BOOK
Essentials of Kinesiology for the Physical Therapist Assistant - E-Book
Paul Jackson Mansfield | Donald A. Neumann
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The second edition of Essentials of Kinesiology for the Physical Therapist Assistant continues to deliver a rich and varied learning experience that is needed to succeed in today’s fast-paced PTA programs. Clear, concise explanations of anatomy and function, full-color illustrations and unique atlas-style chapters make even the most complex concepts easy to master. Plus, a robust lineup of on- and off-line resources, featuring the companion Evolve website, give you all the tools you need to succeed both in the classroom and the clinical setting.
- Layered learning approach provides a solid background in anatomy and function of the musculoskeletal system and explains why material is relevant to the practice of physical therapy.
- Clinical relevance helps you master the basics of human motion before moving on to more complex clinical topics.
- Atlas-style muscle presentations clearly link specific muscles or muscle groups with relevant information.
- Clinical Insight and Considerations boxes link the concepts of kinesiology with their clinical applications.
- Summary boxes and tables pull content together into concise, reader-friendly format.
- Study questions and key terminology serves as a valuable study tool for exam preparation.
- NEW! Full-color design makes content more vivid.
- NEW! Expanded clinical content offers a clearer understanding of structure and function.
- NEW! Video clips and clinical photos provide a clear demonstration of palpation techniques.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Essentials of Kinesiology for the Physical Therapist Assistant, 2/e | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Audience | vii | ||
| Unique Author Team | vii | ||
| Concept | vii | ||
| Contribution to Physical Therapist Assistant Education | vii | ||
| Philosophical Approach | vii | ||
| Organization | viii | ||
| Distinctive Features | viii | ||
| Learning Features | viii | ||
| Ancillary Materials | viii | ||
| For Instructors | ix | ||
| For Students | ix | ||
| About the Authors | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Kinesiology | 1 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1 | ||
| Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key Terms | 1 | ||
| Kinematics | 2 | ||
| Terminology | 3 | ||
| Osteokinematics | 4 | ||
| Planes of Motion | 4 | ||
| Anatomic Position | 4 | ||
| Axis of Rotation | 4 | ||
| Degrees of Freedom | 4 | ||
| Fundamental Movements | 5 | ||
| Flexion and Extension | 5 | ||
| Abduction and Adduction | 5 | ||
| Rotation | 5 | ||
| Circumduction | 6 | ||
| Protraction and Retraction | 6 | ||
| Horizontal Adduction and Abduction | 6 | ||
| Pronation and Supination | 7 | ||
| Radial and Ulnar Deviation | 7 | ||
| Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion | 7 | ||
| Inversion and Eversion | 8 | ||
| Osteokinematics: It’s All Relative | 8 | ||
| Arthrokinematics | 9 | ||
| Fundamental Movements Between Joint Surfaces | 9 | ||
| Roll-and-Slide Mechanics | 9 | ||
| Spin Mechanics | 10 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 10 | ||
| Kinetics | 11 | ||
| Torque | 11 | ||
| Biomechanical Levers | 12 | ||
| Three Classes of Levers | 12 | ||
| First-Class Levers | 12 | ||
| Second-Class Levers | 12 | ||
| Third-Class Levers | 12 | ||
| Biomechanical Levers: Designed for Force, or Speed and Range of Motion? | 12 | ||
| Line of Pull | 13 | ||
| Line of Pull About a Medial-Lateral Axis of Rotation | 13 | ||
| Line of Pull About an Anterior-Posterior Axis of Rotation | 15 | ||
| Line of Pull About a Vertical Axis of Rotation | 15 | ||
| Vectors | 15 | ||
| Summary | 17 | ||
| Study Questions | 17 | ||
| Additional Readings | 19 | ||
| Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Joints | 20 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 20 | ||
| Objectives | 20 | ||
| Key Terms | 20 | ||
| Axial versus Appendicular Skeleton | 21 | ||
| Bone: Anatomy and Function | 21 | ||
| Types of Bones | 23 | ||
| Classification of Joints | 24 | ||
| Synarthrosis | 24 | ||
| Amphiarthrosis | 24 | ||
| Diarthrosis: The Synovial Joint | 25 | ||
| Classification of Synovial Joints | 25 | ||
| Hinge Joint | 25 | ||
| Pivot Joint | 25 | ||
| Ellipsoid Joint | 26 | ||
| Ball-and-Socket Joint | 26 | ||
| Plane Joint | 26 | ||
| Saddle Joint | 26 | ||
| Condyloid Joint | 27 | ||
| Connective Tissue | 27 | ||
| Composition of Connective Tissue | 27 | ||
| Fibers | 28 | ||
| Ground Substance | 28 | ||
| Cells | 28 | ||
| Types of Connective Tissue | 29 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 29 | ||
| Tendons and Ligaments: Supporting Joint Structure | 29 | ||
| Active Stabilization of Joints | 31 | ||
| Effects of Immobilization on the Connective Tissues of a Joint | 31 | ||
| Summary | 32 | ||
| Study Questions | 32 | ||
| Additional Readings | 33 | ||
| Chapter 3 Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle | 34 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 34 | ||
| Objectives | 34 | ||
| Key Terms | 34 | ||
| Fundamental Nature of Muscle | 35 | ||
| Types of Muscular Activation | 35 | ||
| Concentric | 35 | ||
| Eccentric | 36 | ||
| Isometric | 36 | ||
| Muscle Terminology | 36 | ||
| Muscular Anatomy | 37 | ||
| The Sarcomere: The Basic Contractile Unit of Muscle | 37 | ||
| Form and Function of Muscle | 39 | ||
| Cross-Sectional Area | 39 | ||
| Shape | 39 | ||
| Line of Pull | 40 | ||
| Length-Tension Relationship of Muscle | 41 | ||
| Active Length-Tension Relationship | 41 | ||
| Passive Length-Tension Relationship | 43 | ||
| How Muscles Produce Force “Passively” | 43 | ||
| Length-Tension Relationship Applied to Multi-Articular Muscles | 43 | ||
| Force-Velocity Relationship of Muscle: Speed Matters | 44 | ||
| Important Clinical Considerations: Taking the Principles to the Patient | 45 | ||
| Muscular Tightness | 46 | ||
| Stretching Muscular Tissue | 46 | ||
| Strengthening | 47 | ||
| Muscle as an Active Stabilizer | 48 | ||
| Summary | 48 | ||
| Study Questions | 48 | ||
| Additional Readings | 49 | ||
| Chapter 4 Structure and Function of the Shoulder Complex | 50 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 50 | ||
| Objectives | 50 | ||
| Key Terms | 50 | ||
| Osteology | 51 | ||
| Sternum | 51 | ||
| Clavicle | 51 | ||
| Scapula | 51 | ||
| Proximal-to-Mid Humerus | 52 | ||
| Arthrology | 52 | ||
| Sternoclavicular Joint | 54 | ||
| General Features | 54 | ||
| Supporting Structures of the Sternoclavicular Joint | 54 | ||
| Kinematics | 54 | ||
| Elevation and Depression | 54 | ||
| Chapter 5 Structure and Function of the Elbow and Forearm Complex | 90 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 90 | ||
| Objectives | 90 | ||
| Key Terms | 90 | ||
| Osteology | 91 | ||
| Scapula | 91 | ||
| Distal Humerus | 91 | ||
| Ulna | 91 | ||
| Radius | 92 | ||
| Arthrology of the Elbow | 94 | ||
| General Features | 94 | ||
| Supporting Structures of the Elbow Joint | 95 | ||
| Kinematics | 95 | ||
| Arthrology of the Forearm | 97 | ||
| General Features | 97 | ||
| Supporting Structures of the Proximal and Distal Radioulnar Joints | 97 | ||
| Kinematics | 97 | ||
| Force Transmission Through the Interosseous Membrane | 100 | ||
| Muscles of the Elbow and Forearm Complex | 102 | ||
| Innervation of Muscles | 102 | ||
| Elbow Flexors | 106 | ||
| Biceps Brachii | 107 | ||
| Brachialis | 108 | ||
| Brachioradialis | 109 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 110 | ||
| Biceps versus Brachialis | 110 | ||
| Biceps as a Multi-Articular Muscle: A Closer Look | 110 | ||
| Elbow Extensors | 111 | ||
| Triceps Brachii | 112 | ||
| Anconeus | 113 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 114 | ||
| One- versus Two-Joint Muscles: Back Again | 114 | ||
| Pushing Activities: A “Natural” for the Triceps | 114 | ||
| Forearm Supinators and Pronators | 114 | ||
| Supinators | 115 | ||
| Biceps Brachii | 116 | ||
| Supinator | 116 | ||
| Functional Considerations: Interaction of the Supinator Muscles | 116 | ||
| Pronators | 117 | ||
| Pronator Teres | 118 | ||
| Pronator Quadratus | 118 | ||
| Functional Considerations: Interactions of the Pronator Muscles | 119 | ||
| Summary | 119 | ||
| Study Questions | 119 | ||
| Additional Readings | 121 | ||
| Chapter 6 Structure and Function of the Wrist | 122 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 122 | ||
| Objectives | 122 | ||
| Key Terms | 122 | ||
| Osteology | 123 | ||
| Distal Radius and Ulna | 123 | ||
| Carpal Bones | 123 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel | 124 | ||
| Arthrology | 125 | ||
| Joint Structure | 125 | ||
| Radiocarpal Joint | 125 | ||
| Midcarpal Joint | 126 | ||
| Ligaments of the Wrist | 126 | ||
| Wrist Instability | 126 | ||
| Kinematics | 128 | ||
| Osteokinematics | 128 | ||
| Sagittal Plane: Flexion and Extension | 128 | ||
| Frontal Plane: Radial and Ulnar Deviation | 129 | ||
| Arthrokinematics | 129 | ||
| Central Column of the Wrist | 129 | ||
| Extension and Flexion | 129 | ||
| Ulnar and Radial Deviation of the Wrist | 129 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 130 | ||
| Innervation of the Wrist Muscles | 130 | ||
| Function of the Wrist Muscles | 130 | ||
| Wrist Extensors | 132 | ||
| Anatomy | 132 | ||
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis | 133 | ||
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus | 134 | ||
| Extensor Carpi Ulnaris | 134 | ||
| Functional Consideration: Wrist Extensor Activity While Making a Grasp | 134 | ||
| Wrist Flexors | 135 | ||
| Anatomy | 135 | ||
| Flexor Carpi Radialis | 137 | ||
| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris | 137 | ||
| Palmaris Longus | 137 | ||
| Functional Consideration: Synergistic Actions of the Wrist Muscles | 138 | ||
| Radial and Ulnar Deviators | 138 | ||
| Functional Consideration: The Radial and Ulnar Deviators’ Functions in Grasping and Controlling Objects in the Hand | 138 | ||
| Summary | 139 | ||
| Study Questions | 140 | ||
| Additional Readings | 141 | ||
| Chapter 7 Structure and Function of the Hand | 142 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 142 | ||
| Objectives | 142 | ||
| Key Terms | 142 | ||
| Osteology | 143 | ||
| Metacarpals | 143 | ||
| Phalanges | 144 | ||
| Arches of the Hand | 144 | ||
| Arthrology | 144 | ||
| Carpometacarpal Joints | 147 | ||
| Overview | 147 | ||
| Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb | 147 | ||
| Saddle Joint Structure | 148 | ||
| Kinematics | 148 | ||
| Abduction and Adduction. | 149 | ||
| Flexion and Extension. | 149 | ||
| Opposition. | 149 | ||
| Metacarpophalangeal Joints | 150 | ||
| Fingers | 150 | ||
| General Features and Ligaments | 150 | ||
| Supporting Structures | 150 | ||
| Kinematics | 151 | ||
| Thumb | 153 | ||
| Interphalangeal Joints | 153 | ||
| Fingers | 153 | ||
| General Features and Ligaments | 153 | ||
| Kinematics | 154 | ||
| Thumb | 154 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 155 | ||
| Innervation of the Hand | 155 | ||
| Muscular Function in the Hand | 155 | ||
| Extrinsic Flexors of the Digits | 156 | ||
| Anatomy and Isolated Action | 156 | ||
| Flexor Digitorum Superficialis | 157 | ||
| Flexor Digitorum Profundus | 158 | ||
| Flexor Pollicis Longus | 158 | ||
| Functional Consideration | 158 | ||
| Flexor Pulleys. | 158 | ||
| Passive Finger Flexion via Tenodesis Action of the Extrinsic Digital Flexors. | 158 | ||
| Extrinsic Extensors of the Fingers | 160 | ||
| Extensor Digitorum | 162 | ||
| Extensor Indicis | 162 | ||
| Extensor Digiti Minimi | 162 | ||
| Extensor Pollicis Longus | 163 | ||
| Extensor Pollicis Brevis | 163 | ||
| Abductor Pollicis Longus | 163 | ||
| Extrinsic Extensors of the Thumb | 164 | ||
| Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand | 164 | ||
| Muscles of the Thenar Eminence | 164 | ||
| Muscles of the Hypothenar Eminence | 164 | ||
| Adductor Pollicis | 166 | ||
| Lumbricals and Interossei: Intrinsic Muscles of the Fingers | 166 | ||
| Interaction of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Muscles of the Fingers | 169 | ||
| Opening the Hand: Finger Extension | 169 | ||
| Closing the Hand: Finger Flexion | 169 | ||
| Primary Muscle Action | 169 | ||
| Functional Consideration: Wrist Extensors During Finger Flexion | 170 | ||
| Joint Deformities of the Hand | 170 | ||
| Common Deformities | 170 | ||
| Ulnar Drift | 171 | ||
| Summary | 171 | ||
| Study Questions | 172 | ||
| Additional Readings | 174 | ||
| 8 Structure and Function of the Vertebral Column | 175 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 175 | ||
| Objectives | 175 | ||
| Key Terms | 175 | ||
| Normal Curvatures | 176 | ||
| Line of Gravity | 176 | ||
| Osteology | 177 | ||
| Cranium | 177 | ||
| Typical Vertebrae | 177 | ||
| Intervertebral Discs | 178 | ||
| Specifying Vertebrae and Intervertebral Discs | 180 | ||
| Comparison of Vertebrae at Different Regions | 180 | ||
| Cervical Vertebrae | 180 | ||
| Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7) | 181 | ||
| Atlas (C1) | 181 | ||
| Axis (C2) | 183 | ||
| Thoracic Vertebrae | 183 | ||
| Lumbar Vertebrae | 183 | ||
| Sacrum | 184 | ||
| Coccyx | 185 | ||
| Supporting Structures of the Vertebral Column | 185 | ||
| Kinematics of the Vertebral Column | 188 | ||
| Craniocervical Region | 188 | ||
| Flexion and Extension | 188 | ||
| Axial Rotation | 190 | ||
| Lateral Flexion | 191 | ||
| Thoracolumbar Region | 194 | ||
| Flexion and Extension | 195 | ||
| Axial Rotation | 196 | ||
| Lateral Flexion | 196 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 200 | ||
| Potential Migration of the Intervertebral Disc | 200 | ||
| Therapeutic Implications of Anterior and Posterior Pelvic Tilts | 202 | ||
| Lumbosacral and Sacroiliac Joints | 203 | ||
| Lumbosacral Junction | 203 | ||
| Sacroiliac Joints | 204 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 205 | ||
| Innervation of the Craniocervical and Trunk Musculature | 205 | ||
| Muscles of the Craniocervical Region | 206 | ||
| Anterior Craniocervical Muscles | 206 | ||
| Superficial Muscles | 206 | ||
| Sternocleidomastoid | 206 | ||
| Scalenes | 207 | ||
| Anterior Scalene | 207 | ||
| Middle Scalene | 207 | ||
| Posterior Scalene | 207 | ||
| Innervation of All Three Scalenes: | 207 | ||
| Deep Anterior Muscles | 208 | ||
| Posterior Craniocervical Muscles | 208 | ||
| Suboccipital Muscles | 208 | ||
| Superficial Cervical Extensors | 208 | ||
| Splenius Capitis | 210 | ||
| Splenius Cervicis | 210 | ||
| Functional Consideration: Fine-Tuning Motions of the Head and Neck | 211 | ||
| Muscles of the Trunk | 212 | ||
| Anterior-Lateral Muscles of the Trunk | 212 | ||
| Rectus Abdominis | 212 | ||
| External Oblique | 213 | ||
| Internal Oblique | 213 | ||
| Transverse Abdominis | 214 | ||
| Other Functionally Associated Muscles: Iliopsoas and Quadratus Lumborum | 214 | ||
| Iliopsoas | 215 | ||
| Psoas Major | 215 | ||
| Iliacus | 215 | ||
| Quadratus Lumborum | 215 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 215 | ||
| Analysis of a Sit-Up | 215 | ||
| Synergistic Action of the Oblique Abdominal Muscles | 217 | ||
| Posterior Muscles of the Trunk | 217 | ||
| Erector Spinae Muscles | 217 | ||
| Transversospinal Muscles | 220 | ||
| Short Segmental Group | 221 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 221 | ||
| Segmental versus Gross Stabilization of the Vertebral Column. | 221 | ||
| Correct versus Incorrect Lifting. | 222 | ||
| Summary | 223 | ||
| Study Questions | 225 | ||
| Additional Readings | 227 | ||
| Chapter 9 Structure and Function of the Hip | 228 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 228 | ||
| Objectives | 228 | ||
| Key Terms | 228 | ||
| Osteology | 229 | ||
| Ilium | 229 | ||
| Ischium | 230 | ||
| Pubis | 230 | ||
| Acetabulum | 231 | ||
| Femur | 231 | ||
| Angle of Inclination | 232 | ||
| Torsion Angle | 234 | ||
| Arthrology | 234 | ||
| General Features | 234 | ||
| Supporting Structures Located Within the Hip Joint | 235 | ||
| Supporting Structures Located Outside the Hip Joint | 235 | ||
| Functional Importance of the Extendable Hip | 235 | ||
| Muscular Efficiency of Standing at Ease | 235 | ||
| Hip Flexion Contracture | 236 | ||
| Kinematics | 238 | ||
| Hip Flexion | 238 | ||
| Hip Extension | 238 | ||
| Hip Abduction | 240 | ||
| Hip Adduction | 240 | ||
| Internal and External Rotation of the Hip | 241 | ||
| Arthrokinematics | 241 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 241 | ||
| Innervation of the Muscles of the Hip | 241 | ||
| Muscles of the Hip | 243 | ||
| Hip Flexors | 243 | ||
| Iliopsoas | 245 | ||
| Rectus Femoris | 246 | ||
| Sartorius | 247 | ||
| Tensor Fasciae Latae | 248 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 248 | ||
| Force-Couple for Performing an Anterior Tilt of the Pelvis. | 248 | ||
| Abdominal Muscles as Proximal Stabilizers for the Hip Flexors. | 250 | ||
| Hip Extensors | 250 | ||
| Gluteus Maximus | 251 | ||
| Semitendinosus | 252 | ||
| Biceps Femoris—Long Head | 252 | ||
| Semimembranosus | 253 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 253 | ||
| Force-Couple for Performing a Posterior Pelvic Tilt. | 253 | ||
| High-Powered Hip Extension. | 253 | ||
| Hip Abductors | 255 | ||
| Gluteus Medius | 256 | ||
| Gluteus Minimus | 257 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 257 | ||
| Important Function of the Hip Abductors: Holding the Pelvis Level While in the Single-Limb Support Phase of Walking. | 257 | ||
| Why Use a Cane in the Hand Opposite the Affected Hip? | 259 | ||
| Hip Adductors | 260 | ||
| Pectineus | 261 | ||
| Adductor Longus | 262 | ||
| Gracilis | 262 | ||
| Adductor Brevis | 263 | ||
| Adductor Magnus | 263 | ||
| Extensor (Posterior) Head | 263 | ||
| Adductor (Anterior) Head | 263 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 264 | ||
| Frontal Plane Function of the Adductor Muscles. | 264 | ||
| Sagittal Plane Function of the Adductor Muscles. | 264 | ||
| External Rotators | 264 | ||
| Functional Considerations: Driving the Cutting Motion in Many Sporting Activities | 266 | ||
| Internal Rotators | 267 | ||
| Summary | 268 | ||
| Study Questions | 268 | ||
| Additional Readings | 270 | ||
| Chapter 10 Structure and Function of the Knee | 272 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 272 | ||
| Objectives | 272 | ||
| Key Terms | 272 | ||
| Osteology | 273 | ||
| Distal Femur | 273 | ||
| Proximal Tibia | 273 | ||
| Proximal Fibula | 275 | ||
| Patella | 275 | ||
| Arthrology | 275 | ||
| General Features | 275 | ||
| Normal Alignment | 277 | ||
| Supporting Structures | 277 | ||
| Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments | 277 | ||
| Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments | 280 | ||
| Medial and Lateral Menisci | 281 | ||
| Posterior Capsule | 282 | ||
| Kinematics | 282 | ||
| Osteokinematics of the Tibiofemoral Joint | 282 | ||
| Arthrokinematics at the Tibiofemoral Joint | 285 | ||
| Patellofemoral Joint | 285 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 286 | ||
| Innervation of the Muscles of the Knee | 286 | ||
| Muscles of the Knee | 286 | ||
| Knee Extensors: Quadriceps | 288 | ||
| Rectus Femoris | 289 | ||
| Vastus Medialis | 290 | ||
| Vastus Lateralis | 290 | ||
| Vastus Intermedius | 290 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 292 | ||
| Excessive Lateral Tracking of the Patella | 292 | ||
| Increased Compression Within the Patellofemoral Joint During a Deep Squat. | 292 | ||
| Knee Flexor Muscles | 292 | ||
| Hamstrings | 292 | ||
| Gracilis and Sartorius | 292 | ||
| Gastrocnemius and Plantaris | 294 | ||
| Popliteus | 294 | ||
| Popliteus | 296 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 297 | ||
| Consequences of Tight Hamstrings. | 297 | ||
| Synergy Between the Rectus Femoris and the Hamstrings. | 297 | ||
| Internal and External Rotators of the Knee | 299 | ||
| Summary | 301 | ||
| Study Questions | 301 | ||
| Additional Readings | 303 | ||
| Chapter 11 Structure and Function of the Ankle and Foot | 304 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 304 | ||
| Objectives | 304 | ||
| Key Terms | 304 | ||
| Terminology | 305 | ||
| Brief Overview of the Gait Cycle | 305 | ||
| Osteology | 305 | ||
| Distal Tibia and Fibula | 305 | ||
| Bones of the Foot | 306 | ||
| Tarsal Bones | 306 | ||
| Arthrology of the Ankle and Foot | 306 | ||
| General Features | 306 | ||
| Kinematics of the Ankle and Foot | 307 | ||
| Fundamental Movement Terminology | 307 | ||
| Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion | 307 | ||
| Inversion and Eversion | 307 | ||
| Abduction and Adduction | 307 | ||
| Applied Movement Terminology | 307 | ||
| Pronation and Supination | 307 | ||
| Proximal Joints of the Ankle and Foot | 309 | ||
| Talocrural Joint | 310 | ||
| General Features | 310 | ||
| Supporting Structures | 310 | ||
| Kinematics | 311 | ||
| Functional Considerations: Most- and Least-Stable Positions of the Talocrural Joint | 312 | ||
| Subtalar Joint | 313 | ||
| General Features | 313 | ||
| Kinematics | 313 | ||
| Functional Considerations: Subtalar Joint—Critical Kinematic Link Between the Leg and Foot | 314 | ||
| Transverse Tarsal Joint | 315 | ||
| General Features | 315 | ||
| Medial Longitudinal Arch of the Foot | 315 | ||
| Distal Joints of the Foot | 317 | ||
| Tarsometatarsal Joints | 317 | ||
| Metatarsophalangeal Joints | 317 | ||
| Interphalangeal Joints | 317 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 319 | ||
| Innervation of the Muscles of the Foot and Ankle | 319 | ||
| Extrinsic Muscles of the Ankle and Foot | 323 | ||
| Anterior Compartment Muscles | 323 | ||
| Tibialis Anterior | 324 | ||
| Extensor Hallucis Longus | 325 | ||
| Extensor Digitorum Longus | 326 | ||
| Peroneus Tertius | 327 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 327 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Weakness of the Dorsiflexor Muscles: “Foot Drop” versus “Foot Slap”. | 327 | ||
| Shin Splints. | 327 | ||
| Lateral Compartment Muscles | 327 | ||
| Peroneus Longus | 328 | ||
| Peroneus Brevis | 329 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 330 | ||
| Posterior Compartment Muscles | 330 | ||
| Superficial Group | 331 | ||
| Gastrocnemius | 331 | ||
| Soleus | 332 | ||
| Plantaris | 332 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 333 | ||
| Soleus versus Gastrocnemius: Form and Function. | 333 | ||
| Biomechanics of Raising up on Tip-Toes. | 333 | ||
| Deep Group | 336 | ||
| Tibialis Posterior | 336 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus | 337 | ||
| Flexor Digitorum Longus | 337 | ||
| Functional Considerations: Role of the Deep Compartment Muscles in Supporting the Medial Longitudinal Arch. | 337 | ||
| Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot | 337 | ||
| Dorsum of the Foot | 337 | ||
| Plantar Aspect of the Foot | 337 | ||
| First Layer | 338 | ||
| Second Layer | 338 | ||
| Third Layer | 339 | ||
| Fourth Layer | 339 | ||
| Summary | 340 | ||
| Study Questions | 341 | ||
| Additional Readings | 342 | ||
| Chapter 12 Fundamentals of Human Gait | 344 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 344 | ||
| Objectives | 344 | ||
| Key Terms | 344 | ||
| Terminology | 345 | ||
| Details of the Gait Cycle | 346 | ||
| Stance Phase | 346 | ||
| Heel Contact (0% Point of the Gait Cycle) | 347 | ||
| Foot Flat (8% Point of the Gait Cycle) | 348 | ||
| Mid Stance (30% Point of the Gait Cycle) | 348 | ||
| Heel Off (40% Point of the Gait Cycle) | 349 | ||
| Toe Off (60% Point of the Gait Cycle) | 350 | ||
| Swing Phase | 350 | ||
| Early Swing (60% to 65% of the Gait Cycle) | 350 | ||
| Mid Swing (75% to 85% of the Gait Cycle) | 350 | ||
| Terminal Swing (85% to 100% of the Gait Cycle) | 351 | ||
| Summary of the Sagittal Plane Kinesiology of the Gait Cycle | 352 | ||
| Summary of the Frontal Plane Kinesiology of the Gait Cycle | 352 | ||
| Summary of the Horizontal Plane Kinesiology of the Gait Cycle | 352 | ||
| Gait Deviations | 352 | ||
| Foot Slap | 354 | ||
| High Stepping Gait | 354 | ||
| Vaulting Gait | 355 | ||
| Weak Quadriceps Gait | 355 | ||
| Genu Recurvatum | 356 | ||
| Walking With Hip or Knee Flexion Contracture | 356 | ||
| Weak Gluteus Maximus Gait | 357 | ||
| Weak Hip Abductor Gait | 357 | ||
| Hip Hiking Gait | 358 | ||
| Hip Circumduction | 358 | ||
| Summary | 359 | ||
| Study Questions | 359 | ||
| Additional Readings | 360 | ||
| Chapter 13 Kinesiology of Mastication and Ventilation | 361 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 361 | ||
| Objectives | 361 | ||
| Key Terms | 361 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint | 361 | ||
| Osteology and Related Structures | 362 | ||
| Mandible | 362 | ||
| Temporal Bone | 362 | ||
| Maxillae | 362 | ||
| Zygomatic Bone | 362 | ||
| Sphenoid Bone | 363 | ||
| Hyoid Bone | 363 | ||
| Supporting Structures | 364 | ||
| Kinematics | 365 | ||
| Protrusion and Retrusion | 365 | ||
| Lateral Excursion | 365 | ||
| Depression and Elevation | 365 | ||
| Muscle and Joint Interaction | 365 | ||
| Muscles of the Temporomandibular Joint | 365 | ||
| Primary Muscles | 365 | ||
| Masseter | 366 | ||
| Temporalis | 367 | ||
| Medial Pterygoid | 367 | ||
| Lateral Pterygoid | 368 | ||
| Secondary Muscles | 368 | ||
| Functional Considerations | 370 | ||
| Summary of Opening the Mouth. | 370 | ||
| Summary of Closing the Mouth. | 370 | ||
| Summary of Lateral Excursion. | 370 | ||
| Summary | 371 | ||
| Ventilation | 371 | ||
| Lung Volumes | 372 | ||
| Inspiration and Expiration | 372 | ||
| Muscle Actions During Ventilation | 372 | ||
| Muscles of Inspiration | 372 | ||
| Diaphragm | 373 | ||
| External Intercostals | 374 | ||
| Internal Intercostals | 374 | ||
| Scalenes | 375 | ||
| Muscles of Forced Expiration | 375 | ||
| Functional Considerations: Abdominal Muscle Control During Forced Expiration | 376 | ||
| Summary | 376 | ||
| Study Questions | 376 | ||
| Additional Readings | 377 | ||
| Chapter 4 Laboratory Activities | c4_1 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Shoulder Complex | c4_1 | ||
| Palpation and Identification of Selected Bones and Joints | c4_1 | ||
| Muscle Analysis | c4_3 | ||
| Understanding a Muscle’s Action | c4_3 | ||
| Review of Muscle Actions and Palpation of Selected Muscles | c4_3 | ||
| Pectoralis Major | c4_3 | ||
| Latissimus Dorsi | c4_4 | ||
| Anterior Deltoid | c4_4 | ||
| Upper Trapezius | c4_4 | ||
| Posterior Deltoid | c4_4 | ||
| Levator Scapulae | c4_4 | ||
| Motion Analysis | c4_5 | ||
| Additional Activities | c4_7 | ||
| Chapter 5 Laboratory Activities | c5_1 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Elbow and Forearm Complex | c5_1 | ||
| Palpation and Identification of Selected Bones and Joints | c5_1 | ||
| Muscle Analysis | c5_3 | ||
| Understanding a Muscle’s Action | c5_3 | ||
| Review of Muscle Actions and Palpation of Selected Muscles | c5_4 | ||
| Brachioradialis | c5_4 | ||
| Brachialis | c5_4 | ||
| Long Head of the Triceps | c5_4 | ||
| Biceps Brachii | c5_4 | ||
| Lateral Head of the Triceps | c5_4 | ||
| Motion Analysis | c5_4 | ||
| Additional Activities | c5_7 | ||
| Chapters 6 and 7 Laboratory Activities | C6-7_1 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Wrist and Hand | C6-7_1 | ||
| Palpation and Identification of Selected Bones and Joints | C6-7_1 | ||
| Muscle Analysis | C6-7_2 | ||
| Understanding a Muscle’s Action | C6-7_2 | ||
| Review of Muscle Actions and Palpation of Selected Muscles | C6-7_2 | ||
| Extensor Pollicis Longus | C6-7_2 | ||
| Extensor Digitorum | C6-7_2 | ||
| Palmaris Longus | C6-7_2 | ||
| Common Extensor Wad | C6-7_2 | ||
| Common Flexor Wad | C6-7_2 | ||
| Thenar Eminence | C6-7_2 | ||
| Hypothenar Eminence | C6-7_2 | ||
| Motion Analysis | C6-7_3 | ||
| Additional Activities | C6-7_3 | ||
| Chapter 8 Laboratory Activities | c8_1 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Vertebral Column | c8_1 | ||
| Palpation and Identification of Selected Bones and Joints | c8_1 | ||
| Muscle Analysis | c8_1 | ||
| Understanding a Muscle’s Action | c8_2 | ||
| Motion Analysis | c8_2 | ||
| Additional Activities | c8_3 | ||
| Chapter 9 Laboratory Activities | c9_1 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Hip | c9_1 | ||
| Palpation and Identification of Selected Bones and Joints | c9_1 | ||
| Muscle Analysis | c9_3 | ||
| Understanding a Muscle’s Action | c9_4 | ||
| Review of Muscle Actions and Palpation of Selected Muscles | c9_4 | ||
| Semitendinosus | c9_4 | ||
| Semimembranosus | c9_4 | ||
| Biceps Femoris | c9_4 | ||
| Rectus Femoris | c9_4 | ||
| Gluteus Medius | c9_4 | ||
| Motion Analysis | c9_5 | ||
| Additional Activities | c9_7 | ||
| Chapter 10 Laboratory Activities | c10_1 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Knee | c10_1 | ||
| Palpation and Identification of Selected Bones and Joints | c10_1 | ||
| Muscle Analysis | c10_2 | ||
| Understanding a Muscle’s Action | c10_2 | ||
| Review of Muscle Actions and Palpation of Selected Muscles | c10_2 | ||
| Patellar Tendon | c10_2 | ||
| Semitendinosus | c10_3 | ||
| Lateral Collateral Ligament | c10_3 | ||
| Vastus Lateralis | c10_3 | ||
| Vastus Medialis | c10_3 | ||
| Medial Collateral Ligament | c10_3 | ||
| Motion Analysis | c10_4 | ||
| Additional Activities | c10_6 | ||
| Chapter 11 Laboratory Activities | c11_1 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Ankle and Foot | c11_1 | ||
| Palpation and Identification of Selected Bones and Joints | c11_1 | ||
| Muscle Analysis | c11_2 | ||
| Understanding a Muscle’s Action | c11_2 | ||
| Review of Muscle Actions and Palpation of Selected Muscles | c11_2 | ||
| Anterior Tibialis | c11_2 | ||
| Gastrocnemius | c11_2 | ||
| Peroneus Longus | c11_2 | ||
| Extensor Hallucis Longus | c11_2 | ||
| Motion Analysis | c11_3 | ||
| Additional Activities | c11_4 | ||
| Answer Key Laboratory Activities | cA_1 | ||
| Chapter 4: Structure and Function of the Shoulder Complex | cA_1 | ||
| Muscle Analysis | cA_1 | ||
| Review of Muscle Actions and Palpation of Selected Muscles | cA_1 | ||
| Pectoralis Major | cA_1 | ||
| Latissimus Dorsi | cA_1 | ||
| Anterior Deltoid | cA_1 | ||
| Posterior Deltoid | cA_1 | ||
| Motion Analysis | cA_1 | ||
| Additional Activities | cA_2 | ||
| Chapter 5: Structure and Function of the Elbow | cA_2 | ||
| Motion Analysis | cA_2 | ||
| Answers to Review Questions | 379 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 379 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 380 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 380 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 380 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 380 | ||
| Glossary | 381 | ||
| Index | 387 | ||
| A | 387 | ||
| B | 388 | ||
| C | 388 | ||
| D | 388 | ||
| E | 388 | ||
| F | 389 | ||
| G | 390 | ||
| H | 390 | ||
| I | 391 | ||
| J | 391 | ||
| K | 391 | ||
| L | 391 | ||
| M | 392 | ||
| N | 392 | ||
| O | 392 | ||
| P | 393 | ||
| Q | 393 | ||
| R | 393 | ||
| S | 394 | ||
| T | 395 | ||
| U | 395 | ||
| V | 395 | ||
| W | 396 | ||
| X | 396 | ||
| Z | 396 |