BOOK
Current Therapy in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery E-Book
James C. Stanley | Frank Veith | Thomas W Wakefield
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Current Therapy in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery is an ideal medical reference book to consult for information in this ever-changing field! Thoroughly revised to reflect the most recent innovations in vascular and endovascular surgery, it features more than 150 chapters on topics new to this edition, and equips residents and practitioners alike with the latest procedures and techniques in this rapidly growing area. Internationally recognized experts present expanded coverage of a wide array of topics, keeping you abreast of all of today's developments!
- Consult this title on your favorite device, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Quickly locate key information with concise, to-the-point chapters.
-
Prepare for boards or certification exams through coverage that spans the
entire spectrum of vascular surgery.
- Explore brand-new coverage of endovascular procedures and techniques.
- Learn from leaders in the field, including internationally recognized editors and numerous global experts in specialized disciplines.
- Access in-depth, detailed coverage of various vascular diseases, each sub-divided into discrete topics for a more focused approach.
- View procedures more clearly than ever before with the help of more than 800 full-color illustrations throughout.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Current Therapy in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | xxi | ||
| Contents | xxiii | ||
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 1 | ||
| Pathology of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis | 1 | ||
| GEOMETRY OF THE CAROTID BIFURCATION | 1 | ||
| HEMODYNAMIC CONDITIONS AT THE CAROTID BIFURCATION | 1 | ||
| CAROTID BIFURCATION ATHEROSCLEROSIS | 2 | ||
| Selected References | 3 | ||
| Carotid and Vertebral Artery Fibrodysplasia | 3 | ||
| CAROTID ARTERY FIBRODYSPLASIA | 3 | ||
| VERTEBRAL ARTERY FIBRODYSPLASIA | 5 | ||
| Carotid Artery Dissections | 6 | ||
| CLINICAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 6 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 6 | ||
| Selected References | 6 | ||
| TREATMENT | 7 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 8 | ||
| Selected References | 8 | ||
| Carotid Artery Kinks and Coils | 9 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 9 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 9 | ||
| IMAGING AND DIAGNOSIS | 9 | ||
| Giant Cell Arteritis | 10 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 10 | ||
| MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT | 10 | ||
| Selected References | 10 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 11 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 11 | ||
| MEDICAL TREATMENT | 12 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 12 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 12 | ||
| Arteriographic Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease | 13 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR CATHETER-BASED ANGIOGRAPHY | 13 | ||
| ANGIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES | 13 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY | 18 | ||
| Selected References | 19 | ||
| Computed Tomography in Cerebrovascular Disease | 19 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography in the Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease | 20 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 20 | ||
| Selected References | 20 | ||
| POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY | 21 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 21 | ||
| Selected References | 21 | ||
| Duplex Scanning and Spectral Analysis of Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerotic Disease | 22 | ||
| IMPORTANT CONCEPTS | 22 | ||
| GRADING OF STENOSIS | 23 | ||
| DUPLEX SCANNING AND STROKE RISK STRATIFICATION: FUTURE PERSPECTIVES | 24 | ||
| Selected References | 25 | ||
| Transcranial Doppler in the Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease | 26 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 26 | ||
| CLINICAL INDICATIONS | 26 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER | 28 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER | 28 | ||
| SUMMARY | 28 | ||
| Selected References | 28 | ||
| Medical Treatment to Prevent Transient Ischemic Attacks and Ischemic Stroke | 29 | ||
| MODIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS | 29 | ||
| CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKE PREVENTION | 32 | ||
| STROKE PREVENTION IN SPECIAL PATIENT POPULATION | 32 | ||
| SECONDARY PREVENTION OF TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK AND STROKE | 32 | ||
| SECONDARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKE | 33 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 34 | ||
| Selected References | 34 | ||
| Medical Therapy Including Fibrinolytic Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke | 35 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 35 | ||
| TREATMENT | 35 | ||
| PREVENTING FUTURE STROKES | 36 | ||
| INTRAARTERIAL THROMBOLYSIS | 36 | ||
| Selected References | 36 | ||
| Diabetes as a Risk Factor in Atherosclerotic Cerebrovascular Disease | 37 | ||
| DIABETES AND CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE | 37 | ||
| PREVENTION OF STROKE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES | 37 | ||
| DIABETES AND SURGICAL INTERVENTION FOR CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES | 39 | ||
| GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE | 39 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 39 | ||
| Selected References | 39 | ||
| Selection of Patients for Carotid Endarterectomy versus Carotid Artery Stenting | 40 | ||
| CAROTID STENTING VERSUS ENDARTERECTOMY: MAJOR TRIAL DATA | 40 | ||
| TREATMENT OF ASYMPTOMATIC CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS | 41 | ||
| TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS | 41 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF TRANSFEMORAL CAROTID ARTERY STENTING WITH DISTAL FILTER PROTECTION | 42 | ||
| Selected References | 42 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Percutaneous Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting for Arteriosclerotic Disease | 43 | ||
| PREPROCEDURAL EVALUATION | 43 | ||
| ARTERIAL ACCESS | 43 | ||
| CAROTID IMAGING AND SHEATH ACCESS | 43 | ||
| CEREBRAL PROTECTION | 45 | ||
| ANGIOPLASTY AND STENTING | 45 | ||
| COMPLETION ANGIOGRAM | 45 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF THE ACCESS SITE | 46 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP | 46 | ||
| Selected References | 46 | ||
| Reversal of Cerebral Blood Flow to Prevent Stroke during Percutaneous Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting | 47 | ||
| IMPACT OF EMBOLIZATION | 47 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF FLOW REVERSAL | 47 | ||
| CLINICAL RESULTS WITH THE FIRST-GENERATION FLOW-REVERSAL SYSTEM | 48 | ||
| SECOND-GENERATION FLOW-REVERSAL SYSTEM AND EMPIRE TRIAL | 49 | ||
| Embolic Protection Devices to Prevent Stroke during Percutaneous Angioplasty and Stenting | 50 | ||
| DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS | 50 | ||
| Selected References | 50 | ||
| SELECTION OF DEVICES | 51 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 51 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIAL RESULTS | 52 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 53 | ||
| Selected References | 53 | ||
| Blood Pressure Instability after Percutaneous Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting | 54 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH CAROTID INTERVENTIONS | 54 | ||
| HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY TRIGGERED BY CAROTID ARTERY INTERVENTIONS | 54 | ||
| FACTORS PREDICTING HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY DURING CAROTID INTERVENTIONS | 55 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY INDUCED BY CAROTID ANGIOPLASTY AND STENTING | 55 | ||
| Selected References | 56 | ||
| Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Stenting | 56 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 56 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 56 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 57 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 57 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 57 | ||
| TREATMENT | 57 | ||
| Selected References | 58 | ||
| Treatment of Recurrent Carotid Artery Stenosis After Percutaneous Angioplasty and Stenting | 58 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 58 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 59 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 59 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 59 | ||
| TREATMENT | 59 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 60 | ||
| Selected References | 60 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Conventional Carotid Endarterectomy for Atherosclerotic Disease | 60 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 60 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 63 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE RESULTS | 63 | ||
| Selected References | 64 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy for Atherosclerotic Disease | 64 | ||
| METHODS | 64 | ||
| SHUNTING AND EVERSION ENDARTERECTOMY | 65 | ||
| UNUSUAL PROBLEMS AND TROUBLESHOOTING | 65 | ||
| Selected References | 66 | ||
| Patch Graft Closure with Carotid Endarterectomy | 66 | ||
| PATCH CLOSURE VERSUS PRIMARY CLOSURE | 66 | ||
| ROLE OF SELECTIVE PATCHING | 67 | ||
| CHOICE OF PATCH MATERIAL | 68 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 70 | ||
| Selected References | 70 | ||
| Management of the Infected Carotid Artery Patch | 71 | ||
| INFECTING MICROORGANISMS | 71 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 71 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP WITH PERIOPERATIVE INFECTION | 71 | ||
| INVESTIGATION OF PROSTHETIC PATCH INFECTION | 71 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF PROSTHETIC PATCH INFECTION | 72 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 73 | ||
| Role of Shunting During Carotid Endarterectomy | 74 | ||
| SELECTIVE SHUNTING | 74 | ||
| Selected References | 74 | ||
| ROUTINE SHUNTING | 75 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 76 | ||
| Selected References | 76 | ||
| Intraoperative Assessment of the Technical Adequacy of Carotid Endarterectomy | 76 | ||
| ANGIOGRAPHY | 76 | ||
| DOPPLER STUDIES | 77 | ||
| DUPLEX SCANNING | 77 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | 78 | ||
| CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS | 79 | ||
| Selected References | 79 | ||
| Intraoperative Recognition and Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia During Carotid Endarterectomy | 80 | ||
| REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 80 | ||
| GENERAL ANESTHESIA | 80 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE TREATMENT | 81 | ||
| Selected References | 82 | ||
| Early Postoperative Recognition and Management of Acute Stroke After Carotid Endarterectomy | 83 | ||
| EVALUATION | 83 | ||
| SURGICAL REEXPLORATION | 83 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR NEURORESCUE | 84 | ||
| MEDICAL MANAGEMENT | 84 | ||
| CEREBRAL HYPERPERFUSION VERSUS MICROEMBOLIC SHOWERS | 85 | ||
| Selected References | 85 | ||
| Regional and Local Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomy | 85 | ||
| Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting for Evolving Stroke Secondary to Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis | 88 | ||
| THROMBOLYSIS AND CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY IN ACUTE CERVICAL CAROTID OCCLUSION | 88 | ||
| Selected References | 88 | ||
| CAROTID ARTERY STENTING IN ACUTE CERVICAL CAROTID OCCLUSION | 89 | ||
| CAROTID ARTERY STENTING FOR EMERGENT REVASCULARIZATION FOR ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE | 90 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 91 | ||
| Selected References | 91 | ||
| Timing of Carotid Endarterectomy After Fixed Stroke Secondary to Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis | 91 | ||
| Selected References | 93 | ||
| Carotid Occlusion and Near-Carotid Occlusion of the Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery | 93 | ||
| INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY OCCLUSION | 93 | ||
| CAROTID STRING SIGN | 94 | ||
| Blood Pressure Instability After Carotid Endarterectomy | 96 | ||
| SUMMARY | 96 | ||
| Selected References | 96 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 97 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 97 | ||
| TREATMENT | 98 | ||
| Selected References | 98 | ||
| Relevance of External Carotid Artery Disease in Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion | 99 | ||
| ANATOMY OF CEREBRAL COLLATERAL CIRCULATION | 99 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH SYMPTOMATIC OCCLUSION OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY | 99 | ||
| CURRENT INDICATIONS AND RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT | 100 | ||
| TECHNIQUE OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY | 101 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS | 102 | ||
| Selected References | 102 | ||
| Intracranial Occlusive Disease and Aneurysms: Influence on Carotid Revascularization Outcomes | 103 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE | 103 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS | 105 | ||
| Selected References | 107 | ||
| Pathology of Carotid Artery Restenosis | 107 | ||
| DESCRIPTIVE PATHOLOGY | 107 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 108 | ||
| Selected References | 109 | ||
| Treatment of Recurrent Stenosis After Previous Carotid Endarterectomy | 110 | ||
| OPTIMAL IMAGING FOR ASSESSMENT OF CAROTID RESTENOSIS | 110 | ||
| TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR RECURRENT CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS | 110 | ||
| Selected References | 113 | ||
| Management of Concomitant Carotid and Coronary Arterial Disease | 113 | ||
| CARDIAC RISK STRATIFICATION PRIOR TO CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY | 113 | ||
| CAUSES OF STROKE FOLLOWING CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION | 113 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP OF CAROTID STENOSIS TO PERIOPERATIVE STROKE | 114 | ||
| TIMING OF CAROTID AND CORONARY OPERATIONS | 114 | ||
| CONCOMITANT CAROTID AND CORONARY ARTERY OPERATIONS | 114 | ||
| STAGED VERSUS COMBINED CAROTID AND CORONARY ARTERY OPERATIONS | 115 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 115 | ||
| Selected References | 115 | ||
| The Role of Extracranial1397059140Intracranial Bypass in Current Practice | 116 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 116 | ||
| PROCEDURAL CHARACTERISTICS | 117 | ||
| CURRENT DATA | 117 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 118 | ||
| Selected References | 118 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Carotid Artery | 119 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES | 119 | ||
| SURGICAL RESULTS | 119 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Carotid Artery | 120 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 120 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 120 | ||
| Selected References | 120 | ||
| RESULTS | 121 | ||
| SUMMARY | 122 | ||
| Selected References | 122 | ||
| Vertebral Artery Reconstruction for Vertebrobasilar Ischemia | 122 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION | 123 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR OPERATION | 123 | ||
| SURGICAL REPAIR | 123 | ||
| Selected References | 125 | ||
| Endovascular Angioplasty and Stenting for Proximal Subclavian Artery Stenosis | 125 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 125 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT | 125 | ||
| TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES OF ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY | 126 | ||
| RESULTS OF SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY ANGIOPLASTY AND STENTING | 127 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR VERSUS SURGICAL INTERVENTION | 127 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 128 | ||
| Selected References | 128 | ||
| Subclavian to Carotid Arterial Transposition | 129 | ||
| Carotid1397059140Subclavian Bypass and Other Nonanatomic Revascularizations for Proximal Subclavian Artery Stenosis | 132 | ||
| ANATOMY | 132 | ||
| Selected References | 132 | ||
| CAROTID–SUBCLAVIAN BYPASS | 133 | ||
| OTHER NONANATOMIC SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY RECONSTRUCTIONS | 134 | ||
| Selected References | 134 | ||
| Conventional Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Innominate Artery Atherosclerosis | 135 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 135 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 135 | ||
| TREATMENT | 135 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 137 | ||
| Selected References | 137 | ||
| Extracranial Carotid Artery Aneurysms | 138 | ||
| TRUE CAROTID ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 138 | ||
| TRAUMATIC FALSE ANEURYSMS OF THE CAROTID ARTERY | 139 | ||
| FALSE ANEURYSMS FOLLOWING CAROTID ARTERY ENDARTERECTOMY | 140 | ||
| Selected References | 140 | ||
| Carotid Body Tumors | 141 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 141 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 141 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EMBOLIZATION | 142 | ||
| SURGICAL INDICATIONS | 142 | ||
| SURGICAL APPROACH | 143 | ||
| SURGICAL RESULTS | 144 | ||
| Selected References | 144 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Arteritis | 145 | ||
| COMPARISON WITH ARTERIOSCLEROSIS | 145 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 145 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 146 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 146 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Takayasu Arteritis | 148 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 148 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE AND PREVENTION | 148 | ||
| Selected References | 148 | ||
| MEDICAL TREATMENT | 150 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 150 | ||
| Selected References | 151 | ||
| Upper Extremity Arterial Disease | 153 | ||
| Pathology of Upper Extremity Arterial Disease | 153 | ||
| VASOSPASM | 153 | ||
| INTRINSIC ARTERIAL DISEASE | 153 | ||
| EMBOLISM | 155 | ||
| TRAUMA | 155 | ||
| MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 155 | ||
| Upper Extremity Revascularization | 156 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 156 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT | 156 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 156 | ||
| Selected References | 156 | ||
| COMMON APPROACHES TO THE UPPER EXTREMITY VESSELS | 157 | ||
| SURGICAL RESULTS | 158 | ||
| Selected References | 159 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment of Upper Extremity Vasospastic Disease | 159 | ||
| RAYNAUD’S SYNDROME | 159 | ||
| TREATMENT | 161 | ||
| Selected References | 162 | ||
| Extremity Causalgia: Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy | 163 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 163 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPY | 165 | ||
| SUMMARY | 167 | ||
| Selected References | 167 | ||
| Thoracic Sympathectomy | 167 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE CERVICAL AND THORACIC SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA | 167 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 168 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS | 169 | ||
| Selected References | 171 | ||
| Etiology and Anatomic Pathology of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 171 | ||
| ANATOMY | 171 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 173 | ||
| SUMMARY | 174 | ||
| Selected References | 174 | ||
| Diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 175 | ||
| NEUROGENIC THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME | 175 | ||
| VENOUS THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME | 176 | ||
| ARTERIAL THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME | 177 | ||
| Selected References | 177 | ||
| Conservative Treatment for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 177 | ||
| ASSESSMENT FOR PHYSICAL THERAPY | 178 | ||
| COMMENT | 179 | ||
| Transaxillary Operative Management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 180 | ||
| Selected References | 180 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 181 | ||
| Selected References | 182 | ||
| Supraclavicular Operative Approach for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 182 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF NEUROGENIC THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME | 182 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF VENOUS THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME | 185 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ARTERIAL THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME | 185 | ||
| CLOSURE, POSTOPERATIVE CARE, AND RECOVERY | 186 | ||
| Selected References | 186 | ||
| Treatment of Arterial Complications in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 186 | ||
| ANATOMIC FEATURES | 187 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 187 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 187 | ||
| TREATMENT | 188 | ||
| Selected References | 189 | ||
| Subclavian and Axillary Artery Aneurysms | 189 | ||
| SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 189 | ||
| ABERRANT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 190 | ||
| AXILLARY ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 190 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION | 191 | ||
| OPERATIVE TREATMENT | 191 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR | 192 | ||
| RESULTS | 193 | ||
| Selected References | 193 | ||
| Buerger1397969521s Disease | 194 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 194 | ||
| NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 195 | ||
| OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 195 | ||
| Selected References | 196 | ||
| Ergotism | 196 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY | 196 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF ERGOTISM | 197 | ||
| ERGOT ALKALOIDS AND DRUG INTERACTIONS | 198 | ||
| TREATMENT | 198 | ||
| Selected References | 198 | ||
| Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome | 199 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF DISEASE | 199 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 199 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 200 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 202 | ||
| Selected References | 202 | ||
| Aortic Aneurysm | 203 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 203 | ||
| BIOMECHANICAL WALL STRESS AND STRUCTURAL PATHOLOGY | 203 | ||
| INTRALUMINAL THROMBUS | 203 | ||
| MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES AND ENDOGENOUS PROTEASES | 204 | ||
| AORTIC MEDIAL DECOMPENSATION | 205 | ||
| INFLAMMATION AND AUTOIMMUNITY | 205 | ||
| PATHOGEN INVOLVEMENT AND AUTOIMMUNITY | 205 | ||
| OXIDATIVE STRESS | 206 | ||
| ADVENTITIAL MODIFICATION | 206 | ||
| MODELS OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM AND FUTURE RESEARCH | 206 | ||
| SUMMARY | 206 | ||
| Selected References | 206 | ||
| Genetics of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 207 | ||
| THE HERITABILITY OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS VERSUS THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSMS | 207 | ||
| INHERITANCE OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM | 207 | ||
| IDENTIFYING GENES ASSOCIATED WITH ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS | 207 | ||
| LINKAGE STUDIES | 208 | ||
| GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES | 209 | ||
| FUTURE RESEARCH | 209 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Aortic Aneurysms | 210 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 210 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 210 | ||
| Selected References | 210 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 211 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 212 | ||
| Selected References | 212 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Aortic Dissection | 212 | ||
| EARLY ANATOMIC CHANGES IN AORTIC DISSECTION | 212 | ||
| ISCHEMIC COMPLICATIONS OF AORTIC DISSECTION | 213 | ||
| FALSE LUMEN EXPANSION | 214 | ||
| Selected References | 215 | ||
| Arteriomegaly and Aneurysmosis | 215 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 215 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 215 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 215 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 217 | ||
| Vascular Complications of Marfan Syndrome, Ehlers1397059140Danlos Syndrome, and Loeys1397059140Dietz Syndrome | 218 | ||
| MARFAN SYNDROME | 218 | ||
| Selected References | 218 | ||
| EHLERS–DANLOS SYNDROME | 219 | ||
| LOEYS–DIETZ SYNDROME | 220 | ||
| Selected References | 220 | ||
| Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 221 | ||
| SCREENING FOR ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM | 222 | ||
| ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FOLLOW-UP OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM | 223 | ||
| Angiography in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 224 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR CATHETER-BASED ARTERIOGRAPHY | 224 | ||
| PLANNING ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM REPAIR | 224 | ||
| Selected References | 224 | ||
| Selected References | 225 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 226 | ||
| Selected References | 228 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Computed Tomographic Arteriography in the Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 228 | ||
| DATA SETS | 228 | ||
| SCAN PARAMETERS | 228 | ||
| RECONSTRUCTION | 229 | ||
| INITIAL AORTIC ASSESSMENT | 230 | ||
| ANALYSIS OF DISEASE EXTENT | 230 | ||
| ANEURYSM SIZE | 230 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE PROXIMAL AND DISTAL NECKS | 230 | ||
| TORTUOSITY | 231 | ||
| AORTIC BRANCH ASSESSMENT | 231 | ||
| RELATIONAL BRANCH VESSEL GEOMETRY | 232 | ||
| AORTIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AFTER OPEN OR ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT | 232 | ||
| Selected References | 233 | ||
| Selection of Patients with Aortic Aneurysms for Open Surgical or Endovascular Repair | 233 | ||
| OPEN REPAIR OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM | 233 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR | 234 | ||
| OPEN VERSUS ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR: THE DATA | 234 | ||
| INTEGRATION OF TRIAL DATA INTO CLINICAL DECISION MAKING | 235 | ||
| EVAR VERSUS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS AT TOO-HIGH RISK FOR OPEN REPAIR | 236 | ||
| SUMMARY | 237 | ||
| Selected References | 237 | ||
| Management of Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 237 | ||
| RUPTURE RISK | 237 | ||
| LIFE EXPECTANCY | 237 | ||
| OPERATIVE RISK | 238 | ||
| OPERATIVE DECISION MAKING | 239 | ||
| GROWTH AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT | 239 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE RECOMMENDATIONS | 240 | ||
| Selected References | 240 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Nonruptured Infrarenal Aortic and Aortoiliac Aneurysms | 241 | ||
| PROCEDURAL PLANNING AND ANATOMIC MEASUREMENTS | 241 | ||
| DEVICE OVERSIZING | 241 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR STENT DEPLOYMENT TECHNIQUES | 242 | ||
| LONG-TERM DATA AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 243 | ||
| Selected References | 243 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Pararenal and Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 244 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 244 | ||
| LIMITATIONS | 244 | ||
| PUBLISHED RESULTS | 245 | ||
| EVOLUTION | 245 | ||
| Selected References | 246 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 246 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 246 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT | 246 | ||
| RUPTURED INFLAMMATORY ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS | 248 | ||
| SUMMARY | 248 | ||
| Selected References | 248 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysms | 249 | ||
| THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 249 | ||
| A SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE | 249 | ||
| COLLECTED WORLD EXPERIENCE | 249 | ||
| WHY ARE RESULTS VARIABLE? | 250 | ||
| IS A RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED COMPARISON OF ENDOVASCULAR AND OPEN REPAIR NEEDED? | 250 | ||
| Selected References | 251 | ||
| Management of Coexistent Splanchnic and Renal Artery Occlusive Disease | 251 | ||
| SPLANCHNIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE AND ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR | 251 | ||
| RENAL ARTERY OCCLUSIVE DISEASE AND ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR | 252 | ||
| Selected References | 253 | ||
| Internal Iliac Artery Embolization as an Adjunct to Endovascular Aneurysm Repair | 253 | ||
| RELEVANT ANATOMY | 253 | ||
| EMBOLIZATION TOOLS | 253 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 254 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 255 | ||
| Endovascular Iliac Branch Devices for Iliac Aneurysms | 256 | ||
| RATIONALE | 256 | ||
| DEVICE DESIGN | 256 | ||
| DEVICE DEPLOYMENT | 256 | ||
| Selected References | 256 | ||
| RESULTS | 257 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 257 | ||
| Selected References | 258 | ||
| Iliac Artery Conduits for Endovascular Access | 258 | ||
| ILIAC ARTERY ACCESS | 258 | ||
| REMOTE FEMORAL ARTERY ACCESS | 259 | ||
| Selected References | 260 | ||
| Conversion to Open Surgical Treatment After Failed Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair | 261 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 261 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 261 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES | 261 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 263 | ||
| Treatment of Endovascular Leaks After Aortic Endografting | 264 | ||
| TYPE I ENDOLEAK | 264 | ||
| Selected References | 264 | ||
| TYPE II ENDOLEAK | 265 | ||
| TYPE III ENDOLEAK | 266 | ||
| TYPE IV ENDOLEAK | 266 | ||
| TYPE V ENDOLEAK | 266 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 267 | ||
| Selected References | 267 | ||
| Management of Acute Limb Ischemia Complicating Aortic Reconstruction | 267 | ||
| SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM | 267 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 267 | ||
| PREVENTION | 267 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 267 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 268 | ||
| Selected References | 269 | ||
| Intestinal and Renal Ischemia Complicating Open and Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Reconstructions | 269 | ||
| RENAL COMPLICATIONS | 269 | ||
| INTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS | 271 | ||
| Selected References | 273 | ||
| Neurologic Complications after Open and Endovascular Aortic Surgery | 273 | ||
| SPINAL CORD INJURY | 273 | ||
| STROKE | 274 | ||
| DIRECT NERVE INJURY | 274 | ||
| Selected References | 275 | ||
| Postoperative Surveillance of Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Endografts | 275 | ||
| RATIONALE FOR POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE | 275 | ||
| ELEMENTS OF COMPLETE SURVEILLANCE | 275 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP SCHEDULE | 277 | ||
| Treatment of Aortic Endograft Migration | 278 | ||
| DEFINITION | 278 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 278 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR MIGRATION | 278 | ||
| Selected References | 278 | ||
| TREATMENT | 279 | ||
| Selected References | 281 | ||
| Open Transperitoneal Surgical Treatment of Nonruptured Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysms | 282 | ||
| ANATOMIC PREOPERATIVE PLANNING | 282 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 282 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 283 | ||
| EARLY SURVIVAL | 284 | ||
| Selected References | 284 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Ruptured Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysms | 285 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 285 | ||
| PROCEDURE | 285 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 288 | ||
| Selected References | 289 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Infected Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 289 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 289 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 290 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 291 | ||
| Selected References | 291 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 292 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 292 | ||
| OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 292 | ||
| Selected References | 293 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Pararenal and Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 293 | ||
| PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 293 | ||
| OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 294 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 295 | ||
| Selected References | 297 | ||
| Retroperitoneal Approach for Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysmectomy | 297 | ||
| INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS | 297 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 297 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 299 | ||
| Autotransfusion in Aortic Reconstruction | 300 | ||
| AUTOLOGOUS PREOPERATIVE DEPOSIT | 300 | ||
| Selected References | 300 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE AUTOTRANSFUSION IN ELECTIVE AND EMERGENCY AORTIC PROCEDURES | 301 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR TRANSFUSION | 301 | ||
| Selected References | 302 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm1397059140Inferior Vena Cava Fistula | 302 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 302 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 302 | ||
| Selected References | 303 | ||
| Management of Primary Aortoenteric Fistulas | 303 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 303 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 303 | ||
| TREATMENT | 304 | ||
| Selected References | 305 | ||
| Renal Ectopia and Renal Fusion in Patients Requiring Abdominal Aortic Operations | 306 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 306 | ||
| ANATOMIC SUBGROUPS OF RENAL ECTOPIA | 306 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE IMAGING | 308 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC ALTERNATIVES | 309 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS AND RESULTS | 310 | ||
| Selected References | 311 | ||
| Venous Anomalies Encountered During Aortic Reconstruction | 311 | ||
| RETROAORTIC OR CIRCUMAORTIC LEFT RENAL VEIN | 311 | ||
| TRANSPOSED OR DUPLICATE INFERIOR VENA CAVA | 312 | ||
| Selected References | 313 | ||
| Open and Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Kidney Transplant Patients | 313 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 313 | ||
| RENAL PROTECTION | 313 | ||
| OPEN AORTIC RECONSTRUCTION | 314 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR AORTIC RECONSTRUCTION | 315 | ||
| RUPTURED ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS | 315 | ||
| Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair and Concurrent Nonvascular Disease | 316 | ||
| SYNCHRONOUS DISEASE | 316 | ||
| Selected References | 316 | ||
| GALLBLADDER AND HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE | 317 | ||
| PANCREATIC DISEASE | 317 | ||
| UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 317 | ||
| LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 317 | ||
| GENITOURINARY TRACT | 318 | ||
| GYNECOLOGIC DISEASE | 319 | ||
| RARE TUMORS AND SPINE DISORDERS | 319 | ||
| ABDOMINAL WALL | 319 | ||
| Selected References | 319 | ||
| Recognition and Treatment of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Following Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair | 320 | ||
| DETECTION | 320 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 321 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 322 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 322 | ||
| CURRENT MANAGEMENT | 322 | ||
| Selected References | 325 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms | 326 | ||
| STENT GRAFTS | 326 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 326 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 326 | ||
| RESULTS | 327 | ||
| Selected References | 328 | ||
| Endovascular Graft Completion of Elephant Trunk Thoracic Aneurysm Repair | 328 | ||
| SECOND-STAGE ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURE | 329 | ||
| RESULTS | 334 | ||
| Selected References | 335 | ||
| Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Debranching in the Endovascular Treatment of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 336 | ||
| AORTIC ARCH AND PROXIMAL DESCENDING AORTIC ANEURYSM DEBRANCHING | 336 | ||
| ASCENDING, ARCH, AND MORE EXTENSIVE ANEURYSMS | 337 | ||
| DEBRANCHING OF THORACOABDOMINAL ANEURYSMS | 338 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 341 | ||
| Selected References | 342 | ||
| Endograft (VORTEC) Reconstruction of Aortic Branches Allowing Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Aneurysms | 343 | ||
| ORIGINAL TECHNIQUE | 343 | ||
| INCISION AND TRANSECTION TECHNIQUES | 344 | ||
| RESULTS | 345 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 345 | ||
| Selected References | 346 | ||
| Multibranched Endovascular Repair of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 347 | ||
| MULTIBRANCHED THORACOABDOMINAL STENT GRAFTS | 347 | ||
| STANDARDIZATION | 347 | ||
| STANDARD STENT GRAFT | 347 | ||
| PLANNING THE REPAIR | 348 | ||
| ADJUNCTIVE PROCEDURES | 349 | ||
| STENT GRAFT IMPLANTATION | 349 | ||
| RADIATION SAFETY | 350 | ||
| RESULTS | 351 | ||
| Selected References | 351 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms | 352 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR REPAIR | 352 | ||
| OPERATIVE PLANNING | 352 | ||
| MEASURES FOR END-ORGAN PROTECTION | 352 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 353 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 354 | ||
| SURGICAL RESULTS | 354 | ||
| Selected References | 354 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 354 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF THORACOABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS | 354 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 355 | ||
| OPEN SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 355 | ||
| RISK OF IMMEDIATE NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT | 356 | ||
| RISK OF DELAYED NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT | 356 | ||
| RISK OF KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION | 356 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS | 357 | ||
| SURVIVAL AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES | 357 | ||
| Selected References | 357 | ||
| Paraplegia Prevention in Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair | 358 | ||
| ASSISTED CIRCULATION | 359 | ||
| INTERCOSTAL REIMPLANTATION | 359 | ||
| MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS | 360 | ||
| HYPOTHERMIA | 360 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DRAINAGE | 360 | ||
| ENDOGRAFT THORACIC AND THORACOABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM REPAIR | 360 | ||
| Selected References | 360 | ||
| Nonoperative Medical Management of Acute Aortic Dissection | 361 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 361 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 361 | ||
| INITIAL MEDICAL THERAPY | 362 | ||
| ASCENDING AORTA | 363 | ||
| DESCENDING AORTA | 363 | ||
| LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP | 364 | ||
| Selected References | 364 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Dissection | 365 | ||
| ROLE OF IMAGING | 365 | ||
| VASCULAR ACCESS | 365 | ||
| EXCLUDING THE FALSE LUMEN | 365 | ||
| MALPERFUSION | 366 | ||
| CHRONIC AORTIC DISSECTION | 368 | ||
| Selected References | 369 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Aortic Dissection | 369 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 369 | ||
| OPERATIVE TREATMENT | 369 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 375 | ||
| Selected References | 375 | ||
| Natural History and Open Treatment of Isolated Iliac Artery Aneurysms | 376 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 376 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 376 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 376 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 377 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT | 377 | ||
| TREATMENT | 377 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 378 | ||
| Selected References | 379 | ||
| Endovascular Management of Isolated Iliac Artery Aneurysms | 379 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND IMAGING | 379 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 380 | ||
| RESULTS | 381 | ||
| ISOLATED INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 381 | ||
| FUTURE THERAPY | 381 | ||
| Selected References | 382 | ||
| Long-Term Alterations in Large-Caliber Arterial Prostheses Used for Aortic Repair | 383 | ||
| EARLY HOST RESPONSES TO IMPLANTED MATERIALS | 383 | ||
| MID- TO LONG-TERM PROSTHETIC HEALING | 383 | ||
| LONG-TERM PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS | 384 | ||
| Selected References | 385 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | 385 | ||
| ETIOLOGIES | 385 | ||
| SURGICAL OPTIONS | 386 | ||
| Selected References | 388 | ||
| Lower Extremity Aneurysm | 389 | ||
| Arteriosclerotic Femoral Artery Aneurysms | 389 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 389 | ||
| PATTERN OF DISEASE | 389 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 389 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 389 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 390 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 390 | ||
| RESULTS | 391 | ||
| Selected References | 391 | ||
| Infected Femoral Artery False Aneurysms | 391 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 391 | ||
| PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 392 | ||
| TREATMENT | 392 | ||
| Obturator Foramen Bypass Grafts in Groin Sepsis | 394 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 394 | ||
| Selected References | 394 | ||
| OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS | 395 | ||
| RESULTS | 396 | ||
| Selected References | 396 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms | 397 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 397 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND IMAGING | 397 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 398 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE | 399 | ||
| Selected References | 399 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms | 400 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 400 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR | 400 | ||
| STENT GRAFTS | 400 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURE AND FOLLOW-UP | 401 | ||
| RESULTS OF ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR | 401 | ||
| Selected References | 402 | ||
| Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease | 405 | ||
| Conventional Arteriography, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, and Computed Tomographic Arteriography of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease | 405 | ||
| DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ARTERIOGRAPHY | 405 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY | 406 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY | 407 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 407 | ||
| Physiologic and Noninvasive Studies to Document Severity and Extent of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease | 408 | ||
| SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS | 408 | ||
| EXTREMITY PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS AND DOPPLER ANALYSIS | 408 | ||
| DUPLEX ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 408 | ||
| Selected References | 408 | ||
| Selected References | 410 | ||
| Selecting Treatment for Patients with Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease | 410 | ||
| CONSERVATIVE MEDICAL TREATMENT | 410 | ||
| CRITERIA INFLUENCING CHOICE OF REVASCULARIZATION TECHNIQUES | 410 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 413 | ||
| Selected References | 414 | ||
| Percutaneous Arterial Angioplasty with and without Stenting for Atherosclerotic Aortic and Iliac Artery Occlusive Disease | 414 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 414 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 415 | ||
| RESULTS | 417 | ||
| Selected References | 418 | ||
| Aortofemoral Bypass for Atherosclerotic Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease | 418 | ||
| PROCEDURE SELECTION | 418 | ||
| OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 418 | ||
| RESULTS OF AORTOFEMORAL BYPASS GRAFTS | 421 | ||
| Selected References | 421 | ||
| Endarterectomy for Atherosclerotic Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease | 422 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 422 | ||
| RESULTS | 423 | ||
| Selected References | 425 | ||
| Management of Juxtarenal Aortic Occlusive Disease by Retroperitoneal and Transperitoneal Exposure of the Pararenal and Suprarena... | 426 | ||
| TRANSPERITONEAL EXPOSURE OF THE SUPRACELIAC AORTA AND CELIAC ARTERY | 426 | ||
| TRANSPERITONEAL APPROACH TO SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY AND PARARENAL AORTA | 427 | ||
| LEFT RETROPERITONEAL APPROACH TO THE ABDOMINAL AORTA | 428 | ||
| TRANSPERITONEAL APPROACH TO THE COMPLETE ABDOMINAL AORTA WITH LEFT MEDIAL VISCERAL ROTATION | 429 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 429 | ||
| Selected References | 430 | ||
| Acute Aortic Occlusion | 430 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 430 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 430 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT | 431 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 431 | ||
| OPERATIVE PLANNING | 432 | ||
| THROMBOEMBOLECTOMY | 432 | ||
| AXILLOBIFEMORAL AND AORTOBIFEMORAL BYPASS | 433 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT | 433 | ||
| ADEQUACY OF REVASCULARIZATION AND ADJUNCTIVE PROCEDURES | 433 | ||
| ISCHEMIA AND REPERFUSION INJURY | 434 | ||
| OUTCOME | 434 | ||
| Selected References | 434 | ||
| Aortic Graft Limb Occlusion | 434 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 435 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 436 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 436 | ||
| RESULTS | 438 | ||
| Selected References | 438 | ||
| Open and Endovascular Treatment of Anastomotic Aneurysms after Aortoaortic, Aortoiliac, and Aortofemoral Bypass | 439 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 439 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 439 | ||
| PRESENTATION | 439 | ||
| EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 440 | ||
| OPEN SURGICAL TREATMENT | 440 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT | 440 | ||
| RESULTS | 441 | ||
| Selected References | 441 | ||
| Combined Laparoscopic and Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Diseases | 442 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 442 | ||
| LAPAROSCOPIC REMODELLING OF THE AORTA AFTER ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR | 442 | ||
| EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR LAPAROSCOPIC REMODELING AFTER ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR | 443 | ||
| LAPAROSCOPY-ASSISTED THORACIC ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR | 443 | ||
| RESULTS OF HYBRID PROCEDURES AND LAPAROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES AFTER ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR | 443 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 444 | ||
| THE ROLE OF LAPAROSCOPIC AORTIC SURGERY | 445 | ||
| Selected References | 445 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Coarctation and Hypoplasia | 445 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 445 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 447 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 447 | ||
| RESULTS | 448 | ||
| Selected References | 449 | ||
| Descending Thoracic Aorta to Femoral Bypass | 449 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 449 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 449 | ||
| RESULTS | 450 | ||
| Selected References | 451 | ||
| Axillofemoral Bypass | 452 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PATIENT SELECTION | 452 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 452 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 452 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP | 454 | ||
| RESULTS AND INFLUENCE OF PATIENT AND GRAFT FACTORS | 454 | ||
| CONTINUING EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF AXILLOFEMORAL BYPASS | 454 | ||
| Selected References | 454 | ||
| Unilateral Retroperitoneal Iliofemoral Bypass | 455 | ||
| TREATMENT ALGORITHM FOR ILIAC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE | 455 | ||
| RETROPERITONEAL ILIOFEMORAL BYPASS: SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 455 | ||
| RESULTS | 455 | ||
| Selected References | 455 | ||
| Femorofemoral Bypass for Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease | 456 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PATIENT SELECTION | 456 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 456 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 456 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP | 457 | ||
| RESULTS AND INFLUENCE OF PATIENT AND GRAFT FACTORS | 457 | ||
| CONTINUING EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF FEMOROFEMORAL BYPASS | 457 | ||
| Selected References | 458 | ||
| Diagnosis of Aortic Graft Infection | 458 | ||
| PRESENTATION | 458 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 459 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 461 | ||
| Selected References | 461 | ||
| Treatment of Aortic Graft Infection with Autologous Femoral Vein | 462 | ||
| GRAFT EXCISION | 462 | ||
| OPTIONS FOR RECONSTRUCTION | 462 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 463 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNIQUE | 463 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP | 465 | ||
| Selected References | 465 | ||
| In-Situ Treatment of Aortic Graft Infection with Prosthetic Grafts and Allografts | 466 | ||
| ANTIBIOTIC OR SILVER-COATED PROSTHETIC GRAFTS | 466 | ||
| CRYOPRESERVED ARTERIAL ALLOGRAFTS | 467 | ||
| PROSTHETIC GRAFT PRESERVATION | 467 | ||
| Selected References | 467 | ||
| Aortic Graft1397059140Enteric Fistula | 468 | ||
| PRESENTATION | 468 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 468 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 469 | ||
| Selected References | 472 | ||
| Vasculogenic and Postoperative Neurogenic Impotence | 472 | ||
| NORMAL ERECTILE AND EJACULATORY FUNCTION | 472 | ||
| VASCULOGENIC ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION | 473 | ||
| CORRELATION BETWEEN ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | 473 | ||
| THE METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION | 474 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE NEUROGENIC SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION | 474 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 474 | ||
| Selected References | 474 | ||
| Drug Therapy of Erectile Dysfunction | 475 | ||
| BASIC PRINCIPLES | 475 | ||
| PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITORS | 475 | ||
| PENILE INJECTION THERAPY | 476 | ||
| INTRAURETHRAL ALPROSTADIL | 476 | ||
| TESTOSTERONE | 476 | ||
| NONDRUG TREATMENTS FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION | 477 | ||
| THE PRINCETON GUIDELINES | 477 | ||
| Management of Groin Lymphocele and Lymph Fistula | 478 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 478 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 478 | ||
| Selected References | 478 | ||
| PREVENTION | 479 | ||
| TREATMENT | 479 | ||
| Selected References | 480 | ||
| Management of Chyloperitoneum and Chylothorax after Aortic Reconstruction | 480 | ||
| LYMPHATIC ANATOMY IN THE ABDOMEN AND THORAX | 480 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF CHYOPERIOTNEUM AND CHYLOTHORAX | 480 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF CHYLOPERITONEUM AND CHYLOTHORAX | 481 | ||
| SUMMARY | 483 | ||
| Selected References | 484 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 484 | ||
| IMPORTANCE OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE | 484 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CARDIAC RISK ASSESSMENT | 484 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 486 | ||
| Selected References | 486 | ||
| Pulmonary Risks in Patients Being Treated for Aortic Aneurysms and Occlusive Disease | 487 | ||
| PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF OPEN VASCULAR SURGERY | 487 | ||
| IMPACT OF PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING OPEN ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM REPAIR ON PATIENT OUTCOMES | 487 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS | 488 | ||
| MODIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS | 488 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 489 | ||
| Selected References | 489 | ||
| The Metabolic Syndrome in the Modern World | 489 | ||
| DEFINITION | 489 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 489 | ||
| TREATMENT | 493 | ||
| Smoking as a Risk Factor in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | 494 | ||
| Selected References | 494 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 495 | ||
| EVIDENCE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | 495 | ||
| SMOKING CESSATION | 496 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 496 | ||
| Selected References | 496 | ||
| Smoking Cessation | 497 | ||
| IDENTIFYING SMOKERS | 497 | ||
| MOTIVATING PATIENTS TO QUIT | 497 | ||
| HELPING THOSE WHO WISH TO QUIT | 497 | ||
| SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES | 498 | ||
| Selected References | 499 | ||
| Treatment of Dyslipidemia and Hypertriglyceridemia | 500 | ||
| RISK ASSESSMENT AND LDL CHOLESTEROL GOALS | 500 | ||
| GOALS FOR NON-HDL CHOLESTEROL | 500 | ||
| DIET AND EXERCISE GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 501 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR HIGH LDL CHOLESTEROL | 501 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR LOW NON-HDL CHOLESTEROL | 501 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OF LIPID TREATMENT | 502 | ||
| Selected References | 503 | ||
| Hypertension as a Risk Factor in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | 503 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE OFFICE | 503 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE HOSPITAL | 504 | ||
| HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK | 504 | ||
| TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION | 505 | ||
| Homocysteine as a Risk Factor in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | 506 | ||
| Selected References | 506 | ||
| NOMENCLATURE | 507 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 507 | ||
| HOMOCYSTEINE AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE EXPRESSION | 507 | ||
| TREATMENT | 509 | ||
| Selected References | 511 | ||
| Nitric Oxide and Vascular Disease | 511 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE VASCULATURE | 511 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE VASCULATURE | 511 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 513 | ||
| Selected References | 513 | ||
| Integrative Therapies in Vascular Disease | 514 | ||
| DIET | 514 | ||
| EXERCISE | 514 | ||
| SMOKING CESSATION | 514 | ||
| MIND–BODY CONNECTION | 514 | ||
| NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE | 514 | ||
| NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR PERIPHERAL VENOUS DISEASE | 516 | ||
| SURGICAL ISSUES RELATED TO NATURAL PRODUCTS | 518 | ||
| CARDIAC EFFECTS OF NONCARDIAC HERBS | 520 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 520 | ||
| Selected References | 520 | ||
| Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 521 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Arteriography for Assessment of Infrainguinal Occlusive Disease | 521 | ||
| FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE ARTERIOGRAPHY | 521 | ||
| CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE ARTERIOGRAPHY | 521 | ||
| Selected References | 525 | ||
| Doppler Pressure Evaluation of Infrainguinal Occlusive Disease | 525 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF ARTERIAL OBSTRUCTION | 525 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 525 | ||
| ANKLE PRESSURE MEASUREMENT | 525 | ||
| SEGMENTAL LIMB PRESSURE MEASUREMENT | 526 | ||
| EXERCISE TESTING | 526 | ||
| TOE PRESSURES | 526 | ||
| LIMITATIONS | 527 | ||
| SUMMARY | 527 | ||
| Selected References | 527 | ||
| Duplex Imaging of Infrainguinal Occlusive Disease | 527 | ||
| EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUE | 527 | ||
| VELOCITY WAVEFORMS AND CRITERIA DEFINING STENOSES | 528 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 529 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasound for Imaging of Diseased Arteries | 530 | ||
| INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND IMAGING | 530 | ||
| Selected References | 530 | ||
| CLINICAL UTILITY | 531 | ||
| ANGIOPLASTY | 531 | ||
| ATHERECTOMY | 531 | ||
| STENT DEPLOYMENT | 531 | ||
| ABDOMINAL ENDOLUMINAL GRAFTS | 533 | ||
| THORACIC ENDOLUMINAL GRAFTS | 534 | ||
| Selected References | 534 | ||
| Selecting Patients for Open Surgical or Endovascular Treatment of Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 535 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION FOR TREATMENT AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS | 535 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS | 535 | ||
| OPEN SURGICAL PROCEDURES | 535 | ||
| Selected References | 536 | ||
| Percutaneous Angioplasty With and Without Stenting for Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 537 | ||
| SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL ARTERY | 537 | ||
| POPLITEAL ARTERY | 540 | ||
| INFRAPOPLITEAL ARTERIES | 540 | ||
| Selected References | 540 | ||
| Subintimal Recanalization for Lower Limb Occlusive Disease | 541 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 541 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 543 | ||
| Selected References | 543 | ||
| Endovascular Grafts in the Treatment of Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 544 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 544 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 544 | ||
| RESULTS | 545 | ||
| Selected References | 546 | ||
| Percutaneous Cryoplasty and Laser Treatment of Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 546 | ||
| LASER PHYSICS | 546 | ||
| LASER EFFECTS ON TARGET TISSUE | 547 | ||
| SPECIFIC LASER SYSTEMS | 547 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATION OF LASER ANGIOPLASTY | 547 | ||
| CRYOPLASTY | 548 | ||
| Selected References | 549 | ||
| Duplex-Guided Balloon Angioplasty for Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive and Aneurysmal Disease | 550 | ||
| DUPLEX-GUIDED INFRAINGUINAL ARTERIAL ANGIOPLASTY | 550 | ||
| DUPLEX-GUIDED ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF POPLITEAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 553 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 554 | ||
| Selected References | 555 | ||
| Reversed and Nonreversed Transposed Autogenous Vein Grafting for Atherosclerotic Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 555 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION AND PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 555 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 556 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 557 | ||
| RESULTS | 557 | ||
| Selected References | 557 | ||
| Short Vein Grafts from the Distal Superficial Femoral, Popliteal, or Infrapopliteal Arteries to More Distal Arteries for Limb Sa... | 558 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS | 558 | ||
| IMPROVED GRAFT PATENCY RATES | 558 | ||
| DECREASED INCIDENCE OF VEIN GRAFT STENOSES | 558 | ||
| INCREASED VEIN UTILIZATION | 558 | ||
| FEWER VEIN HARVEST COMPLICATIONS | 559 | ||
| OTHER ADVANTAGES | 559 | ||
| DISADVANTAGES | 559 | ||
| Selected References | 559 | ||
| In-Situ Saphenous Vein Graft for Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 559 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 560 | ||
| TECHNICAL COMMENTARY | 561 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE FOLLOW-UP | 561 | ||
| Selected References | 561 | ||
| Arm Veins for Lower Extremity Arterial Reconstruction | 562 | ||
| ANATOMY | 562 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT | 562 | ||
| INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR ARM VEIN GRAFTS | 564 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 564 | ||
| RESULTS | 565 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT | 565 | ||
| COMMENTS | 568 | ||
| Selected References | 568 | ||
| Composite Sequential Bypass for Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 568 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 568 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 569 | ||
| RESULTS | 569 | ||
| Selected References | 570 | ||
| Expanded Polytetra-fluoroethylene and Dacron Grafts for Atherosclerotic Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 570 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR PROSTHETIC BYPASS | 570 | ||
| DATA | 571 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 571 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 572 | ||
| Selected References | 572 | ||
| Human Umbilical Vein and Other Biografts for Atherosclerotic Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 572 | ||
| HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN GRAFTS | 572 | ||
| CRYOPRESERVED VASCULAR CONDUITS | 573 | ||
| COLD-PRESERVED VESSELS | 575 | ||
| BOVINE GRAFTS | 575 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 575 | ||
| Selected References | 575 | ||
| Deep Femoral Patch Angioplasty for Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease of the Lower Extremity | 576 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 576 | ||
| TECHNIQUES | 576 | ||
| Selected References | 577 | ||
| Superficial Femoral Artery Endarterectomy for Atherosclerotic Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease | 578 | ||
| OPEN ENDARTERECTOMY | 578 | ||
| SEMICLOSED ENDARTERECTOMY | 578 | ||
| COMPARISON OF ENDARTERECTOMY TO BYPASS | 578 | ||
| ENDARTERECTOMY IN PERSPECTIVE | 579 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 579 | ||
| Selected References | 579 | ||
| Percutaneous Mechanical Thrombectomy and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Acute Thrombosis of Lower Extremity Arteries and Grafts | 580 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY DEVICES | 580 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF CLOT FORMATION AND DISSOLUTION | 580 | ||
| FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS | 581 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY | 581 | ||
| TECHNIQUES OF THROMBOLYSIS | 582 | ||
| RESULTS | 583 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 583 | ||
| Selected References | 584 | ||
| Operative Thrombectomy for Acute Thrombosis of Lower Extremity Bypass Grafts | 584 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PLANNING | 584 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 584 | ||
| Selected References | 587 | ||
| Surveillance of Lower Extremity Bypass Grafts | 587 | ||
| MECHANISMS AND HEMODYNAMICS OF GRAFT FAILURE | 587 | ||
| ESSENTIALS OF GRAFT SURVEILLANCE | 589 | ||
| Selected References | 591 | ||
| Open Surgery and Endovascular Management of Failing Infrainguinal Bypass Graft | 592 | ||
| PATHOLOGY OF THE FAILING VEIN GRAFT | 592 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING REPAIR CHOICE | 592 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR REPAIR | 593 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 593 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 594 | ||
| Selected References | 594 | ||
| Complications and Treatment of Persistent Sciatic Arteries | 594 | ||
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | 594 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS | 594 | ||
| TREATMENT | 595 | ||
| Selected References | 596 | ||
| Popliteal Artery Adventitial Cystic Disease | 596 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 597 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 597 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 597 | ||
| TREATMENT | 598 | ||
| Selected References | 599 | ||
| Chronic Compartment Syndrome and Functional Popliteal Artery Entrapment | 599 | ||
| EVALUATION | 599 | ||
| TREATMENT | 600 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 600 | ||
| Selected References | 601 | ||
| Exercise in Peripheral Arterial Disease | 601 | ||
| SYSTEMIC DISEASES ALWAYS REQUIRE SYSTEMIC CARE | 601 | ||
| EFFICACY OF EXERCISE TRAINING | 602 | ||
| SCIENCE AND MECHANISMS OF EXERCISE BENEFIT | 602 | ||
| CLAUDICATION TRAINING TREATMENT PROTOCOL | 604 | ||
| EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK FACTORS | 605 | ||
| ALL CLAUDICATION THERAPIES ARE EFFECTIVE AND CAN BE USED TOGETHER | 605 | ||
| POTENTIAL OBSTACLES TO THERAPEUTIC SUCCESS | 605 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management of Intermittent Claudication | 606 | ||
| NATURE OF THE PROBLEM | 606 | ||
| CONCOMITANT CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE | 606 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 606 | ||
| Selected References | 606 | ||
| RHEOLOGIC AGENTS | 607 | ||
| VASODILATOR THERAPY | 607 | ||
| ADDRESSING ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION | 607 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 607 | ||
| Selected References | 608 | ||
| Cutaneous Ulcers in the Neuroischemic Diabetic Foot | 608 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 608 | ||
| DISTRIBUTION | 609 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS | 610 | ||
| REVASCULARIZATION | 611 | ||
| ACHIEVING ULCER CLOSURE | 611 | ||
| Selected References | 611 | ||
| Lumbar Sympathectomy for Lower Extremity Ischemic Ulcers | 612 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 612 | ||
| CLINICAL RESULTS | 612 | ||
| INDICATIONS AND PATIENT SELECTION | 613 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 613 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 613 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS | 614 | ||
| Selected References | 614 | ||
| Biologic Therapies for Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia | 614 | ||
| GENE THERAPY TRIALS | 614 | ||
| STEM CELL THERAPY TRIALS | 615 | ||
| SUMMARY | 616 | ||
| Selected References | 616 | ||
| Bone Marrow Stem Cell Treatment for Critical Limb Ischemia | 616 | ||
| CELL BIOLOGY OF VASCULOGENESIS | 616 | ||
| PIONEERING WORK | 617 | ||
| CURRENT CLINICAL TRIALS | 617 | ||
| Selected References | 617 | ||
| Prothrombotic States and Vascular Thromboses | 617 | ||
| ANTITHROMBIN III DEFICIENCY | 617 | ||
| PROTEIN C AND S DEFICIENCY | 618 | ||
| ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME | 618 | ||
| FACTOR V LEIDEN | 618 | ||
| PROTHROMBIN G20210A MUTATION | 618 | ||
| HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND THROMBOSIS | 619 | ||
| GUIDELINES | 619 | ||
| Selected References | 619 | ||
| Role of Antithrombotic Drugs in Maintaining Graft Patency | 620 | ||
| PLATELET INHIBITORS | 620 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION | 621 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 622 | ||
| Selected References | 622 | ||
| Complications of Heparin Anticoagulation Therapy | 622 | ||
| NONBLEEDING COMPLICATIONS | 622 | ||
| BLEEDING COMPLICATIONS | 624 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 624 | ||
| Selected References | 625 | ||
| Embolic Diseases of the Extremities | 627 | ||
| Arterial Macroembolism | 627 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND ANATOMY | 627 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE MEDICAL THERAPY | 628 | ||
| OPERATIVE SETTING AND TECHNIQUES | 628 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AND COMPLICATIONS | 628 | ||
| Selected References | 629 | ||
| Paradoxical Embolism | 629 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 629 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 629 | ||
| TREATMENT | 630 | ||
| Selected References | 631 | ||
| Atheroembolism | 631 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 631 | ||
| CLINICAL SYNDROMES | 631 | ||
| CLINICAL PICTURES | 632 | ||
| EVALUATION | 632 | ||
| TREATMENT | 633 | ||
| Selected References | 633 | ||
| Operative Revascularization for Trash Foot | 633 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 633 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPY AND THROMBOLYSIS | 634 | ||
| PEDAL AND PERIMALLEOLAR THROMBOEMBOLECTOMY | 634 | ||
| PEDAL ARTERY BYPASS | 634 | ||
| Selected References | 635 | ||
| Anticoagulant and Lytic Therapy for Arterial Thromboembolism in Extremities | 635 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 635 | ||
| THROMBOLYSIS AND RESULTS | 635 | ||
| THROMBECTOMY DEVICES | 636 | ||
| POSTINTERVENTION TREATMENT | 637 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 637 | ||
| Selected References | 637 | ||
| Balloon Catheter Embolectomy for Macroembolization in the Extremities | 638 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT | 638 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 638 | ||
| OPERATIVE ADJUNCTS | 639 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 640 | ||
| Selected References | 640 | ||
| Noninvasive Methods of Diagnosing Cardiac and Noncardiac Sources of Macroemboli | 640 | ||
| ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY | 640 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC VASCULAR LABORATORY STUDIES | 640 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 641 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL EMBOLI | 641 | ||
| Selected References | 641 | ||
| Amputation | 643 | ||
| Minor Amputations | 643 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 643 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 643 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 645 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 646 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 646 | ||
| Selected References | 646 | ||
| Below-Knee Amputation | 647 | ||
| DETERMINING AMPUTATION LEVEL | 647 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 647 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 648 | ||
| RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS | 648 | ||
| Selected References | 648 | ||
| Above-Knee Amputation and Hip Disarticulation | 649 | ||
| ABOVE-KNEE AMPUTATION | 649 | ||
| HIP DISARTICULATION | 651 | ||
| Selected References | 651 | ||
| Upper Extremity Amputations | 652 | ||
| SHOULDER DISARTICULATION | 652 | ||
| TRANSHUMERAL AMPUTATION | 652 | ||
| TRANSRADIAL AMPUTATION | 652 | ||
| KRUKENBERG AMPUTATION | 654 | ||
| WRIST DISARTICULATION | 654 | ||
| Selected References | 654 | ||
| Rehabilitation of the Amputee | 654 | ||
| BEFORE AMPUTATION | 654 | ||
| AMPUTATION LEVEL | 655 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE RESIDUAL LIMB MANAGEMENT AND THERAPY | 655 | ||
| PROSTHETIC RESTORATION | 656 | ||
| Selected References | 656 | ||
| Vascular Trauma | 657 | ||
| Conventional and Computed Tomographic Arteriography in Penetrating Vascular Injuries | 657 | ||
| IMAGING FOR PENETRATING VASCULAR INJURIES OF THE NECK | 657 | ||
| IMAGING FOR PENETRATING VASCULAR INJURIES OF THE THORAX | 657 | ||
| IMAGING FOR PENETRATING VASCULAR INJURIES OF THE ABDOMEN | 657 | ||
| IMAGING FOR PENETRATING VASCULAR INJURIES OF THE EXTREMITIES | 659 | ||
| Nonarteriographic Diagnosis of Penetrating Vascular Trauma | 660 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 660 | ||
| ARTERIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS | 660 | ||
| Selected References | 660 | ||
| DUPLEX ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 661 | ||
| MINIMAL ARTERIAL INJURY | 661 | ||
| ROLE OF THE SERIAL PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 661 | ||
| Selected References | 661 | ||
| Penetrating and Blunt Injuries of the Carotid Artery | 662 | ||
| PENETRATING CAROTID ARTERY INJURIES | 662 | ||
| BLUNT CAROTID ARTERY INJURIES | 663 | ||
| Selected References | 664 | ||
| Penetrating and Blunt Injuries of the Vertebral Artery | 664 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 664 | ||
| TREATMENT | 666 | ||
| Selected References | 666 | ||
| Blunt Arterial Injuries of the Shoulder: Open and Endovascular Therapy | 667 | ||
| PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 667 | ||
| OPEN OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 668 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT | 668 | ||
| Selected References | 669 | ||
| Penetrating Injuries to the Aortic Arch and Intrathoracic Great Vessels | 669 | ||
| ARTERIAL INJURIES IN THE MEDIASTINUM | 669 | ||
| SPECIFIC ARTERIAL INJURIES | 671 | ||
| Selected References | 673 | ||
| Open and Endovascular Management of Blunt and Penetrating Nonaortic Abdominal Vascular Injury | 673 | ||
| ZONES OF INJURY | 673 | ||
| VENA CAVA INJURIES | 673 | ||
| CELIAC ARTERY INJURIES | 674 | ||
| HEPATIC ARTERY INJURIES | 675 | ||
| PORTAL VEIN INJURIES | 675 | ||
| SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY INJURIES | 675 | ||
| RENAL ARTERY INJURIES | 675 | ||
| Aortic Injury | 676 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 676 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 676 | ||
| Selected References | 676 | ||
| PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 677 | ||
| TIMING OF REPAIR | 677 | ||
| OPERATIVE REPAIR | 678 | ||
| CHANGE IN PARADIGM | 679 | ||
| Selected References | 679 | ||
| Complications of Upper and Lower Extremity Percutaneous Arterial Puncture and Catheterization | 680 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERIAL PUNCTURES | 680 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF UPPER EXTREMITY PUNCTURES | 682 | ||
| Selected References | 682 | ||
| Open and Endovascular Treatment of Penetrating Extremity Arterial Injuries | 682 | ||
| RESUSCITATION AND SURGICAL ASSESSMENT | 682 | ||
| OPEN OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 682 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT | 683 | ||
| COMPLETION IMAGING | 685 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 686 | ||
| Selected References | 686 | ||
| Blunt Popliteal Artery Injuries | 686 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 686 | ||
| TREATMENT | 687 | ||
| OUTCOME | 689 | ||
| Selected References | 689 | ||
| Fasciotomy for Compartmental Hypertension and Acute Compartment Syndrome | 690 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 690 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 690 | ||
| OBJECTIVE TESTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF COMPARTMENTAL HYPERTENSION | 691 | ||
| FASCIOTOMY | 691 | ||
| Selected References | 693 | ||
| Ischemia-Induced Muscle Myonecrosis, Myoglobinuria, and Secondary Kidney Failure | 693 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 693 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 695 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 695 | ||
| Vascular Injury Secondary to Drug Abuse | 696 | ||
| ARTERIAL INJURY | 696 | ||
| Selected References | 696 | ||
| VENOUS INJURY | 699 | ||
| Selected References | 700 | ||
| Cold Injury | 701 | ||
| HYPOTHERMIA | 701 | ||
| FROSTBITE | 701 | ||
| NONFREEZING INJURIES | 701 | ||
| TREATMENT | 701 | ||
| Selected References | 702 | ||
| Pediatric Iatrogenic Vascular Injury | 703 | ||
| LOWER EXTREMITY AND FEMORAL ARTERY | 703 | ||
| UPPER EXTREMITY AND BRACHIAL ARTERY | 704 | ||
| ABDOMINAL AORTA | 704 | ||
| CERVICAL AND CAROTID ARTERY | 704 | ||
| Selected References | 705 | ||
| Mesenteric Vascular Disease | 707 | ||
| Arteriography Evaluation of Splanchnic Artery Occlusive Disease | 707 | ||
| VASCULAR ANATOMY | 707 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 709 | ||
| ARTERIOGRAPHY DIAGNOSIS | 709 | ||
| Selected References | 712 | ||
| Duplex Scanning in the Diagnosis of Splanchnic Artery Occlusive Disease | 713 | ||
| TECHNIQUE OF MESENTERIC DUPLEX SCANNING | 713 | ||
| FASTING DOPPLER MESENTERIC ARTERY WAVEFORMS | 713 | ||
| FASTING DUPLEX CRITERIA FOR MESENTERIC ARTERY STENOSIS | 713 | ||
| POSTPRANDIAL MESENTERIC DUPLEX SCANNING | 715 | ||
| EVALUATION OF MESENTERIC ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTS | 715 | ||
| EVALUATION OF STENTED SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIES | 716 | ||
| INTERMITTENT CELIAC AXIS COMPRESSION | 716 | ||
| Acute Embolic and Thrombotic Mesenteric Ischemia | 718 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 718 | ||
| Selected References | 718 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 719 | ||
| TREATMENT | 719 | ||
| Selected References | 720 | ||
| Endovascular Therapy for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia | 721 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 721 | ||
| TREATMENT | 721 | ||
| RESULTS | 722 | ||
| Transaortic Splanchnic Endarterectomy for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia | 724 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION OF CHRONIC MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA | 724 | ||
| Selected References | 724 | ||
| TECHNIQUE OF TRANSAORTIC SPLANCHNIC ENDARTERECTOMY | 725 | ||
| OUTCOME | 727 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 727 | ||
| Selected References | 727 | ||
| Arterial Bypass for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia | 728 | ||
| TREATMENT OPTIONS | 728 | ||
| ANTEGRADE VERSUS RETROGRADE BYPASS | 728 | ||
| SINGLE- VERSUS MULTI-VESSEL BYPASS | 728 | ||
| TECHNICAL DETAILS | 728 | ||
| SURGICAL RESULTS | 729 | ||
| Selected References | 729 | ||
| Operative Treatment of Pediatric Splanchnic Arterial Occlusive Disease | 730 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 730 | ||
| ETIOLOGY OF SPLANCHNIC ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE LESIONS | 730 | ||
| OPERATIVE THERAPY | 730 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 732 | ||
| Selected References | 732 | ||
| Celiac Artery Compression Syndrome | 733 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 733 | ||
| ANATOMIC BASIS OF ARTERIAL ENTRAPMENT | 733 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF ARTERIAL ENTRAPMENT | 734 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 734 | ||
| OPERATIVE TREATMENT | 734 | ||
| SURGICAL OUTCOMES | 736 | ||
| Selected References | 736 | ||
| Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia | 737 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 737 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 737 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 737 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 738 | ||
| Selected References | 738 | ||
| Venous Thrombosis Within the Splanchnic Circulation | 739 | ||
| MESENTERIC VEIN THROMBOSIS | 739 | ||
| PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS | 741 | ||
| SPLENIC VEIN THROMBOSIS | 741 | ||
| BUDD–CHIARI SYNDROME | 742 | ||
| Selected References | 743 | ||
| Celiac, Hepatic, and Splenic Artery Aneurysms | 743 | ||
| CELIAC ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 743 | ||
| HEPATIC ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 744 | ||
| SPLENIC ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 744 | ||
| Mesenteric Artery Aneurysms | 746 | ||
| SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 746 | ||
| Selected References | 746 | ||
| INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 748 | ||
| JEJUNAL, ILEAL, AND COLIC ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 748 | ||
| Selected References | 749 | ||
| Gastroduodenal and Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Aneurysms | 749 | ||
| PSEUDOANEURYSMS | 749 | ||
| TREATMENT | 750 | ||
| TRUE ANEURYSMS | 750 | ||
| Selected References | 751 | ||
| Vascular Malformations and Arteriovenous Fistulas of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 752 | ||
| ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS | 752 | ||
| VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS | 753 | ||
| Selected References | 754 | ||
| Renovascular Disease | 755 | ||
| Pathology of Arteriosclerotic, Fibrodysplastic, and Developmental Renal Artery Occlusive Disease | 755 | ||
| RENAL ARTERY FIBRODYSPLASIA | 755 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL RENAL ARTERY STENOSES | 757 | ||
| RENAL ARTERY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS | 758 | ||
| Selected References | 759 | ||
| Conventional Arteriographic and Computed Tomography Arteriographic Diagnosis of Renovascular Hypertension | 760 | ||
| CATHETER ANGIOGRAPHY | 760 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ARTERIOGRAPHY | 760 | ||
| Selected References | 761 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Angiographic Diagnosis of Renovascular Disease | 762 | ||
| PATIENT PREPARATION | 762 | ||
| INTERPRETING THE IMAGE | 763 | ||
| Selected References | 767 | ||
| Duplex Scanning in the Evaluation of Renal Arterial Occlusive Disease | 768 | ||
| SCANNING TECHNIQUE | 768 | ||
| INTERPRETATION | 768 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 769 | ||
| Selected References | 770 | ||
| Renovascular Hypertension and Renal Artery Occlusive Disease | 770 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION | 770 | ||
| CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN ACTIVATION | 772 | ||
| Selected References | 773 | ||
| Renal Insufficiency and Renal Artery Occlusive Disease | 773 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 773 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 774 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 774 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 775 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 775 | ||
| Selected References | 775 | ||
| Selection of Patients for Open Surgical or Endovascular Treatment of Renal Artery Arteriosclerotic Disease | 776 | ||
| CONDITIONS IN FAVOR OF OPEN RENAL ARTERY REVASCULARIZATION | 776 | ||
| CONDITIONS IN FAVOR OF ENDOVASCULAR RENAL ARTERY REVASCULARIZATION | 777 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 777 | ||
| Selected References | 777 | ||
| Percutaneous Arterial Dilation and Stenting for Arteriosclerotic Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy | 778 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 778 | ||
| TECHNIQUES OF RENAL ARTERY STENTING | 778 | ||
| ASTRAL AND STAR TRIALS | 781 | ||
| RESULTS OF RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES OF RENAL ARTERY STENTING | 783 | ||
| Selected References | 783 | ||
| Percutaneous Arterial Dilation for Fibrodysplastic Renovascular Hypertension | 784 | ||
| TREATMENT | 784 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 785 | ||
| Selected References | 786 | ||
| 246Transaortic Renal Artery Endarterectomy for Renal Artery Atherosclerosis | 787 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 787 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 789 | ||
| Aortorenal Bypass for Renovascular Hypertension in Adults | 790 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION | 790 | ||
| Selected References | 790 | ||
| OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 791 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 794 | ||
| Selected References | 794 | ||
| Alternative Renal Artery Reconstruction Techniques: Hepatorenal, Splenorenal, Iliorenal, and Mesorenal Bypass Procedures | 795 | ||
| SPLENORENAL BYPASS | 795 | ||
| HEPATORENAL AND GASTRODUODENAL BYPASS | 796 | ||
| ILIORENAL BYPASS | 796 | ||
| MESORENAL BYPASS | 796 | ||
| Ex Vivo Arterial Repair for Renovascular Hypertension Secondary to Fibrodysplasia | 798 | ||
| THERAPY | 798 | ||
| Selected References | 798 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 799 | ||
| RESULTS | 800 | ||
| Selected References | 801 | ||
| Operative Evaluation of Renal and Visceral Arterial Reconstructions Using Duplex Sonography | 801 | ||
| Selected References | 803 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension in Children | 804 | ||
| OPERATIVE THERAPY | 804 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 806 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 807 | ||
| Selected References | 807 | ||
| Renal Artery Dissection | 807 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURE-INDUCED DISSECTION | 807 | ||
| BLUNT TRAUMA–RELATED DISSECTION | 808 | ||
| SPONTANEOUS DISSECTION | 809 | ||
| Selected References | 810 | ||
| Renal Artery Atheroembolism | 811 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 811 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 811 | ||
| TREATMENT | 812 | ||
| Selected References | 812 | ||
| Renal Vein Thrombosis | 813 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 813 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 813 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 813 | ||
| TREATMENT | 814 | ||
| Selected References | 815 | ||
| Treatment of Renal Artery Aneurysms | 816 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 816 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 816 | ||
| TREATMENT | 817 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 820 | ||
| Selected References | 820 | ||
| Renal Arteriovenous Malformations And Arteriovenous Fistulas | 821 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 821 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 821 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 821 | ||
| ANGIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS | 823 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 823 | ||
| Selected References | 825 | ||
| Endovascular Renal Denervation | 825 | ||
| RESISTANT HYPERTENSION AND THE ROLE OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 825 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR RENAL DENERVATION | 826 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION OF RENAL DENERVATION | 826 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO RENAL DENERVATION | 827 | ||
| EFFECT OF RENAL DENERVATION ON PHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS | 827 | ||
| SAFETY OF THE PROCEDURE | 827 | ||
| RENAL DENERVATION FOR OTHER CONDITIONS | 827 | ||
| Selected References | 827 | ||
| Arteriovenous Fistulas and Arteriovenous Malformations | 829 | ||
| Classification of Peripheral Arteriovenous and Venous Malformations | 829 | ||
| Selected References | 830 | ||
| Imaging of Peripheral Vascular Fistulas and Arteriovenous Malformations | 831 | ||
| IMAGING MODALITIES | 831 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY | 831 | ||
| ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 831 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 831 | ||
| IMAGING FEATURES OF VASCULAR ANOMALIES | 831 | ||
| Selected References | 835 | ||
| Treatment of Congenital Vascular Malformations in Children and Adults | 836 | ||
| TREATMENT GUIDELINES | 836 | ||
| Selected References | 838 | ||
| Treatment of Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistulas | 839 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 839 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 839 | ||
| TREATMENT | 840 | ||
| Selected References | 842 | ||
| Angioaccess Surgery | 843 | ||
| External Methods of Angioaccess | 843 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS | 843 | ||
| TYPES OF CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS | 843 | ||
| TECHNIQUES FOR INSERTION | 845 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERIZATION | 846 | ||
| Selected References | 847 | ||
| Direct Arteriovenous Communication Angioaccess | 847 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 847 | ||
| LOCATION OF THE FISTULA | 848 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 848 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 848 | ||
| MATURATION OF THE FISTULA | 848 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP | 849 | ||
| Selected References | 849 | ||
| Bridge Grafts for Angioaccess | 849 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 849 | ||
| BRIDGE GRAFTS | 850 | ||
| SURGERY | 850 | ||
| MAINTENANCE | 851 | ||
| Selected References | 851 | ||
| Role of Surveillance for Hemodialysis Access | 852 | ||
| JUSTIFICATION | 852 | ||
| CLINICAL MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE TECHNIQUES | 852 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FROM NATIONAL GUIDELINES | 852 | ||
| EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT SURVEILLANCE | 852 | ||
| PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS | 853 | ||
| Selected References | 854 | ||
| Thrombotic Complications of Arteriovenous Access | 854 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR THROMBOSIS OF ARTERIOVENOUS ACCESS | 854 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 855 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 855 | ||
| TREATMENT TECHNIQUES | 855 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF THROMBOLYSIS AND THROMBECTOMY | 856 | ||
| Selected References | 857 | ||
| Ambulatory Treatment of Dialysis Access Stenosis | 858 | ||
| TECHNIQUE OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FISTULA TREATMENT | 858 | ||
| OFFICE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF ARTERIOVENOUS ACCESS UNDER FLUOROSCOPIC GUIDANCE | 858 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP | 859 | ||
| Selected References | 859 | ||
| Venous Disease | 861 | ||
| Coagulation Cascade and Thrombosis | 861 | ||
| BASIC COAGULATION PATHWAYS | 861 | ||
| NATURAL ANTICOAGULANTS BALANCE THROMBOSIS | 862 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC THROMBOLYSIS | 862 | ||
| ORGAN HEMOSTASIS: ENDOTHELIUM | 862 | ||
| INFLAMMATION AND THROMBOSIS | 862 | ||
| RESOLUTION OF THROMBOSIS | 863 | ||
| INTERPLAY OF ARTERIAL AND VENOUS THROMBOSIS | 863 | ||
| FACTORS THAT INCREASE RISK OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM | 863 | ||
| BIOMARKERS FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM | 863 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Acute Venous Thrombosis | 864 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR ACUTE VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM | 864 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM | 864 | ||
| Selected References | 864 | ||
| SUMMARY | 866 | ||
| Selected References | 866 | ||
| Ultrasonography for the Diagnosis of Venous Disease | 867 | ||
| EVALUATION OF REFLUX | 867 | ||
| EVALUATION OF OBSTRUCTION | 868 | ||
| EVALUATION OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATION | 869 | ||
| Selected References | 869 | ||
| Computed Tomographic Venography and Magnetic Resonance Venography | 870 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY VENOGRAPHY | 870 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE VENOGRAPHY | 871 | ||
| Selected References | 873 | ||
| Invasive Methods of Diagnosing Acute and Chronic Venous Disease | 874 | ||
| INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 874 | ||
| CONTRAST VENOGRAPHY | 874 | ||
| IMAGING OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC VENOUS THROMBOSIS | 874 | ||
| Selected References | 876 | ||
| Natural History of Acute Venous Thrombosis | 876 | ||
| VENOUS THROMBOGENESIS AND THE EARLY NATURAL HISTORY OF DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS | 876 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS | 877 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF NATURAL HISTORY STUDIES | 878 | ||
| SUMMARY | 878 | ||
| Selected References | 878 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment of Acute Lower Extremity Venous Thrombosis | 879 | ||
| PATIENTS WITH DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS | 879 | ||
| PATIENTS WITH THE POST-THROMBOTIC SYNDROME | 880 | ||
| Selected References | 882 | ||
| New and Alternative Anticoagulants | 883 | ||
| FONDAPARINUX | 883 | ||
| APIXABAN | 883 | ||
| RIVAROXABAN | 883 | ||
| EDOXABAN | 884 | ||
| DABIGATRAN | 884 | ||
| FUTURE ANTICOAGULANTS | 884 | ||
| Selected References | 884 | ||
| Warfarin-Induced Skin Necrosis | 885 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 885 | ||
| LABORATORY PRESENTATION | 885 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 885 | ||
| Endovascular Thrombolysis and Mechanical Clot Removal for Acute Symptomatic Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis | 886 | ||
| PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT | 886 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 886 | ||
| Selected References | 886 | ||
| MECHANISM OF THROMBOLYSIS | 887 | ||
| EVALUATION | 887 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR STRATEGIES OF THROMBUS REMOVAL | 887 | ||
| QUALITY OF LIFE, VEIN VALVE FUNCTION, AND RECURRENCE | 889 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 889 | ||
| Selected References | 889 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Acute Iliofemoral and Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis | 889 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION | 889 | ||
| SURGICAL THROMBECTOMY | 890 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS AND RESULTS OF SURGICAL THROMBECTOMY | 890 | ||
| NEW DEVELOPMENTS TO IMPROVE SURGICAL VENOUS THROMBECTOMY | 891 | ||
| Selected References | 891 | ||
| Treatment of Acute Upper Extremity Venous Occlusion | 891 | ||
| CATHETER-ASSOCIATED DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY | 891 | ||
| TREATMENT | 892 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 892 | ||
| Selected References | 893 | ||
| Lower Extremity Superficial Vein Thrombophlebitis | 893 | ||
| Selected References | 894 | ||
| Pathology and Classification of Chronic Venous Disease | 895 | ||
| IN SEARCH OF COMPLETE AND ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS | 895 | ||
| CLUES TO CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE | 895 | ||
| SKIN PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION | 895 | ||
| REFINEMENT IN C, E, A, AND P: 2004 CONSENSUS | 897 | ||
| VENOUS CLINICAL SEVERITY SCORING | 898 | ||
| DISABILITY SCORE | 898 | ||
| QUALITY OF LIFE | 898 | ||
| SUMMARY | 900 | ||
| Selected References | 900 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Venous Occlusion | 901 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 901 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 902 | ||
| TREATMENT | 902 | ||
| RESULTS | 903 | ||
| Selected References | 905 | ||
| Endovascular Laser Treatment of Varicose Veins | 905 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 905 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 905 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP | 907 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 907 | ||
| CLINICAL EXPERIENCE | 907 | ||
| Selected References | 907 | ||
| Endovascular Radiofrequency Treatment of Varicose Veins | 908 | ||
| PROCEDURE | 908 | ||
| POST-TREATMENT CARE | 910 | ||
| RESULTS | 910 | ||
| SELECTED REFERENCES | 910 | ||
| Injection Treatment of Lower Extremity Varicose Veins | 911 | ||
| SCLEROSANTS | 911 | ||
| LIQUID SCLEROTHERAPY | 911 | ||
| FOAM SCLEROTHERAPY | 911 | ||
| SCLEROTHERAPY FOR SUPERfiCIAL VARICES AND TELANGIECTASES | 911 | ||
| SAPHENOUS SCLEROTHERAPY | 912 | ||
| RESULTS OF CLINICAL TRIALS | 912 | ||
| SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS | 912 | ||
| Selected References | 913 | ||
| Excision of Varicose Veins | 913 | ||
| IMPORTANCE OF TREATING TRUNCAL INCOMPETENCE | 913 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF TREATING VARICOSITIES | 913 | ||
| EXCISION OF VARICOSE VEINS | 914 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Chronic Venous Insufficiency | 916 | ||
| Selected References | 916 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR DETAILED VENOUS EVALUATIONS | 917 | ||
| PRIMARY VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY | 917 | ||
| SECONDARY VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY | 917 | ||
| RESULTS | 919 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 919 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 920 | ||
| Selected References | 920 | ||
| Nonoperative Management of Chronic Venous Insufficiency | 920 | ||
| COMPRESSION THERAPY | 920 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES | 922 | ||
| TOPICAL THERAPIES | 923 | ||
| Selected References | 923 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Venous Varicosities and Venous Ulcers | 923 | ||
| MACROSCOPIC ALTERATIONS | 923 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC ALTERATIONS | 924 | ||
| EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ALTERATIONS | 924 | ||
| CYTOKINE REGULATION AND TISSUE FIBROSIS | 925 | ||
| MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES AND THEIR INHIBITORS IN VENOUS ULCER HEALING | 925 | ||
| REGULATION OF VENOUS ULCER FORMATION AND HEALING | 925 | ||
| SUMMARY | 927 | ||
| Selected References | 927 | ||
| Open Surgical, Endoscopic, and Endovascular Treatment of Perforating Veins | 927 | ||
| ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF PERFORATORS | 927 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 928 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF PERFORATOR INCOMPETENCE | 928 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING PERFORATOR ABLATION | 928 | ||
| NEWER TECHNIQUES FOR ICPV ABLATION | 929 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment of Venous Ulcers | 930 | ||
| COMPRESSION THERAPY AND CHRONIC VENOUS ULCER WOUND THERAPY | 930 | ||
| CURRENT APPROACH | 930 | ||
| Selected References | 930 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT | 931 | ||
| TREATMENT WITH TOPICAL GROWTH FACTORS | 931 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC MODULATION OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE | 931 | ||
| HUMAN SKIN EQUIVALENTS AND BIOLOGIC MATRICES | 932 | ||
| Selected References | 932 | ||
| Renal Vein Entrapment: The Nutcracker Syndrome | 932 | ||
| ANATOMIC FEATURES | 932 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 933 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES | 933 | ||
| TREATMENT | 934 | ||
| Selected References | 935 | ||
| Pelvic Venous Flow Disorder | 936 | ||
| VENOUS ANATOMY OF THE PELVIS | 936 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 936 | ||
| SYMPTOMS | 937 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 939 | ||
| TREATMENT | 939 | ||
| RESULTS AND OUTCOMES | 939 | ||
| Selected References | 939 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Vena Cava Occlusion | 940 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 940 | ||
| IMAGING EVALUATION | 940 | ||
| VASCULAR ACCESS FOR ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT | 940 | ||
| TECHNIQUE OF VENOUS RECANALIZATION | 940 | ||
| TREATMENT ENDPOINTS | 942 | ||
| SPECIAL CASES | 942 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE FOLLOW-UP | 943 | ||
| AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY AND OPPORTUNITY FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT | 943 | ||
| selected references | 943 | ||
| Open Surgical Treatment of Thrombotic Vena Cava Occlusion | 944 | ||
| SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME | 944 | ||
| INFERIOR VENA CAVA THROMBOSIS | 945 | ||
| Selected References | 947 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Vena Cava Tumors | 948 | ||
| TUMOR TYPES | 948 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 948 | ||
| EVALUATION | 948 | ||
| TREATMENT | 949 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 950 | ||
| Selected References | 952 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Embolism | 952 | ||
| RISK STRATIFICATION | 952 | ||
| TREATMENT STRATEGIES | 952 | ||
| PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE | 955 | ||
| Selected References | 955 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pulmonary Embolism | 955 | ||
| ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM | 955 | ||
| CHRONIC PULMONARY EMBOLISM | 956 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 958 | ||
| Selected References | 958 | ||
| Permanent and Temporary Inferior Vena Cava Filters | 959 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR PLACING FILTERS | 959 | ||
| TYPES OF FILTERS | 960 | ||
| PLACING THE FILTER | 961 | ||
| RETRIEVING THE FILTER | 962 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF FILTER PLACEMENT | 962 | ||
| PROPHYLACTIC FILTER PLACEMENT | 963 | ||
| Selected References | 963 | ||
| Venous Aneurysms | 963 | ||
| POPLITEAL VENOUS ANEURYSMS | 963 | ||
| ANEURYSMS OF THE SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF THE EXTREMITIES | 964 | ||
| VENOUS ANEURYSMS OF THE DEEP VEINS OF THE EXTREMITIES | 964 | ||
| VENOUS ANEURYSMS OF THE VEINS OF THE NECK AND FACE | 965 | ||
| THORACIC VENOUS ANEURYSMS | 965 | ||
| AZYGOS VEIN ANEURYSMS | 966 | ||
| SUBCLAVIAN AND INNOMINATE VENOUS ANEURYSMS | 966 | ||
| ABDOMINAL VENOUS ANEURYSMS | 966 | ||
| Selected References | 966 | ||
| Lymphatic Disease | 967 | ||
| Lymphedema | 967 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 967 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 967 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 967 | ||
| EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 968 | ||
| TREATMENT | 969 | ||
| Selected References | 969 | ||
| Lymphedema: Medical and Physical Therapy | 969 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | 969 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 970 | ||
| PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHEDEMA | 970 | ||
| GRADES OF LYMPHEDEMA | 970 | ||
| TREATMENT | 970 | ||
| REHABILITATIVE TREATMENT | 970 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Lymphedema | 972 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT | 972 | ||
| EXCISIONAL OPERATIONS | 972 | ||
| MICROSURGICAL LYMPH VESSEL RECONSTRUCTIONS | 972 | ||
| Selected References | 972 | ||
| LYMPHATIC GRAFTING | 974 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 974 | ||
| Selected References | 974 | ||
| Index | 977 |