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Book Details
Abstract
Simple and straightforward, Thibodeau and Patton's Structure & Function of the Body, 14th Edition makes the difficult concepts of anatomy and physiology clear and easier to understand. Focusing on the normal structure and function of the human body and what the body does to maintain homeostasis, this introductory text provides more than 400 vibrantly detailed illustrations and a variety of interactive learning tools to help you establish an essential foundation for success in the care of the human body. This title includes additional digital media when purchased in print format. For this digital book edition, media content may not be included.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Anatomical directions | IFC | ||
| Contents in brief | i | ||
| Front matter | iii | ||
| Structure & function of the body 14th edition | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| About the authors | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Unifying themes | vii | ||
| Organization and content | vii | ||
| Pedagogical features | viii | ||
| Illustrations | ix | ||
| Clear view of the human body | x | ||
| Companion CD-ROM | x | ||
| Supplements | x | ||
| Anatomy & physiology online | x | ||
| TEACH instructor resource | xi | ||
| Instructor’s electronic resource | xi | ||
| Study guide | xi | ||
| Evolve | xi | ||
| A word of thanks | xii | ||
| Table of contents | xv | ||
| 1 An introduction to the structure and function of the body | xx | ||
| Objectives | xx | ||
| The scientific method | 1 | ||
| Structural levels of organization | 2 | ||
| Anatomical position | 5 | ||
| Anatomical directions | 5 | ||
| Planes or body sections | 5 | ||
| Body cavities | 7 | ||
| Body regions | 11 | ||
| The balance of body functions | 12 | ||
| Outline summary | 14 | ||
| The scientific method | 14 | ||
| Structural levels of organization | 15 | ||
| Anatomical position | 15 | ||
| Anatomical directions | 15 | ||
| Planes or body sections (see figure 1-4) | 15 | ||
| Body cavities (see figure 1-5) | 15 | ||
| Body regions (see figure 1-9) | 15 | ||
| The balance of body functions | 15 | ||
| 2 Chemistry of life | 18 | ||
| Objectives | 18 | ||
| Levels of chemical organization | 19 | ||
| Atoms | 19 | ||
| Elements, molecules, and compounds | 20 | ||
| Chemical bonding | 21 | ||
| Ionic bonds | 21 | ||
| Covalent bonds | 22 | ||
| Hydrogen bonds | 23 | ||
| Inorganic chemistry | 23 | ||
| Water | 23 | ||
| Acids, bases, and salts | 25 | ||
| Organic chemistry | 26 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 26 | ||
| Lipids | 27 | ||
| Proteins | 28 | ||
| Nucleic acids | 29 | ||
| Outline summary | 31 | ||
| Levels of chemical organization | 31 | ||
| Chemical bonding | 31 | ||
| Inorganic chemistry | 32 | ||
| Organic chemistry | 32 | ||
| 3 Cells and tissues | 36 | ||
| Objectives | 36 | ||
| Cells | 37 | ||
| Size and shape | 37 | ||
| Composition | 38 | ||
| Parts of the cell | 38 | ||
| Plasma membrane | 38 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 39 | ||
| Ribosomes | 40 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum | 40 | ||
| Golgi apparatus | 40 | ||
| Mitochondria | 41 | ||
| Lysosomes | 42 | ||
| Centrosome | 42 | ||
| Cell extensions | 42 | ||
| Nucleus | 43 | ||
| Nucleolus. | 43 | ||
| Chromatin and chromosomes. | 43 | ||
| Relationship of cell structure and function | 44 | ||
| Movement of substances through cell membranes | 44 | ||
| Passive transport processes | 44 | ||
| Diffusion | 45 | ||
| Osmosis and dialysis. | 46 | ||
| Filtration | 46 | ||
| Active transport processes | 46 | ||
| Ion pumps | 47 | ||
| Phagocytosis and pinocytosis | 48 | ||
| Cell reproduction and heredity | 49 | ||
| DNA molecule and genetic information | 49 | ||
| Genetic code | 50 | ||
| RNA molecules and protein synthesis | 51 | ||
| Transcription. | 51 | ||
| Translation. | 51 | ||
| Cell division | 52 | ||
| DNA replication | 53 | ||
| Prophase | 54 | ||
| Metaphase | 54 | ||
| Anaphase | 54 | ||
| Telophase | 54 | ||
| Results of cell division | 54 | ||
| Tissues | 54 | ||
| Epithelial tissue | 55 | ||
| Shape of cells | 55 | ||
| Arrangement of cells | 55 | ||
| Simple squamous epithelium | 55 | ||
| Stratified squamous epithelium | 55 | ||
| Simple columnar epithelium | 57 | ||
| Stratified transitional epithelium | 57 | ||
| Pseudostratified epithelium | 57 | ||
| Cuboidal epithelium | 57 | ||
| Connective tissue | 59 | ||
| Areolar and adipose connective tissue | 59 | ||
| Dense fibrous connective tissue | 60 | ||
| Bone and cartilage | 61 | ||
| Blood and hematopoietic tissue | 61 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 61 | ||
| Skeletal muscle tissue | 62 | ||
| Cardiac muscle tissue | 62 | ||
| Smooth muscle tissue | 62 | ||
| Nervous tissue | 62 | ||
| Outline summary | 64 | ||
| Cells | 64 | ||
| Movements of substances through cell membranes | 65 | ||
| Cell reproduction and heredity | 66 | ||
| Tissues (see tables 3-5 through 3-7) | 67 | ||
| 4 Organ systems of the body | 70 | ||
| Objectives | 70 | ||
| Organ systems of the body | 71 | ||
| Integumentary system | 72 | ||
| Skeletal system | 72 | ||
| Muscular system | 72 | ||
| Nervous system | 74 | ||
| Endocrine system | 76 | ||
| Cardiovascular (circulatory) system | 76 | ||
| Lymphatic system | 77 | ||
| Respiratory system | 77 | ||
| Digestive system | 78 | ||
| Urinary system | 78 | ||
| Reproductive systems | 79 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 81 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 81 | ||
| The body as a whole | 83 | ||
| Outline summary | 83 | ||
| Definitions and concepts | 83 | ||
| Organ systems | 83 | ||
| 5 The integumentary system and body membranes | 88 | ||
| Objectives | 88 | ||
| Classification of body membranes | 89 | ||
| Epithelial membranes | 90 | ||
| Cutaneous membrane | 90 | ||
| Serous membranes | 90 | ||
| Mucous membranes | 91 | ||
| Connective tissue membranes | 91 | ||
| The skin | 92 | ||
| Structure of the skin | 92 | ||
| Epidermis | 93 | ||
| Skin pigment | 93 | ||
| Dermal-epidermal junction | 94 | ||
| Dermis | 94 | ||
| Papillary layer. | 94 | ||
| Reticular layer. | 94 | ||
| Subcutaneous tissue | 94 | ||
| Accessory structures of the skin | 95 | ||
| Hair | 95 | ||
| Receptors | 96 | ||
| Nails | 96 | ||
| Skin glands | 97 | ||
| Sweat (sudoriferous) glands. | 97 | ||
| Sebaceous glands. | 97 | ||
| Skin cancer | 98 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 98 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma | 99 | ||
| Melanoma | 99 | ||
| Functions of the skin | 99 | ||
| Protection | 99 | ||
| Temperature regulation | 100 | ||
| Sense organ activity | 100 | ||
| Excretion | 100 | ||
| Synthesis of vitamin D | 100 | ||
| Burns | 100 | ||
| Estimating body surface area | 100 | ||
| Classification of burns | 100 | ||
| First-degree burns. | 101 | ||
| Second-degree burns. | 101 | ||
| Third-degree burns. | 101 | ||
| Outline summary | 102 | ||
| Classification of body membranes | 102 | ||
| The skin | 102 | ||
| 6 The skeletal system | 108 | ||
| Objectives | 108 | ||
| Functions of the skeletal system | 110 | ||
| Support | 110 | ||
| Protection | 110 | ||
| Movement | 110 | ||
| Storage | 110 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 110 | ||
| Types of bones | 110 | ||
| Structure of long bones | 110 | ||
| Structure of flat bones | 111 | ||
| Microscopic structure of bone and cartilage | 111 | ||
| Bone formation and growth | 113 | ||
| Divisions of skeleton | 116 | ||
| Axial skeleton | 117 | ||
| Skull | 117 | ||
| Spine (vertebral column) | 120 | ||
| Thorax | 121 | ||
| Appendicular skeleton | 123 | ||
| Upper extremity | 123 | ||
| Lower extremity | 124 | ||
| Differences between a man’s and a woman’s skeleton | 127 | ||
| Joints (articulations) | 128 | ||
| Kinds of joints | 128 | ||
| Synarthroses | 128 | ||
| Amphiarthroses | 128 | ||
| Diarthroses | 129 | ||
| Structure. | 129 | ||
| Function. | 130 | ||
| Outline summary | 136 | ||
| Functions of the skeletal system | 136 | ||
| Types of bones | 136 | ||
| Microscopic structure of bone and cartilage | 136 | ||
| Bone formation and growth | 136 | ||
| Divisions of skeleton | 136 | ||
| Differences between a man’s and a woman’s skeleton | 136 | ||
| Joint (articulations) | 137 | ||
| 7 The muscular system | 140 | ||
| Objectives | 140 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 141 | ||
| Structure of skeletal muscle | 142 | ||
| Muscle organs | 142 | ||
| Microscopic structure and function | 143 | ||
| Functions of skeletal muscle | 145 | ||
| Movement | 145 | ||
| Posture | 146 | ||
| Heat production | 146 | ||
| Fatigue | 147 | ||
| Role of other body systems in movement | 147 | ||
| Motor unit | 148 | ||
| Muscle stimulus | 149 | ||
| Types of skeletal muscle contraction | 149 | ||
| Twitch and tetanic contractions | 149 | ||
| Isotonic contraction | 149 | ||
| Isometric contraction | 149 | ||
| Effects of exercise on skeletal muscles | 150 | ||
| Movements produced by skeletal muscle contractions | 151 | ||
| Skeletal muscle groups | 154 | ||
| Muscles of the head and neck | 154 | ||
| Muscles that move the upper extremities | 154 | ||
| Muscles of the trunk | 155 | ||
| Muscles that move the lower extremities | 157 | ||
| Outline summary | 159 | ||
| Introduction | 159 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 159 | ||
| Structure of skeletal muscle | 159 | ||
| Functions of skeletal muscle | 160 | ||
| Role of other body systems in movement | 161 | ||
| Motor unit | 161 | ||
| Muscle stimulus | 161 | ||
| Types of skeletal muscle contraction | 161 | ||
| Effects of exercise on skeletal muscles | 161 | ||
| Movements produced by skeletal muscle contractions (see figures 7-7 through 7-9) | 162 | ||
| Skeletal muscle groups (see table 7-2) | 162 | ||
| 8 The nervous system | 166 | ||
| Objectives | 166 | ||
| Organs and divisions of the nervous system | 168 | ||
| Cells of the nervous system | 168 | ||
| Neurons | 168 | ||
| Glia | 168 | ||
| Nerves and tracts | 170 | ||
| Reflex arcs | 171 | ||
| Nerve impulses | 174 | ||
| The synapse | 174 | ||
| Central nervous system | 176 | ||
| Divisions of the brain | 176 | ||
| Brainstem | 177 | ||
| Cerebellum | 177 | ||
| Structure. | 177 | ||
| Function. | 178 | ||
| Diencephalon | 179 | ||
| Hypothalamus. | 179 | ||
| Thalamus. | 179 | ||
| Pineal body. | 180 | ||
| Cerebrum | 180 | ||
| Spinal cord | 183 | ||
| Structure | 183 | ||
| Functions | 184 | ||
| Coverings and fluid spaces of the brain and spinal cord | 185 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 187 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 187 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 188 | ||
| Structure | 188 | ||
| Functions | 189 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 189 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 190 | ||
| Autonomic conduction paths | 192 | ||
| Sympathetic nervous system | 192 | ||
| Structure | 192 | ||
| Functions | 193 | ||
| Parasympathetic nervous system | 193 | ||
| Structure | 193 | ||
| Functions | 194 | ||
| Autonomic neurotransmitters | 194 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system as a whole | 194 | ||
| Outline summary | 196 | ||
| Organs and divisions of the nervous system (see figure 8-1) | 196 | ||
| Cells of the nervous system | 196 | ||
| Nerves and tracts (see figure 8-4) | 196 | ||
| Reflex arcs | 197 | ||
| Nerve impulses | 197 | ||
| The synapse | 197 | ||
| Central nervous system | 197 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 198 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 198 | ||
| 9 The senses | 204 | ||
| Objectives | 204 | ||
| Classification of sense organs | 205 | ||
| Converting a stimulus into a sensation | 205 | ||
| General sense organs | 207 | ||
| Special sense organs | 208 | ||
| The eye | 208 | ||
| Sclera | 208 | ||
| Choroid | 209 | ||
| Retina | 210 | ||
| Visual pathway | 211 | ||
| The ear | 213 | ||
| External ear | 214 | ||
| Middle ear | 214 | ||
| Inner ear | 215 | ||
| The taste receptors | 216 | ||
| The smell receptors | 218 | ||
| Outline summary | 219 | ||
| Classification of sense organs | 219 | ||
| Converting a stimulus into a sensation | 219 | ||
| General sense organs (table 9-1) | 219 | ||
| Special sense organs | 220 | ||
| 10 The endocrine system | 224 | ||
| Objectives | 224 | ||
| Mechanisms of hormone action | 226 | ||
| Nonsteroid hormones | 226 | ||
| Steroid hormones | 228 | ||
| Regulation of hormone secretion | 229 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 230 | ||
| Pituitary gland | 231 | ||
| Anterior pituitary gland hormones | 231 | ||
| Posterior pituitary gland hormones | 232 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 233 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 234 | ||
| Parathyroid glands | 236 | ||
| Adrenal glands | 236 | ||
| Adrenal cortex | 236 | ||
| Adrenal medulla | 238 | ||
| Pancreatic islets | 240 | ||
| Female sex glands | 241 | ||
| Male sex glands | 241 | ||
| Thymus | 242 | ||
| Placenta | 243 | ||
| Pineal gland | 243 | ||
| Other endocrine structures | 243 | ||
| Outline summary | 244 | ||
| Mechanisms of hormone action | 244 | ||
| Regulation of hormone secretion | 244 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 244 | ||
| Pituitary gland (see figure 10-5) | 245 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 245 | ||
| Thyroid gland (see figure 10-6) | 245 | ||
| Parathyroid glands (see figure 10-6) | 245 | ||
| Adrenal glands (see figure 10-9) | 245 | ||
| Pancreatic islets (see figure 10-11) | 246 | ||
| Female sex glands | 246 | ||
| Male sex glands | 246 | ||
| Thymus | 246 | ||
| Placenta | 246 | ||
| Pineal gland | 247 | ||
| Other endocrine structures | 247 | ||
| 11 Blood | 250 | ||
| Objectives | 250 | ||
| Blood composition | 251 | ||
| Blood plasma | 251 | ||
| Formed elements | 252 | ||
| Red blood cells | 254 | ||
| Anemia | 254 | ||
| Hematocrit test | 255 | ||
| White blood cells (leukocytes) | 256 | ||
| White blood cell count | 256 | ||
| Leukocyte types and functions | 257 | ||
| Granulocytes. | 257 | ||
| Agranulocytes. | 257 | ||
| White blood cell disorders | 257 | ||
| Platelets and blood clotting | 258 | ||
| Blood types | 260 | ||
| ABO system | 260 | ||
| Rh system | 261 | ||
| Universal donor and universal recipient blood | 261 | ||
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | 262 | ||
| Outline summary | 264 | ||
| Blood composition (see table 11-1) | 264 | ||
| Blood types | 265 | ||
| 12 The cardiovascular system | 268 | ||
| Objectives | 268 | ||
| Heart | 270 | ||
| Location, size, and position | 270 | ||
| Anatomy | 270 | ||
| Heart chambers | 270 | ||
| Covering sac, or pericardium | 272 | ||
| Heart action | 272 | ||
| Heart valves | 274 | ||
| Heart sounds | 274 | ||
| Blood flow through the heart | 274 | ||
| Blood supply to the heart muscle | 274 | ||
| Cardiac cycle | 276 | ||
| Conduction system of the heart | 276 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 277 | ||
| Blood vessels | 279 | ||
| Types | 279 | ||
| Structure | 280 | ||
| Functions | 283 | ||
| Circulation of blood | 283 | ||
| Systemic and pulmonary circulation | 283 | ||
| Hepatic portal circulation | 285 | ||
| Fetal circulation | 286 | ||
| Blood pressure | 289 | ||
| Defining blood pressure | 289 | ||
| Factors that influence blood pressure | 290 | ||
| Blood volume | 290 | ||
| Strength of heart contractions | 290 | ||
| Heart rate | 290 | ||
| Blood viscosity | 291 | ||
| Resistance to blood flow | 291 | ||
| Fluctuations in blood pressure | 292 | ||
| Pulse | 293 | ||
| Outline summary | 294 | ||
| Heart | 294 | ||
| Blood vessels | 296 | ||
| Circulation of blood | 296 | ||
| Blood pressure | 296 | ||
| Pulse | 297 | ||
| 13 The lymphatic system and immunity | 300 | ||
| Objectives | 300 | ||
| The lymphatic system | 301 | ||
| Lymph and lymphatic vessels | 301 | ||
| Lymph nodes | 304 | ||
| Defense function: Biological filtration | 304 | ||
| Thymus | 306 | ||
| Tonsils | 307 | ||
| Spleen | 307 | ||
| The immune system | 308 | ||
| Function of the immune system | 308 | ||
| Nonspecific immunity | 308 | ||
| Specific immunity | 309 | ||
| Immune system molecules | 310 | ||
| Antibodies | 310 | ||
| Definition | 310 | ||
| Functions | 310 | ||
| Complement proteins | 311 | ||
| Immune system cells | 312 | ||
| Phagocytes | 312 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 314 | ||
| Development of B cells | 314 | ||
| Function of B cells | 315 | ||
| Development of T cells | 315 | ||
| Functions of T cells | 316 | ||
| Outline summary | 319 | ||
| The lymphatic system (see figure 13-1) | 319 | ||
| The immune system | 320 | ||
| Immune system molecules | 320 | ||
| Immune system cells | 320 | ||
| 14 The respiratory system | 324 | ||
| Objectives | 324 | ||
| Structural plan | 326 | ||
| Respiratory tracts | 327 | ||
| Respiratory mucosa | 328 | ||
| Nose | 328 | ||
| Pharynx | 329 | ||
| Larynx | 331 | ||
| Trachea | 331 | ||
| Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli | 332 | ||
| Lungs and pleura | 334 | ||
| Respiration | 336 | ||
| Mechanics of breathing | 337 | ||
| Inspiration | 337 | ||
| Expiration | 337 | ||
| Exchange of gases in lungs (external respiration) | 338 | ||
| Exchange of gases in tissues (internal respiration) | 338 | ||
| Blood transportation of gases | 338 | ||
| Transport of oxygen | 340 | ||
| Transport of carbon dioxide | 340 | ||
| Volumes of air exchanged in pulmonary ventilation | 341 | ||
| Regulation of respiration | 343 | ||
| Cerebral cortex | 343 | ||
| Reflexes that influence respiration | 343 | ||
| Chemoreflexes | 343 | ||
| Pulmonary stretch reflexes | 344 | ||
| Types of breathing | 344 | ||
| Outline summary | 344 | ||
| Structural plan | 344 | ||
| Respiratory tracts | 345 | ||
| Respiratory mucosa | 345 | ||
| Nose | 345 | ||
| Pharynx | 345 | ||
| Larynx | 345 | ||
| Trachea | 345 | ||
| Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli | 345 | ||
| Lungs and pleura | 345 | ||
| Respiration | 346 | ||
| Regulation of respiration (see figure 14-14) | 347 | ||
| Types of breathing | 347 | ||
| 15 The digestive system | 350 | ||
| Objectives | 350 | ||
| Overview of the digestive process | 351 | ||
| Wall of the digestive tract | 353 | ||
| Mouth | 355 | ||
| Typical tooth | 355 | ||
| Types of teeth | 355 | ||
| Salivary glands | 357 | ||
| Pharynx | 358 | ||
| Esophagus | 359 | ||
| Stomach | 359 | ||
| Small intestine | 360 | ||
| Liver and gallbladder | 363 | ||
| Pancreas | 364 | ||
| Large intestine | 364 | ||
| Appendix | 367 | ||
| Peritoneum | 367 | ||
| Extensions | 368 | ||
| X-ray studies of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract | 368 | ||
| Digestion | 368 | ||
| Enzymes and chemical digestion | 369 | ||
| Carbohydrate digestion | 369 | ||
| Protein digestion | 370 | ||
| Fat digestion | 370 | ||
| Absorption | 371 | ||
| Surface area and absorption | 372 | ||
| Outline summary | 372 | ||
| Overview of the digestive system (see figure 15-1 and table 15-1) | 372 | ||
| Primary mechanisms of the digestive system (see table 15-2) | 372 | ||
| Wall of the digestive tract (see figure 15-2) | 373 | ||
| Mouth | 373 | ||
| Salivary glands (figure 15-7) | 373 | ||
| Pharynx | 373 | ||
| Esophagus | 373 | ||
| Stomach (see figure 15-8) | 373 | ||
| Small intestine (see figure 15-9) | 374 | ||
| Liver and gallbladder | 374 | ||
| Pancreas | 374 | ||
| Large intestine (see figure 15-12) | 374 | ||
| Appendix | 374 | ||
| Peritoneum (see figure 15-14) | 374 | ||
| Digestion (see table 15-3) | 375 | ||
| Absorption | 375 | ||
| 16 Nutrition and metabolism | 378 | ||
| Objectives | 378 | ||
| Roles of the liver | 380 | ||
| Nutrient metabolism | 380 | ||
| Carbohydrate metabolism | 380 | ||
| Fat metabolism | 383 | ||
| Protein metabolism | 383 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 384 | ||
| Metabolic rates | 384 | ||
| Body temperature | 386 | ||
| Outline summary | 388 | ||
| Definitions | 388 | ||
| Role of the liver | 388 | ||
| Nutrient metabolism | 388 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 389 | ||
| Metabolic rates | 389 | ||
| Body temperature | 388 | ||
| 17 The urinary system | 392 | ||
| Objectives | 392 | ||
| Kidneys | 394 | ||
| Location | 394 | ||
| Internal structure | 395 | ||
| Microscopic structure | 395 | ||
| Function | 396 | ||
| Formation of urine | 400 | ||
| Filtration | 400 | ||
| Reabsorption | 401 | ||
| Secretion | 402 | ||
| Control of urine volume | 403 | ||
| Ureters | 403 | ||
| Urinary bladder | 404 | ||
| Urethra | 405 | ||
| Micturition | 405 | ||
| Outline summary | 407 | ||
| Kidneys | 407 | ||
| Formation of urine (see figure 17-5) | 407 | ||
| Ureters | 408 | ||
| Urinary bladder | 408 | ||
| Urethra | 408 | ||
| Micturition | 408 | ||
| 18 Fluid and electrolyte balance | 412 | ||
| Objectives | 412 | ||
| Body fluids | 413 | ||
| Body fluid compartments | 415 | ||
| Extracellular fluid | 415 | ||
| Intracellular fluid | 415 | ||
| Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance | 415 | ||
| Regulation of fluid intake | 416 | ||
| Importance of electrolytes in body fluids | 417 | ||
| Electrolytes versus nonelectrolytes | 417 | ||
| Ions | 417 | ||
| Electrolyte functions | 418 | ||
| Fluid volume variation. | 418 | ||
| Capillary blood pressure and blood proteins | 420 | ||
| Fluid imbalances | 421 | ||
| Outline summary | 422 | ||
| Body fluids | 422 | ||
| Body fluid compartments | 422 | ||
| Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance | 422 | ||
| Fluid imbalances | 423 | ||
| 19 Acid-base balance | 426 | ||
| Objectives | 426 | ||
| pH of body fluids | 427 | ||
| Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids | 429 | ||
| Buffers | 429 | ||
| Respiratory mechanism of pH control | 432 | ||
| Urinary mechanism of pH control | 432 | ||
| pH imbalances | 434 | ||
| Metabolic and respiratory disturbances | 434 | ||
| Vomiting and metabolic alkalosis | 435 | ||
| Cardiac arrest and respiratory acidosis | 436 | ||
| Outline summary | 437 | ||
| pH of body fluids | 437 | ||
| Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids | 437 | ||
| pH imbalances | 437 | ||
| 20 The reproductive systems | 440 | ||
| Objectives | 440 | ||
| Common structural and functional characteristics between the sexes | 441 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 442 | ||
| Structural plan | 442 | ||
| Essential organs | 442 | ||
| Accessory organs | 442 | ||
| Testes | 442 | ||
| Structure and location | 442 | ||
| Testis functions | 443 | ||
| Spermatogenesis. | 443 | ||
| Spermatozoa. | 445 | ||
| Production of testosterone. | 446 | ||
| Reproductive ducts | 447 | ||
| Epididymis | 447 | ||
| Ductus (vas) deferens | 447 | ||
| Ejaculatory duct and urethra | 447 | ||
| Accessory, or supportive, sex glands | 447 | ||
| Seminal vesicles | 448 | ||
| Prostate gland | 448 | ||
| Bulbourethral glands | 448 | ||
| External genitals | 448 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 450 | ||
| Structural plan | 450 | ||
| Essential organs | 450 | ||
| Accessory organs | 450 | ||
| Ovaries | 451 | ||
| Structure and location | 451 | ||
| Ovary functions | 451 | ||
| Oogenesis. | 451 | ||
| Production of estrogen and progesterone. | 452 | ||
| Reproductive ducts | 452 | ||
| Uterine tubes | 452 | ||
| Uterus | 452 | ||
| Vagina | 454 | ||
| Accessory, or supportive, sex glands | 454 | ||
| Bartholin’s glands | 454 | ||
| Breasts | 454 | ||
| External genitals | 454 | ||
| Menstrual cycle | 455 | ||
| Phases and events | 455 | ||
| Control of menstrual cycle changes | 456 | ||
| Summary of male and female reproductive systems | 459 | ||
| Outline summary | 460 | ||
| Common structural and functional characteristics between the sexes | 460 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 460 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 461 | ||
| Summary of male and female reproductive systems | 462 | ||
| 21 Growth and development | 466 | ||
| Objectives | 466 | ||
| Prenatal period | 467 | ||
| Fertilization to implantation | 468 | ||
| Periods of development | 470 | ||
| Formation of the primary germ layers | 472 | ||
| Histogenesis and organogenesis | 473 | ||
| Birth defects | 473 | ||
| Birth, or parturition | 474 | ||
| Stages of labor | 476 | ||
| Postnatal period | 476 | ||
| Infancy | 477 | ||
| Childhood | 478 | ||
| Adolescence and adulthood | 479 | ||
| Older adulthood | 480 | ||
| Effects of aging | 481 | ||
| Integumentary system (skin) | 481 | ||
| Skeletal system | 481 | ||
| Central nervous system | 481 | ||
| Special senses | 481 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 481 | ||
| Respiratory system | 482 | ||
| Urinary system | 482 | ||
| Outline summary | 483 | ||
| Prenatal period | 483 | ||
| Birth, or parturition | 483 | ||
| Postnatal period | 484 | ||
| Effects of aging | 484 | ||
| Appendix A Body mass index | 488 | ||
| Appendix B Common medical abbreviations, prefixes, and suffixes | 489 | ||
| Abbreviations and acronyms | 489 | ||
| Prefixes | 490 | ||
| Suffixes | 490 | ||
| Chapter test answers | 491 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 491 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 491 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 491 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 491 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 491 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 492 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 492 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 492 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 492 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 493 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 493 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 493 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 493 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 493 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 494 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 494 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 494 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 494 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 494 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 494 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 495 | ||
| Iillustration/photo credits | C- | ||
| Chapter 1 | C- | ||
| Chapter 2 | C- | ||
| Chapter 3 | C- | ||
| Chapter 4 | C- | ||
| Chapter 5 | C- | ||
| Chapter 6 | C- | ||
| Chapter 7 | C- | ||
| Chapter 8 | C- | ||
| Chapter 9 | C- | ||
| Chapter 10 | C- | ||
| Chapter 11 | C- | ||
| Chapter 12 | C- | ||
| Chapter 13 | C- | ||
| Chapter 14 | C- | ||
| Chapter 15 | C- | ||
| Chapter 16 | C- | ||
| Chapter 17 | C- | ||
| Chapter 18 | C- | ||
| Chapter 19 | C- | ||
| Chapter 20 | C- | ||
| Chapter 21 | C- | ||
| Glossary | G- | ||
| A | G- | ||
| B | G- | ||
| C | G- | ||
| D | G- | ||
| E | G- | ||
| F | G- | ||
| G | G- | ||
| H | G- | ||
| I | G- | ||
| J | G- | ||
| K | G- | ||
| L | G- | ||
| M | G- | ||
| N | G- | ||
| O | G- | ||
| P | G- | ||
| Q | G- | ||
| R | G- | ||
| S | G- | ||
| T | G- | ||
| U | G- | ||
| V | G- | ||
| W | G- | ||
| Y | G- | ||
| Z | G- | ||
| Index | I- | ||
| A | I- | ||
| B | I- | ||
| C | I- | ||
| D | I- | ||
| E | I- | ||
| F | I- | ||
| G | I- | ||
| H | I- | ||
| I | I- | ||
| J | I- | ||
| K | I- | ||
| L | I- | ||
| M | I- | ||
| N | I- | ||
| O | I- | ||
| P | I- | ||
| Q | I- | ||
| R | I- | ||
| S | I- | ||
| T | I- | ||
| U | I- | ||
| V | I- | ||
| W | I- | ||
| Y | I- | ||
| Z | I- | ||
| Boxes and tables | IBC | ||
| Clinical application boxes | IBC | ||
| Health and well-being boxes | IBC | ||
| Research, issues, & trends boxes | IBC | ||
| Tables | IBC |