Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Using colorful cartoons, humorous illustrations, and an easy-to-read approach, The Human Body in Health and Illness, 5th Edition makes it fun to learn anatomy & physiology. Step-by-step explanations, clever features, and clinical examples simplify A&P concepts and relate A&P to the real world. Organized by body system, this book shows how each organ is structurally designed to perform specific physiological tasks while demonstrating what happens to the body when a system does not function properly. Written by well-known author and educator Barbara Herlihy, The Human Body in Health and Illness makes A&P concepts easy to understand even if you have a limited background in the sciences.
- Full-color illustrations simplify difficult concepts and complex processes.
- Colorful cartoons use humor to clarify and reinforce the content, making it more memorable, accessible, and reader-friendly.
- Interesting analogies and examples make learning easier, especially if you’re studying A&P for the first time.
- Key terms and objectives are listed at the beginning of every chapter, setting learning expectations and goals, with terms defined in a comprehensive glossary.
- Did You Know boxes include brief vignettes describing clinical scenarios or historical events related to A&P.
- Review tools include chapter summaries, Review Your Knowledge questions, and Go Figure! questions relating to figures and diagrams.
- UPDATED illustrations and content keep A&P information current and strengthen an already popular textbook.
- UPDATED Medical Terminology and Disorders tables include pronunciations, derivations, and word parts, along with expanded, in-depth descriptions of the most crucial information.
- UPDATED! The Evolve website assets include practice exams, interactive activities and exercises, the Body Spectrum Online Coloring Book, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| The Human Body in Health and Illness, 5/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Pageburst ad | iii | ||
| Dedication | iv | ||
| Acknowledgments | v | ||
| To the Instructor | vi | ||
| Textbook Strengths | vi | ||
| Classroom Resources | vii | ||
| Study Guide | vii | ||
| Evolve Instructor Learning Resources | vii | ||
| TEACH Instructor Resource on Evolve | vii | ||
| To the Student | ix | ||
| Textbook Features | ix | ||
| Key Terms | ix | ||
| Objectives | ix | ||
| Illustrations | ix | ||
| Do You Know… | ix | ||
| Ramp It Up! | ix | ||
| Re-Think | ix | ||
| As You Age | ix | ||
| Sum It Up! | ix | ||
| Medical Terminolgy and Disorders Tables | ix | ||
| End-of-Chapter Features | ix | ||
| Summary Outline | ix | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | ix | ||
| Go Figure | ix | ||
| Answers to Review Your Knowledge and Go Figure Questions | ix | ||
| Glossary | ix | ||
| Study Guide | ix | ||
| Table Of Contents | x | ||
| 1 Introduction to the Human Body | 1 | ||
| Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key Terms | 1 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology: What They Are | 1 | ||
| What’s It Mean? | 1 | ||
| Why Do I Need to Know This? | 1 | ||
| The Body’s Levels of Organization | 2 | ||
| Major Organ Systems | 2 | ||
| Homeostasis: Staying the Same | 6 | ||
| Anatomical Terms: Talking About the Body | 6 | ||
| Anatomical Position | 6 | ||
| Relative Positions | 6 | ||
| Planes of the Body | 7 | ||
| Regional Terms | 8 | ||
| Cavities of the Body | 9 | ||
| Dorsal Cavity | 9 | ||
| Ventral Cavity | 10 | ||
| Thoracic Cavity | 10 | ||
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | 10 | ||
| Division into Quadrants | 10 | ||
| Division into Regions | 10 | ||
| Other Cavities | 10 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 12 | ||
| Summary Outline | 12 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 13 | ||
| Matching: Directions of the Body | 13 | ||
| Matching: Regional Terms | 13 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 13 | ||
| Go Figure | 13 | ||
| 2 Basic Chemistry | 15 | ||
| Objectives | 15 | ||
| Key Terms | 15 | ||
| Matter, Elements, and Atoms | 15 | ||
| Matter | 15 | ||
| Elements | 15 | ||
| Atoms | 16 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 16 | ||
| Other Characteristics of Atoms | 17 | ||
| Electron Shells | 18 | ||
| Chemical Bonds | 18 | ||
| Ionic Bonds | 18 | ||
| Covalent Bonds | 18 | ||
| Hydrogen Bonds | 18 | ||
| Polarity | 18 | ||
| Ions | 20 | ||
| Cations, Anions, and Electrolytes | 20 | ||
| Ion Formation | 20 | ||
| Ionization | 20 | ||
| Molecules and Compounds | 20 | ||
| Molecules | 20 | ||
| Compounds | 21 | ||
| Some Important Compounds and Molecules | 21 | ||
| Water | 21 | ||
| Oxygen | 21 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide | 22 | ||
| Chemical Reactions | 22 | ||
| Acids and Bases | 22 | ||
| Acids | 23 | ||
| Bases | 23 | ||
| Neutralization of Acids and Bases | 23 | ||
| Measurement: the pH Scale | 23 | ||
| Reading the pH Scale | 24 | ||
| pH of Body Fluids | 24 | ||
| Energy | 24 | ||
| Forms of Energy | 24 | ||
| Conversion of Energy | 25 | ||
| Energy Transfer: the Role of Adenosine Triphosphate | 25 | ||
| Mixtures, Solutions, Suspensions, and Precipitates | 25 | ||
| Mixtures | 25 | ||
| Solutions | 26 | ||
| Suspensions | 26 | ||
| Precipitates | 27 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 27 | ||
| Summary Outline | 27 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 28 | ||
| Matching: Atoms and Elements | 28 | ||
| Matching: Structure of the Atom | 28 | ||
| Matching: Ions and Electrolytes | 28 | ||
| Matching: Acids and Bases | 28 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 28 | ||
| Go Figure | 28 | ||
| 3 Cells | 30 | ||
| Objectives | 30 | ||
| Key Terms | 30 | ||
| Typical Cell | 30 | ||
| Cell Membrane | 30 | ||
| Inside the Cell | 31 | ||
| Nucleus | 31 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 32 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Gel | 32 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Organelles | 33 | ||
| Mitochondria | 33 | ||
| Ribosomes | 33 | ||
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | 33 | ||
| Golgi Apparatus | 34 | ||
| Lysosomes | 34 | ||
| Cytoskeleton | 34 | ||
| Centrioles | 34 | ||
| On the Cell Membrane | 35 | ||
| Microvilli | 35 | ||
| Cilia | 35 | ||
| Flagella | 35 | ||
| Movement Across the Cell Membrane | 36 | ||
| Passive Transport Mechanisms | 36 | ||
| Diffusion | 36 | ||
| Facilitated Diffusion | 37 | ||
| Osmosis | 38 | ||
| Tonicity | 39 | ||
| Isotonic Solution | 39 | ||
| Hypotonic Solution | 39 | ||
| Hypertonic Solutions | 40 | ||
| Filtration | 40 | ||
| Active Transport Mechanisms | 40 | ||
| Active Transport Pumps | 41 | ||
| Endocytosis | 41 | ||
| Exocytosis | 41 | ||
| Cell Division | 41 | ||
| Cell Cycle | 42 | ||
| Interphase | 42 | ||
| Mitosis | 42 | ||
| Cell Differentiation | 43 | ||
| Stem Cells | 43 | ||
| Order, Disorder, and Death | 44 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 45 | ||
| Summary Outline | 45 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 46 | ||
| Matching: Cell Structure | 46 | ||
| Matching: Transport and Tonicity | 46 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 46 | ||
| Go Figure | 47 | ||
| 4 Cell Metabolism | 48 | ||
| Objectives | 48 | ||
| Key Terms | 48 | ||
| Metabolism | 48 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 48 | ||
| Monosaccharides | 48 | ||
| Disaccharides | 49 | ||
| Polysaccharides | 49 | ||
| Uses of Glucose | 50 | ||
| The Breakdown of Glucose | 50 | ||
| The Making of Glucose | 51 | ||
| Lipids (Fats) | 52 | ||
| Uses of Lipids | 54 | ||
| Metabolism of Lipids | 54 | ||
| Making Fat | 54 | ||
| Proteins | 54 | ||
| Amino Acids | 54 | ||
| Uses of Proteins | 55 | ||
| Breakdown of Protein and the Problem with Ammonia | 55 | ||
| Formation of Urea | 56 | ||
| Worrying About Ammonia. | 56 | ||
| Protein Synthesis and DNA | 56 | ||
| DNA Structure | 57 | ||
| The Genetic Code | 57 | ||
| Reading the Code | 57 | ||
| Copying the Code: mRNA | 57 | ||
| mRNA as Copycat | 58 | ||
| Steps in Protein Synthesis | 59 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 62 | ||
| Summary Outline | 62 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 62 | ||
| Matching: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats | 62 | ||
| Matching: Biochemistry Terms | 62 | ||
| Matching: Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis | 63 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 63 | ||
| Go Figure | 63 | ||
| 5 Microbiology Basics | 64 | ||
| Objectives | 64 | ||
| Key Terms | 64 | ||
| What is Disease? | 64 | ||
| Types of Pathogens | 64 | ||
| Microorganisms (Microbes) | 65 | ||
| Other (Multicellular) Disease-Causing Organisms | 67 | ||
| Laboratory Identification of Pathogens | 68 | ||
| The Spread of Infection | 69 | ||
| Portals of Entry and Exit | 69 | ||
| How Pathogens Spread | 70 | ||
| Person-to-Person Contact | 70 | ||
| Environment-to-Person Contact | 70 | ||
| “Tiny Animal”-to-Person Contact | 70 | ||
| Five Germ-Laden Stories | 70 | ||
| Dr. Semmelweis Screams, “Wash Those Mitts!” | 70 | ||
| Flora and Her Vaginal Itch | 71 | ||
| Rick, Nick, and the Sick Tick | 71 | ||
| Why Typhoid Mary Needed to Lose Her Gallbladder | 72 | ||
| A Pox News Alert! | 72 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 75 | ||
| Summary Outline | 75 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 75 | ||
| Matching: Microorganisms and Other Pathogens | 75 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 76 | ||
| Go Figure | 76 | ||
| 6 Tissues and Membranes | 77 | ||
| Objectives | 77 | ||
| Key Terms | 77 | ||
| Epithelial Tissue | 77 | ||
| Where is It Found? | 77 | ||
| What Does It Do? | 77 | ||
| What is It Like? | 77 | ||
| Classification | 78 | ||
| Simple Epithelia | 78 | ||
| Stratified Epithelia | 79 | ||
| Glandular Epithelia | 81 | ||
| Connective Tissue | 81 | ||
| Where is It Found? | 81 | ||
| What Does It Look Like? | 81 | ||
| Connective Tissue Cells | 81 | ||
| Types of Connective Tissue | 82 | ||
| Loose Connective Tissue | 82 | ||
| Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue | 83 | ||
| Cartilage | 84 | ||
| Types of Cartilage | 84 | ||
| Bone | 85 | ||
| Blood and Lymph | 85 | ||
| Nervous Tissue | 85 | ||
| Neurons | 85 | ||
| Muscle Tissue | 85 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 86 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 86 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 86 | ||
| Tissue Repair | 86 | ||
| Membranes | 88 | ||
| Classification of Membranes | 88 | ||
| Epithelial Membranes | 88 | ||
| Cutaneous Membrane | 88 | ||
| Mucous Membranes | 88 | ||
| Serous Membranes | 88 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 91 | ||
| Summary Outline | 91 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 91 | ||
| Matching: Tissues | 91 | ||
| Matching: Membranes | 91 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 91 | ||
| Go Figure | 92 | ||
| 7 Integumentary System and Body Temperature | 93 | ||
| Objectives | 93 | ||
| Key Terms | 93 | ||
| Functions of the Integumentary System | 93 | ||
| Structure of the Skin | 94 | ||
| Layers of the Skin | 94 | ||
| Epidermis | 94 | ||
| Dermis | 95 | ||
| The Skin Tells a Story | 95 | ||
| Subcutaneous Layer | 95 | ||
| The Skin, Drugs, and Chemicals | 96 | ||
| Skin Color | 96 | ||
| Accessory Structures of the Skin | 97 | ||
| Hair | 97 | ||
| Nails | 98 | ||
| Glands | 99 | ||
| Body Temperature | 101 | ||
| Heat Production | 101 | ||
| Heat Loss | 101 | ||
| Regulation | 101 | ||
| Newborns and Body Temperature | 102 | ||
| When Skin is Burned | 103 | ||
| Eschar | 104 | ||
| A Note About Skin Care | 105 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 108 | ||
| Summary Outline | 108 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 109 | ||
| Matching: Skin | 109 | ||
| Matching: Glands | 109 | ||
| Matching: Colors | 109 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 109 | ||
| Go Figure | 110 | ||
| 8 Skeletal System | 111 | ||
| Objectives | 111 | ||
| Key Terms | 111 | ||
| Arrangement and Functions of Bones | 111 | ||
| The Skeletal System: What It Does | 111 | ||
| Many Sizes and Shapes of Bones | 113 | ||
| Bone Tissue and Bone Formation | 113 | ||
| Compact and Spongy Bone | 114 | ||
| Long Bones | 115 | ||
| Ossification | 115 | ||
| Ossification of Flat Bones: Intramembranous Ossification | 115 | ||
| Ossification of Long Bones: Endochondral Ossification | 115 | ||
| Growing Bones | 115 | ||
| Growing Taller | 116 | ||
| The “What-Ifs” of the Epiphyseal Disc | 116 | ||
| Growing Thicker and Wider | 116 | ||
| Bumps and Grooves | 116 | ||
| Broken Bones | 117 | ||
| Divisions of the Skeletal System | 117 | ||
| Axial Skeleton | 117 | ||
| Skull | 117 | ||
| Cranium | 118 | ||
| Facial Bones | 119 | ||
| Sinuses | 121 | ||
| How the Skull Bones Are Held Together | 121 | ||
| The Infant Skull | 121 | ||
| Hyoid Bone | 122 | ||
| Bones of the Middle Ear | 122 | ||
| Vertebral Column | 122 | ||
| The Back and Its Stack of Bones | 122 | ||
| Two Special Vertebrae: Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) | 123 | ||
| Characteristics of Vertebrae | 123 | ||
| Some Vertebral Column Concerns | 123 | ||
| Curvatures | 124 | ||
| Thoracic Cage | 125 | ||
| Sternum | 125 | ||
| Ribs | 125 | ||
| Other Thoracic Cage Structures | 125 | ||
| Appendicular Skeleton | 126 | ||
| Shoulder Girdle | 127 | ||
| Clavicle | 128 | ||
| Scapula | 128 | ||
| Upper Limbs | 128 | ||
| Humerus | 128 | ||
| Radius | 128 | ||
| Ulna | 128 | ||
| Hand | 128 | ||
| Pelvic Girdle | 129 | ||
| Pelvis | 130 | ||
| Male and Female Differences. | 130 | ||
| Coxal Bone | 130 | ||
| Ilium. | 130 | ||
| Ischium. | 130 | ||
| Pubis. | 130 | ||
| Lower Limbs | 130 | ||
| Femur | 130 | ||
| Patella | 130 | ||
| Tibia and Fibula | 131 | ||
| Foot | 131 | ||
| Joints (Articulations) | 132 | ||
| Joint Classification | 133 | ||
| Immovable Joints | 133 | ||
| Slightly Movable Joints | 133 | ||
| Freely Movable Joints | 133 | ||
| Naming Joints | 134 | ||
| Moving Synovial Joints | 134 | ||
| Hinge Joint | 134 | ||
| Ball-and-Socket Joint | 135 | ||
| Pivot Joint | 135 | ||
| Saddle Joint | 135 | ||
| Gliding Joint | 135 | ||
| Condyloid Joint | 135 | ||
| Clinically “Big” Synovial Joints | 135 | ||
| Knee | 135 | ||
| Peas for the Knees and More Disease | 135 | ||
| Shoulder | 137 | ||
| Elbow | 137 | ||
| Hip | 137 | ||
| Types of Joint Movements | 137 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 139 | ||
| Summary Outline | 139 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 139 | ||
| Matching: Long Bone | 139 | ||
| Matching: Names of Bones | 139 | ||
| Matching: Joints and Joint Movement | 140 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 140 | ||
| Go Figure | 140 | ||
| 9 Muscular System | 142 | ||
| Objectives | 142 | ||
| Key Terms | 142 | ||
| Types and Functions of Muscles | 142 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 142 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 142 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 143 | ||
| Structure of the Whole Muscle | 143 | ||
| Muscle | 143 | ||
| Layers of Connective Tissue | 144 | ||
| Muscle Attachments | 145 | ||
| Structure and Function of a Single Muscle Fiber | 145 | ||
| How Muscles Contract | 145 | ||
| Sliding Filament Mechanism | 145 | ||
| The Role of Calcium and Adenosine Triphoshate | 145 | ||
| Skeletal Muscles and Nerves | 147 | ||
| Somatic Motor Neuron | 147 | ||
| The Motor Unit | 147 | ||
| The Neuromuscular Junction | 147 | ||
| The Stimulated Muscle Membrane | 147 | ||
| Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction | 148 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 148 | ||
| Neuromuscular Blockade Caused by Curare | 149 | ||
| Effects of Neurotoxins on Muscle Function | 149 | ||
| Force of Muscle Contraction | 150 | ||
| Contractile Force of a Single Muscle Fiber | 150 | ||
| More about Tetanus | 151 | ||
| Contractile Force of a Whole Muscle | 151 | ||
| Muscle Tone | 151 | ||
| Energy Source for Muscle Contraction | 151 | ||
| Muscle Fatigue | 152 | ||
| Muscle Terms | 152 | ||
| Origin and Insertion | 152 | ||
| Prime Mover, Synergist, and Antagonist | 152 | ||
| Muscle Overuse and Underuse Terms | 153 | ||
| Hypertrophy | 153 | ||
| Atrophy | 153 | ||
| Contracture | 153 | ||
| How Skeletal Muscles are Named | 153 | ||
| Size | 153 | ||
| Shape | 153 | ||
| Orientation of Fibers | 153 | ||
| Location | 153 | ||
| Number of Origins | 153 | ||
| Origin and Insertion | 153 | ||
| Muscle Action | 153 | ||
| Muscles From Head to Toe | 154 | ||
| Muscles of the Head | 154 | ||
| Facial Muscles | 154 | ||
| Chewing Muscles | 154 | ||
| Muscles of the Neck | 160 | ||
| Sternocleidomastoid | 160 | ||
| Trapezius | 160 | ||
| Muscles of the Trunk | 160 | ||
| Muscles Involved in Breathing | 160 | ||
| Muscles That Form the Abdominal Wall | 161 | ||
| Muscles That Move the Vertebral Column | 161 | ||
| Muscles That Form the Pelvic Floor | 161 | ||
| Muscles of the Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle and Arm | 162 | ||
| Muscles That Move the Forearm | 163 | ||
| Muscles That Move the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers | 163 | ||
| The Carpal Tunnel | 163 | ||
| Muscles That Move the Thigh, Leg, and Foot | 164 | ||
| Muscles That Move the Femur (Thigh Bone) | 164 | ||
| Muscles That Move the Leg | 164 | ||
| Muscles That Move the Foot | 165 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 169 | ||
| Summary Outline | 169 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 169 | ||
| Matching: Muscle Terms | 169 | ||
| Matching: Names of Muscles | 170 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 170 | ||
| Go Figure | 170 | ||
| 10 Nervous System: | 172 | ||
| Objectives | 172 | ||
| Key Terms | 172 | ||
| The Nervous System: Structure and Function | 172 | ||
| Divisions of the Nervous System | 172 | ||
| Functions of the Nervous System | 172 | ||
| Sensory Function | 172 | ||
| Integrative Function | 172 | ||
| Motor Function | 173 | ||
| Cells That Make Up the Nervous System | 173 | ||
| Neuroglia | 173 | ||
| Neuron | 173 | ||
| Parts of a Neuron | 173 | ||
| Three Parts | 173 | ||
| The Axon: A Special Structure | 174 | ||
| Types of Neurons | 174 | ||
| White Matter Versus Gray Matter | 175 | ||
| The Neuron Carrying Information | 175 | ||
| The Nerve Impulse: What It Is | 175 | ||
| 11 Nervous System: | 200 | ||
| Objectives | 200 | ||
| Key Terms | 200 | ||
| What the Spinal Cord Is | 200 | ||
| Location and Size | 200 | ||
| Gray on the Inside, White on the Outside | 201 | ||
| Gray Matter | 201 | ||
| White Matter | 201 | ||
| Decussation | 202 | ||
| Spinal Nerves Attached to the Spinal Cord | 203 | ||
| What the Spinal Cord Does | 203 | ||
| Reflexes | 204 | ||
| What Reflexes Are | 204 | ||
| The Reflex Arc | 205 | ||
| Many, Many Reflexes | 205 | ||
| Ouch! the Withdrawal Reflex | 205 | ||
| Organ Reflexes | 205 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System | 206 | ||
| Nerves | 206 | ||
| Classifying the Peripheral Nervous System | 206 | ||
| Structural Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System | 206 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 207 | ||
| Names and Numbers of Cranial Nerves. | 207 | ||
| Functions of Cranial Nerves. | 207 | ||
| Spinal Nerves | 210 | ||
| Names and Numbers of Spinal Nerves | 210 | ||
| Spinal Nerve Plexuses | 210 | ||
| What a Dermatome Is | 214 | ||
| Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System | 215 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 215 | ||
| Summary Outline | 215 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 216 | ||
| Matching: Reflexes | 216 | ||
| Matching: Nerves | 216 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 216 | ||
| Go Figure | 216 | ||
| 12 Autonomic Nervous System | 218 | ||
| Objectives | 218 | ||
| Key Terms | 218 | ||
| Autonomic (Visceral) Reflexes | 218 | ||
| What They Do | 218 | ||
| Pathway | 218 | ||
| Organization and Function of the Autonomic Nervous System | 219 | ||
| Division of the Autonomic Nervous System | 219 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System: Fight or Flight | 219 | ||
| Parasympathetic Nervous System: Feed and Breed | 220 | ||
| Autonomic Terminology and Pharmacology | 220 | ||
| Autonomic Tone and Vasomotor Tone | 221 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System Neurons | 221 | ||
| Numbers and Ganglia | 221 | ||
| Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System | 221 | ||
| Neurons of the Parasympathetic Nervous System | 222 | ||
| Running with Cranial Nerves | 223 | ||
| Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) | 223 | ||
| Facial Nerve (CN Vll) | 223 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN lX) | 223 | ||
| Vagus Nerve (CN X) | 223 | ||
| Naming Fibers and Neurotransmitters | 223 | ||
| Neurotransmitters: Termination of Activity | 223 | ||
| Receptors of the Autonomic Nervous System | 224 | ||
| Cholinergic Receptors | 224 | ||
| Adrenergic Receptors | 225 | ||
| Autonomic Terminology: “Doing” Autonomic Pharmacology | 226 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 228 | ||
| Summary Outline | 228 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 229 | ||
| Matching: Sympathetic or Parasympathetic | 229 | ||
| Matching: Norepinephrine or Acetylcholine | 229 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 229 | ||
| Go Figure | 230 | ||
| 13 Sensory System | 231 | ||
| Objectives | 231 | ||
| Key Terms | 231 | ||
| Receptors and Sensation | 231 | ||
| Cells That Detect Stimuli | 231 | ||
| What Sensation Is | 231 | ||
| Experiencing a Sensation | 231 | ||
| Four Components | 231 | ||
| Two Characteristics of Sensation | 232 | ||
| The General Senses | 233 | ||
| Pain | 233 | ||
| Touch and Pressure | 235 | ||
| Temperature | 235 | ||
| Proprioception | 236 | ||
| The Special Senses | 236 | ||
| Sense of Smell: the Nose | 236 | ||
| What a Smell Can Tell | 236 | ||
| Sense of Taste: the Tongue | 237 | ||
| Some Tasteful Comments | 237 | ||
| Sense of Sight: the Eye | 238 | ||
| Visual Accessory Organs | 238 | ||
| Eyebrows | 238 | ||
| Eyelids | 238 | ||
| Conjunctiva | 239 | ||
| Eyelashes | 239 | ||
| Lacrimal Apparatus: It’s Tearing Me Up! | 239 | ||
| Extrinsic Eye Muscles | 239 | ||
| The Eyeball | 239 | ||
| Layers of the Eyeball | 241 | ||
| Sclera. | 241 | ||
| Choroid. | 241 | ||
| Retina. | 241 | ||
| Cavities and Fluids | 242 | ||
| Muscles of the Eye | 242 | ||
| Extrinsic Eye Muscles | 242 | ||
| Intrinsic Eye Muscles | 243 | ||
| Muscles of the Iris. | 243 | ||
| Photopupillary Reflex. | 245 | ||
| Ciliary Muscle. | 245 | ||
| Refraction and Accommodation | 245 | ||
| Stimulation of the Photoreceptors | 246 | ||
| Night Vision | 246 | ||
| Color Vision | 246 | ||
| Informing the Brain: the Visual Pathway | 246 | ||
| Seeing Happens When… | 247 | ||
| Seeing Doesn’t Happen When… | 247 | ||
| Sense of Hearing: the Ear | 248 | ||
| Structure of the Ear | 248 | ||
| External Ear | 248 | ||
| Middle Ear | 248 | ||
| Inner Ear | 249 | ||
| Hearing Happens When… | 250 | ||
| Hearing Doesn’t Happen When… | 250 | ||
| Sense of Balance: the Ear | 251 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 255 | ||
| Summary Outline | 255 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 256 | ||
| Matching: Senses | 256 | ||
| Matching: Structures of the Eye | 256 | ||
| Matching: Structures of the Ear | 256 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 256 | ||
| Go Figure | 257 | ||
| 14 Endocrine System | 259 | ||
| Objectives | 259 | ||
| Key Terms | 259 | ||
| Endocrine Glands | 259 | ||
| Hormones | 259 | ||
| Classification of Hormones | 261 | ||
| Targets | 261 | ||
| Hormone Receptors | 261 | ||
| Control of Hormone Secretion | 262 | ||
| Negative Feedback Loop, or “Enough is Enough” | 262 | ||
| Positive Feedback Loop, or “Give Me More” | 262 | ||
| Biorhythms | 262 | ||
| Control by the Central Nervous System | 263 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 263 | ||
| Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus | 263 | ||
| Anterior Pituitary Gland | 263 | ||
| Growth Hormone | 265 | ||
| Prolactin | 266 | ||
| Tropic Hormones | 266 | ||
| Posterior Pituitary Gland | 266 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone | 266 | ||
| Oxytocin | 266 | ||
| A Tiny Third Lobe … a Fetal Structure | 267 | ||
| Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone | 267 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 267 | ||
| Thyroid Follicle | 268 | ||
| What Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) Do | 268 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 268 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 268 | ||
| Regulation of Secretion | 268 | ||
| The Need for Iodine | 268 | ||
| Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone | 268 | ||
| Iodine Deficiency | 269 | ||
| Calcitonin | 269 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 269 | ||
| Blood Calcium REGULATION: Imbalances | 269 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 269 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 270 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 271 | ||
| Adrenal Medulla | 271 | ||
| Adrenal Cortex | 271 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 271 | ||
| Control of Cortisol Secretion | 272 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 273 | ||
| Sex Hormones | 273 | ||
| Hyposecretion and Hypersecretion | 273 | ||
| Hyposecretion | 273 | ||
| Hypersecretion | 273 | ||
| The Case of the Lazy Gland (Acute Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency) | 273 | ||
| Pancreas | 274 | ||
| Insulin | 275 | ||
| Secretion and Effects | 275 | ||
| Insulin and Blood Glucose | 275 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus: “a Melting Down of the Flesh and Limbs Into Urine” | 275 | ||
| Insulin Receptors and the Diabetic State | 276 | ||
| Glucagon | 276 | ||
| Glucagon, Infection, and Diabetes | 276 | ||
| Gonads | 277 | ||
| Thymus Gland | 277 | ||
| Pineal Gland | 277 | ||
| Other Hormones | 277 | ||
| Organ-Specific Hormones | 277 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 277 | ||
| Adipose Tissue Hormones | 278 | ||
| The Tab of Ab Flab | 278 | ||
| Heart and Blood Vessels | 278 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 278 | ||
| Cancer | 278 | ||
| Joint Disease | 278 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 281 | ||
| Summary Outline | 281 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 282 | ||
| Matching: Glands | 282 | ||
| Matching: Hormones | 282 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 282 | ||
| Go Figure | 283 | ||
| 15 Blood | 284 | ||
| Objectives | 284 | ||
| Key Terms | 284 | ||
| What Blood Does | 284 | ||
| Composition of Blood | 284 | ||
| Characteristics | 284 | ||
| Blood Has Two Parts | 285 | ||
| Origin of Blood Cells | 286 | ||
| Hemopoiesis and Red Bone Marrow | 286 | ||
| Bone Marrow Misery | 286 | ||
| Bone Marrow Depression | 286 | ||
| Bone Marrow Overactivity | 286 | ||
| Blood Cells | 287 | ||
| Red Blood Cells | 287 | ||
| “Retics” | 287 | ||
| Shape and Contents | 288 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 288 | ||
| Why Blood Changes Its Color | 289 | ||
| Substances Essential for Hemoglobin Production | 289 | ||
| Regulation of RBC Production | 290 | ||
| Removal and Breakdown of Red Blood Cells | 290 | ||
| Recycle! | 290 | ||
| The Anemias … as a Summary of Red Blood Cell Requirements and Conditions | 291 | ||
| White Blood Cells | 291 | ||
| Types of White Blood Cells | 292 | ||
| Neutrophils | 292 | ||
| Naming the Neutrophil | 293 | ||
| Polys, Polymorphs, or Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. | 293 | ||
| Segs. | 293 | ||
| Band Cells, Staff Cells, and Stab Cells. | 293 | ||
| What Is a “Shift to the Left”? | 293 | ||
| Basophils | 294 | ||
| Eosinophils | 294 | ||
| Agranulocytes | 294 | ||
| Good News, Bad News | 294 | ||
| Platelets | 294 | ||
| Blood Counts | 295 | ||
| Differential Count | 295 | ||
| Hemostasis: Prevention of Blood Loss | 295 | ||
| Blood Vessel Spasm | 295 | ||
| Formation of a Platelet Plug | 295 | ||
| Antiplatelet Drugs and Bleeding | 295 | ||
| Blood Clotting | 296 | ||
| Formation of the Blood Clot | 296 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 297 | ||
| Endothelium | 297 | ||
| Secretion of Heparin | 297 | ||
| Anticoagulant Medications | 298 | ||
| Clot Retraction | 298 | ||
| Clot Busting: Fibrinolysis | 298 | ||
| Blood Types | 299 | ||
| Antigens and Blood Types | 299 | ||
| Antibodies and Blood Type | 300 | ||
| Antigen–Antibody Interaction | 300 | ||
| Compatibility and Incompatibility of Blood Types | 300 | ||
| Rh Classification System | 301 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 305 | ||
| Summary Outline | 305 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 306 | ||
| Matching: Blood Cells | 306 | ||
| Matching: Blood Clots | 306 | ||
| Matching: Blood Types | 306 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 306 | ||
| Go Figure | 307 | ||
| 16 Anatomy of the Heart | 308 | ||
| Objectives | 308 | ||
| Key Terms | 308 | ||
| Function, Location, and Size of the Heart | 308 | ||
| Layers and Covering of the Heart | 308 | ||
| Endocardium | 308 | ||
| Myocardium | 309 | ||
| Epicardium | 309 | ||
| Pericardium | 310 | ||
| A Double Pump and Two Circulations | 310 | ||
| The Heart’s Chambers and Great Vessels | 311 | ||
| Right Atrium | 311 | ||
| Right Ventricle | 312 | ||
| Left Atrium | 312 | ||
| Left Ventricle | 312 | ||
| Great Vessels of the Heart | 313 | ||
| Heart Valves | 313 | ||
| Atrioventricular Valves | 313 | ||
| Semilunar Valves | 314 | ||
| Pulmonic Valve | 314 | ||
| Aortic Valve | 314 | ||
| Heart Sounds | 315 | ||
| Pathway of Blood Flow Through the Heart | 315 | ||
| Blood Flow and Shunts | 315 | ||
| Shunts | 315 | ||
| Left-to-Right Shunt | 315 | ||
| Right-to-Left Shunt | 315 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Myocardium | 316 | ||
| Ischemia and Infarction | 317 | ||
| Cardiac Enzymes and Leaky Cells | 318 | ||
| Cardiac Conduction System | 318 | ||
| Parts of the Cardiac Conduction System | 318 | ||
| Sinoatrial Node | 318 | ||
| Atrial Conducting Fibers | 319 | ||
| Atrioventricular Node | 319 | ||
| His-Purkinje System | 319 | ||
| Automaticity and Rhythmicity | 320 | ||
| Normal, Slow, and Slower | 320 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 320 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 322 | ||
| Summary Outline | 322 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 323 | ||
| Matching: Structures of the Heart | 323 | ||
| Matching: Valves | 323 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 323 | ||
| Go Figure | 324 | ||
| 17 Function of the Heart | 325 | ||
| Objective | 325 | ||
| Key Terms | 325 | ||
| The Coordinated and Adaptable Pump | 325 | ||
| Cardiac Cycle | 325 | ||
| Autonomic Control of the Heart | 326 | ||
| Why the Autonomic Nervous System? | 326 | ||
| Autonomic Wiring | 326 | ||
| Autonomic Firing | 326 | ||
| Sympathetic Stimulation | 326 | ||
| Parasympathetic (Vagus Nerve) Stimulation | 327 | ||
| Cardiac Output | 328 | ||
| Heart Rate | 328 | ||
| Stroke Volume | 329 | ||
| How to Change Stroke Volume | 329 | ||
| Starling’s Law of the Heart. | 329 | ||
| Inotropic Effect. | 329 | ||
| Changing Cardiac Output | 329 | ||
| Heart Talk | 330 | ||
| Heart Talk: Clinical Terms | 330 | ||
| End-Diastolic Volume | 330 | ||
| Preload | 330 | ||
| Ejection Fraction | 330 | ||
| Afterload | 331 | ||
| Inotropic Effect | 331 | ||
| Chronotropic Effect | 331 | ||
| Dromotropic Effect | 331 | ||
| Heart Talk: Receptor Language | 331 | ||
| Beta1-Adrenergic Receptor Activation | 331 | ||
| Beta1-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade | 331 | ||
| Muscarinic (Cholinergic) Receptor Activation | 331 | ||
| Muscarinic (Cholinergic) Receptor Blockade | 332 | ||
| The Failing Heart: When the Heart Can’t Pump | 332 | ||
| Left Heart Failure | 332 | ||
| Backward Failure | 332 | ||
| Forward Failure | 332 | ||
| Right Heart Failure | 333 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 337 | ||
| Summary Outline | 337 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 338 | ||
| Matching: Cardiac Function Terms | 338 | ||
| Matching: Loads and Effects | 338 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 338 | ||
| Go Figure | 338 | ||
| 18 Anatomy of the Blood Vessels | 340 | ||
| Objective | 340 | ||
| Key Terms | 340 | ||
| Circles, Circuits, and Circulations | 340 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 341 | ||
| Naming the Blood Vessels | 341 | ||
| Arteries | 341 | ||
| Capillaries | 341 | ||
| Veins | 341 | ||
| Blood Vessel Walls: the Layered Look | 341 | ||
| Blood Vessels: What They Do | 342 | ||
| Arteries | 342 | ||
| Arterioles | 342 | ||
| Capillaries | 342 | ||
| Veins and Venules | 343 | ||
| Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation | 343 | ||
| Aorta | 343 | ||
| Branches of the Aorta | 344 | ||
| Branches of the Ascending Aorta | 344 | ||
| Branches of the Aortic Arch | 344 | ||
| Branches of the Descending Aorta (Thoracic Aorta) | 345 | ||
| Branches of the Descending Aorta (Abdominal Aorta) | 346 | ||
| Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation | 346 | ||
| Venae Cavae | 346 | ||
| Veins That Empty Into the Superior Vena Cava | 346 | ||
| Veins That Empty Into the Inferior Vena Cava | 348 | ||
| Special Circulations | 348 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Head and Brain | 348 | ||
| Arteries of the Head and Neck | 349 | ||
| Venous Drainage of the Head and Brain | 350 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Liver and the Hepatic Portal Circulation | 350 | ||
| Hepatic Blood Vessels | 350 | ||
| Hepatic Portal Circulation: a Part of the Splanchnic Circulation | 350 | ||
| Fetal Circulation | 351 | ||
| Pulse | 353 | ||
| What is a Pulse? | 353 | ||
| What Can You Learn About a Patient by Feeling the Pulse? | 353 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 354 | ||
| Summary Outline | 354 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 355 | ||
| Matching: Blood Vessels: Structure and Function | 355 | ||
| Matching: Names of Blood Vessels | 355 | ||
| Matching: Fetal Circulation | 355 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 355 | ||
| Go Figure | 356 | ||
| 19 Functions of the Blood Vessels | 357 | ||
| Objective | 357 | ||
| Key Terms | 357 | ||
| Blood Vessels Deliver | 357 | ||
| Blood Vessels Regulate Blood Pressure | 357 | ||
| Measurement of Blood Pressure | 357 | ||
| 116/72 mm Hg: What It Means | 357 | ||
| Normal and Abnormal | 358 | ||
| “Taking” a Blood Pressure | 358 | ||
| Blood Pressure in Different Blood Vessels | 359 | ||
| Blood Pressure and Venous Return | 359 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Action | 359 | ||
| Respiratory Movements | 360 | ||
| Constriction of the Veins | 360 | ||
| What Determines Blood Pressure? | 360 | ||
| Heart and Blood Pressure | 360 | ||
| Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure | 360 | ||
| How Blood Pressure Stays Within Normal Limits | 362 | ||
| Rapidly Acting Mechanisms | 362 | ||
| Slower Acting Mechanisms and Long-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure | 364 | ||
| Blood Vessels Act as Exchange Vessels | 364 | ||
| What is an Exchange Vessel? | 364 | ||
| Why Capillaries are Good Exchange Vessels | 365 | ||
| Thin Capillary Walls | 365 | ||
| Millions of Capillaries | 365 | ||
| Slow Velocity of Blood Flow | 365 | ||
| Capillary Forces: Exchange | 365 | ||
| Exchange Involving Diffusion | 365 | ||
| Exchange Involving Filtration-Osmosis | 365 | ||
| Mechanisms of Edema Formation | 365 | ||
| Heart Failure | 365 | ||
| Severe Burn | 366 | ||
| Kidney Disease | 366 | ||
| Blocked Lymphatic Drainage | 366 | ||
| Blood Vessels Distribute Blood | 367 | ||
| Blood Vessels Regulate Body Temperature | 367 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 370 | ||
| Summary Outline | 370 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 371 | ||
| Matching: Blood Pressure Terms | 371 | ||
| Matching: Blood Pressure Readings | 371 | ||
| Matching: Changes in Blood Pressure | 371 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 371 | ||
| Go Figure | 372 | ||
| 20 Lymphatic System | 373 | ||
| Objective | 373 | ||
| Key Terms | 373 | ||
| The Lymphatic System | 373 | ||
| Lymph: What It is, Where It Comes From | 373 | ||
| Lymphatic Vessels | 373 | ||
| Movement Through the Lymphatic Vessels | 374 | ||
| Lymphoid Organs | 374 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 375 | ||
| Tonsils | 376 | ||
| Thymus Gland | 376 | ||
| Spleen | 378 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 380 | ||
| Summary Outline | 380 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 380 | ||
| Matching: Lymph Terms | 380 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 380 | ||
| Go Figure | 381 | ||
| 21 Immune System | 382 | ||
| Objective | 382 | ||
| Key Terms | 382 | ||
| Classification of the Immune System | 382 | ||
| Nonspecific Immunity | 382 | ||
| First Line of Defense | 383 | ||
| Second Line of Defense | 384 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 384 | ||
| What Does a Phagocyte Do? | 384 | ||
| Inflammation | 384 | ||
| Fever | 385 | ||
| Protective Proteins | 385 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 386 | ||
| Specific Immunity: Third Line of Defense | 386 | ||
| Antigens | 386 | ||
| Self and Nonself: is That Me? | 386 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 387 | ||
| Why the Names “T” and “B” Cells? | 387 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity: T-Cell Function | 387 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity: B-Cell Function | 388 | ||
| Antibodies | 389 | ||
| What Antibodies Are | 389 | ||
| What Antibodies Do | 390 | ||
| Remember Me? Primary and Secondary Responses | 390 | ||
| Types of Immunity | 390 | ||
| Genetic Immunity | 391 | ||
| Acquired Immunity | 391 | ||
| Naturally Acquired Immunity | 391 | ||
| Artificially Acquired Immunity | 391 | ||
| Other Immune Responses | 392 | ||
| Allergic Reactions | 392 | ||
| Autoimmune Disease | 393 | ||
| Organ Rejection | 393 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 396 | ||
| Summary Outline | 396 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 397 | ||
| Matching: Nonspecific Immunity | 397 | ||
| Matching: Specific Immunity | 397 | ||
| Matching: Active and Passive Immunity | 397 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 397 | ||
| Go Figure | 398 | ||
| 22 Respiratory System | 399 | ||
| Objective | 399 | ||
| Key Terms | 399 | ||
| Structure: Organs of the Respiratory System | 399 | ||
| Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts | 399 | ||
| Nose and Nasal Cavities | 399 | ||
| Pharynx | 401 | ||
| Larynx | 401 | ||
| Where and What is Your Voice Box? | 401 | ||
| Vocal Cords | 401 | ||
| True or False | 401 | ||
| Down the Wrong Way | 403 | ||
| From Boy to Young Man | 403 | ||
| Trachea | 404 | ||
| Where It Sits and Where It Splits | 404 | ||
| Keeping It Open | 404 | ||
| Bronchial Tree: Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli | 404 | ||
| Bronchi | 404 | ||
| Bronchioles | 406 | ||
| Alveoli | 406 | ||
| Lungs | 406 | ||
| Right and Left | 406 | ||
| Pleural Membranes | 407 | ||
| Pleura | 407 | ||
| Pleural Cavity: a Potential Space | 407 | ||
| Collapsed and Expanded Lungs | 407 | ||
| Why Lungs Collapse | 408 | ||
| Elastic Recoil | 408 | ||
| Surface Tension | 408 | ||
| Why Lungs Expand | 409 | ||
| Saying It Another Way: Compliance | 410 | ||
| Respiratory Function | 411 | ||
| Three Steps in Respiration | 411 | ||
| Step 1: Ventilation or Breathing | 411 | ||
| What It Is | 411 | ||
| Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume | 411 | ||
| Boyle’s Law and Breathing | 411 | ||
| The Muscles of Respiration | 412 | ||
| Nerves That Supply the Respiratory Muscles | 414 | ||
| Step 2: Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide | 414 | ||
| Why the Lungs Are Good Gas Exchangers | 414 | ||
| Partial Pressures and the Diffusion of Gases | 415 | ||
| What Causes the Respiratory Gases to Diffuse? | 415 | ||
| Partial Pressures within the Lungs. | 415 | ||
| Partial Pressure at the Cells. | 416 | ||
| Step 3: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide | 416 | ||
| Oxygen Transport | 416 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Transport | 416 | ||
| Amounts of Air | 416 | ||
| Lung Volumes | 416 | ||
| Lung Capacities | 417 | ||
| Dead Space | 418 | ||
| Control of Breathing | 418 | ||
| Neural Control of Respiration | 418 | ||
| Chemical Control of Respiration | 420 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 424 | ||
| Summary Outline | 424 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 425 | ||
| Matching: Structures of the Respiratory Tract | 425 | ||
| Matching: Thoracic Cavity and Ventilation | 426 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 426 | ||
| Go Figure | 426 | ||
| 23 Digestive System | 428 | ||
| Objectives | 428 | ||
| Key Terms | 428 | ||
| Overview of the Digestive System | 428 | ||
| Digestion and Absorption | 429 | ||
| Layers, Nerves, and Membranes | 429 | ||
| Mucosa | 429 | ||
| Submucosa | 430 | ||
| Muscle Layer | 430 | ||
| Serosa | 430 | ||
| Innervation | 430 | ||
| Peritoneal Membranes | 431 | ||
| Structures and Organs | 431 | ||
| Mouth | 431 | ||
| Teeth | 431 | ||
| Tongue | 431 | ||
| Salivary Glands | 433 | ||
| Other Structures Within the Mouth | 433 | ||
| Pharynx | 433 | ||
| Esophagus | 434 | ||
| Stomach | 434 | ||
| What It Does | 434 | ||
| Regions of the Stomach | 434 | ||
| Muscles of the Stomach | 434 | ||
| Glands of the Stomach | 434 | ||
| Vomiting | 435 | ||
| When the Stomach is Not Working Right | 436 | ||
| Small Intestine | 437 | ||
| Location and Parts | 437 | ||
| Segments of the Small Intestine | 437 | ||
| Functions of the Small Intestine | 438 | ||
| Peristalsis and Absorption in the Small Intestine | 438 | ||
| Large Intestine | 438 | ||
| Segments of the Large Intestine | 438 | ||
| Functions of the Large Intestine | 439 | ||
| Peristalsis and Absorption | 439 | ||
| Bacterial Action | 440 | ||
| Intestinal Gas | 442 | ||
| When the Large Intestine is Not Working Right | 442 | ||
| Accessory Digestive Organs | 443 | ||
| Liver | 443 | ||
| What the Liver Does | 443 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Liver | 443 | ||
| Blood Supply and the Hepatic Portal System | 443 | ||
| Liver Lobules | 443 | ||
| Bile | 443 | ||
| Biliary Tree | 445 | ||
| Gallbladder | 445 | ||
| Pancreas | 445 | ||
| When Accessory Digestive Organs are Not Working Right | 446 | ||
| Digestion and Absorption | 448 | ||
| Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate-Splitting Enzymes | 448 | ||
| Proteins and Protein-Splitting Enzymes | 449 | ||
| Fats, Bile, and Fat-Splitting Enzymes | 449 | ||
| Nutrition: Concepts to Know | 449 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 450 | ||
| Proteins | 450 | ||
| Fats (Lipids) | 451 | ||
| Vitamins | 451 | ||
| Minerals | 452 | ||
| Health and a Balanced Diet | 452 | ||
| A Balanced Diet | 452 | ||
| Poorly Balanced Diet and Disease | 453 | ||
| Appetite Control and the Couch Potato | 453 | ||
| Body Energy | 453 | ||
| Measurement of Energy | 453 | ||
| Energy Balance | 453 | ||
| Energy Expenditure | 454 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 457 | ||
| Summary Outline | 457 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 458 | ||
| Matching: Structures: Making the Connections | 458 | ||
| Matching: Enzymes, Hormones, and Digestive Aids | 458 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 458 | ||
| Go Figure | 459 | ||
| 24 Urinary System | 460 | ||
| Objectives | 460 | ||
| Key Terms | 460 | ||
| Excretion | 460 | ||
| Organs of Excretion | 460 | ||
| Urinary System Organs | 460 | ||
| Urinary System Terms | 461 | ||
| Kidneys | 461 | ||
| Location | 461 | ||
| Structure | 461 | ||
| Blood Supply | 461 | ||
| Nerve Supply | 461 | ||
| Functions of the Kidneys | 461 | ||
| Urine Making: the Nephron Unit | 462 | ||
| Structures | 462 | ||
| Renal Tubules | 463 | ||
| Renal Blood Vessels (Vascular Structures) | 463 | ||
| Urine Formation | 463 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration | 463 | ||
| Why Filtration Occurs | 463 | ||
| What Substances Are Filtered | 463 | ||
| Tubular Reabsorption | 465 | ||
| Tubular Secretion | 465 | ||
| Hormones That Work on the Kidneys | 465 | ||
| Aldosterone | 465 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone | 466 | ||
| Natriuretic Peptides | 467 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 467 | ||
| Composition of Urine | 467 | ||
| Uremia and Dialysis | 468 | ||
| Your Plumbing | 469 | ||
| Ureters | 470 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 470 | ||
| Urination | 472 | ||
| Urethra | 472 | ||
| An Autonomic Moment | 473 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 475 | ||
| Summary Outline | 475 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 476 | ||
| Matching: Plumbing … More or Less | 476 | ||
| Matching: Nephron Unit | 476 | ||
| Matching: Hormones and Enzymes | 476 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 476 | ||
| Go Figure | 477 | ||
| 25 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance | 478 | ||
| Objectives | 478 | ||
| Key Terms | 478 | ||
| Body Fluids: Distribution and Composition | 478 | ||
| Fluid Compartments | 478 | ||
| Composition of Body Fluids | 478 | ||
| Water Balance | 479 | ||
| Water Intake | 479 | ||
| Water Output | 479 | ||
| Water Imbalances | 479 | ||
| Dehydration | 479 | ||
| Edema | 480 | ||
| Why Does Fluid Shift? | 480 | ||
| Daily Weights and Fluid Balance | 481 | ||
| Fluid Spacing—in Other Words | 481 | ||
| Electrolyte Balance | 481 | ||
| Quick Reference: Electrolytes | 481 | ||
| Most Important Ions | 481 | ||
| Sodium (Na+) | 481 | ||
| Potassium (K+) | 482 | ||
| Calcium (Ca2+) | 482 | ||
| Magnesium (Mg2+) | 482 | ||
| Chloride (Cl−) | 482 | ||
| Bicarbonate (HCO3−) | 483 | ||
| Other Ions | 483 | ||
| Acid–Base Balance | 483 | ||
| Quick Reference: Acids and Bases | 483 | ||
| Where the Acid (H+) Comes From | 483 | ||
| How the Body Regulates pH | 483 | ||
| Buffers | 483 | ||
| Lungs | 483 | ||
| How Decreasing the Respiratory Rate Decreases pH | 483 | ||
| How Increasing the Respiratory Rate Increases pH | 484 | ||
| How the Respiratory System Knows | 484 | ||
| Kidneys | 484 | ||
| Acid–Base Imbalances | 484 | ||
| Acidosis | 485 | ||
| Alkalosis | 485 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 488 | ||
| Summary Outline | 488 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 488 | ||
| Matching: Water Compartments | 488 | ||
| Matching: Ions | 488 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 489 | ||
| Go Figure | 489 | ||
| 26 Reproductive Systems | 490 | ||
| Objectives | 490 | ||
| Key Terms | 490 | ||
| Male Reproductive System | 490 | ||
| Testes | 490 | ||
| Location, Location, Location | 491 | ||
| Lobules | 491 | ||
| Sperm Cells | 491 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 491 | ||
| Genital Ducts | 491 | ||
| Epididymis | 492 | ||
| Vas Deferens and Ejaculatory Ducts | 492 | ||
| Urethra | 494 | ||
| Accessory Glands | 494 | ||
| Seminal Vesicles | 494 | ||
| Prostate Gland | 494 | ||
| Bulbourethral Glands | 494 | ||
| Semen | 494 | ||
| External Genitals | 494 | ||
| Male Sexual Response: Erection, Emission, Ejaculation, and Orgasm | 494 | ||
| Male Sex Hormones | 495 | ||
| Effects of Testosterone | 495 | ||
| Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction | 495 | ||
| Female Reproductive System | 496 | ||
| Ovaries | 496 | ||
| Egg Development: the Ovarian Follicle | 496 | ||
| Ovulation | 496 | ||
| Ovarian Hormones | 498 | ||
| Estrogen | 498 | ||
| Progesterone | 498 | ||
| Genital Tract | 498 | ||
| Fallopian Tubes | 498 | ||
| Tube Troubles | 498 | ||
| Uterus | 499 | ||
| Vagina | 499 | ||
| External Genitals | 500 | ||
| Female Sexual Response | 500 | ||
| Hormonal Control of the Reproductive Cycles | 501 | ||
| Two Reproductive Cycles | 501 | ||
| Ovarian Cycle | 501 | ||
| Follicular Phase | 501 | ||
| Luteal Phase | 503 | ||
| Uterine Cycle | 503 | ||
| Menstrual Phase | 503 | ||
| Proliferative Phase | 503 | ||
| Secretory Phase | 503 | ||
| Implantation: Keeping the Corpus Luteum Alive | 503 | ||
| Menarche, Menses, and Menopause | 504 | ||
| Methods of Birth Control | 504 | ||
| Barrier Methods of Birth Control | 504 | ||
| Hormonal Contraceptives | 504 | ||
| Surgical Methods of Birth Control | 504 | ||
| Intrauterine Devices | 504 | ||
| Behavioral Methods of Birth Control | 504 | ||
| Emergency Contraception | 505 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 508 | ||
| Summary Outline | 508 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 509 | ||
| Matching: Female Structures | 509 | ||
| Matching: Male Structures | 509 | ||
| Matching: Hormones | 509 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 510 | ||
| Go Figure | 510 | ||
| 27 Human Development and Heredity | 511 | ||
| Objectives | 511 | ||
| Key Terms | 511 | ||
| Fertilization | 511 | ||
| When Fertilization Occurs | 511 | ||
| Where Fertilization Occurs | 512 | ||
| How Fertilization Occurs | 512 | ||
| Human Development | 512 | ||
| Prenatal Development | 512 | ||
| Early Embryonic Period | 512 | ||
| From Zygote to Blastocyst … or From Zygote to Eggplant | 512 | ||
| Seeing Double: Twins | 514 | ||
| Embryonic Period | 514 | ||
| Extraembryonic Membranes | 514 | ||
| Placenta | 514 | ||
| Formation of the Placenta | 516 | ||
| Functions of the Placenta | 516 | ||
| Hook Up: the Umbilical Cord | 517 | ||
| Organogenesis | 517 | ||
| Be Careful: Teratogens | 517 | ||
| Fetal Period | 518 | ||
| Changes in the Mother’s Body during Pregnancy | 519 | ||
| Birth of Baby | 520 | ||
| Labor | 520 | ||
| Hormonal Basis of Labor | 520 | ||
| Stages of Labor | 521 | ||
| Female Breast and Lactation | 522 | ||
| Structure of a Breast: the Mammary Glands | 522 | ||
| Got Milk? | 522 | ||
| Hormones of Lactation | 522 | ||
| Postnatal Changes and Developmental Stages | 522 | ||
| Immediate Adjustments | 522 | ||
| Development as a Lifelong Process | 524 | ||
| Heredity | 524 | ||
| DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes | 524 | ||
| Genetic Art: the Karyotype | 525 | ||
| Dominant, Recessive, and Codominant Genes | 525 | ||
| Too Many or Too Few Chromosomes | 525 | ||
| Genetic Expression | 526 | ||
| Genetic Mutations | 526 | ||
| It’s a Boy, It’s a Girl: How the Sex of the Child is Determined | 527 | ||
| Xs and Ys | 527 | ||
| Sex Determination: a Male Thing | 527 | ||
| Sex-Linked Traits | 527 | ||
| Congenital and Hereditary Disease | 527 | ||
| Get Ready for Exams! | 528 | ||
| Summary Outline | 528 | ||
| Review Your Knowledge | 529 | ||
| Matching: Fertilization and Development | 529 | ||
| Matching: Hormones | 529 | ||
| Matching: Heredity | 529 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 530 | ||
| Go Figure | 530 | ||
| Answers to Review Your Knowledge and Go Figure Questions | 531 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body | 531 | ||
| Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry | 531 | ||
| Chapter 3: Cells | 531 | ||
| Chapter 4: Cell Metabolism | 531 | ||
| Chapter 5: Microbiology Basics | 531 | ||
| Chapter 6: Tissues and Membranes | 531 | ||
| Chapter 7: Integumentary System and Body Temperature | 531 | ||
| Chapter 8: Skeletal System | 531 | ||
| Chapter 9: Muscular System | 532 | ||
| Chapter 10: Nervous System: Nervous Tissue and Brain | 532 | ||
| Chapter 11: Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves | 532 | ||
| Chapter 12: Autonomic Nervous System | 532 | ||
| Chapter 13: Sensory System | 532 | ||
| Chapter 14: Endocrine System | 532 | ||
| Chapter 15: Blood | 532 | ||
| Chapter 16: Anatomy of the Heart | 532 | ||
| Chapter 17: Function of the Heart | 532 | ||
| Chapter 18: Anatomy of the Blood Vessels | 533 | ||
| Chapter 19: Functions of the Blood Vessels | 533 | ||
| Chapter 20: Lymphatic System | 533 | ||
| Chapter 21: Immune System | 533 | ||
| Chapter 22: Respiratory System | 533 | ||
| Chapter 23: Digestive System | 533 | ||
| Chapter 24: Urinary System | 533 | ||
| Chapter 25: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance | 533 | ||
| Chapter 26: Reproductive Systems | 533 | ||
| Chapter 27: Human Development and Heredity | 534 | ||
| Glossary | 535 | ||
| A | 535 | ||
| B | 536 | ||
| C | 536 | ||
| D | 537 | ||
| E | 538 | ||
| F | 538 | ||
| G | 538 | ||
| H | 539 | ||
| I | 539 | ||
| J | 539 | ||
| K | 539 | ||
| L | 540 | ||
| M | 540 | ||
| N | 540 | ||
| O | 541 | ||
| P | 541 | ||
| R | 542 | ||
| S | 542 | ||
| T | 543 | ||
| U | 544 | ||
| V | 544 | ||
| W | 544 | ||
| Z | 544 | ||
| Index | 545 | ||
| A | 545 | ||
| B | 546 | ||
| C | 547 | ||
| D | 549 | ||
| E | 550 | ||
| F | 551 | ||
| G | 551 | ||
| H | 551 | ||
| I | 553 | ||
| J | 553 | ||
| K | 553 | ||
| L | 554 | ||
| M | 554 | ||
| N | 555 | ||
| O | 556 | ||
| P | 556 | ||
| Q | 558 | ||
| R | 558 | ||
| S | 559 | ||
| T | 560 | ||
| U | 561 | ||
| V | 561 | ||
| W | 562 | ||
| X | 562 | ||
| Y | 562 | ||
| Z | 562 | ||
| Evolve page | IBC1 | ||
| Back Cover | backcover |