Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
There are approximately 5,780 vets in the UK seeing horses regularly and 800 final year students per year studying equine. Equine emergencies (e.g. Musculoskeletal, Respiratory, Ophthalmic or Foal) are regular occurrences: most vets are not called out regularly enough to become specialists, but do need to know enough to treat these emergencies. The idea of this book is to be a quick practical reference guide that a vet could keep handy in such emergencies. Currently there are no other easy to use pocketbooks on this subject in the market.
The existing Equine Emergencies texts are either aimed at horse owners or are too detailed to be useful in this context, very large and include uncommon equine emergencies and advanced techniques that are irrelevant to the mixed practitioner.
- Suitable for all equine practitioners
- Concise and practical layout and content
- Accessible online downloads
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Handbook of Equine Emergencies | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xv | ||
| Dedication | xvii | ||
| Abbreviations and symbols | xix | ||
| 1 The basics | 1 | ||
| General approach to dealing with equine emergencies | 1 | ||
| Useful information and paperwork to have | 2 | ||
| Equipment | 2 | ||
| Horse handling and restraint | 5 | ||
| Communication with clients and legal records | 5 | ||
| Biosecurity | 6 | ||
| Dealing with other emergency services/rescue authorities | 6 | ||
| Referral of horses | 7 | ||
| Next time…. | 7 | ||
| Normal values and drug dosages (see formulary on http://www.\requineemergencieshandbook.com/) | 7 | ||
| Appendix | 11 | ||
| Normal values for an equine adult | 12 | ||
| 2 Wounds and other integumentary emergencies | 16 | ||
| Wounds | 16 | ||
| Advice to owner/agent prior to arrival | 16 | ||
| Initial first aid and history taking | 16 | ||
| Administer first aid as appropriate | 16 | ||
| Obtain a full history | 16 | ||
| Perform a full clinical examination | 17 | ||
| Initial physical examination | 17 | ||
| Perform a detailed examination of the wound(s) | 17 | ||
| Further assessment and treatment | 19 | ||
| Primary closure of wounds | 25 | ||
| Staples and suture materials | 26 | ||
| Drains | 27 | ||
| Wound dressings and bandaging | 27 | ||
| Second intention/delayed primary closure (tertiary healing) | 27 | ||
| Ongoing care | 27 | ||
| Analgesia/anti-inflammatory medication | 27 | ||
| Antimicrobial therapy | 29 | ||
| General aftercare | 29 | ||
| Urticaria | 29 | ||
| Clinical signs | 29 | ||
| Assessment and treatment (Fig. 2.11) | 29 | ||
| Cellulitis/lymphangitis | 30 | ||
| Clinical signs | 31 | ||
| Initial assessment | 31 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 31 | ||
| Burn injuries | 32 | ||
| Initial first aid and assessment | 32 | ||
| Perform wound management | 34 | ||
| Make a plan for ongoing treatment including wound management | 34 | ||
| Frostbite | 35 | ||
| Clinical signs | 35 | ||
| Treatment | 35 | ||
| Gunshot injuries | 35 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 36 | ||
| References and further reading | 36 | ||
| 3 Musculoskeletal emergencies | 38 | ||
| General approach to acute, severe lameness | 38 | ||
| Advice over the telephone | 38 | ||
| Initial assessment and first aid | 39 | ||
| Further assessment | 39 | ||
| Further diagnostic evaluation and aftercare | 40 | ||
| Solar abscess and nail bind | 42 | ||
| Clinical signs | 42 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 42 | ||
| If an abscess cannot be found | 43 | ||
| Solar penetrations | 43 | ||
| Initial approach | 43 | ||
| Management of superficial foot penetrations | 44 | ||
| Further investigation and treatment of deep foot penetrations | 44 | ||
| Acute laminitis | 45 | ||
| Clinical signs | 45 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 45 | ||
| Prognosis | 47 | ||
| Synovial sepsis | 47 | ||
| Clinical signs | 47 | ||
| Initial assessment | 48 | ||
| If involvement of a synovial structure is considered highly unlikely | 48 | ||
| If synovial sepsis is obvious or highly likely (Fig. 3.3) | 48 | ||
| Prognosis | 50 | ||
| Acute tendonitis | 50 | ||
| Clinical signs | 50 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 51 | ||
| Further assessment and prognosis | 52 | ||
| Tendon lacerations, ruptures or displacements | 52 | ||
| Clinical signs | 52 | ||
| Initial assessment and first aid | 52 | ||
| Prognosis with surgical management | 53 | ||
| Fractures/joint luxations | 53 | ||
| Clinical signs | 53 | ||
| Initial first aid and assessment | 53 | ||
| Further assessment | 55 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 55 | ||
| Exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome (ERS) | 55 | ||
| Clinical signs | 55 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 55 | ||
| Ongoing management | 56 | ||
| Prognosis | 56 | ||
| Atypical myopathy | 56 | ||
| Clinical signs | 56 | ||
| Initial assessment and first aid | 56 | ||
| Further evaluation | 57 | ||
| Prognosis | 57 | ||
| References and further reading | 58 | ||
| 4 Oral and gastrointestinal emergencies | 59 | ||
| Colic | 59 | ||
| Epidemiology | 59 | ||
| Advice to the owner/carer | 59 | ||
| Initial assessment | 60 | ||
| Initial treatment and management | 62 | ||
| Ongoing management | 65 | ||
| Medical therapy for specific types of colic | 65 | ||
| Pelvic flexure impaction | 65 | ||
| Large colon displacement | 65 | ||
| Referral of horses with colic | 66 | ||
| Grain (carbohydrate) overload | 66 | ||
| Initial information to obtain | 66 | ||
| Assessment and treatment immediately after carbohydrate ingestion | 66 | ||
| Assessment and treatment of clinical signs that develop as a \rconsequence of ingestion of large quantities of carbohydrate | 67 | ||
| Prognosis | 67 | ||
| Equine grass sickness (equine dysautonomia) | 67 | ||
| Clinical signs | 68 | ||
| Assessment and diagnosis | 68 | ||
| Treatment | 68 | ||
| Traumatic abdominal injuries | 68 | ||
| Potential sequelae following abdominal trauma | 69 | ||
| Initial assessment | 69 | ||
| Oesophageal obstruction (choke) | 69 | ||
| Clinical signs | 69 | ||
| Initial advice to the owner/carer | 69 | ||
| Initial evaluation | 69 | ||
| Initial treatment | 70 | ||
| Subsequent management of uncomplicated cases | 70 | ||
| Cases refractory to initial treatment on further examination | 71 | ||
| Advanced assessment and treatment of refractory cases | 71 | ||
| 5 Respiratory emergencies | 85 | ||
| Respiratory distress (dyspnoea) | 85 | ||
| Advice to the owner/carer | 85 | ||
| Initial assessment and first aid | 86 | ||
| Further assessment following stabilisation | 86 | ||
| Treatment and further evaluation | 87 | ||
| Pneumonia/pleuropneumonia | 88 | ||
| Predisposing factors | 88 | ||
| Clinical signs | 89 | ||
| Diagnosis | 89 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 89 | ||
| Prognosis | 90 | ||
| Inhalational pneumonia | 90 | ||
| Treatment | 90 | ||
| Aspiration of liquid paraffin (mineral oil) | 91 | ||
| Prognosis | 91 | ||
| Pulmonary oedema | 91 | ||
| Clinical signs | 91 | ||
| 6 Ophthalmic emergencies | 105 | ||
| General approach | 105 | ||
| First aid | 105 | ||
| Assessment | 106 | ||
| Treatment | 107 | ||
| Ocular and periocular trauma | 108 | ||
| Initial approach | 108 | ||
| Eyelid lacerations | 109 | ||
| General points | 109 | ||
| Initial assessment | 109 | ||
| Treatment | 110 | ||
| Suturing of lacerations | 110 | ||
| Aftercare | 112 | ||
| Corneal lacerations | 112 | ||
| Initial assessment | 112 | ||
| Treatment | 113 | ||
| Orbital fractures | 113 | ||
| Initial approach | 114 | ||
| Treatment | 115 | ||
| Acute retinal detachment | 115 | ||
| Hyphaema | 115 | ||
| Initial investigation | 115 | ||
| 7 Neurological emergencies | 127 | ||
| Approach to neurological emergencies | 127 | ||
| General approach | 127 | ||
| Neurological examination | 128 | ||
| Assessment of the head and cranial nerves | 129 | ||
| Assessment of spinal reflexes and muscles | 131 | ||
| Dynamic assessment (if safe to perform/not recumbent) | 131 | ||
| Neurological examination of the recumbent horse | 132 | ||
| Assessment and plan | 132 | ||
| Traumatic injury to the CNS | 132 | ||
| General approach to management | 135 | ||
| Clinical signs | 135 | ||
| Head trauma | 136 | ||
| Spinal cord trauma (see Table 7.4) | 136 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 136 | ||
| Initial treatment plan | 137 | ||
| Control pain and inflammation | 137 | ||
| Control cerebral oedema | 137 | ||
| Maintain systemic blood pressure | 137 | ||
| Maintain blood oxygen levels | 137 | ||
| Other treatment | 137 | ||
| Ongoing assessment and treatment | 137 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 138 | ||
| Peripheral nerve syndromes | 138 | ||
| General approach to treatment of acute-onset peripheral nerve syndromes | 138 | ||
| Ataxia | 140 | ||
| Initial stabilisation and assessment | 140 | ||
| Further assessment and treatment | 142 | ||
| Prognosis | 143 | ||
| Equine herpes myeloencephalitis | 144 | ||
| History, clinical signs and diagnosis | 144 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 144 | ||
| Seizures | 144 | ||
| Clinical signs | 144 | ||
| Advice to owner/carer over the telephone | 145 | ||
| Initial approach | 146 | ||
| Ongoing management and further assessment | 146 | ||
| Encephalitis | 147 | ||
| Management | 147 | ||
| Biosecurity and zoonotic risk | 148 | ||
| Meningitis | 148 | ||
| Clinical signs | 148 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment | 148 | ||
| Tetanus | 148 | ||
| Clinical signs and progression | 148 | ||
| Diagnosis | 149 | ||
| Treatment | 149 | ||
| Eliminate the source of toxin | 149 | ||
| Neutralise unbound toxin and stimulate an immune reaction | 149 | ||
| Provide analgesia and control muscle spasms | 150 | ||
| Supportive and nursing care | 150 | ||
| Prognosis | 150 | ||
| Botulism | 150 | ||
| Clinical signs | 150 | ||
| Initial approach and diagnosis | 151 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 151 | ||
| References and further reading | 152 | ||
| 8 Reproductive emergencies | 153 | ||
| Approach to emergencies in the pregnant/postpartum mare | 153 | ||
| Dystocia | 154 | ||
| Advice to client | 154 | ||
| Get there ASAP! | 154 | ||
| Initial assessment | 156 | ||
| Decide on the next course of action | 156 | ||
| Assisted vaginal delivery (AVD) | 157 | ||
| Controlled vaginal delivery (CVD) | 157 | ||
| Caesarean section | 158 | ||
| Embryotomy | 158 | ||
| If all else fails | 158 | ||
| Aftercare | 158 | ||
| Abortion/stillbirth | 159 | ||
| Action following abortion/stillbirth of unknown cause | 159 | ||
| Retained foetal membranes (RFM) | 160 | ||
| Initial assessment | 160 | ||
| Treatment | 161 | ||
| Metritis | 161 | ||
| Clinical signs | 161 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 161 | ||
| Periparturient haemorrhage | 162 | ||
| Clinical signs | 162 | ||
| Initial approach | 162 | ||
| Stabilisation | 163 | ||
| Uterine torsion | 163 | ||
| Clinical signs | 163 | ||
| Diagnosis | 163 | ||
| Treatment | 164 | ||
| Uterine prolapse | 164 | ||
| Clinical signs | 164 | ||
| Advice to owner/carer over the telephone | 165 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 165 | ||
| Replacement of the uterus within the abdomen | 165 | ||
| Aftercare | 166 | ||
| Uterine tears | 166 | ||
| Initial diagnosis and treatment | 166 | ||
| Vaginal tears | 166 | ||
| Initial assessment | 167 | ||
| Treatment | 167 | ||
| Perineal injuries | 167 | ||
| Mastitis | 168 | ||
| 9 Urinary tract emergencies | 176 | ||
| Acute urine discoloration | 176 | ||
| Possible causes of urine discoloration | 176 | ||
| Initial approach | 177 | ||
| Further investigation and treatment | 177 | ||
| Further assessment and treatment | 179 | ||
| Acute renal failure (ARF) | 179 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 180 | ||
| Clinical signs | 180 | ||
| Initial assessment and diagnosis | 180 | ||
| Urinary tract obstruction | 181 | ||
| Clinical signs | 181 | ||
| Initial approach | 181 | ||
| Further evaluation and treatment | 182 | ||
| Bladder eversion | 182 | ||
| Clinical signs | 182 | ||
| Treatment | 182 | ||
| Aftercare | 182 | ||
| Bladder displacement/prolapse | 183 | ||
| Clinical signs | 183 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment | 183 | ||
| Ruptured bladder | 184 | ||
| Acute-onset urinary incontinence | 184 | ||
| References and further reading | 184 | ||
| 10 Cardiovascular emergencies | 185 | ||
| Cardiac arrest | 185 | ||
| Severe haemorrhage | 186 | ||
| Clinical signs | 186 | ||
| Advice to the owner/carer | 187 | ||
| Initial first aid | 187 | ||
| Further assessment and treatment | 189 | ||
| Cardiac dysrhythmias | 190 | ||
| Initial assessment | 190 | ||
| Initial treatment | 192 | ||
| Further investigation and treatment | 192 | ||
| Heart failure | 192 | ||
| Clinical signs | 193 | ||
| Approach | 194 | ||
| Further assessment and treatment | 194 | ||
| Prognosis | 195 | ||
| Endocarditis | 195 | ||
| Clinical signs | 195 | ||
| Initial approach | 195 | ||
| Further assessment and treatment | 196 | ||
| Prognosis | 196 | ||
| Pericarditis/pericardial effusion | 196 | ||
| Clinical signs | 197 | ||
| Initial approach | 197 | ||
| Further evaluation and treatment | 197 | ||
| Acute haemolytic anaemia | 197 | ||
| Clinical signs | 199 | ||
| Initial assessment | 199 | ||
| Further investigation and treatment | 199 | ||
| Vasculitis | 199 | ||
| Clinical signs | 200 | ||
| Possible causes | 200 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment (Fig. 10.5) | 200 | ||
| References and further reading | 201 | ||
| 11 Hepatic, endocrine and metabolic emergencies | 202 | ||
| Acute hepatic disease | 202 | ||
| Clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy | 203 | ||
| Initial assessment | 203 | ||
| Initial treatment for hepatic encephalopathy (if present) | 205 | ||
| Initial supportive treatment | 205 | ||
| Ongoing monitoring and treatment | 205 | ||
| Prognosis | 205 | ||
| Hyperlipaemia | 206 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 206 | ||
| Clinical signs | 207 | ||
| Diagnosis | 207 | ||
| Initial assessment | 207 | ||
| Management of mild/suspected cases of early hyperlipaemia | 208 | ||
| Advanced care of cases with severe clinical signs and no GIT motility | 208 | ||
| Severe starvation | 209 | ||
| Clinical signs | 209 | ||
| Initial assessment and first aid treatment | 209 | ||
| Initial nutrition of the emaciated horse following chronic starvation | 210 | ||
| Ongoing care and monitoring | 211 | ||
| Prognosis | 211 | ||
| Exhaustion syndrome | 211 | ||
| Clinical signs | 212 | ||
| Diagnosis | 212 | ||
| Initial treatment | 212 | ||
| Treatment of more severe cases: | 213 | ||
| Prognosis | 213 | ||
| Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter/thumps | 214 | ||
| 12 Emergencies in foals | 218 | ||
| The basics | 218 | ||
| Handling and clinical examination | 219 | ||
| Medications | 219 | ||
| Sedation | 219 | ||
| <4 weeks old | 219 | ||
| >4 weeks old | 220 | ||
| Emergency anaesthesia | 222 | ||
| Resuscitation of the neonatal foal | 222 | ||
| Foals that are more likely to require CPR | 222 | ||
| What next? | 224 | ||
| The sick neonatal foal | 224 | ||
| High-risk foals | 225 | ||
| History | 225 | ||
| Initial clinical assessment | 225 | ||
| Initial treatment | 225 | ||
| Monitoring and ongoing care | 228 | ||
| Referral of the sick foal | 230 | ||
| Prematurity/dysmaturity | 230 | ||
| Clinical signs | 230 | ||
| Treatment | 230 | ||
| Failure of passive transfer of immunity | 230 | ||
| Treatment | 231 | ||
| Septicaemia | 231 | ||
| Clinical signs | 231 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 232 | ||
| Neonatal maladjustment syndrome (perinatal asphyxia syndrome) | 232 | ||
| Clinical signs | 232 | ||
| Mild | 232 | ||
| More severe | 233 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 233 | ||
| Ongoing treatment and prognosis | 233 | ||
| Severe flexural limb deformities | 233 | ||
| Septic arthritis | 235 | ||
| Clinical signs | 235 | ||
| Diagnosis | 235 | ||
| Treatment | 235 | ||
| Prognosis | 235 | ||
| Colic | 235 | ||
| Possible causes | 236 | ||
| Initial assessment | 236 | ||
| Assessment and plan | 237 | ||
| Diarrhoea | 237 | ||
| Initial treatment and diagnostic investigations | 237 | ||
| Ongoing treatment | 238 | ||
| Respiratory distress | 238 | ||
| Possible causes | 238 | ||
| Initial assessment and first aid treatment | 239 | ||
| Rib fractures | 239 | ||
| Clinical signs | 239 | ||
| Diagnosis | 239 | ||
| Treatment | 239 | ||
| Guttural pouch tympany | 239 | ||
| Seizures | 240 | ||
| Clinical signs | 240 | ||
| Mild | 240 | ||
| Severe | 240 | ||
| Possible causes | 240 | ||
| Control seizures | 240 | ||
| Treatment | 241 | ||
| Prognosis | 241 | ||
| Recumbency/collapse | 241 | ||
| Shaker foal syndrome (toxicoinfectious botulism) | 241 | ||
| Clinical signs | 241 | ||
| 13 Emergencies in donkeys and mules | 247 | ||
| The basics | 247 | ||
| General points | 247 | ||
| Some useful facts | 248 | ||
| Normal clinical values (Table 13.1) | 248 | ||
| Haematology and biochemistry | 249 | ||
| Clinical examination and techniques | 249 | ||
| Handling | 249 | ||
| Injections and blood sampling | 249 | ||
| Nasogastric intubation | 249 | ||
| Rectal examination | 249 | ||
| Medications | 250 | ||
| Sedation | 250 | ||
| Sedation of needle-shy/difficult-to-handle donkeys and mules | 251 | ||
| Epidural anaesthesia | 251 | ||
| General anaesthesia in emergency situations | 251 | ||
| General anaesthesia | 251 | ||
| Emergency anaesthetic protocols | 251 | ||
| Overview of emergency conditions | 252 | ||
| The dull donkey | 255 | ||
| History | 255 | ||
| Clinical examination | 256 | ||
| Initial treatment | 256 | ||
| Laminitis | 256 | ||
| Colic | 257 | ||
| Epidemiology | 257 | ||
| Clinical examination | 257 | ||
| Treatment | 257 | ||
| Typhlocolitis | 258 | ||
| 14 Iatrogenic emergencies | 261 | ||
| General approach | 261 | ||
| Rectal tears | 262 | ||
| Initial assessment and first aid | 262 | ||
| Further assessment and treatment | 263 | ||
| Complications following nasogastric intubation | 264 | ||
| Epistaxis | 264 | ||
| Inhalational pneumonia | 264 | ||
| Oesophageal perforation | 265 | ||
| Complications following castration | 265 | ||
| Post-castration haemorrhage | 265 | ||
| Evisceration | 266 | ||
| Initial advice to the owner (Fig. 14.2) | 266 | ||
| Initial assessment and treatment | 266 | ||
| Where referral is an option | 267 | ||
| Omental prolapse | 267 | ||
| Adverse drug reactions | 267 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment | 267 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 270 | ||
| Intracarotid drug administration | 270 | ||
| Clinical signs | 270 | ||
| 15 Infectious diseases | 276 | ||
| Overview | 276 | ||
| General points to consider | 276 | ||
| Useful sources of information | 277 | ||
| Notifiable diseases | 278 | ||
| Global coordination of equine infectious diseases – OIE | 278 | ||
| National/regional regulations | 278 | ||
| Notifiable diseases in the UK | 278 | ||
| Zoonotic diseases | 278 | ||
| Bioterrorism | 279 | ||
| Approach to management of an outbreak of suspected infectious \rdisease | 279 | ||
| Identify the problem and potential pathogens that may be involved | 290 | ||
| Implement immediate steps to manage the problem | 291 | ||
| Confirm the diagnosis | 293 | ||
| Implement ongoing management and disease investigation | 293 | ||
| References and further reading | 294 | ||
| 16 Poisoning, bites and stings | 295 | ||
| General approach to suspected poisoning | 295 | ||
| Situations that may increase suspicion of potential poisoning | 295 | ||
| Initial advice to owner/carer | 296 | ||
| Initial assessment and first aid | 296 | ||
| Further investigation | 297 | ||
| Treatment plan | 303 | ||
| Where contact poisoning has occurred | 303 | ||
| Ingested toxins | 303 | ||
| Increase toxin elimination | 303 | ||
| Antidotes | 303 | ||
| Ongoing supportive care and treatment | 303 | ||
| Snake bites | 304 | ||
| General points about snake bites | 304 | ||
| Clinical signs | 304 | ||
| Immediate first aid | 304 | ||
| Further assessment and treatment | 305 | ||
| Antivenin treatment | 306 | ||
| Prognosis | 306 | ||
| Insect bites | 306 | ||
| Stinging nettles | 306 | ||
| References and further reading | 307 | ||
| 17 Other specific emergency situations | 308 | ||
| Trapped horses | 308 | ||
| Prior to arriving at the scene | 309 | ||
| On arrival at the scene | 310 | ||
| Techniques for freeing trapped horses | 311 | ||
| Following freeing of the horse | 311 | ||
| Collapsed/recumbent horse | 313 | ||
| Control the situation and administer first aid | 314 | ||
| Further clinical assessment | 314 | ||
| Make an assessment and initial treatment plan | 315 | ||
| Further investigations and treatment/prognosis | 317 | ||
| Electrocution | 317 | ||
| 18 Other essentials | 326 | ||
| Sudden death | 326 | ||
| Approach to investigation | 326 | ||
| Euthanasia and insurance issues | 328 | ||
| General points | 328 | ||
| Guidelines issued for euthanasia | 328 | ||
| What to do when performing euthanasia in the insured horse | 330 | ||
| Preparation for dealing with emergencies at competitions | 330 | ||
| Dealing with emergencies at equine competition brings a \rfew additional pressures | 330 | ||
| Initial arrangements | 330 | ||
| Preparation prior to the event | 332 | ||
| On the day | 332 | ||
| During the event | 333 | ||
| At the end of the event | 333 | ||
| Extreme floods/high winds | 334 | ||
| Wildfires – if there is a known, impending risk | 334 | ||
| Where a wildfire is close-by | 334 | ||
| Extreme cold weather | 334 | ||
| Disaster preparedness/dealing with adverse weather conditions | 334 | ||
| References and further reading | 335 | ||
| 19 How to… | 336 | ||
| Perform injections/blood sampling | 337 | ||
| Locations for IM injections | 337 | ||
| Equipment for IM injections | 337 | ||
| Technique for IM injections | 337 | ||
| Location for IV injections | 337 | ||
| Equipment for IV injections | 337 | ||
| Technique for IV injections | 337 | ||
| Blood sampling | 338 | ||
| Pass a nasogastric tube | 339 | ||
| Equipment | 339 | ||
| Procedure | 339 | ||
| Complications | 340 | ||
| Normal findings/quantity of fluid to administer | 340 | ||
| Perform abdominocentesis | 341 | ||
| Contraindications | 341 | ||
| Equipment | 341 | ||
| Procedure | 341 | ||
| Normal peritoneal fluid | 343 | ||
| Abnormal peritoneal fluid | 343 | ||
| Perform a rectal examination | 344 | ||
| Contraindications/increased risk of rectal tears | 344 | ||
| Equipment | 344 | ||
| Procedure | 344 | ||
| Assessment of rectal findings | 344 | ||
| Complications | 345 | ||
| Perform synoviocentesis in cases of suspected synovial sepsis | 346 | ||
| Contraindications | 346 | ||
| Equipment | 346 | ||
| Procedure | 347 | ||
| Evaluation of synovial fluid | 347 | ||
| Synoviocentesis of selected synovial structures | 348 | ||
| Metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint | 348 | ||
| Digital flexor tendon sheath | 350 | ||
| Antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints | 352 | ||
| Tarsocrural joint | 355 | ||
| Perform a tracheotomy | 356 | ||
| Equipment | 356 | ||
| Procedure | 356 | ||
| Sedate a fractious/dangerous horse | 358 | ||
| Horses that are difficult to inject IV | 358 | ||
| IM sedative mixture | 358 | ||
| Horses that are difficult to inject IM | 359 | ||
| Oral detomidine | 359 | ||
| Remote injection using a pole syringe | 359 | ||
| Remote injection | 359 | ||
| Impossible to catch/restrain | 360 | ||
| Emergency reversal of sedation | 360 | ||
| Use sedation infusions | 360 | ||
| Equipment | 360 | ||
| Detomidine infusion | 360 | ||
| Xylazine infusion | 360 | ||
| Anaesthetise a horse in an emergency | 361 | ||
| Equipment | 361 | ||
| Factors to consider beforehand | 361 | ||
| Anaesthetic protocol | 361 | ||
| Sedation/premedication | 361 | ||
| Induction of anaesthesia | 361 | ||
| Maintenance of anaesthesia | 361 | ||
| 'Triple drip' combinations | 362 | ||
| Inhalational anaesthesia | 362 | ||
| Other considerations | 362 | ||
| Perform caudal epidural anaesthesia | 362 | ||
| Equipment | 362 | ||
| What to inject | 362 | ||
| Technique | 362 | ||
| Perform local anaesthetic nerve blocks of the head | 365 | ||
| Equipment | 365 | ||
| Choice of nerve block | 366 | ||
| Auriculopalpebral nerve block | 367 | ||
| Supraorbital/frontal nerve block | 367 | ||
| Infraorbital nerve block | 368 | ||
| Mental nerve block | 370 | ||
| Infratrochlear nerve block | 371 | ||
| Lacrimal nerve block | 372 | ||
| Zygomatic nerve block | 372 | ||
| Place an IV catheter | 372 | ||
| Equipment | 372 | ||
| Which catheter to use | 372 | ||
| Where to place | 373 | ||
| How to place | 373 | ||
| What not to do | 373 | ||
| Complications | 374 | ||
| Administer IV fluids in the field | 374 | ||
| Equipment | 374 | ||
| Administering fluids | 374 | ||
| Work out how much and what types of fluid to administer | 375 | ||
| Perform a blood/plasma transfusion | 376 | ||
| Equipment/materials | 376 | ||
| Obtain blood/plasma | 376 | ||
| Donor horse | 376 | ||
| Plasma | 377 | ||
| ± Cross-match blood (see texts) | 377 | ||
| How much blood to give | 378 | ||
| How to give | 378 | ||
| Place a subpalpebral lavage system | 379 | ||
| Equipment | 379 | ||
| Technique | 379 | ||
| Maintenance and removal | 380 | ||
| Bandage a limb and foot | 382 | ||
| Equipment | 382 | ||
| Technique | 382 | ||
| Foot dressings | 383 | ||
| Place a Robert Jones bandage and splints on a limb with a \rsuspected fracture | 383 | ||
| Equipment | 383 | ||
| Technique | 383 | ||
| Isolate a potentially infectious horse | 387 | ||
| Facilities/equipment | 387 | ||
| Ensure that all personnel know the procedures for isolation | 387 | ||
| Cleaning/disinfection | 387 | ||
| Perform euthanasia | 387 | ||
| Checklist before performing euthanasia | 387 | ||
| Performing euthanasia | 388 | ||
| Examine a placenta and investigate a case of abortion/stillbirth | 388 | ||
| Examination of the placenta | 388 | ||
| Post-mortem examination of foetus/neonate | 391 | ||
| Perform a field post-mortem | 392 | ||
| Issues to consider prior to proceeding | 392 | ||
| Initial procedure | 393 | ||
| External examination | 394 | ||
| Internal examination | 394 | ||
| Where lesion(s) are identified document: | 395 | ||
| Samples to take | 395 | ||
| References and further reading | 395 | ||
| Index | 397 |