Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Ideal for both practitioners and students, this comprehensive resource covers the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious disease in horses. Organized by infectious agent — virus, bacterial and rickettsial, protazoal, and fungal — it includes complete coverage of the individual diseases caused by each type of agent. A section on clinical problems examines conditions such as ocular infections, CNS infections, and skin infections. It also addresses the importance of preventing and controlling infectious disease outbreaks with coverage of epidemiology, biosecurity, antimicrobial therapy, and recognizing foreign equine diseases.
- Full-color photos and illustrations provide clear, accurate representations of the clinical appearance of infectious diseases.
- Features the most recent information on the global threat of newly emergent diseases such as African Horse Sickness.
- Includes a comprehensive section on the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
- More than 60 expert contributors share their knowledge and expertise in equine infectious disease.
- A companion CD-ROM, packaged with the book, includes complete references linked to PubMed.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| endsheet 4 | IFC4 | ||
| Equine Infectious Diseases | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| 1 Clinical Problems | 1 | ||
| 1 Respiratory Infections | 1 | ||
| Equine Respiratory Tract | 1 | ||
| Normal Respiratory Flora | 1 | ||
| Pulmonary Defense Mechanisms | 1 | ||
| Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations | 2 | ||
| Clinical Findings Associated with Infectious Respiratory Disease | 3 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach to Infectious Respiratory Disease | 3 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | 4 | ||
| Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract | 4 | ||
| Rhinitis and Sinusitis | 4 | ||
| Lymphoid Pharyngeal Hyperplasia | 5 | ||
| Arytenoid Chondritis | 5 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 5 | ||
| Strangles | 6 | ||
| Therapy of Upper Respiratory Viral Infections | 7 | ||
| Lower Respiratory Tract Infections | 7 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 7 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia | 7 | ||
| Miscellaneous Causes of Pneumonia | 7 | ||
| Pulmonary Abscess | 7 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 7 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 7 | ||
| Diagnosis | 8 | ||
| Therapy | 8 | ||
| Pneumonias | 8 | ||
| Pleuropneumonia | 8 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 8 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 8 | ||
| Diagnosis | 9 | ||
| Therapy | 10 | ||
| Interstitial Pneumonia | 11 | ||
| Etiology | 11 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 12 | ||
| Diagnosis | 12 | ||
| Therapy | 12 | ||
| Prognosis | 13 | ||
| Parasitic Pneumonia | 13 | ||
| Etiology | 13 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 13 | ||
| Diagnosis | 13 | ||
| Therapy | 13 | ||
| Prognosis | 14 | ||
| Guttural Pouch | 14 | ||
| Anatomy | 14 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 14 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 15 | ||
| Empyema | 16 | ||
| Etiology | 16 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 16 | ||
| Diagnosis | 16 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 16 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 17 | ||
| Guttural Pouch Mycosis | 17 | ||
| Etiology | 17 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 17 | ||
| Diagnosis | 18 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 18 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 18 | ||
| Prognosis | 19 | ||
| Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy | 19 | ||
| Etiology | 19 | ||
| Clinical Findings and Diagnosis | 19 | ||
| Therapy | 20 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 20 | ||
| Guttural Pouch | 20 | ||
| References | 21.e1 | ||
| 2 Cardiovascular Infections | 21 | ||
| Infective Endocarditis | 21 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 21 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 25 | ||
| Diagnosis | 26 | ||
| Therapy | 28 | ||
| Prognosis | 30 | ||
| Inflammatory Valvulitis | 30 | ||
| Myocarditis | 30 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 30 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 31 | ||
| Diagnosis | 31 | ||
| Therapy | 31 | ||
| Prognosis | 31 | ||
| Pericarditis | 31 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 31 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 34 | ||
| Diagnosis | 34 | ||
| Echocardiography | 34 | ||
| Electrocardiography, Thoracic Radiography, and Cardiac Catheterization | 34 | ||
| Laboratory Investigations | 35 | ||
| Therapy | 36 | ||
| Prognosis | 36 | ||
| Jugular Thrombophlebitis | 36 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 36 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 36 | ||
| Diagnosis | 37 | ||
| Diagnostic Ultrasonography | 37 | ||
| Laboratory Investigations | 37 | ||
| Therapy | 37 | ||
| Prognosis | 37 | ||
| Prevention | 37 | ||
| Caudal Vena Cava Thrombosis Syndrome | 39 | ||
| Arterial Thrombosis, Arteritis, and Aortitis | 39 | ||
| Cardiac Complications in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Sepsis | 39 | ||
| Cardiac Dysrhythmias | 39 | ||
| Cardiac Involvement in Multiple Organ Dysfunction | 41 | ||
| References | 41.e1 | ||
| 3 Gastrointestinal and Peritoneal Infections | 42 | ||
| Oral Cavity | 42 | ||
| 2 Viral Diseases | 132 | ||
| 12 Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections | 132 | ||
| Introduction | 132 | ||
| Detection of Virus or Viral Components | 133 | ||
| Isolation of Live Virus | 133 | ||
| Cell Culture, Egg Culture, and Animal Inoculation | 133 | ||
| Detection of Viral Nucleic Acids | 134 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction | 134 | ||
| Viral Characterization | 135 | ||
| In Situ Methods: Detection of Virus in Tissue Sections | 136 | ||
| Histopathology | 136 | ||
| Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry | 136 | ||
| Microarray Detection of Viruses | 137 | ||
| In Situ Hybridization | 138 | ||
| Detection of Virus in Clinical Samples | 138 | ||
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Indirect ELISA) | 138 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 138 | ||
| Detection of the Serologic Response | 138 | ||
| Virus Neutralization | 139 | ||
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | 139 | ||
| Agar Gel Immunodiffusion | 139 | ||
| Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay | 139 | ||
| Serologic Interpretation | 140 | ||
| References | 140.e1 | ||
| 13 Equine Influenza Infection | 141 | ||
| Etiology | 141 | ||
| Epidemiology | 142 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 143 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 144 | ||
| Immunity | 144 | ||
| Diagnosis | 145 | ||
| Antigen Detection | 145 | ||
| Virus Isolation | 145 | ||
| Immunoassays | 146 | ||
| Immunofluorescence | 146 | ||
| Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction | 146 | ||
| Antibody Detection | 147 | ||
| Hemagglutination Inhibition | 147 | ||
| Single Radial Hemolysis | 147 | ||
| ELISA-Based Assays | 148 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 148 | ||
| Therapy | 149 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 149 | ||
| Antiviral Therapy | 149 | ||
| Prevention | 150 | ||
| Vaccination | 150 | ||
| Husbandry | 150 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 151 | ||
| References | 151.e1 | ||
| 14 Equine Herpesviruses | 151 | ||
| Etiology | 152 | ||
| Virology Overview | 152 | ||
| Viral Genomes | 152 | ||
| Viral Replication | 152 | ||
| Lytic and Latent Infection Cycles | 153 | ||
| Viral Proteins | 155 | ||
| Glycoproteins | 155 | ||
| Epidemiology | 155 | ||
| Spread of Infection | 155 | ||
| Latency | 156 | ||
| Reactivation from Latency | 156 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Pathologic Findings | 157 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 157 | ||
| Viremia | 157 | ||
| Uterus | 157 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 157 | ||
| Virulence | 157 | ||
| Immunology | 158 | ||
| Immune Evasion | 159 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 159 | ||
| Respiratory Disease | 159 | ||
| Abortion | 160 | ||
| Other Reproductive Syndromes | 160 | ||
| Neonatal Foals | 160 | ||
| Stallions | 160 | ||
| Neurologic Disease | 161 | ||
| Diagnosis | 161 | ||
| History and Clinical Signs | 161 | ||
| Case Selection | 161 | ||
| Direct Demonstration of Infection | 161 | ||
| Immunofluorescence | 161 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 162 | ||
| Virus Isolation | 163 | ||
| Histopathology | 163 | ||
| Indirect Evidence of Infection | 163 | ||
| Hematology | 163 | ||
| Serology | 163 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis | 164 | ||
| Diagnosis of Latent Infection | 164 | ||
| Treatment | 165 | ||
| Respiratory Disease | 165 | ||
| Abortion | 165 | ||
| Ocular Disease | 165 | ||
| Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy | 165 | ||
| Vaccination | 166 | ||
| Control | 167 | ||
| References | 168.e1 | ||
| 15 Equine Viral Arteritis | 169 | ||
| Etiology | 169 | ||
| Molecular Properties of Equine Arteritis Virus | 169 | ||
| Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents | 170 | ||
| Epidemiology | 170 | ||
| Outbreaks | 170 | ||
| Seroprevalence and Breed Predilection | 171 | ||
| Transmission | 171 | ||
| Carrier State and Molecular Epidemiology | 171 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 173 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 174 | ||
| Diagnosis | 176 | ||
| Virus Isolation | 176 | ||
| Histopathologic Examination and Viral Antigen Detection | 177 | ||
| Viral Nucleic Acid Detection | 177 | ||
| Serologic Diagnosis | 177 | ||
| Pathology | 177 | ||
| Therapy | 178 | ||
| Prevention | 178 | ||
| Immunity | 178 | ||
| Vaccination | 179 | ||
| Husbandry and Control Programs | 179 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 181 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 181 | ||
| References | 181.e1 | ||
| 16 African Horse Sickness | 181 | ||
| Etiology | 182 | ||
| Epidemiology | 182 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 183 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 183 | ||
| “Dunkop” or “Pulmonary” Form | 184 | ||
| “Dikkop” or “Cardiac” Form | 184 | ||
| “Mixed” Form | 184 | ||
| Horsesickness Fever | 185 | ||
| Diagnosis | 185 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 186 | ||
| Macroscopic Pathology | 186 | ||
| “Dunkop” or “Pulmonary” Form | 186 | ||
| “Dikkop” or “Cardiac” Form | 186 | ||
| “Mixed” Form | 186 | ||
| Microscopic Pathology | 186 | ||
| Therapy | 188 | ||
| Prevention | 188 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 188 | ||
| References | 188.e1 | ||
| 17 Adeno, Hendra, and Equine Rhinitis Viral Respiratory Diseases | 189 | ||
| Equine Adenoviruses | 189 | ||
| Etiology | 189 | ||
| Epidemiology | 189 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 189 | ||
| Immunity | 190 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 190 | ||
| Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Clinical Laboratory | 191 | ||
| Virus Isolation | 191 | ||
| Serology | 191 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 192 | ||
| Therapy and Prevention | 192 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 192 | ||
| Hendra Virus: a Henipavirus | 192 | ||
| Etiology | 192 | ||
| Epidemiology | 192 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Pathology | 193 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 194 | ||
| Diagnosis | 194 | ||
| Virus Isolation | 194 | ||
| Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | 194 | ||
| Serology | 194 | ||
| Antigen Detection | 194 | ||
| Therapy | 194 | ||
| Prevention | 194 | ||
| Vaccination | 194 | ||
| Other Methods | 195 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 195 | ||
| Equine Rhinitis a Virus and Equine Rhinitis B Viruses | 195 | ||
| Etiology | 195 | ||
| Epidemiology | 196 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 196 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 196 | ||
| Diagnosis | 197 | ||
| Clinical Laboratory and Virus Isolation | 197 | ||
| Serology | 197 | ||
| Virus Detection | 197 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 197 | ||
| Therapy | 197 | ||
| Prevention | 197 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 197 | ||
| References | 197.e1 | ||
| 18 Viral Diarrhea | 198 | ||
| Equine Rotavirus | 198 | ||
| Etiology | 198 | ||
| Epidemiology | 198 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 199 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 199 | ||
| Diagnosis | 199 | ||
| Field Testing Procedures | 199 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Options | 200 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 200 | ||
| Therapy | 200 | ||
| Prevention | 201 | ||
| Vaccination | 201 | ||
| Husbandry/Infection Control | 201 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 201 | ||
| Equine Coronavirus | 201 | ||
| Etiology | 201 | ||
| Epidemiology and Clinical Findings | 202 | ||
| Coronavirus in Adult Horses | 202 | ||
| Diagnosis | 203 | ||
| Husbandry/Infection Control | 203 | ||
| Equine Torovirus | 203 | ||
| Etiology | 203 | ||
| Epidemiology | 203 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 203 | ||
| References | 203.e1 | ||
| 19 Rabies | 203 | ||
| Etiology | 204 | ||
| Epidemiology | 204 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 205 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 205 | ||
| Diagnosis | 205 | ||
| Pathologic Findings (Figs. 19-5 through 19-13) | 206 | ||
| Therapy | 208 | ||
| Prevention | 208 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 209 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 209 | ||
| References | 209.e1 | ||
| 20 Equine Alphaviruses | 210 | ||
| Eastern Equine Encephalitis | 210 | ||
| Etiology | 210 | ||
| Epidemiology | 211 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 211 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 212 | ||
| Diagnosis | 212 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 213 | ||
| Therapy | 213 | ||
| Prevention | 213 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 214 | ||
| Western Equine Encephalitis | 214 | ||
| Etiology | 214 | ||
| Epidemiology | 214 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 215 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 215 | ||
| Diagnosis | 215 | ||
| Pathology | 215 | ||
| Treatment | 215 | ||
| Prevention | 215 | ||
| Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis | 215 | ||
| Etiology | 215 | ||
| Epidemiology | 216 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 217 | ||
| Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, and Pathologic Findings | 217 | ||
| Prevention | 217 | ||
| References | 217.e1 | ||
| 21 Flavivirus Encephalitides | 217 | ||
| Etiology | 218 | ||
| Epidemiology | 220 | ||
| Life Cycle and Transmission | 220 | ||
| Vectors | 220 | ||
| Hosts and Reservoirs | 221 | ||
| Geographic and Seasonal Distribution | 221 | ||
| Intrinsic Risk Factors | 221 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 222 | ||
| Immune Responses | 223 | ||
| Neuronal Injury | 223 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 223 | ||
| Diagnosis | 224 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 224 | ||
| Japanese Encephalitis | 225 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 225 | ||
| Therapy | 225 | ||
| Prevention | 226 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 226 | ||
| References | 226.e1 | ||
| 22 Borna Disease | 226 | ||
| Etiology | 227 | ||
| Epidemiology | 227 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 228 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 229 | ||
| Diagnosis | 230 | ||
| Antemortem Diagnosis | 230 | ||
| Postmortem Diagnosis | 231 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 231 | ||
| Therapy | 232 | ||
| Prevention | 232 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 232 | ||
| References | 232.e1 | ||
| 23 Equine Infectious Anemia | 232 | ||
| Etiology | 233 | ||
| Epidemiology | 233 | ||
| Prevalence | 233 | ||
| Transmission | 234 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 235 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 235 | ||
| Anemia | 235 | ||
| Immune Control | 235 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 236 | ||
| Diagnosis | 237 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 237 | ||
| Therapy | 238 | ||
| Prevention | 238 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 238 | ||
| References | 238.e1 | ||
| 24 Vesicular Stomatitis | 239 | ||
| Etiology | 239 | ||
| Epidemiology | 239 | ||
| Disease in United States | 239 | ||
| Transmission | 240 | ||
| Arthropod Vector Transmission | 240 | ||
| Other Forms of Transmission | 240 | ||
| Risk Factors | 240 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 241 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 241 | ||
| Diagnosis | 242 | ||
| Therapy | 243 | ||
| Prevention | 243 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 243 | ||
| References | 244.e1 | ||
| 25 Papillomavirus Infections | 244 | ||
| Equine Warts | 244 | ||
| Etiology | 244 | ||
| Epidemiology | 244 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 244 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 245 | ||
| Diagnosis | 245 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 245 | ||
| Therapy | 245 | ||
| Prevention | 246 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 246 | ||
| Aural Plaques | 246 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 246 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 246 | ||
| Diagnosis | 246 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention | 246 | ||
| Sarcoids | 246 | ||
| Etiology | 246 | ||
| Epidemiology | 247 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 247 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 247 | ||
| Diagnosis | 248 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 249 | ||
| Therapy | 249 | ||
| Surgical Resection | 249 | ||
| Cryotherapy | 249 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Laser Therapy | 249 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 249 | ||
| Irradiation | 250 | ||
| Photodynamic Therapy | 250 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 250 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 250 | ||
| Prevention | 251 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 251 | ||
| References | 251.e1 | ||
| 26 Miscellaneous Viral Diseases | 251 | ||
| Miscellaneous Orbivirus Infections | 251 | ||
| Equine Encephalosis | 251 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 251 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 252 | ||
| Diagnosis | 252 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 252 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 252 | ||
| Peruvian Horse Sickness Virus | 252 | ||
| Miscellaneous Alphavirus Infections | 252 | ||
| Getah Virus | 252 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 252 | ||
| 3 Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases | 257 | ||
| 27 Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections | 257 | ||
| Direct Microscopic Examination | 257 | ||
| Sampling for Bacterial Culture | 258 | ||
| Indications | 258 | ||
| Samples Most Appropriate for Culture | 258 | ||
| Methods for Collection | 258 | ||
| Suspected Anaerobic Infection | 259 | ||
| Blood Culture | 259 | ||
| Joint Culture | 260 | ||
| Wounds | 260 | ||
| Sampling for Enteric Infections | 260 | ||
| Clostridial Enteritis | 260 | ||
| Ocular Infections | 261 | ||
| Botulism and Tetanus | 261 | ||
| Sample Transport | 261 | ||
| Submission | 261 | ||
| Interpretation of Isolation and Identification Results | 261 | ||
| Molecular Methods for Detecting Bacterial Pathogens | 262 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 262 | ||
| Toxin Gene Detection | 263 | ||
| Molecular Epidemiology | 263 | ||
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing | 263 | ||
| Indications | 263 | ||
| Methods | 263 | ||
| Interpretation | 264 | ||
| Serologic Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases | 264 | ||
| References | 265.e1 | ||
| 28 Streptococcal Infections | 265 | ||
| Overview | 265 | ||
| Streptococcus equi Subsp. equi | 265 | ||
| Etiology | 265 | ||
| Epidemiology | 267 | ||
| Transmission | 267 | ||
| Inapparent Carrier Horses | 267 | ||
| Environmental Persistence of S. equi | 268 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 268 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 269 | ||
| Manifestations Associated with Severe Lymph Node Enlargement | 269 | ||
| Complications Associated with Metastatic Spread of Infection | 269 | ||
| Internal Infection | 269 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Complications | 271 | ||
| Purpura Hemorrhagica | 271 | ||
| Myositis | 271 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis and Myocarditis | 272 | ||
| Agalactia | 272 | ||
| Diagnosis | 272 | ||
| Culture | 272 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | 272 | ||
| Serology | 272 | ||
| Therapy | 272 | ||
| Horses with Early Clinical Signs | 272 | ||
| Horses with Lymph Node Abscessation | 273 | ||
| Horses with Complications | 273 | ||
| Drugs of Choice for Therapy | 273 | ||
| Prevention | 273 | ||
| Vaccination | 273 | ||
| Quarantine and Bacteriologic Screening | 274 | ||
| Control of Outbreaks | 274 | ||
| Outbreak Investigations | 274 | ||
| Carriers with S. equi Infection of Guttural Pouches | 275 | ||
| Detection | 275 | ||
| Treatment | 275 | ||
| Hygiene Measures | 276 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 276 | ||
| Streptococcus equi Subsp. zooepidemicus | 276 | ||
| Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis | 276 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 277 | ||
| Therapy | 277 | ||
| Prevention | 277 | ||
| 4 Fungal Diseases | 393 | ||
| 46 Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Diseases | 393 | ||
| Introduction to Fungi | 393 | ||
| Host Susceptibility | 394 | ||
| Sources of Fungal Pathogens | 394 | ||
| Laboratory Safety | 394 | ||
| Specimen Collection and Transport | 394 | ||
| Skin | 394 | ||
| Eye | 394 | ||
| Blood | 394 | ||
| Fluids | 395 | ||
| Tissue | 395 | ||
| Direct Examination | 395 | ||
| Potassium Hydroxide Treatment | 395 | ||
| India Ink | 395 | ||
| Gram Stain | 395 | ||
| Other Stains | 396 | ||
| Culture and Identification | 396 | ||
| Dermatophyte Culture | 396 | ||
| Culture of Fluid or Tissue | 397 | ||
| Identification of Fungal Species | 397 | ||
| Pneumocystis carinii (P. jirovecii) | 397 | ||
| Interpretation of Culture Results | 398 | ||
| Molecular Diagnosis of Fungal Infections | 398 | ||
| Fungal Antigen Detection | 398 | ||
| Antifungal Susceptibility Testing | 398 | ||
| Serology | 399 | ||
| References | 399.e1 | ||
| 47 Coccidioidomycosis | 399 | ||
| Etiology | 400 | ||
| Epidemiology and Epizootiology | 401 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 402 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 402 | ||
| Diagnosis and Pathologic Findings | 404 | ||
| Therapy | 405 | ||
| Prevention and Public Health Considerations | 405 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 406 | ||
| References | 406.e1 | ||
| 48 Sporotrichosis | 406 | ||
| Etiology | 406 | ||
| Epidemiology and Pathogenesis | 406 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 407 | ||
| Diagnosis | 407 | ||
| Therapy, Prognosis, and Prevention | 408 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 408 | ||
| References | 408.e1 | ||
| 49 Candidiasis | 408 | ||
| Etiology | 408 | ||
| Epidemiology | 408 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 409 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 409 | ||
| Thrush | 409 | ||
| Systemic Candidiasis | 409 | ||
| Diagnosis | 410 | ||
| Therapy | 410 | ||
| Antifungal Therapy | 410 | ||
| Polyenes | 410 | ||
| Azoles | 410 | ||
| Topical Therapy | 411 | ||
| Supportive Therapy | 411 | ||
| References | 411.e1 | ||
| 50 Dermatophytosis | 411 | ||
| Etiology | 411 | ||
| Epidemiology | 411 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 412 | ||
| Virulence Factors | 412 | ||
| Host Factors and Immune Response | 412 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 412 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 412 | ||
| Diagnosis | 413 | ||
| Wood’s Lamp | 413 | ||
| Direct Examination of Hair | 413 | ||
| Culture | 413 | ||
| Pathology | 414 | ||
| Therapy | 414 | ||
| Topical Therapy | 414 | ||
| Systemic Therapy | 414 | ||
| Environmental Control | 414 | ||
| Prevention | 414 | ||
| Vaccine | 414 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 414 | ||
| References | 414.e1 | ||
| 51 Pythiosis and Zygomycosis | 415 | ||
| Pythiosis | 415 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 415 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 415 | ||
| Diagnosis | 416 | ||
| Cytology | 416 | ||
| Culture | 417 | ||
| Serology | 417 | ||
| Molecular Assays | 417 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 417 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 417 | ||
| Therapy | 418 | ||
| Surgery | 418 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 418 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 418 | ||
| Zygomycosis | 419 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 419 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 419 | ||
| Basidiobolomycosis | 419 | ||
| Conidiobolomycosis | 419 | ||
| Mucormycosis | 420 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 420 | ||
| Diagnosis | 420 | ||
| Therapy | 420 | ||
| References | 421.e1 | ||
| 52 Aspergillosis | 421 | ||
| Etiology | 421 | ||
| Virulence Factors | 422 | ||
| Epidemiology | 422 | ||
| Mycotic Keratitis (Keratomycosis) | 422 | ||
| Endometritis and Placentitis | 423 | ||
| Aflatoxicosis | 423 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 423 | ||
| Keratomycosis | 423 | ||
| Endometritis and Placentitis | 424 | ||
| Aflatoxicosis | 424 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 424 | ||
| Mycotic Keratitis | 424 | ||
| Pulmonary Aspergillosis | 425 | ||
| Nasal or Sinus Aspergillosis | 425 | ||
| Central Nervous System Aspergillosis | 425 | ||
| Endometritis and Placentitis | 425 | ||
| Aflatoxicosis | 425 | ||
| Diagnosis | 425 | ||
| Serology | 425 | ||
| Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction | 425 | ||
| Culture | 425 | ||
| Susceptibility Testing | 425 | ||
| Biopsy | 426 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Techniques | 426 | ||
| Mycotic Keratitis | 426 | ||
| Cytologic Examination | 426 | ||
| Culture | 426 | ||
| Corneal Biopsy and Staining | 427 | ||
| Pulmonary Aspergillosis | 427 | ||
| Nasal and Sinus Aspergillosis | 427 | ||
| Central Nervous System Aspergillosis | 427 | ||
| Endometritis and Placentitis | 427 | ||
| Aflatoxicosis | 427 | ||
| Therapy | 428 | ||
| Polyene Antifungal Drugs | 428 | ||
| Azole Antifungal Drugs | 428 | ||
| Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors | 430 | ||
| Mycotic Keratitis | 430 | ||
| Polyene Antifungal Drugs | 430 | ||
| Azole Antifungal Drugs | 431 | ||
| Silver Sulfadiazine | 431 | ||
| Povidone-Iodine Solution | 431 | ||
| Thiabendazole | 431 | ||
| Choice of Antifungal Medication | 431 | ||
| Duration of Therapy | 432 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 432 | ||
| Other Treatments | 432 | ||
| Corticosteroid Treatment Contraindicated | 432 | ||
| Prognosis | 432 | ||
| Pulmonary Aspergillosis | 432 | ||
| Nasal and Sinus Aspergillosis | 432 | ||
| Endometritis and Placentitis | 433 | ||
| Aflatoxicosis | 433 | ||
| References | 433.e1 | ||
| 53 Miscellaneous Fungal Diseases | 433 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 433 | ||
| Etiology | 433 | ||
| Virulence Factors | 433 | ||
| Epidemiology | 433 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 434 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 434 | ||
| Diagnosis | 434 | ||
| Cytology | 434 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Testing | 434 | ||
| Culture | 435 | ||
| Molecular Identification of Yeasts | 435 | ||
| Serology | 435 | ||
| Antibody Detection | 435 | ||
| Antigen Detection | 436 | ||
| Therapy | 436 | ||
| Prevention | 436 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 436 | ||
| Etiology | 436 | ||
| Virulence Factors | 436 | ||
| Capsule | 436 | ||
| Melanin | 436 | ||
| Thermotolerance | 436 | ||
| Epidemiology | 437 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 437 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 437 | ||
| Diagnosis | 438 | ||
| Clinical Diagnostic Testing | 438 | ||
| Radiography and Computed Tomography | 438 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Testing | 438 | ||
| Biopsy | 438 | ||
| Culture | 438 | ||
| Serology | 439 | ||
| Assays for Cryptococcal Antigens | 439 | ||
| Antibody Detection | 439 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 439 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract | 440 | ||
| Lower Respiratory Tract | 440 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 440 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 440 | ||
| Reproductive Tract | 440 | ||
| Subcutaneous Tissue | 440 | ||
| Therapy | 440 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 440 | ||
| Etiology | 440 | ||
| Virulence | 440 | ||
| Epidemiology | 441 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 441 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 442 | ||
| Mycotic Keratitis | 442 | ||
| Diagnosis | 442 | ||
| Clinical Diagnostic Testing | 442 | ||
| Cytology | 442 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Testing | 442 | ||
| Culture | 442 | ||
| Histopathology | 442 | ||
| Serology | 442 | ||
| Antigen Detection | 442 | ||
| Molecular Identification | 443 | ||
| Intradermal Testing | 443 | ||
| Pathology | 443 | ||
| Mycotic Keratitis | 443 | ||
| Therapy | 444 | ||
| Mycotic Keratitis | 444 | ||
| Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum | 444 | ||
| Etiology | 444 | ||
| Epidemiology | 444 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 444 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 444 | ||
| Diagnosis | 445 | ||
| Cytology | 445 | ||
| Culture | 445 | ||
| Pathology and Histology | 445 | ||
| Serologic Tests | 445 | ||
| Animal Inoculation | 445 | ||
| Intradermal Testing | 445 | ||
| Therapy | 445 | ||
| Prevention | 446 | ||
| Pneumocystis Infections | 446 | ||
| Etiology | 446 | ||
| Epidemiology | 446 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 446 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 447 | ||
| Diagnosis | 447 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 448 | ||
| Therapy | 448 | ||
| Prevention | 448 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 448 | ||
| References | 448.e1 | ||
| 5 Parasitic Diseases | 449 | ||
| 54 Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases | 449 | ||
| Helminth Diagnosis | 449 | ||
| Protozoan Diagnosis | 449 | ||
| Laboratory Procedures | 449 | ||
| Gross Fecal Examination | 449 | ||
| Fecal Flotation | 449 | ||
| Fecal Cultures | 453 | ||
| Fecal Sedimentation | 453 | ||
| Direct Fecal Smear | 454 | ||
| Baermann Procedure | 454 | ||
| Cellophane (Scotch) Tape Test | 454 | ||
| McMaster’s Procedure | 454 | ||
| Impression Smears | 455 | ||
| Skin Biopsy Examination | 455 | ||
| Blood Smears | 455 | ||
| Isolated Worms Recovered from Necropsy or Passed in Feces | 455 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 456 | ||
| 55 Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis | 456 | ||
| Etiology | 456 | ||
| Epidemiology | 457 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 459 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 461 | ||
| Diagnosis | 462 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 464 | ||
| Therapy | 465 | ||
| Antiprotozoal Drugs | 465 | ||
| Ponazuril | 465 | ||
| Diclazuril | 466 | ||
| Folate Inhibitors | 466 | ||
| Supportive Therapy | 466 | ||
| Prevention | 467 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 467 | ||
| References | 467.e1 | ||
| 56 Piroplasmosis | 467 | ||
| Etiology | 468 | ||
| Life Cycles | 469 | ||
| Babesia caballi | 469 | ||
| Theileria equi | 469 | ||
| Epidemiology | 470 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Immunity | 471 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 472 | ||
| Acute Equine Piroplasmosis | 472 | ||
| Chronic Equine Piroplasmosis | 472 | ||
| Inapparent Carrier | 472 | ||
| Pathology | 472 | ||
| Diagnosis | 473 | ||
| Microscopy | 473 | ||
| Serology | 473 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Methods | 474 | ||
| Therapy | 474 | ||
| Prevention | 475 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 475 | ||
| References | 475.e1 | ||
| 57 Nematodes | 475 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Nematodes | 475 | ||
| Strongylosis | 475 | ||
| Strongylinae (Large Strongyles, Strongylins) | 475 | ||
| Etiology | 475 | ||
| Epidemiology | 476 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 476 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 477 | ||
| Diagnosis | 477 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 478 | ||
| Therapy | 478 | ||
| Prevention | 478 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 478 | ||
| Cyathostominae (Cyathostomes, Cyathostomins, Small Strongyles, Trichonemes) | 478 | ||
| Etiology | 478 | ||
| Epidemiology | 479 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 479 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 479 | ||
| Diagnosis | 479 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 479 | ||
| Therapy | 479 | ||
| Prevention | 480 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 481 | ||
| Parascarosis | 481 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 481 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 481 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 482 | ||
| Diagnosis | 482 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 482 | ||
| Therapy | 482 | ||
| Prevention | 483 | ||
| Public Health Considerations | 483 | ||
| Strongyloidosis | 483 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology | 483 | ||
| 6 Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases | 515 | ||
| 61 Epidemiology of Equine Infectious Disease | 515 | ||
| Basics | 515 | ||
| Definition | 515 | ||
| Epidemiologic Approach | 515 | ||
| Disease Ecology | 515 | ||
| Disease Agent | 515 | ||
| Host | 516 | ||
| Environment | 516 | ||
| Individual | 516 | ||
| Population | 516 | ||
| Disease Causation | 517 | ||
| Identifying Causal Factors | 517 | ||
| Measuring Disease | 517 | ||
| Population-at-Risk | 518 | ||
| Types of Data | 518 | ||
| Using Interval Data | 518 | ||
| Using Categorical Data | 518 | ||
| Ratios, Proportions, and Rates | 518 | ||
| Ratios | 518 | ||
| Proportions | 518 | ||
| Rates | 518 | ||
| Epidemiologic Measures of Disease Frequency | 519 | ||
| Prevalence | 519 | ||
| Cumulative Incidence | 519 | ||
| Incidence Rate | 520 | ||
| Relationship between Prevalence and Incidence | 520 | ||
| Temporal Patterns of Disease | 520 | ||
| Comparing Groups | 522 | ||
| Using Measurement Data | 522 | ||
| Is the Difference Real? | 522 | ||
| Using Categorical Data | 523 | ||
| Comparing Cumulative Incidence: Attributable Risk and Attributable Fraction | 523 | ||
| Comparing Cumulative Incidence: Relative Risk | 523 | ||
| Comparing Prevalences: Odds Ratio | 523 | ||
| Outbreak Investigations: Attack Risk Table | 523 | ||
| Is the Difference Real? | 525 | ||
| Properties of Diagnostic Tests | 525 | ||
| Types of Measurement | 525 | ||
| Test Accuracy | 526 | ||
| Estimation of Sensitivity and Specificity | 526 | ||
| Interpretation of Test Results: Predictive Values | 527 | ||
| Using Tests in Combination | 528 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Test Characteristics | 528 | ||
| Strategies for Prevention of Infectious Disease | 528 | ||
| Managing an Outbreak of Infectious Disease | 529 | ||
| References | 529.e1 | ||
| 62 Biosecurity and Control of Infectious Disease Outbreaks | 530 | ||
| Ethics of Infection Control | 530 | ||
| Veterinarian’s Role in Biosecurity | 531 | ||
| Level of Biosecurity | 531 | ||
| Importance of Biosecurity | 531 | ||
| Protect Patients | 531 | ||
| Protect Personnel | 531 | ||
| Protect Hospital/Practice | 532 | ||
| Judicious Antimicrobial Use | 532 | ||
| Biosecurity Program Development | 532 | ||
| Hazard Analysis/Identification | 532 | ||
| Critical Control Point Identification | 533 | ||
| Critical Limits for Preventive Measures | 533 | ||
| Critical Control Point Monitoring | 533 | ||
| Corrective Action Plan | 533 | ||
| Evaluation of the Biosecurity Program | 533 | ||
| Preventive Measures | 533 | ||
| Transmission Routes | 534 | ||
| Daily Attire | 534 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 534 | ||
| Barrier Nursing Precautions | 534 | ||
| Gowns | 535 | ||
| Gloves | 535 | ||
| Facial Protection | 535 | ||
| Footwear Hygiene | 535 | ||
| Movement Restriction and Traffic Flow Management (Personnel, Patients, Visitors) | 535 | ||
| Separation and Isolation | 535 | ||
| Separation | 536 | ||
| Isolation | 536 | ||
| Footbaths/Footmats | 536 | ||
| Enhancing Biosecurity Protocol Compliance | 537 | ||
| Environmental Infection Control | 537 | ||
| Cleaning | 537 | ||
| Disinfection | 537 | ||
| Waste Management and Disposal | 537 | ||
| Wildlife Reservoirs | 538 | ||
| Monitoring Biosecurity Protocol Effectiveness | 539 | ||
| Patient Monitoring | 539 | ||
| Environmental Monitoring | 539 | ||
| Use of Outdoor Exercise Areas at Equine Hospitals | 540 | ||
| Specific Aspects of Biosecurity | 540 | ||
| Summary of Biosecurity in Equine Veterinary Hospitals | 540 | ||
| Biosecurity in Equine Ambulatory Practice | 540 | ||
| Protection of Resident Horses and Control of Infectious Diseases at Equine Events | 541 | ||
| Equine Owners | 542 | ||
| Protection of Resident Horses | 542 | ||
| Protection of Traveling Horses | 543 | ||
| Conclusions | 543 | ||
| References | 543.e1 | ||
| 63 Infectious Diseases and International Movement of Horses | 544 | ||
| Growth of Horse Industries Worldwide | 544 | ||
| Basis for International Movements and Trade in Equine Germplasm | 545 | ||
| Economic Impact | 545 | ||
| Changing Trends | 545 | ||
| Factors Influencing Global Distribution of Equine Diseases | 546 | ||
| International Trade in Equids, Semen, and Embryos | 546 | ||
| Multinational Trade Agreements | 547 | ||
| Emergent Diseases | 548 | ||
| New Variants of Established Pathogens | 548 | ||
| Climate Disturbance Effects | 548 | ||
| Availability of New Vectors | 548 | ||
| Migration of Amplifying/Reservoir Hosts or Vectors of Specific Pathogens | 549 | ||
| Reliability of Preexport Testing | 549 | ||
| Disease Spread from Feral Equids | 549 | ||
| Agroterrorism | 549 | ||
| Reducing the Risk of International Spread of Equine Diseases | 549 | ||
| Preexport Requirements | 550 | ||
| Postimport Requirements | 550 | ||
| Monitoring Surveillance and Reporting of Diseases | 550 | ||
| Industry Initiatives | 550 | ||
| References | 551.e1 | ||
| 64 Immunoprophylaxis | 551 | ||
| Active Immunization | 551 | ||
| Basic Principles | 551 | ||
| Types of Vaccines | 552 | ||
| Inactivated Vaccines | 552 | ||
| Protein or Subunit Vaccines | 552 | ||
| DNA Vaccines | 552 | ||
| Modified Live Vaccines | 553 | ||
| Recombinant Vaccines | 553 | ||
| Vaccine Augmentation | 553 | ||
| Marker Vaccines | 553 | ||
| Vaccine Adjuvants | 553 | ||
| Regulatory Aspects of Vaccination | 554 | ||
| Licensing and Safety of Vaccines | 554 | ||
| Adverse Events | 555 | ||
| Safety of Vaccines in Broodmares | 555 | ||
| Passive Immunization | 556 | ||
| Use of Exogenous Antibodies | 556 | ||
| Passive Transfer of Maternal Immunity | 556 | ||
| Vaccination of Foals and Influence of Maternal Antibodies on Vaccine Responses | 557 | ||
| Concept of Core and Noncore Vaccines | 558 | ||
| Vaccination Recommendations for Specific Diseases | 558 | ||
| Tetanus | 558 | ||
| Equine Encephalomyelitis | 559 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 559 | ||
| Equine Influenza | 560 | ||
| Vaccination Protocols for Influenza | 562 | ||
| Primary Vaccination of Adult Horses | 562 | ||
| Routine Revaccination | 562 | ||
| Vaccination of Pregnant Mares | 562 | ||
| Vaccination of Foals | 562 | ||
| Vaccination in an Outbreak | 563 | ||
| Future Influenza Vaccines | 563 | ||
| Equine Herpesvirus (Rhinopneumonitis) | 564 | ||
| Future Vaccination Strategies to Prevent Herpesvirus Infection | 565 | ||
| Streptococcus equi subsp. equi Infection (Strangles) | 566 | ||
| Rabies | 567 | ||
| Equine neorickettsiosis (Potomac Horse Fever) | 567 | ||
| Botulism | 568 | ||
| Equine Viral Arteritis | 569 | ||
| Rotaviral Diarrhea | 569 | ||
| Anthrax | 570 | ||
| Equine Rhinitis A Virus | 570 | ||
| Miscellaneous Infections | 570 | ||
| References | 570.e1 | ||
| 65 Antimicrobial Therapy | 571 | ||
| Principles of Therapy | 571 | ||
| Microbial Susceptibility | 571 | ||
| Streptococcus and Pasteurella | 571 | ||
| Actinobacillus | 571 | ||
| Staphylococcus | 571 | ||
| Anaerobic Bacteria | 572 | ||
| Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli | 572 | ||
| Fungi | 572 | ||
| Bacterial Susceptibility Testing | 572 | ||
| Agar Disk Diffusion Test | 572 | ||
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Determination | 572 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Optimization of Doses | 573 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 573 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | 573 | ||
| β-Lactam Antibiotics | 574 | ||
| Bacteriostatic Drugs | 574 | ||
| Tissue Penetration of Drugs | 574 | ||
| Impaired Diffusion into Tissues | 575 | ||
| Intracellular Drug Penetration | 575 | ||
| Local Factors That Affect Antibiotic Effectiveness | 575 | ||
| Absorption of Antimicrobials in Horses | 576 | ||
| Injectable Drugs | 576 | ||
| Oral Absorption | 576 | ||
| Local Drug Administration | 576 | ||
| Considerations for Antimicrobials in Foals | 576 | ||
| Adverse Drug Reactions in Horses | 577 | ||
| Alternative Uses of Antimicrobials in the Horse | 578 | ||
| Update on Antibiotics Used in Horses | 578 | ||
| Fluoroquinolone Antimicrobials | 578 | ||
| Macrolides and Derivatives | 579 | ||
| β-Lactam Antibiotics | 579 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 580 | ||
| Trimethoprim-Sulfonamides | 580 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 581 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 581 | ||
| Metronidazole | 581 | ||
| Miscellaneous Antibiotics | 581 | ||
| Rifampin | 581 | ||
| Aztreonam | 581 | ||
| Fosfomycin | 582 | ||
| Antifungal Drugs | 582 | ||
| Azoles | 582 | ||
| Imidazoles | 582 | ||
| Triazoles | 582 | ||
| Polyenes | 582 | ||
| Griseofulvin | 582 | ||
| Terbinafine | 582 | ||
| Antiviral Drugs | 583 | ||
| Cyclic Amines | 583 | ||
| Nucleoside Analogs | 583 | ||
| Neuraminidase Inhibitors | 583 | ||
| Antiprotozoal Drugs | 583 | ||
| Treatment of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis | 583 | ||
| Folate Synthesis Inhibitors | 583 | ||
| Triazine Derivatives | 583 | ||
| Treatment of Other Protozoal Diseases | 584 | ||
| References | 584.e1 | ||
| 66 Immunotherapy | 584 | ||
| Immunostimulants | 584 | ||
| Induction of Nonspecific Immune Responses | 584 | ||
| Bacterial Particles | 586 | ||
| Propionibacterium acnes | 586 | ||
| Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine and Mycobacterium Cell Wall Extracts | 587 | ||
| Unmethylated Cytosine-Phosphate-Guanosine Motifs | 588 | ||
| Exogenous Cytokines | 589 | ||
| Interferon-α | 589 | ||
| Other Cytokines: Present and Future | 590 | ||
| Other Immunomodulators | 590 | ||
| Parapoxvirus ovis | 590 | ||
| Levamisole Phosphate | 591 | ||
| Caprine Serum Fraction | 591 | ||
| Acemannan | 591 | ||
| Imiquimod | 591 | ||
| Echinacea angustifolia | 591 | ||
| Ginseng | 591 | ||
| Vaccination | 591 | ||
| Types of Vaccines | 591 | ||
| Vaccine Adjuvants | 591 | ||
| Neonatal Vaccination | 593 | ||
| Molecular Vaccines | 593 | ||
| Cancer Vaccines | 593 | ||
| Immunotherapy for Hyposensitization | 593 | ||
| Passive Immunity | 594 | ||
| Transfer of Nonspecific Antibodies | 594 | ||
| Transfer of Antigen-Specific Antibodies | 594 | ||
| Rhodococcus equi | 594 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 595 | ||
| Endotoxemia | 595 | ||
| Clostridium botulinum | 595 | ||
| Clostridium tetani | 595 | ||
| Snake Venoms | 595 | ||
| Transfusion-Induced Immunomodulation | 595 | ||
| Immunosuppressants | 596 | ||
| Inhibitors of Gene Expression or Transcription | 596 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 596 | ||
| Phosphatase and Kinase Inhibitors | 596 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 596 | ||
| Tacrolimus | 596 | ||
| Rapamycin (or Sirolimus) | 597 | ||
| Mycophenolate Mofetil | 597 | ||
| Leflunomide | 597 | ||
| Inhibitors of Nucleotide Synthesis | 597 | ||
| Azathioprine | 597 | ||
| Alkylating Agents | 597 | ||
| Cyclophosphamide and Chlorambucil | 597 | ||
| Vinca Alkaloids | 597 | ||
| Vincristine | 597 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibodies | 597 | ||
| References | 597.e1 | ||
| Appendices | 598 | ||
| Appendix A Infectious Disease Rule-Outs for Medical Problems* | 598 | ||
| Respiratory Problems | 598 | ||
| Cough | 598 | ||
| Nasal Discharge | 598 | ||
| Respiratory Noise | 598 | ||
| Rhinitis, Sinusitis | 598 | ||
| Pleural Effusion | 598 | ||
| Dyspnea | 598 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Problems | 599 | ||
| Diarrhea in Adult Horses | 599 | ||
| Diarrhea in Foals | 599 | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 599 | ||
| Dysphagia | 599 | ||
| Icterus | 599 | ||
| Oral Ulcerations or Vesicles | 599 | ||
| Hepatomegaly, Hepatic Inflammation | 599 | ||
| Abdominal Mass | 599 | ||
| Abdominal Effusion | 599 | ||
| Central Nervous System Problems | 600 | ||
| Cortical Signs | 600 | ||
| Brainstem Signs | 600 | ||
| Spinal Cord or Peripheral Nerve Signs | 600 | ||
| Urinary Tract Problems | 600 | ||
| Dysuria, Stranguria, Pollakiuria | 600 | ||
| Incontinence | 600 | ||
| Hematuria | 600 | ||
| Renal Failure | 600 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Problems | 600 | ||
| Myositis, Increased Muscle Enzyme Activity | 600 | ||
| Lameness, Stiffness, Arthritis | 600 | ||
| Muscle Fasciculations | 601 | ||
| Cardiovascular Problems | 601 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, Endocarditis | 601 | ||
| Reproductive Problems | 601 | ||
| Abortion, Infertility, Early Embryonic Loss, Birth of Weak Foals | 601 | ||
| Scrotal/Preputial Enlargement | 601 | ||
| Hemolymphatic Problems | 601 | ||
| Enlarged Lymph Nodes | 601 | ||
| Lymphangitis | 601 | ||
| Anemia | 601 | ||
| Petechial Hemorrhages | 601 | ||
| Ventral Abdominal or Limb Edema | 601 | ||
| Hypoalbuminemia | 602 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 602 | ||
| Ocular Problems | 602 | ||
| Uveitis | 602 | ||
| Keratitis | 602 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 602 | ||
| Corneal Edema | 602 | ||
| Blindness | 602 | ||
| Skin Problems | 602 | ||
| Hair Loss | 602 | ||
| Pruritus | 602 | ||
| Crusting, Scaling | 603 | ||
| Ulcers, Fistulas, Granulomatous Lesions | 603 | ||
| Papulonodular Lesions | 603 | ||
| Large Nodular Dermatoses or Abscesses | 603 | ||
| Sudden Death | 603 | ||
| Collapse and Sudden Death | 603 | ||
| Appendix B Laboratory Testing for Infectious Diseases | 604 | ||
| Understanding Older and Newer Formats for Detection of Infection | 604 | ||
| Proper Procedures: Collection, Transport, Storage | 604 | ||
| Standardization | 604 | ||
| International Standards | 605 | ||
| North American Standards | 606 | ||
| Private Laboratories | 606 | ||
| Interpretation of Polymerase Chain Reaction Results | 606 | ||
| Status of Molecular Testing for Particular Diseases | 606 | ||
| Vesicular Diseases | 606 | ||
| Diarrheal Diseases | 611 | ||
| Respiratory Diseases | 612 | ||
| Central Nervous System Pathogens | 612 | ||
| Miscellaneous Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Assays of Diagnostic Utility | 613 | ||
| Cyathostomin Infection | 613 | ||
| Conclusion | 613 | ||
| References | 613.e1 | ||
| Appendix C Diagnostic Test Kits | 614 | ||
| Appendix D Antimicrobial Drug Formulary | 615 | ||
| Index | 618 | ||
| A | 618 | ||
| B | 620 | ||
| C | 622 | ||
| D | 625 | ||
| E | 626 | ||
| F | 629 | ||
| G | 630 | ||
| H | 631 | ||
| I | 632 | ||
| J | 634 | ||
| K | 634 | ||
| L | 634 | ||
| M | 636 | ||
| N | 638 | ||
| O | 639 | ||
| P | 640 | ||
| Q | 642 | ||
| R | 642 | ||
| S | 644 | ||
| T | 647 | ||
| U | 648 | ||
| V | 648 | ||
| W | 650 | ||
| X | 650 | ||
| Y | 650 | ||
| Z | 650 |