BOOK
Pediatric Dentistry - E-Book
Paul S. Casamassimo | Henry W. Fields | Dennis J. McTigue | Arthur Nowak
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Now in full color, this text uses a unique age-specific organization to discuss all aspects of pediatric dentistry from infancy through adolescence. Each age-specific section covers the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that children experience, as well as the epidemiology of dental disease at that age. Other chapters explore the examination, treatment planning, radiographic concerns, prevention, trauma, restorative dentistry, pulp therapy, orthodontics, and behavior management of each age range.
- Unique organization begins with an introduction to the basic information and topics pertinent to children of all ages, then divides up the rest of the text by age group to cover the specific changes the child experiences physically, cognitively, emotionally, and socially. In most cases, particular dental issues are discussed only once, at the point in a child’s development at which they are most appropriate.
- Section on children from conception to age three covers conditions such as cleft palate, disturbances in calcification, unusual numbers of teeth, oral habits, caries, and the development of malocclusions that start during these years.
- Chapter on aesthetic restorative dentistry for the adolescent looks at material selection, tooth color and form, diastemas, discolored teeth, bleaching and more.
- Chapter on sport dentistry and mouth protection covers how to evaluate child/adolescent athletes, the different types of mouth protection available, and professional activities in sports dentistry.
- Chapter on the diagnosis of oral lesions and developmental anomalies uses tables and extensive illustrations to depict developmental anomalies, white soft tissue lesions and enlargements, dark soft tissue lesions, ulcerative lesions, radiolucent lesions of bone, mixed radiolucent and radiopaque lesions of bone.
- NEW! Full-color design creates an immediate visual impact and better illustrates concepts and dental conditions.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Pediatric Dentistry, 5/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Table Of Contents | ix | ||
| One Fundamentals of Pediatric Dentistry | 1 | ||
| 1 The Practical Importance of Pediatric Dentistry | 2 | ||
| Outline | 2 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 2 | ||
| Milestones in Dentistry for Children in the United States | 3 | ||
| Challenges for Pediatric Dentistry in the 21st Century | 4 | ||
| Child Abuse and Neglect | 4 | ||
| Children of Poverty | 5 | ||
| Informed Consent and Risk Management | 5 | ||
| Evidence-Based Dental Practice | 7 | ||
| Technology and Materials | 8 | ||
| Health Care Delivery and Payment Strategies | 8 | ||
| Caries Risk Assessment | 9 | ||
| Advocacy | 9 | ||
| References | 10 | ||
| 2 Differential Diagnosis of Oral Lesions and Developmental Anomalies | 11 | ||
| Bibliography | 11 | ||
| 3 Anomalies of the Developing Dentition | 54 | ||
| Outline | 54 | ||
| Anomalies of Number | 54 | ||
| Hyperdontia | 54 | ||
| Hypodontia | 55 | ||
| Anomalies of Size | 55 | ||
| Microdontia and Macrodontia | 55 | ||
| Fusion | 56 | ||
| Gemination | 56 | ||
| Anomalies of Shape | 56 | ||
| Dens Evaginatus | 57 | ||
| Dens in Dente | 57 | ||
| Taurodont | 57 | ||
| Dilaceration | 58 | ||
| Anomalies of Structure | 58 | ||
| Enamel | 58 | ||
| Amelogenesis Imperfecta | 58 | ||
| Hypoplastic Type | 59 | ||
| Hypomaturation Type | 59 | ||
| Hypoplastic/Hypomaturation Amelogenesis Imperfecta with Taurodontism | 59 | ||
| Hypocalcification Type | 60 | ||
| Environmental Enamel Hypoplasia | 60 | ||
| Localized Enamel Hypoplasia | 60 | ||
| Enamel Hypocalcification | 60 | ||
| Dentin | 61 | ||
| Dentinogenesis Imperfecta | 61 | ||
| Dentin Dysplasia | 61 | ||
| Regional Odontodysplasia | 62 | ||
| Cementum | 63 | ||
| Anomalies of Color | 63 | ||
| References | 64 | ||
| 4 Oral and Dental Care of Local and Systemic Diseases | 65 | ||
| Outline | 65 | ||
| Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis | 65 | ||
| Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection | 66 | ||
| Oropharyngeal Candidiasis | 67 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 68 | ||
| Oral and Dental Manifestations | 69 | ||
| Oral and Dental Treatment Concerns | 69 | ||
| Hemophilia A | 69 | ||
| Oral and Dental Treatment Concerns | 70 | ||
| Pediatric Osteoporosis | 70 | ||
| Oral and Dental Treatment Concerns | 72 | ||
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | 72 | ||
| Craniofacial Manifestations and Dental Care Considerations | 72 | ||
| Pediatric Cancer | 73 | ||
| Dental and Oral Care Considerations | 74 | ||
| Patient’s Medical History and Hematologic Status | 74 | ||
| Oral Hygiene, Diet, and Caries Prevention | 75 | ||
| Oral and Dental Treatment Concerns | 76 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 77 | ||
| Dental and Oral Care Considerations | 77 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy | 77 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| 5 Topics in Pediatric Physiology | 81 | ||
| Outline | 81 | ||
| Respiratory System (Figure 5-1) | 81 | ||
| Anatomy | 81 | ||
| Two Conception to Age Three | 149 | ||
| 12 The Dynamics of Change | 150 | ||
| n Outline | 150 | ||
| Physical Changes | 150 | ||
| Body | 150 | ||
| Craniofacial Changes | 151 | ||
| Intrauterine Growth and Development | 151 | ||
| Growth and Development after Birth | 153 | ||
| Dental Changes | 155 | ||
| Growth | 157 | ||
| Initiation | 157 | ||
| Proliferation | 158 | ||
| Histodifferentiation | 160 | ||
| Morphodifferentiation | 160 | ||
| Apposition | 164 | ||
| Calcification | 166 | ||
| Eruption | 169 | ||
| Attrition | 170 | ||
| The Primary Dentition to Age 3 Years | 170 | ||
| The Permanent Dentition to Age 3 Years | 170 | ||
| Cognitive Changes | 172 | ||
| Emotional Changes | 176 | ||
| Social Changes | 177 | ||
| The First Year | 177 | ||
| The Second Year | 177 | ||
| The Third Year | 177 | ||
| Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Dental Disease | 177 | ||
| Current Concepts of the Caries Process | 178 | ||
| Microbiology of Dental Caries | 178 | ||
| Transmission of Mutans Streptococci | 178 | ||
| Formation of Plaque | 179 | ||
| Histopathology of Smooth Surface Lesions | 180 | ||
| Demineralization-Remineralization | 180 | ||
| Diet | 181 | ||
| Saliva and Other Host Factors | 181 | ||
| Early Childhood Caries | 181 | ||
| References | 182 | ||
| 13 Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning of the Infant and Toddler | 184 | ||
| Outline | 184 | ||
| Infant Oral Health | 184 | ||
| Goals of Infant Oral Health | 185 | ||
| Break the Cycle of Early Childhood Caries | 185 | ||
| Disrupt the Acquisition of Harmful Microflora | 185 | ||
| Manage the Risk/Benefit of Habits | 185 | ||
| Establish A Dental Home for Health or Harm | 185 | ||
| Impart Optimal Fluoride Protection | 185 | ||
| Use Anticipatory Guidance to Arm Parents in the Therapeutic Alliance | 186 | ||
| Concepts of Infant Oral Health | 186 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 186 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance | 186 | ||
| Health Supervision | 186 | ||
| Infant Oral Health as a Diagnostic Process | 187 | ||
| Elements of the Infant Oral Health Visit | 188 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 188 | ||
| Oral Examination and Assessment of Clinical Risk Factors | 189 | ||
| Risk Profiling | 190 | ||
| Anticipatory Guidance | 190 | ||
| Growth and Development Treatment Planning | 190 | ||
| Nonnutritive Sucking Habits | 191 | ||
| Origins of Nonnutritive Sucking Habits | 191 | ||
| Prevalence of Nonnutritive Sucking Habits | 195 | ||
| Effects and Mechanisms of Nonnutritive Sucking Habits on the Dentition | 195 | ||
| Recommendations | 196 | ||
| Office Readiness for Infant Oral Health | 196 | ||
| Responsibility of Nondental Professionals Regarding Infant Oral Health | 196 | ||
| References | 198 | ||
| 14 Prevention of Dental Disease | 200 | ||
| n Outline | 200 | ||
| Prenatal Counseling | 200 | ||
| Caries Risk Assessment | 202 | ||
| Establishing a Dental Home | 202 | ||
| Fluoride Administration | 203 | ||
| Rationale | 203 | ||
| Mechanisms of Action | 203 | ||
| Systemic Fluorides | 203 | ||
| Water Fluoridation | 203 | ||
| Dietary Fluoride Supplements | 204 | ||
| Topical Fluorides | 206 | ||
| Fluoride Varnish | 206 | ||
| Concentrated Fluorides for Home Use | 207 | ||
| Safety and Toxicity | 207 | ||
| Diet | 208 | ||
| Home Care | 209 | ||
| References | 211 | ||
| 15 Introduction to Dental Trauma: | 213 | ||
| Outline | 213 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology of Trauma in the Primary Dentition | 213 | ||
| Classification of Injuries to Teeth | 214 | ||
| History | 215 | ||
| Medical History | 216 | ||
| History of the Dental Injury | 217 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 218 | ||
| Extraoral Examination | 218 | ||
| Intraoral Examination | 219 | ||
| Radiographic Examination | 219 | ||
| Indications for Radiographs | 219 | ||
| Radiographic Techniques | 219 | ||
| Timing of Follow-Up Radiographs | 219 | ||
| Emergency Care | 219 | ||
| Injuries to the Hard Dental Tissues | 219 | ||
| Cracks and Fractures of the Enamel and Dentin Without Pulp Exposure | 219 | ||
| Fractures of the Enamel and Dentin with Pulp Exposure | 220 | ||
| Crown-Root Fractures | 220 | ||
| Root Fractures | 220 | ||
| Injuries to the Chin | 220 | ||
| Injuries to the Supporting Tissues | 221 | ||
| Concussion and Subluxation | 221 | ||
| Intrusion | 221 | ||
| Extrusion | 222 | ||
| Lingual Luxation | 222 | ||
| Avulsion | 222 | ||
| Information and Instructions for Parents | 223 | ||
| Emergency Telephone Call | 223 | ||
| Information and Instructions Provided at the Emergency Visit | 223 | ||
| Pathologic Sequelae of Trauma to the Teeth | 223 | ||
| Reversible Pulpitis | 223 | ||
| Infection of the Periodontal Ligament | 223 | ||
| Irreversible Pulpitis | 223 | ||
| Pulp Necrosis and Infection | 224 | ||
| Coronal Discoloration | 225 | ||
| Inflammatory Resorption | 226 | ||
| Internal Resorption | 226 | ||
| External Resorption | 226 | ||
| Replacement Resorption | 227 | ||
| Pulp Canal Obliteration | 228 | ||
| Complications Following Intrusion | 228 | ||
| Complications Following Avulsion | 229 | ||
| Injuries to Developing Permanent Teeth | 229 | ||
| References | 229 | ||
| 16 Congenital Genetic Disorders and Syndromes | 231 | ||
| Outline | 231 | ||
| Basic Genetic Concepts | 232 | ||
| Molecular Basis of Disease | 232 | ||
| Inheritance Patterns | 232 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant | 232 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive | 233 | ||
| X-Linked | 233 | ||
| Chromosomal Anomalies | 234 | ||
| Multifactorial Inheritance | 234 | ||
| Nontraditional Inheritance | 234 | ||
| Dentist as Dysmorphologist | 234 | ||
| Ocular Anomalies | 235 | ||
| Auricular Anomalies | 235 | ||
| Anomalies of the Mouth and Oral Region | 235 | ||
| Dental Anomalies | 235 | ||
| Syndromes with Craniofacial Anomalies | 239 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 239 | ||
| Ectodermal Dysplasia/Hypodontia | 239 | ||
| Cleidocranial Dysplasia | 240 | ||
| Williams Syndrome | 241 | ||
| Fragile X Syndrome | 241 | ||
| Dentinogenesis Imperfecta | 242 | ||
| Amelogenesis Imperfecta | 242 | ||
| Treacher Collins Syndrome | 242 | ||
| Van Der Woude Syndrome | 243 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 243 | ||
| Hypophosphatasia | 244 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 245 | ||
| Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project | 245 | ||
| References | 245 | ||
| Three The Primary Dentition Years: Three to Six Years | 247 | ||
| 17 The Dynamics of Change | 248 | ||
| Outline | 248 | ||
| Physical Changes | 248 | ||
| Body | 248 | ||
| Craniofacial Changes | 248 | ||
| Dental Changes | 250 | ||
| Cognitive Changes | 251 | ||
| Emotional Changes | 252 | ||
| Social Changes | 252 | ||
| Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Dental Disease | 253 | ||
| Epidemiology of Dental Caries in the Primary Dentition | 253 | ||
| Location of Dental Caries in the Primary Dentition | 255 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 255 | ||
| Consequences of Dental Caries | 256 | ||
| References | 256 | ||
| 18 Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning | 258 | ||
| Outline | 258 | ||
| Diagnosis for Nonorthodontic Problems | 258 | ||
| Patient Records | 258 | ||
| The History | 259 | ||
| The Examination | 261 | ||
| Behavioral Assessment | 261 | ||
| General Appraisal | 261 | ||
| Head and Neck Examination | 262 | ||
| Facial Examination | 264 | ||
| Overall Facial Pattern | 264 | ||
| Positions of the Maxilla and Mandible | 265 | ||
| Vertical Facial Relationships | 266 | ||
| Lip Position | 266 | ||
| Facial Symmetry | 266 | ||
| Intraoral Examination | 266 | ||
| Occlusal Evaluation | 267 | ||
| Alignment | 267 | ||
| Anteroposterior Dimension | 268 | ||
| Transverse Relationship | 270 | ||
| Vertical Dimension | 270 | ||
| Supplemental Orthodontic Diagnostic Techniques | 271 | ||
| Diagnostic Casts | 271 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 271 | ||
| Treatment Planning for Nonorthodontic Problems | 275 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| 19 Prevention of Dental Disease | 279 | ||
| Outline | 279 | ||
| Fluoride Administration | 279 | ||
| Dietary Fluoride Supplementation | 279 | ||
| Topical Fluoride Therapy | 281 | ||
| Professional Applications OF Fluoride | 281 | ||
| Indications for Professional Topical Fluoride Applications | 281 | ||
| Cost-Benefit Considerations | 281 | ||
| Prophylaxis before Topical Fluoride Treatment | 282 | ||
| Methods OF Application | 282 | ||
| Considerations for Special Patients | 284 | ||
| Dietary Management | 287 | ||
| Dietary Counseling | 288 | ||
| Home Care | 289 | ||
| References | 290 | ||
| 20 Dental Materials | 291 | ||
| Outline | 291 | ||
| Bases and Liners | 291 | ||
| Calcium Hydroxide | 291 | ||
| Zinc Oxide–Eugenol | 291 | ||
| Zinc Phosphate | 293 | ||
| Glass Ionomer Cement | 294 | ||
| Cavity Varnishes | 294 | ||
| Dentin-Bonding Agents | 295 | ||
| Restorative Materials | 295 | ||
| Amalgam | 295 | ||
| Amalgamation | 295 | ||
| Properties | 296 | ||
| Condensation | 296 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing | 296 | ||
| Resin-Based Composite | 296 | ||
| Chemically Polymerized Resin-Based Composite | 297 | ||
| Visible Light–polymerized Resin-Based Composite | 297 | ||
| Resin-Based Composite Wear | 298 | ||
| Marginal Adaptation | 298 | ||
| Formulations | 298 | ||
| Enamel-Bonding Agents | 298 | ||
| Sealants | 299 | ||
| Microfilled Resin–based Composite | 299 | ||
| Macrofilled Resin–based Composite | 299 | ||
| Hybrid Resin–based Composite | 299 | ||
| Nanofilled Resin–based Composite | 299 | ||
| Glass Ionomer | 300 | ||
| Anterior Restorations | 300 | ||
| Posterior Restorations | 300 | ||
| Compomers | 300 | ||
| Cements | 300 | ||
| References | 302 | ||
| 21 Restorative Dentistry for the Primary Dentition | 304 | ||
| Outline | 304 | ||
| Instrumentation and Caries Removal | 305 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations of Primary Teeth | 306 | ||
| Use of the Rubber Dam in Pediatric Restorative Dentistry | 307 | ||
| Preparing for Placement of the Rubber Dam | 307 | ||
| Placement of the Rubber Dam | 308 | ||
| Removing the Rubber Dam | 309 | ||
| Restoration of Primary Molars | 309 | ||
| Class I Amalgam Restorations | 309 | ||
| General Considerations | 309 | ||
| Common Errors with Class I Amalgam Restorations | 310 | ||
| Class II Amalgam Restorations | 310 | ||
| General Considerations | 310 | ||
| Matrix Application | 311 | ||
| Adjacent or Back-to-Back Class II Amalgam Restorations | 312 | ||
| Problems with Amalgam Restorations | 313 | ||
| Finishing of Amalgam Restorations | 313 | ||
| Adhesive Materials in Primary Molars | 314 | ||
| General Principles for Restoring Primary Posterior Teeth with Resin-Based Composite | 314 | ||
| Sealants and Conservative Adhesive Restorations for Primary Teeth | 315 | ||
| Class I and II Preparation and Restoration of Primary Molars with Adhesive Restorative Materials | 317 | ||
| Placement of Back-to-Back Class II Resin-Based Composite Restorations | 318 | ||
| Full Coronal Coverage of Primary Molars | 318 | ||
| Two Principles for Obtaining Optimal Adaptation of Stainless Steel Crowns to Primary Molars | 319 | ||
| Special Considerations for Stainless Steel Crowns | 322 | ||
| Placement of Adjacent Crowns | 322 | ||
| Preparing Crowns in Areas of Space Loss | 322 | ||
| Restoration of Primary Incisors and Canines | 324 | ||
| Class III Adhesive Restorations | 324 | ||
| Class V Restorations for Incisors and Canines | 325 | ||
| Full Coronal Coverage of Incisors | 326 | ||
| Indications | 326 | ||
| Preparation and Placement of Veneered Steel Crowns | 327 | ||
| Prosthetic Replacement of Primary Anterior Teeth | 329 | ||
| References | 331 | ||
| 22 Pulp Therapy for the Primary Dentition | 333 | ||
| Outline | 333 | ||
| Histology | 333 | ||
| The Pulp-Dentin Complex | 333 | ||
| Dentinogenesis in Healthy State | 333 | ||
| Dentinogenic Response to Injury | 334 | ||
| Factors Affecting Dentin-Pulp Complex Response to Stimuli in Primary Teeth | 335 | ||
| The Deleterious Effects of Bacterial Infiltration at the Restorative Materials Margins | 335 | ||
| The Protective Role of the Remaining Dentin Thickness | 335 | ||
| Clinical Pulpal Diagnosis | 336 | ||
| History and Characteristics of Pain | 336 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 336 | ||
| Radiographic Examination | 337 | ||
| Operative Diagnosis (Direct Pulp Inspection) | 337 | ||
| Pulp Treatment Procedures | 337 | ||
| Conservative Treatment | 337 | ||
| Protective Base | 337 | ||
| Indirect Pulp Treatment | 338 | ||
| Direct Pulp Capping | 339 | ||
| Pulpotomy | 340 | ||
| Pulpotomy Technique (Figure 22-5) | 341 | ||
| Potential Substitutes for Formocresol | 342 | ||
| Radical Treatment | 344 | ||
| Pulpectomy and Root Filling | 344 | ||
| Root Filling Materials | 345 | ||
| Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Paste | 345 | ||
| Iodoform-Based Pastes | 345 | ||
| Pulpectomy Technique | 347 | ||
| Criteria for Radiographic Success | 348 | ||
| Summary | 348 | ||
| References | 348 | ||
| 23 Behavior Guidance of the Pediatric Dental Patient | 352 | ||
| Outline | 352 | ||
| Understanding the Child Patient: Review of Child Development | 352 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 352 | ||
| Learning Theory | 353 | ||
| Temperament | 353 | ||
| Personality | 354 | ||
| Variables Associated with Uncooperative Behavior | 354 | ||
| Dental Fear | 354 | ||
| Demographics | 355 | ||
| Temperament | 355 | ||
| Coping | 355 | ||
| Pain | 355 | ||
| Parental Anxiety | 356 | ||
| Setting the Stage for Successful Behavior Guidance | 356 | ||
| The Dental Office | 356 | ||
| Scheduling | 356 | ||
| The Dentist and the Dental Team | 356 | ||
| Patient Assessment | 356 | ||
| Parents in the Operatory | 357 | ||
| Setting Parent Expectations | 357 | ||
| Review of Behavior Guidance Techniques | 358 | ||
| Basic Behavior Guidance | 358 | ||
| Communication and Communicative Guidance | 358 | ||
| Tell-Show-Do | 358 | ||
| Nonverbal Behavior Guidance | 359 | ||
| Positive Reinforcement | 359 | ||
| Distraction | 360 | ||
| Voice Control | 360 | ||
| Escape | 361 | ||
| Parent Presence | 361 | ||
| Nitrous Oxide | 361 | ||
| Advanced Behavior Guidance Techniques | 361 | ||
| Protective Stabilization | 362 | ||
| Sedation and General Anesthesia | 362 | ||
| Alternative Techniques | 362 | ||
| Deferred Treatment | 363 | ||
| Mouth Props in Dentistry for Children | 363 | ||
| Documenting Behavior and Use of Behavior Management Techniques | 363 | ||
| Role of Behavior Management in Society | 365 | ||
| Changes in Society and Parenting | 365 | ||
| Changing Parental Perspectives of Behavior Management | 365 | ||
| Third Party Reimbursement | 366 | ||
| Informed Consent | 366 | ||
| Putting It All Together | 366 | ||
| Management of the Infant/Toddler | 366 | ||
| Management of the Preschooler | 366 | ||
| Management of the School-Aged Child | 367 | ||
| Management of the Adolescent | 368 | ||
| Management of the Child with Previous Negative Dental Experiences | 368 | ||
| Conclusion | 368 | ||
| References | 368 | ||
| 24 Periodontal Problems in Children and Adolescents | 371 | ||
| Outline | 371 | ||
| Gingivitis | 371 | ||
| Gingival Enlargement | 372 | ||
| Chronic Inflammatory Gingival Enlargement | 372 | ||
| Drug-Induced Gingival Enlargement | 372 | ||
| Anatomic Problems | 373 | ||
| Development and Defects of the Attached Gingiva | 373 | ||
| Frena | 373 | ||
| Periodontitis | 374 | ||
| Aggressive Periodontitis | 374 | ||
| Localized Aggressive Periodontitis in the Permanent Dentition | 374 | ||
| Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis | 375 | ||
| Localized Aggressive Periodontitis in the Primary Dentition | 375 | ||
| Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis/Periodontitis | 376 | ||
| Systemic Diseases and Conditions with Associated Periodontal Problems | 376 | ||
| Diabetes | 376 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 376 | ||
| Hypophosphatasia | 376 | ||
| Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency | 377 | ||
| Neutropenia | 377 | ||
| Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome | 377 | ||
| Histiocytosis | 377 | ||
| Leukemia | 377 | ||
| Periodontal Examination of Children | 377 | ||
| References | 378 | ||
| 25 Space Maintenance in the Primary Dentition | 379 | ||
| Outline | 379 | ||
| General Considerations | 379 | ||
| Appliance Therapy | 380 | ||
| Band and Loop | 380 | ||
| Lingual Arch | 381 | ||
| Distal Shoe | 382 | ||
| Removable Appliances | 384 | ||
| Summary | 384 | ||
| References | 384 | ||
| 26 Oral Habits | 385 | ||
| Outline | 385 | ||
| Thumb and Finger Habits | 385 | ||
| Treatment | 386 | ||
| Counseling | 387 | ||
| Reminder Therapy | 387 | ||
| Reward System | 387 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapy | 387 | ||
| Pacifier Habits | 389 | ||
| Lip Habits | 389 | ||
| Tongue Thrust and Mouth Breathing Habits | 390 | ||
| Nail Biting | 391 | ||
| Bruxism | 391 | ||
| Self-Mutilation | 391 | ||
| References | 392 | ||
| 27 Orthodontic Treatment in the Primary Dentition | 393 | ||
| Outline | 393 | ||
| Skeletal Problems | 393 | ||
| Dental Problems | 393 | ||
| Arch Length Problems | 394 | ||
| Incisor Protrusion and Retrusion | 394 | ||
| Posterior Crossbite | 395 | ||
| Open Bite | 396 | ||
| References | 397 | ||
| 28 Local Anesthesia and Oral Surgery in Children | 398 | ||
| Outline | 398 | ||
| Local Anesthesia In Children | 398 | ||
| Topical Anesthesia | 398 | ||
| General Considerations for Local Anesthesia | 398 | ||
| Operator Technique | 399 | ||
| Maxillary Primary and Permanent Molar Anesthesia | 401 | ||
| Maxillary Primary and Permanent Incisor and Canine Anesthesia | 401 | ||
| Palatal Tissue Anesthesia | 401 | ||
| Mandibular Tooth Anesthesia | 402 | ||
| Complications of Local Anesthesia | 403 | ||
| Alternative Anesthesia Systems | 403 | ||
| Oral Surgery in Children | 404 | ||
| Preoperative Evaluation | 404 | ||
| Tooth Extractions | 404 | ||
| Armamentarium | 404 | ||
| General Considerations | 404 | ||
| Maxillary Molar Extractions | 406 | ||
| Extraction of Maxillary Anterior Teeth | 406 | ||
| Mandibular Molar Extractions | 407 | ||
| Extraction of Mandibular Anterior Teeth | 407 | ||
| Management of Fractured Primary Tooth Roots | 407 | ||
| Soft Tissue Surgical Procedures | 407 | ||
| Biopsies | 408 | ||
| Frenectomies | 408 | ||
| Maxillary Labial Frenectomies | 408 | ||
| Lingual Frenectomies | 408 | ||
| Dentoalveolar Surgery | 408 | ||
| Facial Injuries | 409 | ||
| Facial Fractures | 409 | ||
| Odontogenic Infections | 409 | ||
| References | 410 | ||
| Four The Transitional Years: Six to Twelve Years | 411 | ||
| 29 The Dynamics of Change | 412 | ||
| Outline | 412 | ||
| Physical Changes | 412 | ||
| Body | 412 | ||
| Craniofacial Changes | 412 | ||
| Dental Changes | 413 | ||
| Cognitive Changes | 415 | ||
| Emotional Changes | 416 | ||
| Social Changes | 416 | ||
| Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Dental Disease | 417 | ||
| Epidemiology of Caries in the Transitional Dentition | 417 | ||
| Comparisons | 418 | ||
| Basis for Caries Reductions | 419 | ||
| Dietary Factors and Dental Caries | 420 | ||
| Sucrose | 420 | ||
| Other Food Factors | 420 | ||
| Dietary Counseling | 421 | ||
| Summary | 421 | ||
| References | 421 | ||
| 30 Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning | 423 | ||
| Outline | 423 | ||
| The History | 423 | ||
| The Examination | 424 | ||
| Behavioral Assessment | 424 | ||
| General Appraisal | 424 | ||
| Determination of Developmental Status | 424 | ||
| Head and Neck Examination | 428 | ||
| Facial Examination | 428 | ||
| Intraoral Examination | 428 | ||
| Periodontal Evaluation | 429 | ||
| Oral Hygiene Evaluation | 430 | ||
| Occlusal Evaluation | 430 | ||
| Alignment | 430 | ||
| Tooth Number | 430 | ||
| Tooth Structure | 432 | ||
| Tooth Position | 432 | ||
| Anteroposterior Dimension | 438 | ||
| Transverse Relationship | 438 | ||
| Vertical Dimension | 439 | ||
| Supplemental Orthodontic Diagnostic Techniques | 440 | ||
| Photographs | 440 | ||
| Diagnostic Casts | 440 | ||
| Tooth Size Analysis | 442 | ||
| Space Analysis | 445 | ||
| Analysis of Cephalometric Head Films | 449 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 454 | ||
| Treatment Planning for Nonorthodontic Problems | 458 | ||
| References | 458 | ||
| 31 Prevention of Dental Disease | 460 | ||
| Outline | 460 | ||
| Fluoride Administration | 460 | ||
| Systemic Fluorides | 460 | ||
| Topical Fluorides | 461 | ||
| Fluoride Toothpastes | 461 | ||
| Fluoride Mouth Rinses | 461 | ||
| Concentrated Agents for Professional Application or Home Use | 462 | ||
| Home Care | 462 | ||
| Diet | 464 | ||
| References | 465 | ||
| 32 Pit and Fissure Sealants: | 467 | ||
| Outline | 467 | ||
| Epidemiology of Pit and Fissure Caries | 467 | ||
| Sealant Effectiveness | 468 | ||
| Current Sealant Utilization | 469 | ||
| How Sealants Work | 469 | ||
| Types of Sealants | 470 | ||
| Color | 470 | ||
| Filler Content | 471 | ||
| Fluoride-Releasing Sealants | 472 | ||
| Glass Ionomer | 472 | ||
| Polyacid-Modified Resin Composites (Compomers) | 472 | ||
| Who Really Needs Sealants? | 473 | ||
| Caries Risk Assessment | 473 | ||
| Age at Placement | 473 | ||
| Which Teeth Should Be Sealed? | 473 | ||
| Diagnosing Occlusal Caries | 474 | ||
| Sealing Over Incipient Caries | 475 | ||
| Preparing the Tooth | 476 | ||
| Cleaning the Tooth | 476 | ||
| Mechanical Preparation | 476 | ||
| Effect of a Recent Professionally Applied Fluoride Treatment | 477 | ||
| Factors Affecting Sealant Success | 477 | ||
| Etchant | 477 | ||
| Drying Agents and Time | 477 | ||
| Curing | 477 | ||
| Isolation | 478 | ||
| Timing of Sealant Placement | 479 | ||
| Use of Intermediate Bonding Agent | 479 | ||
| Auxiliary Application | 480 | ||
| Four-Handed Delivery | 480 | ||
| School-Based Sealant Programs | 480 | ||
| Other Uses for Sealant | 480 | ||
| Sealant Safety | 481 | ||
| Future Advances | 482 | ||
| The Clinical Procedure | 482 | ||
| Isolation | 482 | ||
| Etching | 483 | ||
| Rinsing and Drying | 483 | ||
| Sealant Application and Polymerization | 483 | ||
| Evaluating the Sealant | 483 | ||
| Periodic Evaluation | 484 | ||
| Troubleshooting Sealant Placement | 484 | ||
| Summary | 484 | ||
| References | 484 | ||
| 33 Pulp Therapy for the Young Permanent Dentition | 490 | ||
| Outline | 490 | ||
| The Dentin-Pulp Complex Concept | 490 | ||
| Reactions to Caries and Operative Procedures | 490 | ||
| Clinical Pulpal Diagnosis | 491 | ||
| Patient History | 491 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 491 | ||
| Radiographic Examination | 492 | ||
| Direct Pulp Evaluation | 492 | ||
| Vital Pulp Therapy for Teeth Diagnosed with Normal Pulp or Reversible Pulpitis without Pulp Exposure | 492 | ||
| Caries Excavation and Protective Liner | 492 | ||
| Indirect Pulp Treatment | 493 | ||
| Vital Pulp Therapy for Teeth Diagnosed with Normal Pulp or Reversible Pulpitis with Pulp Exposure | 493 | ||
| Direct Pulp Capping | 493 | ||
| Direct Pulp Capping Technique | 495 | ||
| The Pulpotomy Procedure | 495 | ||
| Partial (Cvek) Pulpotomy Technique | 495 | ||
| Cervical Pulpotomy | 495 | ||
| Apexogenesis | 495 | ||
| Nonvital Pulp Treatment for Immature Teeth | 496 | ||
| Apexification | 496 | ||
| Long-Term Apexification with Calcium Hydroxide | 497 | ||
| Calcium Hydroxide Apexification Technique | 497 | ||
| Short-Term Apexification with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (ONE-VISIT Apexification) | 499 | ||
| Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Apexification Technique | 499 | ||
| Revascularization | 499 | ||
| Nonvital Pulp Treatment for Young Mature Teeth | 500 | ||
| Root Canal Treatment in Young Mature Permanent Teeth | 500 | ||
| Special Considerations | 500 | ||
| Access | 500 | ||
| Instrumentation | 500 | ||
| Irrigation | 500 | ||
| Intracanal Dressing | 500 | ||
| The Isthmus | 500 | ||
| Obturation | 500 | ||
| References | 500 | ||
| 34 Managing Traumatic Injuries in the Young Permanent Dentition | 503 | ||
| Outline | 503 | ||
| Etiology and Epidemiology of Trauma in the Young Permanent Dentition | 503 | ||
| Classification of Injuries to Young Permanent Teeth | 504 | ||
| History | 504 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 504 | ||
| Pathologic Sequelae of Traumatized Teeth | 504 | ||
| Treatment of Traumatic Injuries to the Permanent Dentition | 505 | ||
| Enamel Fractures | 505 | ||
| Enamel and Dentin Fractures | 505 | ||
| Fractures Involving the Pulp | 505 | ||
| Direct Pulp Cap | 506 | ||
| Pulpotomy | 506 | ||
| Pulpectomy | 507 | ||
| Regenerative Endodontics | 507 | ||
| Criteria for Success | 508 | ||
| Posterior Crown Fractures | 509 | ||
| Root Fractures | 509 | ||
| Managing Sequelae to Dental Trauma | 510 | ||
| Pulp Canal Obliteration | 511 | ||
| Inflammatory Resorption | 511 | ||
| Replacement Resorption (Ankylosis) | 512 | ||
| Treating Luxation Injuries in the Permanent Dentition | 513 | ||
| Concussion | 513 | ||
| Subluxation | 513 | ||
| Intrusive Luxation | 513 | ||
| Extrusion | 514 | ||
| Lateral Luxation | 514 | ||
| Avulsion | 514 | ||
| Splinting Technique | 516 | ||
| Summary | 516 | ||
| References | 516 | ||
| 35 Treatment Planning and Management of Orthodontic Problems | 518 | ||
| Outline | 518 | ||
| Skeletal Problems | 519 | ||
| Growth Modification Applied to Anteroposterior Problems | 520 | ||
| Class II Maxillary Protrusion | 520 | ||
| Class II Mandibular Deficiency | 520 | ||
| Class III Maxillary Deficiency | 521 | ||
| Class III Mandibular Protrusion | 523 | ||
| Growth Modification Applied to Transverse Problems | 524 | ||
| Growth Modification Applied to Vertical Problems | 525 | ||
| Vertical Excess | 525 | ||
| Vertical Deficiency | 526 | ||
| Dental Problems | 526 | ||
| Space Maintenance | 526 | ||
| Potential Alignment and Space Problems | 527 | ||
| Ectopic Eruption | 527 | ||
| Transposition | 530 | ||
| Impacted Teeth | 530 | ||
| Missing Permanent Teeth | 530 | ||
| Supernumerary Teeth | 535 | ||
| Tooth Size Discrepancies | 536 | ||
| Alignment Problems | 537 | ||
| Appliance Considerations | 537 | ||
| Crowding Problems | 540 | ||
| Mild to Moderate Spacing | 540 | ||
| Mild Crowding | 542 | ||
| Moderate Crowding | 545 | ||
| Severe Crowding | 548 | ||
| Anteroposterior Dental Problems | 551 | ||
| Anterior Crossbite | 551 | ||
| Incisor Protrusion | 553 | ||
| Transverse Dental Problems | 553 | ||
| Vertical Dental Problems | 554 | ||
| References | 555 | ||
| Five Adolescence | 557 | ||
| 36 The Dynamics of Change | 558 | ||
| Outline | 558 | ||
| Physical Changes | 558 | ||
| Body | 558 | ||
| Craniofacial Changes | 558 | ||
| Dental Changes | 560 | ||
| Cognitive Changes | 560 | ||
| Emotional Changes | 561 | ||
| Social Changes | 561 | ||
| Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Dental Disease | 562 | ||
| Epidemiology of Caries in the Adolescent Years | 562 | ||
| Basis for Caries Reductions | 562 | ||
| Water Fluoridation | 562 | ||
| History | 562 | ||
| Summary | 564 | ||
| References | 564 | ||
| 37 Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning for General and Orthodontic Problems | 566 | ||
| Outline | 566 | ||
| The Patient History | 567 | ||
| The Examination | 567 | ||
| Behavioral Assessment | 567 | ||
| General Appraisal | 569 | ||
| Determination of Developmental Status | 569 | ||
| Head and Neck Examination | 569 | ||
| Facial Examination | 570 | ||
| Intraoral Examination | 570 | ||
| Periodontal Evaluation | 570 | ||
| Related Hard and Soft Tissue Problems | 570 | ||
| Occlusal Evaluation | 571 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 573 | ||
| Treatment Planning for Nonorthodontic Problems | 574 | ||
| Treatment Planning and Treatment for Orthodontic Problems | 576 | ||
| Skeletal Problems | 576 | ||
| Dental Problems | 579 | ||
| Temporomandibular Disorders in Children and Adolescents | 580 | ||
| Diagnosis of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder | 583 | ||
| Imaging and Temporomandibular Joint Disorder | 584 | ||
| Management of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder | 584 | ||
| References | 585 | ||
| 38 Prevention of Dental Disease | 586 | ||
| Outline | 586 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 586 | ||
| Dietary Management | 588 | ||
| Home Care | 591 | ||
| Fluoride Administration | 591 | ||
| Approach to the Adolescent Patient | 591 | ||
| Caries Activity during Adolescence | 592 | ||
| High-Frequency/Low-Concentration Applications | 592 | ||
| Applications of More Concentrated Fluoride Agents | 592 | ||
| Risk Factors | 593 | ||
| Intraoral and Perioral Piercings | 593 | ||
| Adolescent Pregnancy | 593 | ||
| Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco | 594 | ||
| Transitioning to Adulthood | 595 | ||
| References | 595 | ||
| 39 Aesthetic Restorative Dentistry for the Adolescent | 597 | ||
| Outline | 597 | ||
| Fundamentals of Material Selection | 597 | ||
| Fundamentals of Clinical Technique | 599 | ||
| Fundamentals of Tooth Color and Form | 601 | ||
| Restorations for Fractured Anterior Teeth | 601 | ||
| Clinical Technique | 602 | ||
| Restoration of Diastemas | 602 | ||
| Clinical Technique | 603 | ||
| Restoration of Discolored Teeth | 603 | ||
| Treatment of Hypoplastic Spots | 603 | ||
| Veneers | 603 | ||
| Laboratory-Fabricated Veneers | 604 | ||
| Direct Veneers | 605 | ||
| Vital Bleaching | 606 | ||
| Resin-Retained Fixed Prostheses | 606 | ||
| References | 607 | ||
| 40 Sports Dentistry and Mouth Protection | 609 | ||
| Outline | 609 | ||
| Developmental Evaluation of Child and Adolescent Athletes | 609 | ||
| Medical Assessment | 609 | ||
| Growth Assessment | 609 | ||
| Intraoral Assessment | 609 | ||
| Dietary Assessment | 611 | ||
| Mouth Protection for Child and Adolescent Athletes | 612 | ||
| Types of Mouth Guards | 612 | ||
| Vacuum Forming Technique for Custom-Fabricated Mouth Guards | 614 | ||
| Professional Activities in Sports Dentistry | 614 | ||
| References | 617 | ||
| Appendix Recommended Immunization Schedules | 618 | ||
| Index | 622 | ||
| A | 622 | ||
| B | 624 | ||
| C | 624 | ||
| D | 626 | ||
| E | 628 | ||
| F | 628 | ||
| G | 629 | ||
| H | 629 | ||
| I | 630 | ||
| K | 630 | ||
| L | 630 | ||
| M | 631 | ||
| N | 632 | ||
| O | 632 | ||
| P | 633 | ||
| Q | 635 | ||
| R | 635 | ||
| S | 636 | ||
| T | 637 | ||
| U | 638 | ||
| V | 638 | ||
| W | 638 | ||
| X | 638 | ||
| Y | 638 | ||
| Z | 638 |