BOOK
Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma - E-Book
Raymond J. Fonseca | H. Dexter Barber | Michael P. Powers | David E. Frost
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Describing the diagnosis and management of maxillofacial and associated traumatic injuries step by step, Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma, 4th Edition takes you beyond the surgical management of head and neck trauma to cover the general management of traumatic injuries, systemic evaluation of the trauma patient, and special considerations associated with maxillofacial trauma patient care. New to this edition are over 700 full-color illustrations showing details of traumatic injuries and their treatment. Edited by head and neck trauma expert Dr. Raymond J. Fonseca, along with over 80 highly respected contributors, this comprehensive reference provides all of the information you need to offer the best care possible to maxillofacial trauma patients.
- One-of-a-kind, comprehensive chapters cover current research literature with topics including advances in maxillofacial trauma surgery, nonpenetrating chest trauma, metabolic response to trauma, maxillofacial prosthetics, and the societal impact of maxillofacial trauma.
- Coverage of emerging topics includes firearm injuries, neurologic injuries (the leading cause of death from trauma), wound healing, airway management, shock, and nasal fractures, so you can work confidently with team members from other disciplines such as neurologists, anesthesiologists, and orthopedists.
- Over 80 expert contributors represent the specialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery, anesthesiology, and otolaryngology.
- UPDATED content reflects current thinking and the latest techniques in the management of traumatic injuries.
- NEW full-color illustrations and design highlight clinical areas and show details of injuries and their treatment.
- NEW! Streamlined, single-volume format makes information easier to access and the book easier to carry.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma, 4/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| In Memoriam | vi | ||
| The Following JADA Article Appeared in May 1973 | ix | ||
| Contributors | xvii | ||
| Preface | xxii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xxiii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xxv | ||
| I Principles in the Management of Traumatic Injuries | 1 | ||
| 1 Metabolic Response to Trauma | 1 | ||
| Outline | 1 | ||
| Physiologic Response | 1 | ||
| Mediators of the Response | 2 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Response | 2 | ||
| Lipid-Derived Mediators | 3 | ||
| Cytokines | 3 | ||
| Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils | 4 | ||
| Clinical Implications | 4 | ||
| Modulation of the Response | 4 | ||
| Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 5 | ||
| Nutrition As Therapy | 6 | ||
| Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis | 6 | ||
| Stress Gastritis | 6 | ||
| Summary | 6 | ||
| References | 7 | ||
| 2 Wound Healing | 9 | ||
| Outline | 9 | ||
| General Concepts of Wound Healing | 10 | ||
| Normal Soft Tissue Healing (Repair) | 10 | ||
| Abnormal Soft Tissue Healing (Repair): Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars | 12 | ||
| Wound Repair in Other Tissues of the Head and Neck | 14 | ||
| Normal Bone Healing (Repair) | 14 | ||
| Complications in Bone Healing | 15 | ||
| Normal Cartilage Healing (Repair) | 19 | ||
| Normal Nerve Healing (Repair) | 20 | ||
| Skin Grafting | 20 | ||
| Factors in Suboptimal Wound Healing | 22 | ||
| Aging | 22 | ||
| Infection | 22 | ||
| Diabetes | 23 | ||
| Smoking | 23 | ||
| Malnutrition | 23 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 24 | ||
| Radiation and Chemotherapy | 24 | ||
| Wound Management | 24 | ||
| Healing by Primary Intention or Primary Wound Closure | 25 | ||
| Delayed Primary Closure or Wound Repair | 25 | ||
| Healing by Secondary Intention | 25 | ||
| Dressings and Topical Agents | 25 | ||
| Wound Management: Dressings | 25 | ||
| Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy | 25 | ||
| Topical Agents | 25 | ||
| Growth Factors | 26 | ||
| Summary | 27 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| 3 Nutrition for the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Patient | 30 | ||
| Outline | 30 | ||
| Fasting- and Starvation-Induced Malnutrition Physiology | 30 | ||
| Trauma-, Stress-, and Sepsis-Induced Malnutrition Physiology | 31 | ||
| Substrate Depletion and Requirements | 31 | ||
| Protein Requirements | 32 | ||
| Amino Acids | 32 | ||
| Electrolyte Requirements | 32 | ||
| Glucose and Insulin | 32 | ||
| Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Nutritional Failure | 33 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 33 | ||
| Ideal Body Weight | 33 | ||
| Body Mass Index. | 33 | ||
| Anthropometric Measurements. | 33 | ||
| Energy Expenditure | 33 | ||
| Indirect Calorimetry. | 33 | ||
| Harris-Benedict Equation. | 33 | ||
| Ireton-Jones Equation. | 38 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 38 | ||
| Nitrogen Balance | 38 | ||
| Serum Albumin | 39 | ||
| Nutritional Support Methods for Patients with Functioning Gastrointestinal Systems | 39 | ||
| Indications for the Use of Nutritional Therapy | 39 | ||
| Oral Methods of Nutritional Therapy | 40 | ||
| Nonoral Methods of Nutritional Therapy | 40 | ||
| Nasogastric Feeding Tubes | 40 | ||
| Nasogastric Tube Insertion | 40 | ||
| Nasogastric Tubes in Patients with Midface or Skull Fractures | 41 | ||
| Transcutaneous Enteral Feeding Tubes | 41 | ||
| Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy | 41 | ||
| Advantages of PEG. | 41 | ||
| PEG Procedure. | 41 | ||
| PEG Complications. | 41 | ||
| Mechanics of Enteral Feeding | 42 | ||
| Enteral Formula Delivery | 42 | ||
| Enteral Diets | 42 | ||
| Polymeric Enteral Formulas | 42 | ||
| Oligomeric Enteral Formulas | 42 | ||
| Monomeric Enteral Formulas | 42 | ||
| Osmolarity | 42 | ||
| Energy Sources in Enteral Formulas | 42 | ||
| Complications of Enteral Nutritional Therapy | 43 | ||
| Parenteral Nutritional Therapy | 45 | ||
| Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition and Total Parenteral Nutrition | 45 | ||
| Initiating Nutritional Support in the Critically Ill Patient | 46 | ||
| Intermaxillary Fixation | 46 | ||
| Summary | 46 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| II Systematic Evaluation of the Traumatized Patient | 48 | ||
| 4 Initial Assessment and Intensive Care of the Trauma Patient | 48 | ||
| Outline | 48 | ||
| Patient Transport | 48 | ||
| History of Medical Transportation | 48 | ||
| Types of Transport | 50 | ||
| Helicopter | 50 | ||
| Fixed-Wing Air Ambulance | 51 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 51 | ||
| Assessment Principles | 51 | ||
| Preparation and Communication | 52 | ||
| Hospital Phase | 52 | ||
| Trauma Scoring | 52 | ||
| Glasgow Coma Scale. | 52 | ||
| Trauma Score and Revised Trauma Score. | 52 | ||
| Injury Severity Score. | 53 | ||
| Other Scoring Systems. | 53 | ||
| Mechanism of Injury | 53 | ||
| Other Factors | 53 | ||
| Primary Survey | 54 | ||
| Airway Maintenance with Cervical Spine Control | 54 | ||
| Endotracheal Intubation | 55 | ||
| Surgical Airway | 56 | ||
| Needle Cricothyroidotomy. | 56 | ||
| Surgical Cricothyroidotomy. | 56 | ||
| Airway Evaluation | 56 | ||
| Breathing | 56 | ||
| Circulation Management | 57 | ||
| Response to Shock | 57 | ||
| Assessment | 58 | ||
| Treatment | 58 | ||
| Definitive Hemorrhage Control and Resuscitation | 58 | ||
| Blood Replacement | 59 | ||
| Coagulopathy | 59 | ||
| Disability | 59 | ||
| Exposure | 59 | ||
| Secondary Assessment | 60 | ||
| Face, Head, and Skull Injuries | 60 | ||
| Types of Injuries | 61 | ||
| Skull Fractures. | 61 | ||
| Intracranial Lesions. | 61 | ||
| Hematomas | 61 | ||
| Epidural Hematomas. | 61 | ||
| Subdural Hematomas. | 61 | ||
| Contusion or Intracerebral Hematomas. | 61 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing and Evaluation | 61 | ||
| Neck Injuries | 63 | ||
| Chest Injuries | 63 | ||
| Open Pneumothorax | 63 | ||
| Closed Pneumothorax | 63 | ||
| Tension Pneumothorax | 64 | ||
| Hemothorax | 64 | ||
| Flail Chest | 65 | ||
| Cardiac Tamponade | 65 | ||
| Tracheobronchial Tree Injury | 66 | ||
| Blunt Cardiac Injury | 66 | ||
| Other Potentially Life-Threatening Injuries | 66 | ||
| Traumatic Esophageal Rupture | 66 | ||
| Traumatic Diaphragmatic Injury | 66 | ||
| Abdominal and Pelvic Trauma | 66 | ||
| Diaphragm Injuries | 66 | ||
| Duodenal Injuries | 66 | ||
| Genitourinary Injuries | 66 | ||
| Small Bowel Injuries | 67 | ||
| Solid Organ Injuries | 67 | ||
| Pelvic Fractures | 67 | ||
| Spine and Spinal Trauma | 67 | ||
| Maxillofacial Injuries | 67 | ||
| Extremities and Fractures | 67 | ||
| Initial Management of the Trauma Patient in the Intensive Care Unit | 68 | ||
| Initial and Ongoing Assessment | 68 | ||
| Airway, Breathing, and Circulation | 68 | ||
| Obtaining Past Medical History | 68 | ||
| Types of Intensive Care Units | 69 | ||
| Mechanical Ventilation | 69 | ||
| Indications | 70 | ||
| Weaning | 70 | ||
| Bedside Weaning Parameters. | 70 | ||
| Methods of Weaning. | 71 | ||
| T-Piece Weaning. | 71 | ||
| Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Weaning. | 71 | ||
| Nonrespiratory Issues to Monitor in the Intensive Care Unit | 71 | ||
| Vascular Access | 71 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis | 71 | ||
| Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis | 72 | ||
| Enteral Nutrition | 72 | ||
| Electrolyte Management | 72 | ||
| Sodium | 72 | ||
| Hypernatremia. | 72 | ||
| Low Extracellular Volume. | 72 | ||
| Normal Extracellular Volume. | 72 | ||
| High Extracellular Volume. | 73 | ||
| Hyponatremia. | 73 | ||
| Pseudohyponatremia. | 73 | ||
| Hypotonic Hyponatremia. | 73 | ||
| Isovolemic Hyponatremia. | 73 | ||
| Hypervolemic Hyponatremia. | 74 | ||
| Potassium | 74 | ||
| Hypokalemia. | 74 | ||
| III Management of Head and Neck Injuries | 177 | ||
| 10 Applied Surgical Anatomy of the Head and Neck | 177 | ||
| Outline | 177 | ||
| Skin Lines and Lines of Langer | 177 | ||
| Scalp | 178 | ||
| Skin of the Face | 179 | ||
| Osteology | 179 | ||
| Midface | 179 | ||
| Maxilla | 180 | ||
| Zygoma | 182 | ||
| Temporal Fossa Approach. | 182 | ||
| Lateral Brow Approach. | 182 | ||
| Approaches to the Inferior Rim. | 182 | ||
| Transoral Approach. | 183 | ||
| Transconjunctival Approach. | 183 | ||
| Nasal Bones | 183 | ||
| Ethmoid Bone | 183 | ||
| Vomer | 184 | ||
| Palatine Bones | 184 | ||
| Inferior Nasal Concha | 184 | ||
| Frontal Bone | 184 | ||
| Sphenoid Bone | 185 | ||
| Lower Face | 186 | ||
| Mandible | 186 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint | 187 | ||
| Mandibular Fracture Location | 189 | ||
| Anatomic Factors in Fracture Displacement | 189 | ||
| Mandibular Surgical Approaches | 190 | ||
| Extraoral Surgical Approaches | 190 | ||
| Preauricular and Condylar Approaches | 190 | ||
| Risdon and Submandibular Approaches | 191 | ||
| Intraoral Surgical Approaches | 192 | ||
| Angle | 192 | ||
| Parasymphysis and Body | 192 | ||
| Muscles | 192 | ||
| Muscles of Facial Expression | 192 | ||
| Muscles of Mastication | 193 | ||
| Masseter Muscle | 193 | ||
| Temporalis Muscle | 193 | ||
| Medial Pterygoid Muscle | 193 | ||
| Lateral Pterygoid Muscle | 194 | ||
| Suprahyoid Muscles | 194 | ||
| Digastric Muscle | 194 | ||
| Mylohyoid Muscle | 195 | ||
| Geniohyoid Muscle | 195 | ||
| Stylohyoid Muscle | 195 | ||
| Infrahyoid Muscles | 195 | ||
| Sternohyoid Muscle | 196 | ||
| Omohyoid Muscle | 196 | ||
| Sternothyroid Muscle | 196 | ||
| Thyrohyoid Muscle | 196 | ||
| Soft Palate Musculature | 196 | ||
| Levator Veli Palatini | 196 | ||
| Tensor Veli Palatini | 196 | ||
| Muscle of Uvula | 196 | ||
| Pharyngeal Musculature | 196 | ||
| Superior, Middle, and Inferior Constrictors | 196 | ||
| Dilators and Elevator Muscles | 196 | ||
| Palatopharyngeus Muscle. | 196 | ||
| Salpingopharyngeus Muscle. | 196 | ||
| Palatoglossus Muscle. | 196 | ||
| Stylopharyngeus Muscle. | 197 | ||
| Arterial Blood Supply to the Head and Neck | 197 | ||
| External Carotid Artery | 197 | ||
| Branches of the External Carotid Artery | 197 | ||
| Superior Thyroid Artery. | 197 | ||
| Lingual Artery. | 197 | ||
| Suprahyoid Artery. | 197 | ||
| Dorsales Linguae Artery. | 197 | ||
| Sublingual Artery. | 197 | ||
| Deep Lingual Artery. | 198 | ||
| Facial Artery. | 198 | ||
| Cervical Division | 198 | ||
| Facial Division | 198 | ||
| Occipital Artery. | 199 | ||
| Posterior Auricular Artery. | 199 | ||
| Ascending Pharyngeal Artery. | 199 | ||
| Superficial Temporal Artery. | 199 | ||
| Maxillary Artery. | 199 | ||
| Mandibular Part of the Maxillary Artery. | 199 | ||
| Deep Auricular Artery. | 199 | ||
| Anterior Tympanic Artery. | 199 | ||
| Middle Meningeal Artery. | 199 | ||
| Inferior Alveolar Artery. | 199 | ||
| Second Part of the Maxillary Artery. | 199 | ||
| Anterior and Posterior Deep Temporal Arteries. | 199 | ||
| Masseteric Artery. | 199 | ||
| Pterygoid Branches. | 200 | ||
| Buccal Artery. | 200 | ||
| Third Part of the Maxillary Artery. | 200 | ||
| Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery. | 200 | ||
| Infraorbital Artery. | 200 | ||
| Descending Palatine Artery. | 200 | ||
| Artery of the Pterygoid Canal. | 200 | ||
| Sphenopalatine Artery. | 200 | ||
| Internal Carotid Artery | 200 | ||
| Veins of the Head and Neck | 201 | ||
| Internal Jugular Vein | 201 | ||
| Common Facial Vein | 201 | ||
| Anterior Facial Vein | 201 | ||
| Retromandibular Vein | 202 | ||
| External Jugular Vein | 202 | ||
| Anterior Jugular Vein | 202 | ||
| Neurologic Anatomy* | 202 | ||
| Trigeminal Nerve | 203 | ||
| Ophthalmic Nerve | 204 | ||
| Maxillary Nerve | 204 | ||
| Pterygopalatine Nerve. | 204 | ||
| Infraorbital Nerve. | 204 | ||
| Zygomatic Nerve. | 204 | ||
| Mandibular Nerve | 205 | ||
| Buccal Nerve. | 206 | ||
| Lingual Nerve. | 206 | ||
| Inferior Alveolar Nerve. | 206 | ||
| Auriculotemporal Nerve. | 206 | ||
| Facial Nerve | 206 | ||
| Temporal Branch | 207 | ||
| Zygomatic Branch | 207 | ||
| Buccal Branch | 208 | ||
| Mandibular Branch | 208 | ||
| Cervical Branch | 208 | ||
| Hypoglossal Nerve | 208 | ||
| Regional Anatomy | 208 | ||
| Orbital Anatomy | 208 | ||
| Orbital Muscles* | 211 | ||
| Orbicularis Oculi Muscle. | 211 | ||
| Levator Palpebrae Superioris. | 212 | ||
| Rectus Muscles. | 212 | ||
| Superior Oblique Muscle. | 212 | ||
| Inferior Oblique Muscle. | 212 | ||
| Medial Palpebral Ligament | 212 | ||
| Medial Canthal Ligament. | 212 | ||
| Orbital Blood Supply | 212 | ||
| Orbital Nerves | 213 | ||
| Sensory Nerves. | 213 | ||
| Motor Nerves. | 213 | ||
| Nasal Anatomy | 213 | ||
| External Nasal Anatomy | 213 | ||
| Nasal Cavity Anatomy | 215 | ||
| Parotid Region | 215 | ||
| Parotid Gland | 215 | ||
| Submandibular Gland | 216 | ||
| Floor of the Mouth | 218 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 219 | ||
| References | 219 | ||
| 11 Early Assessment and Treatment Planning of the Maxillofacial Trauma Patient | 220 | ||
| Outline | 220 | ||
| Airway (With Cervical Spine Protection) | 220 | ||
| Breathing and Ventilation | 220 | ||
| Circulation | 221 | ||
| Scalp | 221 | ||
| Nose | 221 | ||
| Oral Cavity | 221 | ||
| Disability | 221 | ||
| Exposure | 221 | ||
| History of Present Illness | 221 | ||
| Review of Systems | 222 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 222 | ||
| Soft Tissue and Scalp | 222 | ||
| Forehead | 222 | ||
| Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid Complex | 222 | ||
| Inspection | 223 | ||
| Palpation | 223 | ||
| Nose | 223 | ||
| Orbit | 223 | ||
| Malar Area | 224 | ||
| Ear | 227 | ||
| Maxilla, Mandible, and Dentoalveolar Structures | 227 | ||
| Neck | 227 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 229 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 229 | ||
| Postoperative Considerations | 230 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 230 | ||
| References | 230 | ||
| 12 Radiographic Evaluation of Facial Injuries | 232 | ||
| Outline | 232 | ||
| Maxillofacial Skeleton and Significance of Osseous Structures | 232 | ||
| Causes and Classification of Facial Injuries | 233 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging of Maxillofacial Injuries | 233 | ||
| Imaging Modalities | 233 | ||
| Plain Films | 233 | ||
| Cervical Spine Films | 234 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 236 | ||
| Computed Tomography Angiography | 236 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 237 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 237 | ||
| Symmetry. | 238 | ||
| Sharpness. | 238 | ||
| Sinus. | 238 | ||
| Soft Tissue. | 239 | ||
| Facial Fractures | 239 | ||
| Upper Face Fractures | 240 | ||
| Frontal Bone Fractures | 240 | ||
| Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid Complex Fractures | 240 | ||
| Midface Fractures | 241 | ||
| Orbital Fractures | 241 | ||
| Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures | 242 | ||
| Zygomatic Arch | 242 | ||
| LeFort Fractures | 243 | ||
| Lower Face Fractures | 244 | ||
| Mandibular and Dentoalveolar Fractures | 244 | ||
| Summary | 246 | ||
| References | 246 | ||
| 13 Diagnosis and Management of Dentoalveolar Injuries | 248 | ||
| Outline | 248 | ||
| Examination and Diagnosis | 251 | ||
| Classification | 257 | ||
| Injuries to Hard Dental Tissue and Pulp | 257 | ||
| Crown Infraction. | 257 | ||
| Uncomplicated Crown Fracture. | 257 | ||
| Complicated Crown Fracture. | 257 | ||
| Uncomplicated Crown-Root Fracture. | 257 | ||
| Complicated Crown-Root Fracture. | 257 | ||
| Root Fracture. | 257 | ||
| Injuries to the Periodontal Tissue | 257 | ||
| Concussion. | 257 | ||
| Subluxation (Loosening). | 257 | ||
| Intrusive Luxation (Central Dislocation). | 257 | ||
| Extrusive Luxation (Peripheral Dislocation, Partial Avulsion). | 257 | ||
| Lateral Luxation. | 257 | ||
| Retained Root Fracture. | 257 | ||
| Exarticulation (Complete Avulsion). | 257 | ||
| Injuries to the Supporting Bone | 257 | ||
| Comminution of the Alveolar Socket. | 257 | ||
| Fracture of the Alveolar Socket Wall. | 259 | ||
| Fracture of the Alveolar Process. | 259 | ||
| Fractures of the Mandible or Maxilla. | 259 | ||
| Injuries to the Gingiva or Oral Mucosa | 259 | ||
| Laceration of Gingiva or Oral Mucosa. | 259 | ||
| Contusion of Gingiva or Mucosa. | 259 | ||
| Abrasion of Gingiva or Oral Mucosa. | 259 | ||
| Treatment | 259 | ||
| Injuries to Hard Dental Tissue and Pulp | 259 | ||
| Crown Infractions. | 259 | ||
| Crown Fractures. | 260 | ||
| Crown-Root Fractures. | 262 | ||
| Root Fractures. | 262 | ||
| Injuries to the Periodontal Tissue | 267 | ||
| Concussion. | 267 | ||
| Subluxation. | 267 | ||
| Intrusive Luxation. | 267 | ||
| Extrusive Luxation. | 269 | ||
| Lateral Luxation. | 269 | ||
| Avulsion (Exarticulation). | 270 | ||
| Healing With a Normal Periodontal Ligament. | 273 | ||
| Healing With Surface Resorption. | 274 | ||
| Healing With Ankylosis (Replacement Resorption). | 274 | ||
| Inflammatory Resorption. | 274 | ||
| Injuries to the Supporting Bone | 277 | ||
| Comminution of the Alveolar Bone. | 277 | ||
| Fractures of the Alveolar Socket Wall. | 277 | ||
| Fractures of the Alveolar Process. | 278 | ||
| Fractures of the Maxilla and Mandible. | 279 | ||
| Splinting Techniques | 279 | ||
| Acid Etch Resin Splint | 280 | ||
| Semirigid Splint | 281 | ||
| Restoration | 282 | ||
| Mouth Protectors | 283 | ||
| Types of Mouth Protectors | 285 | ||
| Stock Mouth Protectors | 285 | ||
| Mouth-Formed Protectors | 285 | ||
| Shell-Liner Mouthguard. | 286 | ||
| Thermoplastic Mouthguard. | 286 | ||
| Bimaxillary Mouthguard | 286 | ||
| Custom-Made Mouth Protectors | 287 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 289 | ||
| References | 289 | ||
| Selected Readings | 292 | ||
| 14 Mandibular Fractures | 293 | ||
| Outline | 293 | ||
| Historical Considerations | 293 | ||
| History of Treatment | 293 | ||
| Bandages and External Appliances | 293 | ||
| Extraoral and Intraoral Appliances | 294 | ||
| Monomaxillary Wiring, Bars, Arches, And Splints | 294 | ||
| Intermaxillary Wiring | 294 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Using Sutures | 294 | ||
| Transosseous wires | 295 | ||
| Bone Plates | 295 | ||
| Biodegradable Plates and Plating Systems | 296 | ||
| Edentulous Mandibular Fractures | 296 | ||
| Demographics and Epidemiology | 297 | ||
| Causes | 297 | ||
| Location of Mandibular Fractures | 298 | ||
| Facial Fractures Associated with Mandibular Fractures | 298 | ||
| Number of Fractures Per Mandible | 298 | ||
| Nonmaxillofacial Trauma Associated with Mandibular Fractures | 298 | ||
| Classification of Mandibular Fractures | 298 | ||
| Dictionary Classification | 298 | ||
| Classification by Anatomic Region | 298 | ||
| Diagnosis of Mandibular Fractures | 301 | ||
| Patient History | 301 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 302 | ||
| Change in Occlusion. | 302 | ||
| Anesthesia, Paresthesia, or Dysesthesia of the Lower Lip. | 303 | ||
| Abnormal Mandibular Movements. | 303 | ||
| Change in Facial Contour and Mandibular Arch Form. | 303 | ||
| Lacerations, Hematoma, and Ecchymosis. | 303 | ||
| Loose Teeth and Crepitation on Palpation. | 303 | ||
| Dolor, Tumor, Rubor, and Color. | 304 | ||
| Radiologic Examination | 304 | ||
| General Principles of Treatment | 306 | ||
| Indications for Closed Reduction | 307 | ||
| Nondisplaced Favorable Fractures. | 307 | ||
| Grossly Comminuted Fractures. | 308 | ||
| Fractures Exposed by Significant Loss of Overlying Soft Tissue. | 308 | ||
| Edentulous Mandibular Fractures. | 309 | ||
| Mandibular Fractures in Children With Developing Dentition. | 309 | ||
| Coronoid Process Fractures. | 310 | ||
| Condylar Fractures. | 310 | ||
| Indications for Open Reduction | 310 | ||
| Displaced Unfavorable Fractures Through the Angle of the Mandible. | 311 | ||
| Displaced Unfavorable Fractures of the Body or Parasymphyseal Region of the Mandible. | 311 | ||
| Multiple Fractures of the Facial Bones. | 311 | ||
| Midface Fractures and Displaced Bilateral Condylar Fractures. | 311 | ||
| Fractures of an Edentulous Mandible With Severe Displacement of the Fracture Fragments. | 311 | ||
| Edentulous Maxilla Opposing a Mandibular Fracture. | 311 | ||
| Delay of Treatment and Interposition of Soft Tissue Between Noncontacting Displaced Fracture Fragments. | 312 | ||
| Malunion. | 312 | ||
| Special Systemic Conditions Contraindicating Intermaxillary Fixation. | 312 | ||
| Treatment of Mandibular Fractures | 312 | ||
| Closed Reduction and Fixation of Dentulous Maxilla and Mandible | 313 | ||
| Bridle Wire. | 313 | ||
| IV Special Considerations in The Management of Traumatic Injuries | 683 | ||
| 26 Anesthetic Considerations in the Acutely Injured Patient | 683 | ||
| Outline | 683 | ||
| Importance of the Airway in Maxillofacial Trauma | 683 | ||
| Airway Examination and Management | 684 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 684 | ||
| History | 684 | ||
| Physical Examination | 685 | ||
| Injuries Affecting the Airway | 685 | ||
| Maxillofacial Injury | 685 | ||
| Cervical Spine Injury | 686 | ||
| Cervical Airway Injury | 686 | ||
| Thermal and Inhalation Injury | 686 | ||
| Injuries Affecting Breathing | 687 | ||
| Thoracic Trauma Injury | 687 | ||
| Anesthetic Strategies | 688 | ||
| Triage | 688 | ||
| Basic Principles of Management | 688 | ||
| Patient Position | 688 | ||
| Sedation and Analgesia Techniques | 689 | ||
| Induction of Anesthesia | 689 | ||
| Awake Endotracheal Intubation | 689 | ||
| Factors Affecting Anesthetic Strategies | 690 | ||
| Full Stomach | 690 | ||
| Intracranial Injury | 690 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 691 | ||
| Cervical Spine Injury | 691 | ||
| Thermal and Inhalation Injury | 692 | ||
| Postoperative Airway Support | 693 | ||
| Postoperative Sedation and Analgesia in the Intensive Care Unit | 693 | ||
| Propofol | 693 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 693 | ||
| Etomidate | 693 | ||
| Dexmedetomidine | 693 | ||
| Mechanical Ventilation | 694 | ||
| Summary | 694 | ||
| References | 694 | ||
| 27 Maxillofacial Ballistic and Missile Injuries | 696 | ||
| Outline | 696 | ||
| Epidemiology | 696 | ||
| Fatal and Nonfatal Firearm Injuries | 697 | ||
| Risk Factors for Firearm Injuries | 697 | ||
| Unintended Firearm Injuries | 697 | ||
| Pediatric Firearm Injuries | 697 | ||
| Alcohol and Drug Abuse | 700 | ||
| Other Risk Factors | 700 | ||
| Characteristics of Maxillofacial Ballistic and Missile Injuries | 700 | ||
| Categorization of Gunshot Injuries | 701 | ||
| Injury Patterns and Associated Injuries | 706 | ||
| Acute Care Considerations | 708 | ||
| Airway Management | 708 | ||
| Hemorrhage Management | 709 | ||
| Management of Gunshot Wounds to the Face | 710 | ||
| Soft and Hard Tissue Involvement | 710 | ||
| Bone and Soft Tissue Reconstruction | 711 | ||
| Postoperative Complications | 713 | ||
| Summary | 713 | ||
| References | 714 | ||
| 28 Head and Neck Burn Injury | 717 | ||
| Outline | 717 | ||
| Epidemiology | 717 | ||
| Mechanisms of Burn Injury | 718 | ||
| Thermal Injury | 718 | ||
| Scalds | 718 | ||
| Flame Injury | 718 | ||
| Cold Exposure (Frostbite) | 718 | ||
| Chemical Burns | 718 | ||
| Electrical Burns | 718 | ||
| Radiation Burns | 718 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Burns | 718 | ||
| Skin Anatomy | 718 | ||
| Body Responses to Burns | 719 | ||
| Local Responses | 719 | ||
| Zone of Coagulation. | 719 | ||
| Zone of Stasis. | 719 | ||
| Zone of Hyperemia. | 719 | ||
| Systemic Responses | 719 | ||
| Cardiovascular Changes. | 720 | ||
| Respiratory Changes. | 720 | ||
| Metabolic Changes. | 720 | ||
| Immunologic Changes. | 720 | ||
| Severity Index | 720 | ||
| Classifications of Burn Depth | 720 | ||
| Superficial Burn (First-Degree) | 720 | ||
| Partial-Thickness Burns (Second-Degree) | 720 | ||
| Full-Thickness Burns (Third-Degree) | 720 | ||
| Fourth-Degree Burns | 722 | ||
| Burn Assessment | 722 | ||
| Burn Size | 723 | ||
| The Rule of Nines. | 723 | ||
| Management | 723 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 723 | ||
| Criteria for Hospital Admission | 723 | ||
| Prehospital Care | 724 | ||
| Eliminating the Heat Source | 724 | ||
| Airway Management and Oxygen Administration | 724 | ||
| Fluid Replacement | 724 | ||
| Hospital Care | 724 | ||
| Inhalation Injury | 724 | ||
| Carbon Monoxide Toxicity. | 724 | ||
| Fluid Resuscitation. | 725 | ||
| Tetanus Consideration | 725 | ||
| Pain Control | 725 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Interventions | 725 | ||
| Primary Burn Wound Management | 725 | ||
| Wound Dressing | 725 | ||
| Topical Antibiotics. | 725 | ||
| Silver-Containing Dressings. | 725 | ||
| Silver Sulfadiazine. | 725 | ||
| Chlorhexidine. | 726 | ||
| Mafenide Acetate. | 726 | ||
| Biosynthetic Dressings. | 726 | ||
| Escharotomy | 726 | ||
| Secondary Burn Wound Management | 726 | ||
| Facial Burns | 726 | ||
| Eye Burn Injury | 726 | ||
| Eyelid Burn | 727 | ||
| Brow Burn | 727 | ||
| Ear Burn Injury | 727 | ||
| Nasal Burn Injuries | 727 | ||
| Scalp Burn Injuries | 728 | ||
| Mouth Burn Injuries | 729 | ||
| Summary | 729 | ||
| References | 733 | ||
| 29 Management of Pediatric Facial Fractures | 735 | ||
| Outline | 735 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 735 | ||
| Epidemiology of Facial Fractures | 735 | ||
| Diagnosis | 736 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 736 | ||
| Radiologic Examination | 737 | ||
| Types of Fractures | 737 | ||
| Dental Trauma | 737 | ||
| Alveolar Fractures | 737 | ||
| Midfacial Fractures | 738 | ||
| Nasal Fractures | 738 | ||
| Maxillary Fractures | 738 | ||
| Orbital Fractures | 739 | ||
| Type 1: Pure Orbital Fractures | 739 | ||
| Type 2: Craniofacial Fractures | 739 | ||
| Type 3: Orbital Fractures Associated With Common Fracture Patterns | 739 | ||
| Frontal Sinus Fractures and Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid Fractures | 739 | ||
| Fractures of the Zygomatic Complex | 742 | ||
| Mandibular Fractures | 742 | ||
| Fractures of the Mandibular Condyle | 742 | ||
| Treatment of Condylar Fractures | 745 | ||
| Mandibular Angle, Body, and Symphysis Fractures | 745 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 745 | ||
| References | 747 | ||
| 30 Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma in the Geriatric Patient | 749 | ||
| Outline | 749 | ||
| The Biology of Aging | 749 | ||
| System Changes | 750 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 750 | ||
| Respiratory System | 751 | ||
| Renal System | 751 | ||
| Nutrition | 751 | ||
| Psychosocial Issues | 752 | ||
| Soft Tissue Trauma and Wound Healing | 753 | ||
| Facial Fracture Management in the Geriatric Patient | 754 | ||
| Maxillary Fractures | 754 | ||
| Midface Fractures | 755 | ||
| Mandibular Fractures | 756 | ||
| Atrophic Mandibular Fractures | 758 | ||
| Geriatric Trauma: Outcome and Survivability | 759 | ||
| References | 760 | ||
| 31 Reconstruction of Avulsive Defects of the Maxillofacial Complex | 763 | ||
| Outline | 763 | ||
| Causes of Avulsive Injuries of the Maxillofacial Complex | 763 | ||
| Firearm Injuries | 765 | ||
| Occupational and Farm Injuries | 765 | ||
| Tearing Injuries | 765 | ||
| Abrasion Injuries | 765 | ||
| Incidence | 766 | ||
| Assessment and Initial Medical Management | 766 | ||
| Classification | 767 | ||
| Avulsive Soft Tissue Maxillofacial Injuries | 767 | ||
| Avulsive Hard Tissue Maxillofacial Injuries | 767 | ||
| Initial Surgical Management of Avulsive Maxillofacial Injuries | 768 | ||
| Reconstruction of Avulsive Soft Tissue Injuries | 770 | ||
| Ear Avulsions | 770 | ||
| Scalp and Nasal Avulsions | 771 | ||
| Anterolateral Thigh Flap | 771 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapy for Complete and Partial Soft Tissue Avulsions of the Maxillofacial Region | 772 | ||
| Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy | 772 | ||
| Medicinal Leech Therapy | 772 | ||
| Reconstruction of Avulsive Hard Tissue Injuries | 772 | ||
| Mandibular Reconstruction | 772 | ||
| Simple Alveolar Defects | 773 | ||
| Small Mandibular Defects Requiring No Cutaneous or Mucosal Grafting | 774 | ||
| Anterior Ilium | 774 | ||
| Posterior Ilium | 775 | ||
| Mandibular Condyle Defects | 775 | ||
| Large Mandibular Defects And/or Those Requiring Soft Tissue Coverage | 776 | ||
| Free Fibula Flap | 776 | ||
| Iliac Crest Free Flap | 780 | ||
| Free Radial Forearm Flap | 780 | ||
| Free Scapula Flap | 781 | ||
| Midfacial and Upper Facial Third Reconstruction | 781 | ||
| Defects Not Requiring Soft Tissue Replacement | 781 | ||
| Defects Requiring Soft Tissue Replacement | 784 | ||
| Special Concerns | 784 | ||
| Combined Mandibular and Midfacial and Upper Facial Hard Tissue Reconstruction | 784 | ||
| Osseointegrated Implants | 784 | ||
| Custom-Fabricated, Patient-Specific Implants and Endocultivation | 785 | ||
| Computerized Surgical Stents | 785 | ||
| Composite Tissue Allograft Transplant | 785 | ||
| References | 787 | ||
| 32 Infection in the Patient with Maxillofacial Trauma | 790 | ||
| Outline | 790 | ||
| Causes of Infection | 790 | ||
| Local Factors | 790 | ||
| Systemic Factors | 792 | ||
| Anergy | 793 | ||
| Management of Wounds | 793 | ||
| Preparation of the Patient for Surgery | 795 | ||
| Prophylactic Antibiotics | 796 | ||
| Early Detection of Infection | 797 | ||
| Treatment of Wound Infection | 799 | ||
| Infections Caused by Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma | 799 | ||
| Soft Tissue Lacerations | 799 | ||
| Animal Bites | 800 | ||
| Human Bites | 800 | ||
| Facial Bone Fractures | 801 | ||
| Antibiotic Therapy | 802 | ||
| Management of Teeth Associated with Mandibular Fracture | 802 | ||
| Infections Associated with Fractures | 803 | ||
| Midfacial Fractures | 805 | ||
| Nosocomial Infections | 805 | ||
| Tetanus | 805 | ||
| Treating the Patient with Viral Infection | 805 | ||
| Summary | 806 | ||
| References | 806 | ||
| 33 Principles of Fixation for Maxillofacial Trauma | 808 | ||
| Outline | 808 | ||
| History of Fracture Treatment and Development of Modern Osteosynthesis | 808 | ||
| Biology of Bone and Bone Healing | 808 | ||
| Biophysics of the Facial Skeleton | 809 | ||
| Methods of Fixation | 810 | ||
| Rigid Versus Functionally Stable Fixation | 812 | ||
| Compression Plate Osteosynthesis | 812 | ||
| Noncompression Osteosynthesis | 814 | ||
| Mandibular Fixation | 814 | ||
| Locking Plates | 815 | ||
| Miniplates | 815 | ||
| Reconstruction Plates | 818 | ||
| Lag Screws | 818 | ||
| Midface and Upper Face Fixation | 819 | ||
| Bioabsorbable Plate Fixation | 820 | ||
| Complications of Internal Fixation | 824 | ||
| Surgical Site Infection | 824 | ||
| Dental Injury | 824 | ||
| Nerve Injury | 825 | ||
| Malocclusion | 825 | ||
| References | 826 | ||
| 34 Minimally Invasive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Trauma | 828 | ||
| Outline | 828 | ||
| Endoscopic Treatment of Subcondylar Fractures | 828 | ||
| Extraoral Approach | 829 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 829 | ||
| Outcomes | 829 | ||
| Endoscopic Intraoral Approach | 830 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 830 | ||
| Outcomes | 834 | ||
| Discussion | 836 | ||
| Endoscopic Treatment of the Frontal Sinus | 837 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 837 | ||
| Outcomes | 839 | ||
| Summary | 839 | ||
| Endoscopic Repair of the Zygomatic Complex Fracture | 839 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 839 | ||
| Discussion | 840 | ||
| Endoscopic Repair of the Orbital Floor Fracture | 840 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 841 | ||
| Summary | 842 | ||
| References | 842 | ||
| Index | 845 | ||
| A | 845 | ||
| B | 847 | ||
| C | 848 | ||
| D | 850 | ||
| E | 851 | ||
| F | 852 | ||
| G | 854 | ||
| H | 855 | ||
| I | 856 | ||
| J | 857 | ||
| K | 857 | ||
| L | 857 | ||
| M | 859 | ||
| N | 862 | ||
| O | 863 | ||
| P | 865 | ||
| Q | 867 | ||
| R | 867 | ||
| S | 868 | ||
| T | 871 | ||
| U | 873 | ||
| V | 873 | ||
| W | 874 | ||
| X | 874 | ||
| Y | 874 | ||
| Z | 874 | ||
| Endsheets 3-4 | BM3 | ||
| Endsheets 5-7 | BM5 |