| Canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus, and canine distemper virus. | 1311 | ||
| Rabies. | 1312 | ||
| Noncore Vaccines | 1312 | ||
| Bordetella bronchiseptica. | 1312 | ||
| Borrelia burgdorferi. | 1312 | ||
| Canine influenza. | 1312 | ||
| Distemper-measles virus. | 1312 | ||
| Leptospira interrogans. | 1312 | ||
| Parainfluenza virus. | 1312 | ||
| Not Recommended | 1312 | ||
| Insufficient Information | 1312 | ||
| Rattlesnake vaccine. | 1312 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1313 | ||
| 92 Polysystemic Bacterial Diseases | 1315 | ||
| Canine Bartonellosis | 1315 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1315 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1315 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1315 | ||
| Treatment | 1315 | ||
| Zoonotic Aspects and Prevention | 1316 | ||
| Feline Bartonellosis | 1316 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1316 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1316 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1317 | ||
| Treatment | 1317 | ||
| Zoonotic Aspects and Prevention | 1317 | ||
| Feline Plague | 1318 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1318 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1318 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1319 | ||
| Treatment | 1319 | ||
| Zoonotic Aspects and Prevention | 1319 | ||
| Leptospirosis | 1319 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1319 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 1320 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1321 | ||
| Treatment | 1321 | ||
| Zoonotic Aspects and Prevention | 1321 | ||
| Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma | 1322 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1322 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 1322 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1323 | ||
| Treatment | 1323 | ||
| Zoonotic Aspects and Prevention | 1323 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1323 | ||
| Canine Bartonellosis | 1323 | ||
| Feline Bartonellosis | 1324 | ||
| Feline Plague | 1324 | ||
| Leptospirosis | 1324 | ||
| Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma | 1325 | ||
| 93 Polysystemic Rickettsial Diseases | 1326 | ||
| Canine Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis | 1326 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 1326 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1326 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1327 | ||
| Fourteen Immune-Mediated Disorders | 1398 | ||
| 98 Pathogenesis of Immune-Mediated Disorders | 1398 | ||
| General Considerations and Definition | 1398 | ||
| Immunopathologic Mechanisms | 1398 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Immune-Mediated Disorders | 1399 | ||
| Primary Versus Secondary Immune-Mediated Disorders | 1401 | ||
| Organ Systems Involved in Autoimmune Disorders | 1401 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1401 | ||
| 99 Diagnostic Testing for Immune-Mediated Disease | 1402 | ||
| Clinical Diagnostic Approach | 1402 | ||
| Specific Diagnostic Tests | 1402 | ||
| Slide Agglutination Test | 1402 | ||
| Coombs Test (Direct Antiglobulin Test) | 1403 | ||
| Antiplatelet Antibodies | 1403 | ||
| Megakaryocyte Direct Immunofluorescence | 1404 | ||
| Antinuclear Antibody Test | 1404 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus Test | 1404 | ||
| Rheumatoid Factor | 1404 | ||
| Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry | 1404 | ||
| Autoimmune Panels | 1405 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1406 | ||
| 100 Treatment of Primary Immune-Mediated Diseases | 1407 | ||
| Principles of Treatment of Immune-Mediated Diseases | 1407 | ||
| Overview of Immunosuppressive Therapy | 1407 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 1408 | ||
| Azathioprine | 1410 | ||
| Cyclophosphamide | 1411 | ||
| Chlorambucil | 1411 | ||
| Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin) | 1411 | ||
| Vincristine | 1413 | ||
| Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin | 1414 | ||
| Pentoxifylline | 1415 | ||
| Mycophenolate Mofetil | 1415 | ||
| Leflunomide | 1415 | ||
| Splenectomy | 1416 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1416 | ||
| 101 Common Immune-Mediated Diseases | 1417 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia | 1417 | ||
| Etiology | 1417 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1418 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1418 | ||
| Treatment | 1421 | ||
| Prevention of Hemolysis | 1421 | ||
| Blood Transfusion | 1423 | ||
| Prevention of Thromboembolism | 1423 | ||
| Supportive Care | 1423 | ||
| Prognosis | 1424 | ||
| Pure Red Cell Aplasia | 1424 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia | 1424 | ||
| Classification/Etiology | 1424 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1426 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1427 | ||
| Treatment | 1428 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 1428 | ||
| Supportive Care | 1429 | ||
| Prognosis | 1429 | ||
| Feline Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia | 1429 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Neutropenia | 1429 | ||
| Etiology | 1429 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1430 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 1430 | ||
| Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia | 1430 | ||
| Polyarthritis | 1430 | ||
| Etiology | 1430 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1431 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1432 | ||
| Treatment | 1432 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 1433 | ||
| Etiology | 1433 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1433 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1433 | ||
| Treatment | 1434 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 1434 | ||
| Etiology | 1434 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1435 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1435 | ||
| Treatment | 1435 | ||
| Acquired Myasthenia Gravis | 1436 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Myositis | 1437 | ||
| Masticatory Myositis | 1437 | ||
| Polymyositis | 1437 | ||
| Dermatomyositis | 1438 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1438 | ||
| Index | 1441 | ||
| A | 1441 | ||
| B | 1443 | ||
| C | 1445 | ||
| D | 1448 | ||
| E | 1450 | ||
| F | 1452 | ||
| G | 1453 | ||
| H | 1454 | ||
| I | 1456 | ||
| J | 1458 | ||
| K | 1458 | ||
| L | 1458 | ||
| M | 1460 | ||
| N | 1461 | ||
| O | 1462 | ||
| P | 1463 | ||
| Q | 1466 | ||
| R | 1467 | ||
| S | 1468 | ||
| T | 1469 | ||
| U | 1471 | ||
| V | 1472 | ||
| W | 1472 | ||
| X | 1473 | ||
| Y | 1473 | ||
| Z | 1473 | ||
| Endsheet 5-7 | IBC1 |