Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Comprehensive yet easy to read, Pharmacology: Principles and Applications, 3rd Edition introduces you to basic pharmacology, showing how to apply principles to the kinds of clinical situations you will encounter on the job. You'll learn how different drugs work in the body, how to calculate drug dosages, drug administration routes and procedures, the medications related to disorders in each body system, and much more. Written by expert authors Eugenia M. Fulcher, Robert M. Fulcher, and Cathy Dubeansky Soto, Pharmacology ensures that you master all of the pharmacology competencies required by CAAHEP and ABHES. In the book and on a companion Evolve website, a variety of exercises helps you strengthen your skills in math, dosage calculation, and critical thinking.
- Practical coverage of basic pharmacology provides a thorough understanding of the medications most commonly used in ambulatory and inpatient settings.
- A real-life Scenario starts each chapter with thought-provoking questions to consider as you progress through the material.
- Procedures boxes provide step-by-step guidance for drug calculation and administration, accompanied by numerous illustrations and icons that identify OSHA-mandated protocols.
- Common Signs & Symptoms of Diseases and Common Side Effects of Medications lists in each body system chapter help you distinguish between disease progression and medication reactions.
- Body systems icons highlight the ways that specific drugs affect a particular body system.
- Chapter objectives and key words at the beginning of each chapter help you focus your study efforts.
- Check Your Understanding math review sections enable you to assess your knowledge of application and calculation concepts.
- Critical Thinking exercises challenge you to apply what you've learned to a variety of realistic situations.
- Important Facts and Clinical Tips boxes in each chapter highlight the key concepts for practice.
- Patient Education for Compliance boxes help you communicate more effectively with patients about possible side effects or adverse reactions.
- Summary tables are more concise and easier to follow.
- New calculations exercises and quizzes are included on the companion Evolve website.
- Expanded math and drug calculation sections in the workbook supplement the textbook with additional exercises for practice with math and dosage calculations. Available separately.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Evolve page | i | ||
| Pharmacology | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Organization of the Text | viii | ||
| Section I: General Aspects of Pharmacology | viii | ||
| Section II: Mathematics for Pharmacology and Dosage Calculations | viii | ||
| Section III: Medication Administration | viii | ||
| Section IV: Pharmacology for Multisystem Application and Section V: Medications Related to Body Systems | viii | ||
| Workbook | ix | ||
| Instructor’s Resource Manual with TEACH | ix | ||
| Purpose of the Textbook | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| I General Aspects of Pharmacology | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Pharmacology and Its Legal and Ethical Aspects | 2 | ||
| Objectives | 2 | ||
| Key Terms | 3 | ||
| Pharmacology and Health Sciences | 3 | ||
| Why Study Pharmacology? | 3 | ||
| Role of Professionals in Medication Administration | 4 | ||
| History of Pharmacology | 5 | ||
| Society and the Need for Drug Regulation | 7 | ||
| Drug Standards and Patient Safety | 7 | ||
| International, Federal, and State Statutes for the Regulation of Medications | 8 | ||
| Federal Legislation Related to Drugs | 8 | ||
| The Food and Drug Administration and the Introduction of New Drugs | 10 | ||
| The Drug Enforcement Administration and Controlled Substances | 12 | ||
| The Drug Enforcement Administration and Controlled Substances in the Medical Office | 12 | ||
| Ordering and Securing Controlled Substances | 14 | ||
| Record Keeping and Inventory Control | 14 | ||
| Disposing of Scheduled and Nonscheduled Drugs | 15 | ||
| Preventing Drug Dependence and Drug Abuse | 16 | ||
| Role of Allied Health Professionals in Medication Administration | 16 | ||
| Ethics of the Health Professional in Medication Management | 17 | ||
| Drug Samples and Ethics | 17 | ||
| Ethics of Medications with Medical Personnel | 18 | ||
| Summary | 18 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 19 | ||
| Scenario | 19 | ||
| Review Questions | 19 | ||
| 2 Basics of Pharmacology | 21 | ||
| Objectives | 21 | ||
| Key Terms | 21 | ||
| What Is A Drug? | 22 | ||
| Five Basic Categories of Pharmacology | 23 | ||
| Pharmacognosy—Origins of Drugs | 23 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics—How the Body Processes Drugs | 24 | ||
| Absorption | 25 | ||
| Distribution | 27 | ||
| Metabolism or Biotransformation | 27 | ||
| Excretion or Elimination | 27 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics—Drug Actions in the Body | 28 | ||
| Pharmacotherapeutics—Indications for or Effects of Medication Use | 29 | ||
| Toxicology—Poisonous Effects of Drugs on the Body | 30 | ||
| Identifying Undesirable Effects of Drugs | 31 | ||
| Drugs and Their Receptor Sites | 32 | ||
| Mechanisms of Drug Interactions | 32 | ||
| Drug-Drug Interactions | 32 | ||
| Nutrient-Drug Interactions | 33 | ||
| Disease-Drug Interactions | 35 | ||
| Summary | 35 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 36 | ||
| Scenario | 36 | ||
| Review Questions | 36 | ||
| 3 Drug Information and Drug Forms | 38 | ||
| Objectives | 38 | ||
| Key Terms | 38 | ||
| Drug Classifications | 39 | ||
| “Off-Label” Uses for Medications | 39 | ||
| Drug Nomenclature | 39 | ||
| Sources of Drug Information | 40 | ||
| Drug Forms and Drug Delivery Systems | 41 | ||
| Oral Medications | 44 | ||
| Solid Oral Preparations | 44 | ||
| Liquid Oral Preparations | 44 | ||
| Miscellaneous Oral Medications | 44 | ||
| Percutaneous Medications | 47 | ||
| Parenteral Medications | 49 | ||
| Water-Based Parenteral Medications | 49 | ||
| Oil-Based Parenteral Medications | 50 | ||
| Other Forms of Medications | 50 | ||
| Packaging Medications for Patient Compliance | 50 | ||
| Summary | 51 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 51 | ||
| Scenario | 51 | ||
| Review Questions | 51 | ||
| 4 Understanding Drug Dosages for Special Populations | 53 | ||
| Objectives | 53 | ||
| Key Terms | 53 | ||
| Variables Affecting Drug Dosage and Actions | 54 | ||
| Age | 54 | ||
| Weight | 55 | ||
| Diet | 55 | ||
| Gender | 56 | ||
| Genetics | 56 | ||
| Diseases | 56 | ||
| Mental State | 56 | ||
| History of Previous Medications | 56 | ||
| Time of Administration | 56 | ||
| Route of Administration | 56 | ||
| Environment | 56 | ||
| Drug Dependence | 56 | ||
| Patient Compliance | 56 | ||
| Precautions and Contraindications to Medication Use in Certain Populations | 57 | ||
| Medication Use during Pregnancy and Lactation | 57 | ||
| Medication Use in Children | 58 | ||
| Medication Use in Older Patients | 60 | ||
| Polypharmacy in the Older Adult | 61 | ||
| Assisting the Older Adult with Medication Compliance | 62 | ||
| Assisting Other Special Populations with Medications | 62 | ||
| Medications and Cultural Differences | 63 | ||
| Communication and Medication Compliance | 65 | ||
| Summary | 65 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 65 | ||
| Scenario | 65 | ||
| Review Questions | 66 | ||
| 5 Reading and Interpreting Medication Labels and Orders and Documenting Appropriately | 68 | ||
| Objectives | 68 | ||
| Key Terms | 69 | ||
| Reading a Label for Stock Medications | 69 | ||
| Parts of a Medication Label | 69 | ||
| A. Trade (Proprietary or Brand) Name | 69 | ||
| B. Generic Name | 69 | ||
| C. Drug Strength (Weight) | 70 | ||
| D. Form | 70 | ||
| E. Route of Administration | 70 | ||
| F. Total Amount of Medication in Container | 71 | ||
| G. Directions for Reconstitution | 71 | ||
| H. National Drug Code | 71 | ||
| I. Manufacturer’s Name | 71 | ||
| J. Expiration Date | 71 | ||
| K. Labels for Controlled Drugs | 71 | ||
| L. Auxiliary Labeling | 71 | ||
| Labeling of Over-The-Counter Medications | 71 | ||
| Ordering Medications | 72 | ||
| Common Abbreviations Used in Prescriptions and Medication Orders | 72 | ||
| Verbal Orders | 73 | ||
| Standing Orders | 73 | ||
| Medication Orders | 73 | ||
| Prescriptions | 74 | ||
| Prescription Preparation | 74 | ||
| Parts of a Prescription | 74 | ||
| Line A | 74 | ||
| Line B | 75 | ||
| Line C | 75 | ||
| Line D | 75 | ||
| Line E | 75 | ||
| Line F | 75 | ||
| Line G | 75 | ||
| Line H | 75 | ||
| Line I | 75 | ||
| Prescription Refills | 76 | ||
| Safeguarding Prescription Pads | 77 | ||
| Summary | 77 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 78 | ||
| Scenario | 78 | ||
| Review Questions | 78 | ||
| Reading and Writing Prescriptions | 79 | ||
| Documentation | 81 | ||
| II Mathematics for Pharmacology and Dosage Calculations | 83 | ||
| 6 Math Review | 84 | ||
| Objectives | 84 | ||
| Key Terms | 84 | ||
| Chapter 6 Pretest | 84 | ||
| Fractions and Mixed Numbers | 84 | ||
| Decimals | 85 | ||
| Percents | 85 | ||
| Ratio and Proportion | 86 | ||
| Fractions | 86 | ||
| Proper Fractions | 86 | ||
| Improper Fractions | 86 | ||
| Equivalent Fractions | 87 | ||
| Simplifying Fractions to the Lowest Term | 87 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Fractions Box 6-1 | 87 | ||
| Mixed Numbers | 88 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Mixed Numbers Box 6-2 | 89 | ||
| Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers with the Same Denominator | 89 | ||
| Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers with Different Denominators | 90 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Adding Fractions Box 6-3 | 91 | ||
| Subtracting Fractions | 91 | ||
| Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers | 91 | ||
| Multiplying Fractions | 92 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers Box 6-4 | 92 | ||
| Multiplying Mixed Numbers | 93 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers Box 6-5 | 93 | ||
| Dividing Fractions | 94 | ||
| Dividing Mixed Numbers | 94 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers Box 6-6 | 95 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Fraction Review Box 6-7 | 95 | ||
| Decimals | 96 | ||
| Rounding Decimals | 96 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Rounding Decimals Box 6-8 | 97 | ||
| Converting Fractions to Decimals | 97 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Converting Fractions to Decimals Box 6-9 | 98 | ||
| Adding and Subtracting Decimals | 98 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Adding and Subtracting Decimals Box 6-10 | 99 | ||
| Multiplying Decimals | 99 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Multiplying Decimals Box 6-11 | 100 | ||
| Dividing Decimals | 100 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Dividing Decimals Box 6-12 | 100 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Decimal Review Box 6-13 | 101 | ||
| Percents | 101 | ||
| Changing Percents to Decimals | 102 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Changing Percents to Decimals Box 6-14 | 102 | ||
| Changing Decimals to Percents | 102 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Changing Decimals to Percents Box 6-15 | 102 | ||
| Multiplying Percents | 103 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Multiplying Percents Box 6-16 | 103 | ||
| Dividing Percents | 104 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Dividing Percents Box 6-17 | 104 | ||
| Using Fractions to Figure Percentages | 104 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Using Fractions to Figure Percents Box 6-18 | 106 | ||
| Using an Equation to Figure a Percentage | 106 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Percent Review Box 6-19 | 106 | ||
| Ratio and Proportion | 107 | ||
| Solving for x in a Proportion | 107 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Ratio and Proportion Box 6-20 | 108 | ||
| Using Ratio and Proportion to Figure Percents | 108 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Using Proportions to Figure Percents Box 6-21 | 110 | ||
| Practical Applications | 110 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Ratio and Proportion Review Box 6-22 | 111 | ||
| 7 Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents | 113 | ||
| Objectives | 113 | ||
| Key Terms | 113 | ||
| Chapter 7 Pretest: Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents | 113 | ||
| Metric System | 114 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Metric System Basics Box 7-1 | 115 | ||
| Calculation Review | 116 | ||
| Length Measurement and Conversion in the Metric System | 116 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Metric Length Conversions Box 7-2 | 117 | ||
| Practical Application | 118 | ||
| Volume Measurement and Conversion in the Metric System | 118 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Metric Volume Conversions Box 7-3 | 119 | ||
| Practical Application | 119 | ||
| Weight Measurement and Conversion in the Metric System | 119 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Metric Weight Conversions Box 7-4 | 120 | ||
| Practical Application | 120 | ||
| Apothecary System | 121 | ||
| Household Measurement System | 121 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Household System Box 7-5 | 122 | ||
| Practical Application | 122 | ||
| Units | 122 | ||
| Milliequivalents | 123 | ||
| Current Trends for Symbols and Abbreviations | 123 | ||
| Summary | 123 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 123 | ||
| Review Questions | 124 | ||
| 8 Converting Between Measurement Systems | 126 | ||
| Objectives | 126 | ||
| Key Terms | 126 | ||
| Chapter 8 Pretest—Converting between Measurement Systems | 126 | ||
| Time Conversions | 127 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Time Conversion 8-1 | 129 | ||
| Measuring Temperature | 129 | ||
| Temperature Conversions | 130 | ||
| Method 1 | 130 | ||
| Method 2 | 130 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Temperature Conversions 8-2 | 131 | ||
| Practice Problems | 131 | ||
| Converting Between Measurement Systems Using Ratio and Proportion | 131 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Ratio and Proportion 8-3 | 132 | ||
| Calculation Review | 132 | ||
| System Conversions | 132 | ||
| Volume | 132 | ||
| Converting Volume Measurement Units between Systems | 133 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Volume Conversion 8-4 | 134 | ||
| Calculation Review | 134 | ||
| Practical Application | 135 | ||
| Weight | 135 | ||
| Converting Weight Measurement Units between Systems | 136 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Weight Conversions 8-5 | 139 | ||
| Calculation Review | 139 | ||
| Practical Application | 139 | ||
| Length | 140 | ||
| Converting Length Measurement Units between Systems | 140 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Length Conversions 8-6 | 141 | ||
| Calculation Review | 141 | ||
| Practical Application | 141 | ||
| Summary | 142 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 142 | ||
| Review Questions | 143 | ||
| Practical Application | 143 | ||
| 9 Calculating Doses of Nonparenteral Medications | 145 | ||
| Objectives | 145 | ||
| Key Words | 145 | ||
| Chapter 9 Pretest—Calculating Doses of Nonparenteral Medications | 145 | ||
| Introduction to Methods of Dosage Calculation | 147 | ||
| Dosage Forms for Nonparenteral Medications | 148 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Dosage Measurements Box 9-1 | 148 | ||
| Calculation Review | 148 | ||
| Three Methods of Calculating Doses | 149 | ||
| Calculating Doses Using Ratio and Proportion | 149 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Ratio and Proportion Box 9-2 | 151 | ||
| Calculation Review | 151 | ||
| Practical Application | 151 | ||
| Calculating Doses Using the Formula Method | 151 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Formula Method Box 9-3 | 153 | ||
| Practical Application | 154 | ||
| Calculating Doses Using Dimensional Analysis | 154 | ||
| Choosing a Calculation Method | 156 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Dimensional Analysis Box 9-4 | 156 | ||
| Practical Application | 157 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Dosage Calculations Box 9-5 | 157 | ||
| Calculation Review | 157 | ||
| Reconstituting a Powder | 158 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Reconstituting a Powder Box 9-6 | 159 | ||
| Practical Application | 159 | ||
| Special Calculations | 160 | ||
| Calculations Using the Body Surface Area Method | 160 | ||
| Using Body Surface Area | 162 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Using A Nomogram Box 9-7 | 162 | ||
| Calculation Review | 162 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Body Surface Area Box 9-8 | 163 | ||
| Calculation Review | 163 | ||
| Calculating Dose Using Milligrams per Kilogram | 163 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Milligrams per Kilogram Box 9-9 | 164 | ||
| Other Nonparenteral Medications | 164 | ||
| Summary | 164 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 165 | ||
| Calculation Review | 167 | ||
| Review Questions | 168 | ||
| 10 Calculating Doses of Parenteral Medications | 169 | ||
| Objectives | 169 | ||
| Key Terms | 169 | ||
| Chapter 10 Pretest | 169 | ||
| Calculating Doses of Parenteral Medications | 169 | ||
| Parenteral Medications | 170 | ||
| Reading Syringes for Parenteral Drug Administration | 171 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Reading Syringes Box 10-1 | 172 | ||
| Calculation Review | 172 | ||
| Calculating Parenteral Medications Using the Metric System | 174 | ||
| Calculating Dose Using the Ratio and Proportion Method | 174 | ||
| Calculating Dose Using the Formula Method | 174 | ||
| Calculating Dose Using the Dimensional Analysis Method | 174 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Calculating Doses in the Metric System Box 10-2 | 175 | ||
| Calculation Review | 175 | ||
| Calculating Doses of Parenteral Drugs in Units | 176 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: READING Insulin and Noninsulin Doses in Units Box 10-3 | 176 | ||
| Calculation Review | 176 | ||
| Calculating a Parenteral Medication Available in Units | 178 | ||
| Calculating Units Using the Ratio and Proportion Method | 178 | ||
| Calculating Units Using the Formula Method | 178 | ||
| Calculating Units Using the Dimensional Analysis Method | 178 | ||
| Calculating Heparin Doses in Units | 178 | ||
| Calculating Heparin Units Using Ratio and Proportion | 178 | ||
| Calculating Heparin Units Using the Formula Method | 179 | ||
| Calculating Heparin Units Using Dimensional Analysis | 179 | ||
| Measuring Insulin in Units | 179 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Calculating Insulin and Noninsulin Doses in Units Box 10-4 | 179 | ||
| Calculation Review | 179 | ||
| Summary | 181 | ||
| Check Your Understanding: Review Box 10-5 | 181 | ||
| Calculation Review | 181 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 182 | ||
| Review Questions | 183 | ||
| III Medication Administration | 185 | ||
| 11 Safety and Quality Assurance | 186 | ||
| Objectives | 186 | ||
| Key Terms | 186 | ||
| Safety with Medications Taken by Patients | 187 | ||
| Medication Administration | 188 | ||
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards in Medication Administration | 188 | ||
| Quality Assurance in Medication Delivery | 189 | ||
| Medication Administration for Patient Safety | 190 | ||
| Reducing Medication Errors Using 3 + 7 | 191 | ||
| Three Befores | 191 | ||
| Seven Rights | 191 | ||
| Sources of Medication Errors | 193 | ||
| Delivery of Medications | 193 | ||
| Summary | 194 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 194 | ||
| Scenario | 194 | ||
| Review Exercises | 195 | ||
| Documentation of Medications | 195 | ||
| Review Questions | 195 | ||
| 12 Enteral Routes | 196 | ||
| Objectives | 196 | ||
| Key Terms | 196 | ||
| Oral Administration of Medications | 197 | ||
| Rectal Administration of Medications | 197 | ||
| Summary | 201 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 203 | ||
| Scenario | 203 | ||
| Review Questions | 204 | ||
| 13 Percutaneous Routes | 205 | ||
| Objectives | 205 | ||
| Key Terms | 205 | ||
| Topical Medications | 206 | ||
| Applying Topical Medications | 206 | ||
| Powders | 206 | ||
| Soaks, Compresses, and Wet Dressings | 206 | ||
| Creams, Ointments, Gels, and Lotions | 206 | ||
| Patches, Disks, and Transdermal Dots | 207 | ||
| Sprays and Aerosols | 208 | ||
| Special Considerations for Topical Medications in Geriatric Patients | 208 | ||
| Buccal and Sublingual Medications | 209 | ||
| Ophthalmic Medications | 210 | ||
| Otic Medications | 210 | ||
| Nasal Medications | 210 | ||
| Vaginal Medications | 212 | ||
| Inhaled Medications | 214 | ||
| Summary | 216 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 216 | ||
| Scenario | 216 | ||
| Review Questions | 216 | ||
| 14 Parenteral Routes | 218 | ||
| Objectives | 218 | ||
| Key Terms | 218 | ||
| Advantages of Parenteral Administration | 219 | ||
| Disadvantages of Parenteral Administration | 219 | ||
| Special Precautions with Parenteral Medications | 219 | ||
| Equipment Selection for Injectable Medications | 220 | ||
| Medication Containers | 220 | ||
| Syringes | 220 | ||
| Needles | 221 | ||
| Containers for Injectable Medications | 222 | ||
| Ampules | 222 | ||
| Vials | 223 | ||
| Prefilled Syringe | 223 | ||
| Disposable Injection Units | 223 | ||
| Preparation of Medication for Injection | 223 | ||
| Reconstitution of Powder Forms of Medication | 223 | ||
| Mixing Two Medications for Administration | 228 | ||
| Administering Injectable Medications | 229 | ||
| Routes of Administration and the Common Indications | 229 | ||
| Administering Intradermal Injections | 229 | ||
| Administering Medications Subcutaneously | 231 | ||
| Administering Medications Intramuscularly | 231 | ||
| Sites for Intramuscular Injections | 233 | ||
| Deltoid Site. | 233 | ||
| Dorsogluteal Site. | 233 | ||
| Ventrogluteal Site. | 234 | ||
| Vastus Lateralis and Rectus Femoris Sites. | 234 | ||
| Summary | 236 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 237 | ||
| Scenario | 237 | ||
| Review Questions | 237 | ||
| IV Pharmacology for Multisystem Application | 239 | ||
| 15 Analgesics and Antipyretics | 240 | ||
| Objectives | 240 | ||
| Key Terms | 240 | ||
| What is Pain? | 241 | ||
| Pain and Emotional Responses | 241 | ||
| Pain and Medications | 242 | ||
| Types of Analgesics | 243 | ||
| Opioid and Opiate Analgesics | 243 | ||
| Uses of Opioids and Opiates | 245 | ||
| Opioid and Opiate Analgesic Precautions | 245 | ||
| Nonopioid Analgesics | 246 | ||
| Salicylate Analgesics | 246 | ||
| Non-salicylates for Pain | 246 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 247 | ||
| Combination Nonopioid Medications | 248 | ||
| Combining Analgesics for Greater Effectiveness | 248 | ||
| Adjuvant Medications for Analgesia | 250 | ||
| Children and Analgesics | 250 | ||
| The Elderly and Analgesics | 252 | ||
| Summary | 252 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 253 | ||
| Scenario | 253 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 253 | ||
| Review Questions | 254 | ||
| 16 Immunizations and the Immune System | 255 | ||
| Objectives | 255 | ||
| Key Terms | 255 | ||
| Role of Lymphocytes in Immunity | 257 | ||
| Inborn Versus Acquired Immunity | 258 | ||
| Natural Passive Immunity | 258 | ||
| Natural Active Immunity | 258 | ||
| Artificial Active Immunity | 259 | ||
| Artificial Passive Immunity | 260 | ||
| Types of Active and Passive Immunizing Agents | 260 | ||
| Vaccines | 260 | ||
| Toxoids | 261 | ||
| Immune Globulins | 261 | ||
| Antitoxins | 261 | ||
| Who Should Be Immunized? | 261 | ||
| Indications for Immunizations | 262 | ||
| Contraindications to Immunizations | 262 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Immunizations | 262 | ||
| Documentation of Immunizations | 263 | ||
| Agents for Artificial Active Immunity | 263 | ||
| Vaccines for Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP, Tdap, Td) | 263 | ||
| Tetanus Toxoid (TT) | 267 | ||
| Vaccines for Measles (Rubeola), Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) | 267 | ||
| Poliomyelitis Vaccines (IPV, OPV) | 267 | ||
| Vaccine for Haemophilus Influenzae Type B | 267 | ||
| Vaccines for Hepatitis A and B | 267 | ||
| Vaccine for Chickenpox | 267 | ||
| Vaccines for Influenza | 268 | ||
| Vaccine for Pneumonia | 268 | ||
| Vaccine for Tuberculosis | 268 | ||
| Vaccine for Rotavirus | 268 | ||
| Vaccine for Meningitis | 268 | ||
| Vaccine for Human Papillomavirus | 268 | ||
| Vaccine for Shingles | 269 | ||
| “Super Shots” | 269 | ||
| Vaccines for Specific Populations | 269 | ||
| Vaccine for Rabies | 269 | ||
| Patient Safety with Agents for Active Immunization | 269 | ||
| Safety with Vaccines | 269 | ||
| Agents for Artificial Passive Immunity | 271 | ||
| Antitoxins | 271 | ||
| Immune Globulins | 272 | ||
| Immune Globulins for Specific Conditions | 272 | ||
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immune Globulin | 272 | ||
| Education Concerning Immunizations | 272 | ||
| Immunosuppressants | 274 | ||
| Immunostimulants | 275 | ||
| Summary | 277 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 277 | ||
| Scenario | 277 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 278 | ||
| Review Questions | 278 | ||
| 17 Antimicrobials, Antifungals, and Antivirals | 280 | ||
| Objectives | 280 | ||
| Key Terms | 280 | ||
| What is an Antibiotic? | 281 | ||
| Classification of Microorganisms | 282 | ||
| Identification of Microorganisms | 282 | ||
| Shape | 282 | ||
| Gram Staining | 282 | ||
| Need for Oxygen | 282 | ||
| Antimicrobials Versus Antibiotics | 282 | ||
| Bactericidal Versus Bacteriostatic | 283 | ||
| Factors in the Choice of Antibiotics | 283 | ||
| Drug Sensitivity | 283 | ||
| Patient Factors | 283 | ||
| Antibiotic Resistance | 284 | ||
| Superinfection and Antibiotic Use | 284 | ||
| Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics | 284 | ||
| Misuse of Antibiotics | 284 | ||
| Antibacterial Drugs | 285 | ||
| Penicillins | 285 | ||
| Narrow-Spectrum Penicillins | 286 | ||
| Narrow-Spectrum Antistaphylococcal (Penicillin-Resistant) Penicillins | 286 | ||
| Broad-Spectrum Penicillins (Aminopenicillins) | 286 | ||
| Extended-Spectrum Penicillins | 286 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 288 | ||
| Carbapenems | 288 | ||
| Macrolides | 288 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 290 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 292 | ||
| Quinolones | 292 | ||
| Other Antibiotics | 293 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 293 | ||
| Lincomycin and Derivatives | 293 | ||
| Oxazolidinones | 293 | ||
| Ketolides | 295 | ||
| Vancomycin | 295 | ||
| Metronidazole | 295 | ||
| Tigecycline | 295 | ||
| Topical Over-the-Counter Antibiotics | 295 | ||
| Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs) | 295 | ||
| Sulfonamides in Combinations | 295 | ||
| Topical Sulfonamide Preparations | 296 | ||
| Drugs to Treat Tuberculosis | 297 | ||
| Drugs to Treat Fungal Infections | 298 | ||
| Topical Antifungals | 299 | ||
| Systemic Antifungals | 299 | ||
| Drugs to Treat Viral Infections | 300 | ||
| Classification of Antiviral Drugs | 300 | ||
| Non-HIV Antiviral Medications | 300 | ||
| HIV Antivirals | 300 | ||
| Drugs to Treat Malaria | 303 | ||
| Chemical Agents Used As Antiseptics and Germicides and Disinfectants | 303 | ||
| Antiseptics versus Disinfectants and Germicides | 304 | ||
| Antiseptics | 304 | ||
| Iodine Preparations | 304 | ||
| Alcohol | 304 | ||
| Hexachlorophene | 305 | ||
| Hydrogen Peroxide | 305 | ||
| Silver Preparations | 305 | ||
| Disinfectants | 305 | ||
| Summary | 305 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 307 | ||
| Scenario | 307 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 307 | ||
| Review Questions | 308 | ||
| 18 Antineoplastic Agents | 309 | ||
| Objectives | 309 | ||
| Key Terms | 309 | ||
| What is Cancer? | 310 | ||
| Classifying Tumors | 311 | ||
| Antineoplastic Agents | 312 | ||
| Side Effects of Antineoplastics | 313 | ||
| Factors to Consider with Chemotherapy | 314 | ||
| Classes of Antineoplastic Agents | 314 | ||
| Alkylating or Alkylating-Like Agents | 314 | ||
| Antimetabolites | 314 | ||
| Mitotic Inhibitors (Plant Alkaloids) | 314 | ||
| Hormones and Hormone Antagonists | 314 | ||
| Antitumor Antibiotics | 319 | ||
| Immunosuppressants | 319 | ||
| Radioisotopes | 319 | ||
| Newer Drugs and Drug Delivery Systems | 319 | ||
| Handling and Administering Antineoplastic Agents | 320 | ||
| Summary | 321 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 321 | ||
| Scenario | 321 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 321 | ||
| Review Questions | 322 | ||
| 19 Nutritional Supplements and Alternative Medicines | 323 | ||
| Objectives | 323 | ||
| Key Terms | 323 | ||
| Vitamins | 324 | ||
| Classification of Vitamins | 325 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | 325 | ||
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | 325 | ||
| Use of Vitamin Supplements in the Elderly | 330 | ||
| Minerals | 330 | ||
| Use of Mineral Supplements | 331 | ||
| Alternative Medications | 331 | ||
| Cultural Differences in Using Alternative Medicine | 331 | ||
| Safety and Regulation of Herbal Supplements | 336 | ||
| Summary | 340 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 340 | ||
| Scenario | 340 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 341 | ||
| Review Questions | 341 | ||
| V Medications Related to Body Systems | 343 | ||
| 20 Endocrine System Disorders | 344 | ||
| Objectives | 344 | ||
| Key Terms | 344 | ||
| What are Hormones? | 346 | ||
| Pituitary Gland Hormones | 347 | ||
| Anterior Pituitary Gland | 347 | ||
| Posterior Pituitary Gland | 349 | ||
| Thyroid Gland Hormones | 350 | ||
| Antithyroid Medications | 351 | ||
| Calcitonin | 351 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 352 | ||
| Corticosteroids/Steroids | 353 | ||
| Adrenal Cortex Hormones | 353 | ||
| Administration Techniques with Steroid Therapy | 355 | ||
| Drugs Used as Antidiabetic Agents | 355 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 356 | ||
| Administration of Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | 357 | ||
| Mixing Insulins | 358 | ||
| Insulin Delivery Systems | 361 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Insulin | 363 | ||
| Drugs Used as Oral Antidiabetic Agents | 363 | ||
| Other Injectables for Type 2 and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | 364 | ||
| Hyperglycemic Agents | 365 | ||
| Summary | 365 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 366 | ||
| Scenario | 366 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 367 | ||
| Review Questions | 367 | ||
| 21 Eye and Ear Disorders | 369 | ||
| Objectives | 369 | ||
| Key Terms | 369 | ||
| Eye | 370 | ||
| Antiinfective and Antiinflammatory Agents | 372 | ||
| Agents for Glaucoma | 375 | ||
| Mydriatics and Cycloplegics | 376 | ||
| Local Ophthalmic Anesthetic Agents | 377 | ||
| Immunomodulators | 378 | ||
| Artificial Tears and Lubricants | 378 | ||
| Ophthalmic Antiallergic and Decongestant Agents | 379 | ||
| Ophthalmic Staining Agents | 379 | ||
| Ear | 380 | ||
| Otic Preparations | 380 | ||
| Vertigo and Ototoxicity | 381 | ||
| Storage of Eye and Ear Preparations | 383 | ||
| Summary | 383 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 384 | ||
| Scenario | 384 | ||
| Dosage Calculations | 384 | ||
| Review Questions | 384 | ||
| 22 Drugs for Skin Conditions | 385 | ||
| Objectives | 385 | ||
| Key Terms | 385 | ||
| Classification of Dermatologic Preparations | 387 | ||
| Dermatologic Preparations and Absorption | 387 | ||
| Types of Preparations for the Skin | 388 | ||
| Antiinfective and Antiinflammatory Topicals | 388 | ||
| Acne Preparations | 393 | ||
| Keratolytic Agents | 394 | ||
| Treatments for Seborrheic Dermatitis | 395 | ||
| Medications for Psoriasis | 395 | ||
| Topical Anesthesia and Antipruritics | 395 | ||
| Topical Treatment of Burns and Chronic Wounds | 397 | ||
| Prophylactic Agents | 398 | ||
| Medications for Scabies and Pediculosis | 399 | ||
| Other Dermatologic Preparations | 399 | ||
| Summary | 400 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 400 | ||
| Scenario | 400 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 400 | ||
| Review Questions | 401 | ||
| 23 Musculoskeletal System Disorders | 402 | ||
| Objectives | 402 | ||
| Key Terms | 402 | ||
| Osteoporosis and Medications for Treatment | 404 | ||
| Joint Diseases and Their Treatment | 406 | ||
| Gouty Arthritis | 411 | ||
| Diseases Involving Muscles | 413 | ||
| Diseases with Muscle Spasticity | 413 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 415 | ||
| Summary | 415 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 415 | ||
| Scenario | 415 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 416 | ||
| Review Questions | 416 | ||
| 24 Gastrointestinal System Disorders | 418 | ||
| Objectives | 418 | ||
| Key Terms | 418 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System and How Drugs Act | 420 | ||
| Drugs Used in the Mouth | 421 | ||
| Agents Used for Mouth Conditions | 421 | ||
| Drugs Used for Gastric Conditions | 422 | ||
| Other Medications for Peptic Ulcers | 424 | ||
| Drugs Used to Treat Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C | 428 | ||
| Drugs Used as Pancreatic Enzyme Replacements | 428 | ||
| Drugs Used with Gallbladder Disease | 428 | ||
| Drugs for Emesis | 430 | ||
| Drugs Used for Intestinal Conditions | 432 | ||
| Antiflatulents | 432 | ||
| Laxatives and Cathartics | 432 | ||
| Types of Laxatives | 435 | ||
| Drugs Used for Relief of Diarrhea | 437 | ||
| Lower GI Antiinflammatory Agents | 438 | ||
| Anorectal Preparations | 438 | ||
| Drugs Used for Intestinal Parasites | 438 | ||
| Drugs Used to Suppress Appetite | 439 | ||
| Summary | 440 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 441 | ||
| Scenario | 441 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 441 | ||
| Review Questions | 442 | ||
| 25 Respiratory System Disorders | 443 | ||
| Objectives | 443 | ||
| Key Terms | 443 | ||
| How Respiration Controls Body Functions | 444 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 445 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Conditions | 446 | ||
| Treatment of Nasal Congestion | 446 | ||
| Antihistamines | 446 | ||
| Decongestants | 448 | ||
| Cromolyn Sodium | 449 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 449 | ||
| OTC Products for Upper Respiratory Conditions | 450 | ||
| Combination OTC Products | 450 | ||
| Zinc-Based OTC Products | 451 | ||
| Herbal Cold Prophylactic Products | 451 | ||
| Drugs Used for Coughs | 451 | ||
| Antitussives | 451 | ||
| Opioid Cough Suppressants | 451 | ||
| Nonopioid Cough Suppressants | 452 | ||
| Understanding Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders | 453 | ||
| Drugs for Conditions of the Lower Respiratory Tract | 453 | ||
| Mucokinetic Agents | 453 | ||
| Expectorants | 453 | ||
| Inhalation Medications Used As Bronchodilators | 454 | ||
| Epinephrine, Ephedra, and Beta2-Adrenergic Drugs | 454 | ||
| Xanthine Derivatives | 456 | ||
| Anticholinergic Medications | 456 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 456 | ||
| Prophylactic Medications for Asthma | 457 | ||
| Influenza A and B | 458 | ||
| Medications for Inhibition of Influenza | 458 | ||
| Medications for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection | 459 | ||
| Summary | 460 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 460 | ||
| Scenario | 460 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 461 | ||
| Review Questions | 461 | ||
| 26 Circulatory System and Blood Disorders | 463 | ||
| Objectives | 463 | ||
| Key Terms | 463 | ||
| Function of the Circulatory System | 464 | ||
| How Drugs Affect the Cardiac Electrical Conduction System | 465 | ||
| Drugs for Angina Pectoris | 467 | ||
| Nitrates | 467 | ||
| Beta-Adrenergic Blockers | 468 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 468 | ||
| Combining the Medications for Angina | 468 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure and Its Treatment | 470 | ||
| Medications for Treating Congestive Heart Failure | 471 | ||
| Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Their Treatment | 472 | ||
| Hypertension and Its Treatment | 474 | ||
| Antihypertensive Therapy | 475 | ||
| Antihypertensive Therapy and Lifestyle Changes | 475 | ||
| Adding Medications for Treatment of Hypertension | 475 | ||
| Categories of Antihypertensive Medications | 477 | ||
| Diuretics | 477 | ||
| Adrenergic-Inhibiting Agents | 480 | ||
| Vasodilators | 480 | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 482 | ||
| Diseases of the Blood Vessels and Their Treatment | 483 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia and Its Treatment | 483 | ||
| Treatment of Hyperlipidemia | 484 | ||
| Medications that Affect Coagulation | 486 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 486 | ||
| Warfarin | 487 | ||
| Antiplatelet Medications | 488 | ||
| Thrombolytic Medications | 488 | ||
| Topical Hemostatics | 488 | ||
| Medications Used As Hematopoietics and Erythropoietics | 489 | ||
| Summary | 489 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 490 | ||
| Scenario | 490 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 491 | ||
| Review Questions | 491 | ||
| 27 Urinary System Disorders | 493 | ||
| Objectives | 493 | ||
| Key Terms | 493 | ||
| Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 495 | ||
| Replacement Therapy | 495 | ||
| Treating Urinary Tract Infections | 497 | ||
| Drugs to Treat Urinary Tract Infections | 497 | ||
| Antiinfectives | 497 | ||
| Urinary Tract Antiseptics | 500 | ||
| Miscellaneous Urinary Tract Medications | 500 | ||
| Urinary Tract Analgesics | 500 | ||
| Urinary Tract Antispasmodics and Drugs for Overactive Bladder | 500 | ||
| Drugs for Enuresis | 500 | ||
| Summary | 501 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 501 | ||
| Scenario | 501 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 502 | ||
| Review Questions | 502 | ||
| 28 Reproductive System Disorders | 503 | ||
| Objectives | 503 | ||
| Key Terms | 503 | ||
| Influence of Hormones on the Reproductive System | 505 | ||
| Drugs that Affect the Male Reproductive System | 506 | ||
| Androgens | 506 | ||
| Testosterone | 506 | ||
| Anabolic Steroids | 507 | ||
| Medications for Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy | 508 | ||
| Drugs that Affect the Female Reproductive System | 509 | ||
| Estrogens | 509 | ||
| Forms of Estrogen Preparations | 510 | ||
| Progesterone | 511 | ||
| Forms of Contraception | 513 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 513 | ||
| Taking Oral Contraceptives Effectively | 514 | ||
| Other Forms of Contraception | 516 | ||
| Implants and Transdermal Patches | 516 | ||
| Contraception by Injection | 517 | ||
| Intrauterine Devices | 517 | ||
| Spermicides | 517 | ||
| Barrier Devices | 517 | ||
| Postcoital Contraception | 518 | ||
| RU-486 (Abortion Pill) | 519 | ||
| Forms of Contraception on the Horizon | 519 | ||
| Drugs for Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhea | 519 | ||
| Medications for Infertility | 520 | ||
| Treatment by Follicular Stimulation | 520 | ||
| Treatment of Amenorrhea | 520 | ||
| Male Infertility | 520 | ||
| Medications for Miscellaneous Reproductive Conditions | 521 | ||
| Medications for Erectile Dysfunction | 521 | ||
| Medications that Impair or Enhance Libido as a Side Effect | 522 | ||
| Summary | 523 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 524 | ||
| Scenario | 524 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 524 | ||
| Review Questions | 524 | ||
| 29 Drugs for Neurologic System Disorders | 526 | ||
| Objectives | 526 | ||
| Key Terms | 526 | ||
| Effects of Long-Term Drug Use on the Central Nervous System | 530 | ||
| Analgesics | 530 | ||
| Classes of Analgesics: Narcotics and Nonnarcotics | 530 | ||
| Anesthetics | 531 | ||
| General Anesthetics | 531 | ||
| Preanesthetic Medications | 531 | ||
| Midazolam for Conscious Sedation | 531 | ||
| Local Anesthetics | 531 | ||
| Procaine | 532 | ||
| Lidocaine | 532 | ||
| Cocaine | 532 | ||
| Sedatives and Hypnotics | 533 | ||
| Treatment of Sleep Disorders | 535 | ||
| Barbiturates | 535 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 536 | ||
| Other Medications Used as Sedatives and Hypnotics | 536 | ||
| Other Products Available OTC for Insomnia | 536 | ||
| Antiseizure Medications | 537 | ||
| Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease | 540 | ||
| Drugs for Restless Legs Syndrome | 543 | ||
| Drugs for Headaches | 543 | ||
| Migraine Headaches | 543 | ||
| Treatment of Migraines | 543 | ||
| Prevention of Migraine Headaches | 543 | ||
| Treatment of Additional Types of Headaches | 544 | ||
| Cluster Headaches | 544 | ||
| Tension Headaches | 545 | ||
| Drugs for Spasticity | 545 | ||
| Central Nervous System Stimulants | 545 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System Drugs | 546 | ||
| Cholinergic or Parasympathomimetic Medications | 548 | ||
| Anticholinergic or Parasympatholytic Medications | 549 | ||
| Adrenergic Agonists or Sympathomimetic Drugs | 550 | ||
| Adrenergic Blocking Agents or Sympatholytic Drugs | 551 | ||
| Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers (Beta Blockers) | 551 | ||
| Drugs Specific for Stroke Prevention | 554 | ||
| Summary | 554 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 555 | ||
| Scenario | 555 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 556 | ||
| Review Questions | 556 | ||
| 30 Drugs for Mental Health and Behavioral Disorders | 558 | ||
| Objectives | 558 | ||
| Key Terms | 558 | ||
| What Is Mental Health? | 559 | ||
| What Is A Mentally Healthy Person? | 559 | ||
| Anxiety and Daily Living | 560 | ||
| Role of Medication Therapy in Psychotherapy | 560 | ||
| Neurosis Versus Psychosis | 560 | ||
| Anxiolytics or Drugs for Anxiety (Minor Tranquilizers) | 561 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 561 | ||
| Neuroleptics or Drugs for Psychosis (Major Tranquilizers) | 563 | ||
| Uses for Antipsychotics or Neuroleptics | 564 | ||
| Potency and Neuroleptics | 564 | ||
| Side Effects of Neuroleptics | 564 | ||
| Treatment of Psychosis with Parenteral Medications | 567 | ||
| Treatment of Schizophrenia | 567 | ||
| Depression and Its Treatment | 568 | ||
| Antidepressant Medications | 569 | ||
| Tricyclic Antidepressants | 569 | ||
| Atypical Antidepressants | 569 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | 569 | ||
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | 571 | ||
| Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors | 573 | ||
| Natural Reuptake Inhibitors | 573 | ||
| Antimanic Medications | 573 | ||
| Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease | 574 | ||
| Drugs Used for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 575 | ||
| Summary | 577 | ||
| Critical Thinking Exercises | 578 | ||
| Scenario | 578 | ||
| Drug Calculations | 578 | ||
| Review Questions | 579 | ||
| 31 Misused, Abused, and Addictive Drugs | 580 | ||
| Objectives | 580 | ||
| Key Terms | 580 | ||
| What Is Drug Misuse? Abuse? | 581 | ||
| Factors that Contribute to Drug Misuse and Abuse | 582 | ||
| Behaviors Found with Drug Abuse | 582 | ||
| Drugs of Abuse Not Requiring a Prescription | 583 | ||
| Nicotine | 583 | ||
| Smoking Cessation Products | 584 | ||
| Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol | 586 | ||
| Drug Interactions with Alcohol | 586 | ||
| Drugs Used to Treat Alcoholism | 587 | ||
| Other Alcohol Preparations | 587 | ||
| Prescription Drug Abuse | 588 | ||
| Opiates and Opioids | 588 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Opioid and Opiate Withdrawal | 588 | ||
| Abused Central Nervous System Stimulants | 589 | ||
| Amphetamines | 589 | ||
| Cocaine | 589 | ||
| Abused Central Nervous System Depressants | 590 | ||
| Barbiturates | 590 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 591 | ||
| Marijuana and Hashish | 591 | ||
| Hallucinogens, Psychedelics, and PsychoTOmimetics | 591 | ||
| Inhalants | 593 | ||
| Anabolic Steroids | 593 | ||
| Caring for Patients with Drug Misuse and Abuse Problems | 594 | ||
| Summary | 595 | ||
| Critical Thinking Scenario | 595 | ||
| Review Questions | 596 | ||
| Appendixes | 597 | ||
| Appendix A Check Your Understanding Answers | 597 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 597 | ||
| 6-1 | 597 | ||
| 6-2 | 597 | ||
| 6-3 | 597 | ||
| 6-4 | 597 | ||
| 6-5 | 597 | ||
| 6-6 | 597 | ||
| 6-7 | 597 | ||
| 6-8 | 597 | ||
| 6-9 | 597 | ||
| 6-10 | 597 | ||
| 6-11 | 598 | ||
| 6-12 | 598 | ||
| 6-13 | 598 | ||
| 6-14 | 598 | ||
| 6-15 | 598 | ||
| 6-16 | 598 | ||
| 6-17 | 598 | ||
| 6-18 | 598 | ||
| 6-19 | 598 | ||
| 6-20 | 598 | ||
| 6-21 | 598 | ||
| 6-22 | 598 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 598 | ||
| 7-1 | 598 | ||
| 7-2 | 598 | ||
| 7-3 | 598 | ||
| 7-4 | 598 | ||
| 7-5 | 598 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 599 | ||
| 8-1 | 599 | ||
| 8-2 | 599 | ||
| 8-3 | 599 | ||
| 8-4 | 599 | ||
| 8-5 | 599 | ||
| 8-6 | 599 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 599 | ||
| 9-1 | 599 | ||
| 9-2 | 599 | ||
| 9-3 | 599 | ||
| 9-4 | 599 | ||
| 9-5 | 599 | ||
| 9-6 | 599 | ||
| 9-7 | 599 | ||
| 9-8 | 599 | ||
| 9-9 | 599 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 599 | ||
| 10-1 | 599 | ||
| 10-2 | 599 | ||
| 10-3 | 600 | ||
| 10-4 | 600 | ||
| 10-5 | 600 | ||
| Appendix B Drug-Nutrient and Drug-Drug Interactions | 601 | ||
| Drug-Nutrient Interactions | 601 | ||
| Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interactions | 601 | ||
| Glossary | 602 | ||
| Index | 619 | ||
| A | 619 | ||
| B | 622 | ||
| C | 622 | ||
| D | 624 | ||
| E | 627 | ||
| F | 627 | ||
| G | 628 | ||
| H | 628 | ||
| I | 629 | ||
| J | 631 | ||
| K | 631 | ||
| L | 631 | ||
| M | 631 | ||
| N | 633 | ||
| O | 634 | ||
| P | 635 | ||
| Q | 637 | ||
| R | 637 | ||
| S | 638 | ||
| T | 640 | ||
| U | 641 | ||
| V | 641 | ||
| W | 642 | ||
| X | 642 | ||
| Z | 642 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc1 |