Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Covering both popular and advanced cosmetic procedures, Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry enhances your skills in the dental treatments leading to esthetically pleasing restorations. With over 1,600 full-color illustrations, this definitive reference discusses the importance of cariology and caries management, then covers essential topics such as ultraconservative dentistry, color and shade, adhesive techniques, anterior and posterior direct composites, and finishing and polishing. Popular esthetic treatment options are described in detail, including bleaching or tooth whitening, direct and porcelain veneers, and esthetic inlays and onlays. Coverage of advanced cosmetic procedures includes implants, perioesthethics, ortho-esthetics, and pediatric esthetics, providing a solid understanding of treatments that are less common but can impact patient outcomes. Developed by Dr. George A. Freedman, a renowned leader in the field, Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry also allows you to earn Continuing Education credits as you improve your knowledge and skills.
- Continuing Education credits are available, allowing you to earn one to two CE credits per chapter.
- Detailed coverage of popular esthetic procedures includes bleaching, direct and porcelain veneers, inlays and onlays, posts and cores, porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations, zirconium crowns and bridges, and complete dentures.
- Coverage of advanced procedures includes implants, perioesthethics, ortho-esthetics, pediatric esthetics, and sleep-disordered breathing, providing a solid understanding of less-frequently encountered topics that impact the esthetic treatment plan and outcomes.
- Coverage of key esthetic dentistry topics and fundamental skills includes cariology and caries management, understanding dental materials, photography, understanding and manipulating of color and shade, adhesive techniques, anterior and posterior direct composites, and finishing and polishing.
- Over 1,600 full-color photos and illustrations help to clarify important concepts and techniques, and show treatments from beginning of the case to the final esthetic results.
- Well-known and respected lead author George A. Freedman is a recognized author, educator, and speaker, and past president of the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry and co-founder of the Canadian Academy for Esthetic Dentistry.
- Expert contributors are leading educators and practicing clinicians, including names such as Irvin Smigel (the father of esthetic dentistry), Chuck N. Maragos (the father of contemporary diagnostics), Wayne Halstrom (a pioneer in the area of dental sleep medicine), David Clark (one of the pioneers of the microscope in restorative dentistry and founder the Academy of Microscope Enhanced Dentistry), Edward Lynch (elected the most influential person in UK Dentistry in 2010 by his peers), Joseph Massad (creator, producer, director, and moderator of two of the most popular teaching videos on the subject of removable prosthodontics), Simon McDonald (founder and CEO of Triodent Ltd, an international dental manufacturing and innovations company), and many more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Foreword | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Contributors | x | ||
| Table Of Contents | xxiii | ||
| 1 Cariology and Caries Management | 1 | ||
| Section A Caries Risk Assessment | 1 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 1 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 1 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 2 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 2 | ||
| Indications | 2 | ||
| Contraindications | 2 | ||
| Material Options | 2 | ||
| Dental Caries Treatment Strategies | 2 | ||
| Remineralization Therapy | 2 | ||
| Restorative Strategies with Minimally Invasive Dentistry | 3 | ||
| Therapeutic Caries Strategies | 3 | ||
| Modifiable Caries Risk Factors | 5 | ||
| Advantages | 5 | ||
| Disadvantages | 5 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 5 | ||
| Other Considerations | 5 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 6 | ||
| Scientific Advances | 6 | ||
| Technologic Advances | 6 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 6 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 8 | ||
| Options | 8 | ||
| Sequence | 8 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 8 | ||
| Preparation | 8 | ||
| Procedure | 8 | ||
| Finishing | 8 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 8 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 8 | ||
| Maintenance | 9 | ||
| Controversies | 9 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 9 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 9 | ||
| Case 1 Adult with Low Caries Risk (Figure 1-3) | 9 | ||
| Case 2 Adult with High Caries Risk (Figure 1-4) | 10 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 10 | ||
| Section B Cariology: Its Role in Esthetic Dentistry | 12 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 12 | ||
| Gratifying the Patient with Long-Lasting Esthetics | 12 | ||
| A Healthy Oral Environment | 12 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedures | 12 | ||
| Caries Management, Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies | 13 | ||
| A Different Treatment Strategy | 14 | ||
| Etiology of Dental Caries | 14 | ||
| Dental Plaque | 14 | ||
| Teeth | 15 | ||
| Diet | 15 | ||
| Time | 15 | ||
| Fluoride | 15 | ||
| Saliva | 16 | ||
| Social and Demographic Factors | 16 | ||
| Detection and Diagnosis of Carious Lesions | 16 | ||
| Detection | 16 | ||
| Diagnostic Tools | 17 | ||
| Visual Method | 17 | ||
| Clinical Visual Tactile Method | 17 | ||
| Meticulous Clinical Visual Method | 17 | ||
| Visual Method with Temporary Elective Tooth Separation | 17 | ||
| Visual Method with Temporary Elective Tooth Separation and Impression of the Approximal Lesion | 17 | ||
| Conventional Bitewing Radiographic Method | 17 | ||
| Digital Radiographic Method | 18 | ||
| Computer-Aided Radiographic Methods | 18 | ||
| Fiberoptic Transillumination Method | 19 | ||
| Digital Fiberoptic Transillumination Method | 19 | ||
| Electrical Conductance Method | 19 | ||
| Laser Fluorescence and Quantified Laser Fluorescence Method | 20 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography | 22 | ||
| Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) | 22 | ||
| Assessment of Caries Risk in Dental Restorative Patients | 23 | ||
| Clinical Evidence | 24 | ||
| Plaque Control | 24 | ||
| Dietary Habits | 24 | ||
| Saliva | 24 | ||
| Use of Fluoride | 24 | ||
| Medical History | 25 | ||
| Social History | 25 | ||
| Identifying Relevant Risk Factors | 25 | ||
| Restorative Dentistry Treatment Strategy | 25 | ||
| Criteria for a Restorative Treatment | 25 | ||
| When Should the Restorative Treatment Begin? | 25 | ||
| Adequate Oral Hygiene | 25 | ||
| Dietary Control of Carbohydrates | 26 | ||
| Levels of Infection Caused by Cariogenic Microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli) | 26 | ||
| Diagnosing Caries as a Bacterial Infection | 26 | ||
| Treating the Infection in Restorative Dentistry | 27 | ||
| A Thorough Understanding of the Restoration–Dental Pulp Complex Relationships | 28 | ||
| An Effective Maintenance Regimen for Restored Teeth | 28 | ||
| Home Instructions for Patients | 29 | ||
| Eating | 29 | ||
| Drinking | 30 | ||
| Smoking | 30 | ||
| Cleaning | 30 | ||
| Mouthrinses | 30 | ||
| Habits | 31 | ||
| In-Office Maintenance | 31 | ||
| Conclusion | 32 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 32 | ||
| 2 Dental Materials | 33 | ||
| Section A Evolution, Description, and Application of Dental Materials | 33 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 33 | ||
| Silicate Replacements | 33 | ||
| Evolution of the Components | 33 | ||
| Basic Material Descriptions | 34 | ||
| Physical Properties of Importance | 36 | ||
| Classes of Composite Materials | 39 | ||
| Filler Level of the Various Classes | 39 | ||
| Application Of Specific Composites | 40 | ||
| Strength-Resistance Compromises | 40 | ||
| Specialized Formulations | 41 | ||
| Luting and Cementing Composites | 41 | ||
| Self-Adhesive Resin Cements | 41 | ||
| Temporary Restorations | 42 | ||
| Pit and Fissure Sealants | 43 | ||
| Fluoride-Releasing Composites | 43 | ||
| Comparison of Curing Systems | 43 | ||
| Future Developments | 44 | ||
| Summary | 45 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 45 | ||
| Section B Impression Materials | 46 | ||
| Relevance To Esthetic Dentistry | 46 | ||
| Brief History Of Clinical Development And Evolution Of The Procedure | 46 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 46 | ||
| Indications | 46 | ||
| Contraindications | 47 | ||
| Material Options | 47 | ||
| Advantages | 47 | ||
| Disadvantages | 47 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 48 | ||
| Scientific | 48 | ||
| Technologic | 48 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 48 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 48 | ||
| Preparation | 48 | ||
| Procedure | 48 | ||
| Finishing | 50 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 50 | ||
| Maintenance | 50 | ||
| Controversies | 50 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 50 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 50 | ||
| 3 Photography: | 51 | ||
| Section A Clinical Photography Standards | 51 | ||
| Relevance of Photography to Esthetic Dentistry | 51 | ||
| Risks of Not Using Dental Photography | 51 | ||
| Need for Photography in Various Dental Areas | 51 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 51 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 52 | ||
| Equipment options | 52 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 53 | ||
| Other considerations | 54 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 54 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 54 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 55 | ||
| Considerations for Photography during Preparation, Procedure, and Finishing | 57 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 58 | ||
| Maintenance | 59 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 59 | ||
| Conclusion | 59 | ||
| Section B Digital and Analog Photography | 60 | ||
| Relevance of Photography to Esthetic Dentistry | 60 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Developments and Evolution of Photographic Procedures from Chemical to Digital | 60 | ||
| Advantages in Moving from Chemical to Digital Photography | 60 | ||
| Disadvantages in Moving from Chemical to Digital Photography | 61 | ||
| Use of Cameras for Esthetic Documentation | 62 | ||
| Setting the Camera for Pictures of the Face Mouth and Teeth | 62 | ||
| Disputes with Patients | 64 | ||
| Interaction between Clinician and Dental Technician | 64 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 65 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 71 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 71 | ||
| 4 Ultraconservative Dentistry | 72 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 72 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 72 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 74 | ||
| Occlusal Vertical Dimension | 74 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 77 | ||
| Considerations in Ultraconservative Veneer Preparation | 77 | ||
| Indications | 80 | ||
| Contraindications | 81 | ||
| Material Options | 81 | ||
| Restorative Margin | 83 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 84 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 84 | ||
| Technologic Elements | 85 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 85 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 86 | ||
| Sequence | 86 | ||
| Consultation, Workup, and Treatment Plan | 86 | ||
| Esthetic Try-In | 86 | ||
| Follow-Up | 87 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 87 | ||
| Tooth Preparation | 87 | ||
| Veneer Placement and Finishing | 88 | ||
| Factors Influencing Tooth Preparation | 90 | ||
| Factors Influencing the Patient’s Decision | 91 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 92 | ||
| Maintenance | 94 | ||
| Controversies | 97 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 98 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 98 | ||
| 5 Smile Design | 99 | ||
| Section A Smile Design | 99 | ||
| Relevance of Smile Design to Esthetic Dentistry | 99 | ||
| Brief History of the Smile Design Procedure | 100 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 101 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 102 | ||
| The Diagnostic Wax-Up | 102 | ||
| Making the Provisional Restoration | 103 | ||
| Thinking outside the Box | 105 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 106 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 107 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 108 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 108 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 109 | ||
| Maintenance of the Temporary Restoration | 109 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 109 | ||
| Section B The Esthetic Try-In | 110 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 110 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 111 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 116 | ||
| Material Options | 117 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 118 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 118 | ||
| Other Considerations | 118 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 119 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 119 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 120 | ||
| Sequence | 120 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 120 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 124 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 124 | ||
| Controversies | 130 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 130 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 131 | ||
| 6 The Nonsurgical Face Lift: | 132 | ||
| The Evolution of Esthetics | 132 | ||
| The Nonsurgical Facelift | 132 | ||
| Case 1 Non-surgical Facelift | 133 | ||
| 7 Color and Shade | 135 | ||
| Section A Understanding and Manipulating Color | 135 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 135 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 135 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 137 | ||
| Indications | 137 | ||
| Importance of Color Matching | 137 | ||
| Contraindications | 138 | ||
| Clinical Options | 138 | ||
| Shade-Matching Techniques | 138 | ||
| Other Considerations | 140 | ||
| The Additive System | 140 | ||
| The Subtractive System | 140 | ||
| Problems Inherent to Matching the Shades of Teeth | 142 | ||
| Metamerism | 143 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 145 | ||
| Digital Shade-Scanning Devices | 145 | ||
| VITA Easyshade | 145 | ||
| VITA Easyshade Compact | 146 | ||
| MHT SpectroShade | 147 | ||
| Cynovad ShadeScan | 147 | ||
| Shofu ShadeEye NCC* | 147 | ||
| METALOR Ikam Shade Analysis System | 148 | ||
| X-Rite ShadeVision System* | 148 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 148 | ||
| Treatment Planning Options | 150 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 150 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 152 | ||
| Troubleshooting | 152 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 153 | ||
| Clinical Shade Techniques | 154 | ||
| VITAPAN Classical Shade Guide System | 155 | ||
| VITAPAN 3D-Master Shade System | 156 | ||
| VITA Easyshade Compact | 158 | ||
| Section B Using Color to Create Restorations | 161 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 161 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution | 161 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 161 | ||
| Indications | 161 | ||
| Contraindications | 161 | ||
| Material Options | 161 | ||
| Advantages | 162 | ||
| Disadvantages | 162 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 162 | ||
| Other Considerations | 162 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 162 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 162 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 162 | ||
| Color and Shade Determination | 163 | ||
| Options | 163 | ||
| Sequence | 163 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 163 | ||
| Preparation | 163 | ||
| Procedure | 163 | ||
| Finishing | 163 | ||
| Maintenance | 163 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 164 | ||
| Clinical Technique | 164 | ||
| Patient History | 164 | ||
| Relevant Conditions | 164 | ||
| Treatment-Planning Process | 164 | ||
| Clinical Step-by-Step | 164 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 167 | ||
| 8 Adhesion | 168 | ||
| Section A The Evolution of Adhesive Techniques | 168 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 168 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 168 | ||
| The Generational Development of Adhesive Systems (see Box 8-1) | 168 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 170 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 170 | ||
| Early Detection and Treatment | 170 | ||
| Contraindications | 172 | ||
| Material Options | 172 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 177 | ||
| Other Considerations | 177 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 178 | ||
| Chemistry of Dentin Bonding Agents | 178 | ||
| Technologic Elements | 178 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 179 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 181 | ||
| Need for Moist or Wet Bonding | 181 | ||
| Preparation | 182 | ||
| Adhesion Process at the Intertubule Level | 185 | ||
| Surface Contamination | 185 | ||
| Finishing and Curing | 185 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 187 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 187 | ||
| Maintenance | 188 | ||
| Controversies | 188 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 188 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 188 | ||
| Section B Dentin Bonding | 190 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 190 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of Adhesion | 190 | ||
| The Four Popular Generations | 190 | ||
| Fourth Generation | 190 | ||
| Fifth Generation | 191 | ||
| Sixth Generation | 191 | ||
| Seventh Generation | 195 | ||
| Problems with Each Generation | 195 | ||
| Material Options | 197 | ||
| Total-Etch versus Self-Etch Dentin Bonding Agents | 197 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Total-Etch Dentinal Adhesive | 200 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Etch Dentinal Adhesive | 201 | ||
| Bonding Procedure | 201 | ||
| Total-Etch Procedure | 201 | ||
| Self-Etch Procedure | 201 | ||
| Hybridization | 201 | ||
| Determining Proper Hybridization | 204 | ||
| Acid Etching of the Preparation | 204 | ||
| Air Dispersal | 204 | ||
| Diffusion | 204 | ||
| Water Trees in Hybrid Zone | 204 | ||
| Sensitivity | 206 | ||
| Causes | 206 | ||
| Role of the Odontoblasts | 207 | ||
| Avoiding Post-operative Sensitivity | 207 | ||
| Clinical Effect of Placing Acid on Cut Dentin Surface | 209 | ||
| Effects of Overdrying Etched Dentin | 209 | ||
| Specific Applications | 209 | ||
| Posterior Composite Situations | 209 | ||
| Ceramic Veneers | 210 | ||
| Abfracted Lesions | 210 | ||
| Controversies | 213 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 213 | ||
| 9 Anterior Direct Composites | 214 | ||
| Section A Direct Anterior Bonding: Minimally Invasive Dentistry at Its Best | 214 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 219 | ||
| Composite Indications | 219 | ||
| Contraindications | 220 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 220 | ||
| Sequence of Treatment | 220 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 220 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 224 | ||
| Morphology | 224 | ||
| Smile Relationships | 224 | ||
| Handling Properties | 226 | ||
| The Importance of Color | 226 | ||
| Beveling | 227 | ||
| Contouring, Finishing, and Polishing Anterior Composites | 228 | ||
| Maintenance | 228 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 231 | ||
| Disclaimer | 231 | ||
| Section B Predictable Customized Class IV Restorations | 232 | ||
| Relevance of Class IV Restorations to Esthetic Dentistry | 232 | ||
| Importance of Class IV Restorations to the Business of Dentistry | 232 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development of Class IV Restorations | 232 | ||
| Adhesive and Restorative Developments | 232 | ||
| Effect of Microfills and Nanofills | 233 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 233 | ||
| Material Options | 233 | ||
| Function, Strength, and Material Choice | 233 | ||
| Material Shades | 233 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 233 | ||
| Indication | 233 | ||
| Contraindications | 233 | ||
| Other Considerations | 233 | ||
| Occlusion | 233 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 234 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 234 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 234 | ||
| Sequence | 234 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 235 | ||
| Preparation | 235 | ||
| Procedure | 235 | ||
| Finishing | 235 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 235 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 235 | ||
| Maintenance | 235 | ||
| Controversies | 235 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 235 | ||
| Clinical Case for Class IV Restorations | 236 | ||
| 10 Posterior Direct Composites | 244 | ||
| Section A Posterior Composites | 244 | ||
| Relevance of Posterior Composites to Esthetic Dentistry | 244 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of the Posterior Composite Procedure | 244 | ||
| The Five Cs | 244 | ||
| Cracks and Fractures | 244 | ||
| The C-Factor | 246 | ||
| Contamination | 246 | ||
| Circulatory Insult | 247 | ||
| Contacts | 247 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics of Posterior Composites | 249 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 249 | ||
| Indications | 249 | ||
| Contraindications | 250 | ||
| Material Options | 251 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 251 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 252 | ||
| Technological Elements | 252 | ||
| Introducing the Clark Class II | 252 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 252 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 252 | ||
| Options | 252 | ||
| Sequence | 252 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 253 | ||
| Preparation for Re-Treatment of Old Amalgams or Failed Composites | 253 | ||
| Finishing | 255 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 255 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 256 | ||
| The Hierarchy of Tooth Needs | 256 | ||
| Maintenance | 256 | ||
| Controversies | 256 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 257 | ||
| Case 1 | 257 | ||
| Case 2 | 261 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 261 | ||
| Section B Anatomical Posterior Contacts | 262 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry of Posterior Contacts with Composite Restorations | 262 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development of Instruments for Posterior Restoration Contacts | 262 | ||
| Relating Clinical Function and Esthetics | 263 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 263 | ||
| Options for Matrix Systems | 263 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 263 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 264 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 264 | ||
| Preparation Phase | 264 | ||
| Procedure | 264 | ||
| Finishing | 265 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 266 | ||
| 11 Polishing | 267 | ||
| Section A Current Technology and Clinical Approaches to Polishing of Dental Restorations | 267 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 267 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 267 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 268 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 268 | ||
| Indications | 268 | ||
| Contraindications | 268 | ||
| Material Options | 268 | ||
| Coated Abrasive Finishing and Polishing Disks and Strips | 268 | ||
| Rubber Wheels, Cups, and Points | 269 | ||
| Loose-Abrasive Polishing Pastes and Rotary Applicator Devices for Loose Abrasives | 270 | ||
| Advantages | 271 | ||
| Disadvantages | 271 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 271 | ||
| Other Considerations | 271 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 271 | ||
| Scientific and Technological Elements | 271 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 271 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 271 | ||
| Preparation | 271 | ||
| Procedure | 271 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 271 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 272 | ||
| Maintenance | 272 | ||
| Controversies | 272 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 272 | ||
| Recent New Technology in the Realm of Dental Finishing and Polishing | 272 | ||
| Abrasive-Impregnated Brushes and Felt Devices | 272 | ||
| Rotary Resin-Matrix Stain, Cement, and Composite Removing Devices | 273 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 273 | ||
| Patient History | 273 | ||
| Relevant Conditions | 273 | ||
| Treatment Planning Process | 275 | ||
| Clinical Step by Step | 275 | ||
| Alternative Procedure | 275 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 275 | ||
| Section B Finishing and Polishing | 277 | ||
| Relevance of Finishing and Polishing to Esthetic Dentistry | 277 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Finishing and Polishing | 277 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 277 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 278 | ||
| Material Options | 278 | ||
| Instruments | 278 | ||
| Abrasive Particles | 278 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 279 | ||
| Resin Composites | 279 | ||
| Ceramic-Based Materials | 279 | ||
| Zirconia | 280 | ||
| Heating | 280 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 281 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 281 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 282 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 283 | ||
| Maintenance | 283 | ||
| Controversies | 285 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 285 | ||
| Selected Readings | 285 | ||
| Section C Finishing and Polishing | 286 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 286 | ||
| A Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 286 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 286 | ||
| Indications | 286 | ||
| Contraindications | 286 | ||
| Material Options | 286 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 288 | ||
| Other Considerations | 289 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 290 | ||
| Scientific and Technologic Elements | 290 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 291 | ||
| Relating Finishing and Polishing to Functional Esthetics | 292 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing Class V Restorations | 293 | ||
| General Sequence for Finishing and Polishing | 295 | ||
| Use of Polishers in Sequence from Coarse to Fine | 295 | ||
| Treatment Considerations for Preparation and Procedure | 296 | ||
| Difference between Polishing and Glazing | 299 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 299 | ||
| Maintenance | 301 | ||
| Controversies | 301 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 301 | ||
| A Single Polisher instead of Progressive Material Polishers | 301 | ||
| Clinical Technique | 301 | ||
| Patient History | 301 | ||
| Relevant Conditions | 301 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 301 | ||
| Clinical Step-by-Step | 301 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 303 | ||
| 12 Fiber Reinforcement | 304 | ||
| Section A Direct Fiber-Reinforced Restorations | 304 | ||
| Brief History and Evolution of Fiber-Reinforced Composites | 304 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 305 | ||
| Beam Theory | 305 | ||
| The Science of Fiber-Reinforced Composites | 306 | ||
| Material Options | 306 | ||
| Commercially Available Fiber Systems | 307 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 307 | ||
| Indirect Methods | 307 | ||
| Direct Methods | 307 | ||
| Technical Considerations for Direct Bridge Fabrication | 308 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts with Fiber-Reinforced Composite Bridges | 308 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 309 | ||
| Bridge Fabrication | 309 | ||
| Anterior Bridge Technique | 309 | ||
| Posterior Bridge Technique | 314 | ||
| Fiber-Reinforced Provisional Bridges | 315 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 318 | ||
| Section B Ceramic Fiber Reinforcement: A Unique Treatment Modality | 320 | ||
| Relevance of Fibers to Esthetic Dentistry | 320 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Fiber Reinforcement in Dentistry | 320 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 320 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 321 | ||
| Advantages | 321 | ||
| Contraindications | 321 | ||
| Material Options | 321 | ||
| Ceramic Fibers | 321 | ||
| Plastic Fibers | 322 | ||
| Other Types of Fibers and Applications | 322 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 322 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 323 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 323 | ||
| Maintenance | 323 | ||
| Controversies | 323 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 323 | ||
| Case 1 Fabrication of the GlasSpan Natural Tooth Bridge | 323 | ||
| Case 2 Simplified Trauma Splints Using the GlasSpan Single Use Trauma Kit | 328 | ||
| Case 3 Combination Splinting with Tooth and Soft Tissue Replacement, Direct and Indirect Method | 331 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 336 | ||
| 13 Glass Ionomer Restoratives | 337 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 337 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 337 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 337 | ||
| Indications | 337 | ||
| Contraindications | 337 | ||
| Material Options | 337 | ||
| Advantages | 337 | ||
| Disadvantages | 337 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 338 | ||
| Other Considerations | 338 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 338 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 338 | ||
| Technological Elements | 338 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 338 | ||
| Options | 338 | ||
| Sequence | 338 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 338 | ||
| Preparation | 338 | ||
| Procedure | 338 | ||
| Finishing | 338 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 338 | ||
| Maintenance | 339 | ||
| Controversies | 339 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 339 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 339 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 339 | ||
| 14 Bleaching | 341 | ||
| Section A Bleaching and Its Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 341 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 341 | ||
| Relating Function to Esthetics | 343 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 343 | ||
| Indications | 344 | ||
| Contraindications | 344 | ||
| Differentiating Stains | 344 | ||
| Extrinsic Stains | 344 | ||
| Intrinsic Stains | 344 | ||
| Intrinsic Discolorations Created during Odontogenesis | 345 | ||
| Post-Eruptive Discoloration | 347 | ||
| Material Options | 348 | ||
| Tray Bleaching Systems | 349 | ||
| Prefabricated Tray and Tray-less Bleaching Systems | 351 | ||
| At-Home Bleaching Considerations | 352 | ||
| The Safety of Tooth Whitening | 352 | ||
| Long-Term Stability of Tooth Whitening | 353 | ||
| At-Home Innovative Elements | 354 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 354 | ||
| Technologic Elements | 354 | ||
| The Bleaching Tray Lab Technique | 355 | ||
| At-Home Treatment Planning | 358 | ||
| Material Options: In-Office Bleaching | 360 | ||
| Advantages | 360 | ||
| Disadvantages | 361 | ||
| Complications with Stronger Bleach Concentrations | 361 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 361 | ||
| Other Considerations | 362 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 362 | ||
| Bleaching Lights | 362 | ||
| In-Office Bleaching: Treatment Planning Sequence | 364 | ||
| Power Bleaching Techniques Using Heat | 364 | ||
| Bleaching with a Heating Instrument | 364 | ||
| Bleaching with a Bleaching Light | 364 | ||
| Bleaching with Lasers | 364 | ||
| Types of Lasers | 364 | ||
| The Role of Lasers in the Bleaching Process | 364 | ||
| Advantages of Laser Bleaching | 365 | ||
| Disadvantages of Laser Bleaching | 365 | ||
| Laser Bleaching Procedure (Dr. David K. Yarborough) | 365 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 368 | ||
| In-Office Tooth Whitening with Light Application—“Dry” Technique | 368 | ||
| In-Office Tooth Whitening with Light Application—“Wet” Technique | 370 | ||
| In-Office Tooth Whitening to Remove White or Dark Mottling | 371 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 374 | ||
| Conservation Concepts | 378 | ||
| Maintenance | 379 | ||
| Controversies | 379 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 381 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 382 | ||
| Section B Innovative Elements from a Scientific or Technological Perspective that Have Appeared in Bleaching over the Past Decade | 384 | ||
| Relevance of Bleaching to Esthetic Dentistry | 384 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Developments and Evolution of the Tooth-Whitening Procedure in Dentistry | 384 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 384 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 385 | ||
| Indications | 385 | ||
| Contraindications | 385 | ||
| Technique Options for Tooth Whitening | 385 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 386 | ||
| Other Considerations | 386 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 387 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 388 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 388 | ||
| Options for Patients | 388 | ||
| Options for Dentists | 388 | ||
| Sequence | 389 | ||
| Treatment Considerations during Preparation, Procedure, and Finishing | 389 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 390 | ||
| Clinical Conservative Concepts | 390 | ||
| Maintenance | 390 | ||
| Controversies | 390 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 391 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 391 | ||
| Section C Tooth Bleaching | 392 | ||
| Relevance of Tooth Bleaching to Esthetic Dentistry | 392 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and the Evolution of Bleaching | 392 | ||
| Relating Tooth Bleaching to Function | 393 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 393 | ||
| Indications | 393 | ||
| Tetracycline Staining | 393 | ||
| Fluorosis Staining | 393 | ||
| Pulpal Changes | 393 | ||
| Caries | 393 | ||
| Aging | 393 | ||
| Activities That Cause Staining | 393 | ||
| Contraindications | 394 | ||
| Material Options | 394 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 394 | ||
| Other Considerations | 394 | ||
| Concentrations of Carbamide Peroxide | 394 | ||
| Bleaching Treatment Classifications | 395 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 395 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 395 | ||
| Technological Elements | 395 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 395 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 395 | ||
| Assessing the Teeth | 396 | ||
| Documentation | 396 | ||
| Photography | 397 | ||
| Types of Treatments | 397 | ||
| Home Bleaching | 397 | ||
| Side Effects | 397 | ||
| Power Bleaching | 397 | ||
| Side Effects (Box 14-5) | 397 | ||
| Management of Sensitivity | 397 | ||
| Materials Used to Reduce Sensitivity during Bleaching | 398 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 399 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 399 | ||
| Maintenance | 399 | ||
| Controversies | 399 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 399 | ||
| Clinical Cases | 400 | ||
| Case 1 Single Dark Tooth and Home Bleaching (Figure 14-70) | 400 | ||
| Case 2 Fluorosis Stains (Figure 14-71) | 401 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 402 | ||
| Books | 402 | ||
| Websites | 402 | ||
| Journal Articles (Listed According to Subject Area) | 402 | ||
| Home Bleaching | 402 | ||
| Internal Bleaching | 402 | ||
| Power Bleaching | 402 | ||
| Microabrasion | 402 | ||
| Bleaching and Sensitivity | 403 | ||
| Bleaching Single Vital Teeth Damaged by Calcific Metamorphosis | 403 | ||
| Bleaching and White Spots | 403 | ||
| Bleaching Strips | 403 | ||
| Over-the-Counter Bleaching Agents | 403 | ||
| Bleaching and Safety Issues | 403 | ||
| Bleaching and Simple Esthetic Dentistry | 403 | ||
| 15 Direct Veneers | 405 | ||
| Section A Direct Composite Bonding | 405 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry of Direct Composite Bonding | 405 | ||
| Brief History of the Development and Evolution of the Direct Composite Bonding Procedure | 405 | ||
| Patient Expectations | 405 | ||
| Relating Anterior Function and Esthetics | 406 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 406 | ||
| Indications | 406 | ||
| Contraindications | 406 | ||
| Material Options | 406 | ||
| Advantages | 406 | ||
| Disadvantages | 407 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 407 | ||
| Other Considerations | 407 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 407 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 407 | ||
| Technologic Elements | 407 | ||
| Relationship among Adhesives, Bonding, and Etching | 407 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 407 | ||
| Golden Proportion | 408 | ||
| Hue, Chroma, and Value | 408 | ||
| Translucency, Opacity, and Fluorescence | 408 | ||
| Treatment Planning Options | 408 | ||
| Sequence | 408 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 409 | ||
| Preferred Locations for Margin on the Buccal | 409 | ||
| Preference for Finishing Margin on the Lingual | 409 | ||
| Preferences Interproximally | 409 | ||
| Treatment Considerations for Bonding | 409 | ||
| Finishing | 409 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 409 | ||
| Maintenance | 409 | ||
| Controversies | 409 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 409 | ||
| Section B Transitional Bonding | 411 | ||
| Relevance of Transitional Bonding to Esthetic Dentistry | 411 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Materials and Techniques | 411 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 411 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 412 | ||
| Indications | 412 | ||
| Contraindications | 413 | ||
| Material Options | 413 | ||
| Advantages of Composite | 413 | ||
| Disadvantages of Composite | 414 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 414 | ||
| Other Considerations | 414 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 414 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 414 | ||
| Options | 414 | ||
| Sequence | 415 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 415 | ||
| Preparation | 415 | ||
| Procedure | 415 | ||
| Pre-operative Procedure | 417 | ||
| Shade Selection | 418 | ||
| Preparation | 418 | ||
| Template Technique (Figure 15-5) | 419 | ||
| Loading the Template | 419 | ||
| Etch and Adhesive | 419 | ||
| Seat the Template | 419 | ||
| Light Cure and Remove the Template | 419 | ||
| Ensure Separation | 419 | ||
| Fully Form Each Tooth | 419 | ||
| Contour | 419 | ||
| Final Cure | 419 | ||
| Polish | 419 | ||
| End Result | 421 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 421 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 421 | ||
| Maintenance | 421 | ||
| Controversies | 421 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 421 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 422 | ||
| Section C A Histological Approach to Layering Direct Anterior Composite Restorations | 423 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 423 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of Direct Anterior Composite Restorations | 423 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 423 | ||
| Indications | 423 | ||
| Patient Factors | 423 | ||
| 16 Porcelain Veneers | 436 | ||
| Section A Porcelain Veneers | 436 | ||
| Relevance of Porcelain Veneers to Esthetic Dentistry and Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 436 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 437 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 437 | ||
| Indications | 437 | ||
| Contraindications | 437 | ||
| Material Options | 437 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 438 | ||
| Other Considerations | 438 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 438 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 438 | ||
| Technologic Elements | 438 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 438 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 438 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 439 | ||
| Preparation | 439 | ||
| Procedure | 439 | ||
| Finishing | 440 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 440 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 440 | ||
| Maintenance | 441 | ||
| Clinical Case Study | 441 | ||
| Preparation | 441 | ||
| Impressions | 443 | ||
| Provisional Restorations | 443 | ||
| Veneer Fabrication | 443 | ||
| Placement | 443 | ||
| Final Result | 448 | ||
| Section B Inserting Esthetic Restorations | 449 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 449 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 449 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 449 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 449 | ||
| Indications | 449 | ||
| Griptab Being Used to Manage a Difficult Restorative Problem | 449 | ||
| Contraindications | 451 | ||
| Material Options | 451 | ||
| Advantages | 451 | ||
| Disadvantages | 451 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 452 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 452 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 452 | ||
| Technological Elements | 452 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 452 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 452 | ||
| Options | 452 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 452 | ||
| Preparation | 452 | ||
| Procedure | 452 | ||
| Finishing | 452 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 452 | ||
| Clinical Step-By-Step Process | 452 | ||
| Case Study | 456 | ||
| Section C Porcelain Laminate Veneers | 459 | ||
| Relevance of Porcelain Veneers to Esthetic Dentistry | 459 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 459 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 459 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 460 | ||
| Indications | 460 | ||
| Contraindications | 460 | ||
| Clinical Options | 460 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 460 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 460 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 461 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 461 | ||
| Preparation | 461 | ||
| Procedure | 462 | ||
| Finishing | 462 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 462 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 462 | ||
| Maintenance | 463 | ||
| Controversies | 463 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 463 | ||
| Clinical Case | 464 | ||
| 17 Esthetic Inlays and Onlays | 469 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 469 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of Esthetic Inlay and Onlay Procedures | 469 | ||
| Development and Use of Direct Amalgam Fillings and Gold Inlays and Onlays | 469 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 470 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 470 | ||
| Indications | 470 | ||
| Contraindications | 470 | ||
| Material Options | 470 | ||
| Advantages | 470 | ||
| Treatment Planning for Esthetic Inlays or Onlays | 471 | ||
| Options | 471 | ||
| Sequence | 472 | ||
| Clinical Procedures | 472 | ||
| Preparation | 472 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 474 | ||
| Effectiveness and Potential Longevity | 474 | ||
| Maintenance | 474 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 474 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 475 | ||
| Conclusion | 480 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 480 | ||
| 18 Esthetic Posts | 482 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 482 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Posts and Cores | 482 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics of Posts | 483 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 483 | ||
| Indications | 483 | ||
| Contraindications | 483 | ||
| Material Options | 483 | ||
| Posts | 483 | ||
| Cores | 485 | ||
| Cements | 486 | ||
| Other Considerations | 487 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 487 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 487 | ||
| Technical Elements | 487 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 488 | ||
| Sequence | 488 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 488 | ||
| Finishing | 489 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 489 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 489 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 489 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 489 | ||
| Case 1 Post and Core Restoration of an Endodontically Treated Tooth | 492 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 495 | ||
| 19 Single-Tooth All-Ceramic Restorations | 496 | ||
| Relevance of All-Ceramic Single-Tooth Restorations to Esthetic Dentistry | 496 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of All-Ceramic Single-Tooth Restorations | 496 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 497 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 497 | ||
| Indications | 497 | ||
| Contraindications | 497 | ||
| Material Options | 497 | ||
| Pressable Glass Ceramics | 498 | ||
| Glass-Infiltrated Ceramics | 500 | ||
| Polycrystalline Ceramics | 502 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 503 | ||
| Other Considerations | 503 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 503 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 504 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 504 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 504 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 507 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 507 | ||
| Maintenance | 507 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 508 | ||
| 20 Ceramics: | 509 | ||
| Relevance of Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Restorations to Esthetic Dentistry | 509 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 509 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 509 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 510 | ||
| Indications | 510 | ||
| Contraindications | 510 | ||
| Material Options | 510 | ||
| Metals | 510 | ||
| Porcelains and Ceramics | 510 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 511 | ||
| Other Considerations | 511 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 511 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 511 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 512 | ||
| Options and Sequence | 512 | ||
| Treatment Considerations During Preparation, Procedure, and Finishing | 513 | ||
| Preparation and Procedure | 513 | ||
| Finishing | 513 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 513 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 514 | ||
| Maintenance | 514 | ||
| Controversies | 514 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 514 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 514 | ||
| 21 Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal and Zirconium Crowns and Bridges | 515 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 515 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 515 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 515 | ||
| Indications | 515 | ||
| Contraindications | 515 | ||
| Material Options | 516 | ||
| Other Considerations | 516 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 516 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 517 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 517 | ||
| Cementation Criteria | 517 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 517 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 518 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 518 | ||
| Maintenance | 518 | ||
| Controversies | 518 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 519 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 519 | ||
| Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Crown on Anterior Tooth | 519 | ||
| Provisional Restoration on Posterior Teeth | 519 | ||
| Two Cord Retraction Technique | 519 | ||
| Complete Dental Reconstruction | 519 | ||
| Posterior Dental Reconstruction | 527 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 530 | ||
| 22 Dentist–Lab Technician Communications | 531 | ||
| Relevance Of Communication Between Dentist And Laboratory Technician To Esthetic Dentistry | 531 | ||
| Brief History Of Communication Between Dentist And Lab Technician | 531 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 531 | ||
| Establishing Proper Function And Esthetics | 531 | ||
| Channels For Dentist–Lab Technician Communication | 532 | ||
| Shade Communications | 532 | ||
| Technical Innovations | 533 | ||
| The Artistic Element | 533 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 533 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 535 | ||
| Maintenance | 535 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 536 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 536 | ||
| 23 Cements | 537 | ||
| Section A Contemporary Dental Cements | 537 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 537 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 537 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 537 | ||
| Material Options | 538 | ||
| Classification of Dental Cements | 538 | ||
| Water-Based Cements | 540 | ||
| Glass Ionomer Cement | 540 | ||
| Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement | 541 | ||
| Indications for Water-Based Cements | 541 | ||
| Resin-Based Cements | 542 | ||
| Composite Resin Cements | 542 | ||
| Etch-and-Rinse (Total-Etch) Adhesive Resin | 542 | ||
| Self-Adhesive Resin Cements | 542 | ||
| Recommendations for Resin Cements | 543 | ||
| References | 546 | ||
| Section B Dual-Cured Resin Cements and Esthetic Supragingival Margins | 547 | ||
| Relevance of Cementation to Esthetic Dentistry | 547 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Cementation | 547 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 551 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 551 | ||
| Material Options | 552 | ||
| Advantages | 552 | ||
| Disadvantages | 553 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 554 | ||
| Other Considerations | 554 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 554 | ||
| Clinical Elements | 554 | ||
| Scientific and Technologic Elements | 554 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 556 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 556 | ||
| Preparation | 557 | ||
| Procedure | 557 | ||
| Finishing | 557 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 557 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 558 | ||
| Maintenance | 558 | ||
| Controversies | 558 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 559 | ||
| 24 Complete Denture Esthetics | 560 | ||
| Relevance of Complete Prosthetic Dentures to Esthetic Dentistry | 560 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development of Complete Dentures | 560 | ||
| Evolution of Complete Denture Procedures | 560 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics to Complete Dentures | 561 | ||
| Contraindications | 561 | ||
| Material Options | 562 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 562 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 563 | ||
| Technological Elements | 563 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 563 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 564 | ||
| Options | 564 | ||
| Sequence | 564 | ||
| Additional Treatment Considerations | 564 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 564 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 564 | ||
| Maintenance of Complete Dentures | 564 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 565 | ||
| The Clinical Technique | 565 | ||
| Case Esthetic Enhancement in the Fabrication of Complete Dentures for a Patient with Minimal Interridge Space | 565 | ||
| Selected Readings | 574 | ||
| 25 Precision and Semi-Precision Attachments | 575 | ||
| Relevance of Precision and Semi-Precision Attachments to Esthetic Dentistry | 575 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of the Procedure | 575 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 575 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 577 | ||
| Indications | 577 | ||
| Contraindications | 577 | ||
| Material Options | 578 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 578 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 578 | ||
| Scientific Innovations | 578 | ||
| Technological Innovations | 578 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 579 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 579 | ||
| Sequencing of Tooth Implanting | 579 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 580 | ||
| Preparation | 580 | ||
| During the Procedure | 580 | ||
| Finishing | 580 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 580 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 580 | ||
| Maintenance | 580 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 581 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 581 | ||
| 26 Technology and Esthetics | 582 | ||
| Section A Minimally Invasive Dentistry: Dental Procedures and Technology | 582 | ||
| Relevance of Minimally Invasive Dentistry to Esthetic Dentistry | 582 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development of Minimally Invasive Dental Procedures and Technology | 582 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 583 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 583 | ||
| Indications | 583 | ||
| Contraindications | 585 | ||
| Material and Assessing Options | 586 | ||
| Magnification | 587 | ||
| Visualization | 587 | ||
| Illumination | 589 | ||
| Isolation | 589 | ||
| Preparation | 590 | ||
| Single Surface Occlusal Cavity | 591 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 593 | ||
| Magnification | 593 | ||
| Illumination | 593 | ||
| Isolation | 593 | ||
| Air Abrasion | 593 | ||
| Ozone | 593 | ||
| Water Ozone Systems | 593 | ||
| Innovative Elements of Fissurotomy | 593 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 595 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 595 | ||
| Operative Considerations | 595 | ||
| Restorative Dentistry | 595 | ||
| Periodontal Treatment | 596 | ||
| Endodontic Treatment | 597 | ||
| Surface Finishing and Polishing | 597 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 597 | ||
| Controversies | 598 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 598 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 598 | ||
| Section B Diode Lasers: The Soft Tissue Handpiece | 600 | ||
| Diode Lasers: The Science in Brief | 600 | ||
| Diode Laser: Ease of Use | 600 | ||
| Diode Laser: Affordability | 600 | ||
| Diode Laser: Why do I need this technology? | 601 | ||
| Gingivectomy, Hemostasis, and Gingival Troughing for Impressions | 601 | ||
| Operculectomy, Excision and/or Re-Contouring of Gingival Hyperplasia, and Frenectomy | 601 | ||
| Laser-Assisted Periodontal Treatment | 601 | ||
| Laser Education | 603 | ||
| Diode Lasers for Periodontal Treatment: The Story So Far | 604 | ||
| A Specific Instrument | 604 | ||
| An Effective Instrument | 604 | ||
| Bactericidal Effects | 604 | ||
| Wound Healing | 604 | ||
| An Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing | 604 | ||
| A Safe Instrument | 605 | ||
| The Protocol So Far | 605 | ||
| The Time Has Come | 606 | ||
| Diode Lasers for Periodontal Treatment: The Story Continues | 606 | ||
| Diode Lasers for Periodontal Treatment | 606 | ||
| The Periodontal Pocket | 606 | ||
| The Protocol So Far | 609 | ||
| The Diode Laser And Periodontal Treatment: The Story Is Clear | 609 | ||
| References | 609 | ||
| Section C Soft and Hard Tissue Lasers | 611 | ||
| Relevance of Lasers to Esthetic Dentistry | 611 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Dental Lasers | 611 | ||
| Indications | 611 | ||
| Relating Dental Lasers to Function in Esthetics | 612 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 613 | ||
| Material Options | 615 | ||
| Other Considerations | 616 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 616 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 616 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 616 | ||
| Options in the Sequence | 616 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 617 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 617 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 617 | ||
| Maintenance | 617 | ||
| Patient Maintenance | 617 | ||
| Maintenance of the Laser Equipment | 618 | ||
| Controversies | 618 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 618 | ||
| Section D Photoactivated Disinfection | 619 | ||
| Current Clinical Problems | 619 | ||
| Dental Caries | 619 | ||
| Periodontal Therapy | 619 | ||
| PhotoActivated Disinfection: Mode of Action | 619 | ||
| Scientific Model | 619 | ||
| Clinical Model | 620 | ||
| PhotoActivated Disinfection Techniques | 623 | ||
| Conservative Photoactivated Disinfection Caries Treatment (Early Decay) | 623 | ||
| Conservative Photoactivated Disinfection Caries Treatment (Advanced Decay) | 624 | ||
| Conservative Photoactivated Disinfection Periodontal Therapy (Figure 26-58) | 624 | ||
| Conclusion | 624 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 625 | ||
| Section E Soft Tissue Screening | 627 | ||
| Relevance of Soft Tissue Screening to Esthetic Dentistry | 627 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Soft Tissue Screening in Dentistry | 627 | ||
| Relating Soft Tissue Screening to Function and Esthetics | 630 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 630 | ||
| Material Options | 632 | ||
| Other Considerations | 633 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 633 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 634 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 637 | ||
| Procedural Steps to a Comprehensive Oral Soft Tissue Examination | 637 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 640 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 640 | ||
| Maintenance | 641 | ||
| Controversies | 641 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 641 | ||
| References | 641 | ||
| 27 Minimally Invasive Implant Esthetics | 643 | ||
| Relevance of Minimally Invasive Implant Stabilization to Esthetic Dentistry | 643 | ||
| Effect on Facial Proportions | 643 | ||
| Forces Placed on the Jaws and Restorations | 643 | ||
| Opening of the Vertical Dimension | 643 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development of Minimally Invasive Implant Stabilization | 643 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 644 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 644 | ||
| Indications | 644 | ||
| Contraindications | 645 | ||
| Material Options | 645 | ||
| Advantages | 645 | ||
| Disadvantages | 645 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 645 | ||
| Other Considerations | 645 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 645 | ||
| Scientific | 645 | ||
| Technologic | 646 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 646 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 646 | ||
| Sequencing | 646 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 647 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 647 | ||
| Controversies | 647 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 648 | ||
| Case Study | 648 | ||
| Patient History | 648 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 648 | ||
| Clinical Step-by-Step | 648 | ||
| Pre-surgical Phase | 648 | ||
| Surgical Phase | 649 | ||
| Healing Phase | 655 | ||
| Restorative Phase | 655 | ||
| Conclusion | 660 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 662 | ||
| 28 Perioesthetics | 663 | ||
| Section A Periodontal Esthetics and Periodontal Plastic Surgery | 663 | ||
| Relevance of Periodontal Esthetics and Periodontal Plastic Surgery to Dental Esthetics | 663 | ||
| History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of the Concept and Procedures | 663 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 663 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 664 | ||
| Indications | 664 | ||
| Contraindications | 664 | ||
| Material and Technique Options | 664 | ||
| Current Best Approach | 664 | ||
| Other Considerations | 664 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 664 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 664 | ||
| Technologic Elements | 665 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 665 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 665 | ||
| Treatment Considerations during Preparation, Procedure, and Finishing | 665 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 666 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 666 | ||
| Maintenance | 666 | ||
| Controversies | 666 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 666 | ||
| Clinical Cases | 667 | ||
| Case 1 Fractured Incisor | 667 | ||
| Case 2 Esthetic Improvement of Maxillary Anterior Dentition | 668 | ||
| Case 3 Esthetic Improvement of Gums | 668 | ||
| Case 4 Esthetic Improvement of Gum Line | 669 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 669 | ||
| Section B Relating Function and Esthetics | 670 | ||
| Relevance of Perioesthetics to Esthetic Dentistry | 670 | ||
| Role of Periodontics in the Enhanced Smile | 670 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Perioesthetics | 670 | ||
| Brief History of Implants | 671 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 671 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 674 | ||
| Indications | 674 | ||
| Contraindications | 677 | ||
| Material Options | 677 | ||
| Bone Regeneration | 677 | ||
| Tissue Regeneration | 678 | ||
| Autogenous Tissue Grafts versus Autogenous Bone Grafts | 678 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 678 | ||
| Preparation | 679 | ||
| Procedure | 679 | ||
| Finishing | 679 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 679 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 680 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 682 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 682 | ||
| Maintenance | 683 | ||
| Controversies | 683 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 684 | ||
| 29 Ortho-Esthetics | 685 | ||
| Section A Relevance of Functional Appliance Treatment to Esthetic Dentistry and Temporomandibular Joint Health | 685 | ||
| Brief History of Functional Appliances | 685 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 686 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 686 | ||
| Proper Maxillary Width | 686 | ||
| Maxilla Positioned Correctly Antero-posteriorly | 687 | ||
| Proper Relationship between Maxilla and Mandible | 689 | ||
| Tomographic Radiographs of the Temporomandibular Joint | 689 | ||
| Joint Vibration Analysis | 689 | ||
| Proper Inclination of Maxillary Incisors | 690 | ||
| Correction of Unilateral Crossbite | 692 | ||
| Uprighting of Lower Posterior Teeth over the Basal Bone | 693 | ||
| Establishment of Proper Vertical Dimension | 693 | ||
| Two-Phase Orthodontic Treatment | 695 | ||
| Phase I (Orthopedic Phase)—Mixed Dentition (Ages 6 to 11 years) | 695 | ||
| Phase II (Orthodontic Phase)—Permanent Dentition (Ages 12 to 14 years) | 696 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 699 | ||
| Orthodontic Treatment Philosophies | 699 | ||
| Orthodontic Treatment Options for Class II Skeletal Malocclusions | 699 | ||
| Retractive Philosophy | 699 | ||
| Surgical Technique (Orthognathic Surgery) | 699 | ||
| Functional Philosophy | 701 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 703 | ||
| Functional Appliances and Improved Esthetics | 704 | ||
| Team Approach for the Best Artistic and Functional Result | 704 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 706 | ||
| Early Orthodontic Treatment and Childhood Development | 706 | ||
| Early Orthodontic Treatment | 706 | ||
| Facial Esthetics | 707 | ||
| Latest Innovations in Orthodontics | 708 | ||
| Arch Expansion in Permanent Dentition | 708 | ||
| Clear Braces for Adults | 709 | ||
| Colorless Wires | 709 | ||
| Temporary Anchorage Devices | 709 | ||
| Summary | 709 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 710 | ||
| Section B Orthodontics as a Basis for Esthetics | 711 | ||
| Relevance of Orthodontics to Esthetic Dentistry | 711 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Ortho-Esthetics | 711 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 712 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 712 | ||
| Indications | 712 | ||
| Contraindications | 712 | ||
| Technique Options | 712 | ||
| Advantages | 712 | ||
| Disadvantages | 713 | ||
| Other Considerations | 713 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 713 | ||
| Scientific Elements | 713 | ||
| Technologic Advancements | 714 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 714 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 714 | ||
| Preparation | 714 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 718 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 718 | ||
| Maintenance | 718 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 718 | ||
| 30 Pediatric Dental Procedures | 719 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 719 | ||
| Effect of Esthetically Undesirable Teeth on Child’s Self-Image, Growth, and Development | 719 | ||
| Brief History of Clinical Development and Evolution of Procedures | 719 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 719 | ||
| Primary Anterior Teeth | 719 | ||
| Diagnostic Techniques | 720 | ||
| Pulp Considerations | 720 | ||
| 31 Sleep and Snoring | 733 | ||
| Relevance of Obstructive Sleep Apnea to Esthetic Dentistry | 733 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 734 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 734 | ||
| Clinical Options | 734 | ||
| Current Best Approaches | 735 | ||
| Other Considerations | 735 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 735 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 736 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 736 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 737 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 738 | ||
| Controversies | 738 | ||
| Near-Future Developments | 738 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 739 | ||
| Summary | 739 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 739 | ||
| 32 Sterilization and Disinfection | 740 | ||
| Section A Sterilization | 740 | ||
| Relevance of Sterilization to Esthetic Dentistry | 740 | ||
| Brief History of Sterilization | 740 | ||
| Effective Pre-Sterilization | 741 | ||
| Debris Removal | 742 | ||
| Rinsing | 744 | ||
| Drying | 745 | ||
| Automated Pre-Sterilization | 747 | ||
| Sterilization and Decontamination Procedures | 747 | ||
| Classification of Autoclave Cycles (See Table 32-2) | 747 | ||
| Validation | 749 | ||
| Sterilization Overview | 750 | ||
| References | 750 | ||
| Section B Disinfection | 751 | ||
| Relevance of Disinfection to Esthetic Dentistry | 751 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Infection Control | 751 | ||
| Transmission-Based Precautions | 751 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 752 | ||
| Patient Evaluation | 752 | ||
| Personal Protection | 752 | ||
| Patient | 752 | ||
| Dental Team Members | 752 | ||
| Dentist | 753 | ||
| Equipment | 753 | ||
| Material Options in Sterilization and Disinfection | 754 | ||
| Procedures | 754 | ||
| Sterilization | 754 | ||
| Cleaning, Decontamination, and Pre-Sterilization | 754 | ||
| Disinfection of the Dental Units and Clinical Areas | 754 | ||
| Disinfection of Laboratory Work | 755 | ||
| Waste Disposal | 755 | ||
| General Handling of Waste | 755 | ||
| Clinical Waste | 755 | ||
| Extracted Teeth | 755 | ||
| Sharps | 755 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment, Drapes, and Bibs | 756 | ||
| Packaging | 756 | ||
| Nonclinical Waste | 756 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 756 | ||
| 33 Communication | 757 | ||
| Section A Patient Communication | 757 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 757 | ||
| Brief History of Patient Communication with Respect to Esthetics | 757 | ||
| Key Terms to use in Verbal and Written Communications | 757 | ||
| Verbal Communications | 757 | ||
| Telephone Communications | 757 | ||
| Follow-up to the First Call | 760 | ||
| Key Words and Phrases for the First Telephone Call | 760 | ||
| Patient Communications at the First Visit | 760 | ||
| Establishing Rapport | 760 | ||
| What to Expect in the Dental Visit | 761 | ||
| Written Communications | 762 | ||
| Consultation | 763 | ||
| Pre-Treatment Consultation | 763 | ||
| Handling Future Appointments and Financial Arrangements | 763 | ||
| Telephone Rounds | 764 | ||
| Post-Treatment Consultation | 764 | ||
| Postoperative Photographs during the Post-Treatment Consultation | 765 | ||
| Conclusion | 765 | ||
| Section B Patient Management | 766 | ||
| Relevance to Esthetic Dentistry | 766 | ||
| Presenting Treatment | 766 | ||
| Practice Management Considerations | 766 | ||
| Motivating Patients to Accept Treatment | 768 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 768 | ||
| Financial Considerations | 769 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 770 | ||
| Communication during Treatment Planning | 770 | ||
| Conservation Concepts | 771 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 771 | ||
| 34 Practice Management | 773 | ||
| Section A Establishing an Esthetic Dental Practice | 773 | ||
| How Practice Management Matters in Esthetic Dentistry | 773 | ||
| The Business of Elective Versus Traditional Dentistry | 774 | ||
| Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs | 774 | ||
| Establishing a Practice within a Practice | 774 | ||
| Cosmetic Dentistry Growth Plan | 775 | ||
| Phase 1 | 775 | ||
| Phase 2 | 776 | ||
| Phase 3 | 776 | ||
| Phase 4 | 776 | ||
| Features and Benefits | 777 | ||
| Logic Versus Emotion | 777 | ||
| Marketing Cosmetic Dentistry | 778 | ||
| Internal Marketing | 778 | ||
| External Marketing | 778 | ||
| Ninety Percent of Cases Accepted | 778 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 779 | ||
| Section B Managing an Esthetic Dental Practice | 780 | ||
| Relevance of Practice Management Principles to Esthetic Dentistry | 780 | ||
| Brief History of The Development of Practice Management | 781 | ||
| Current Status | 781 | ||
| Clinical Excellence and Practice Management | 781 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 782 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 783 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 783 | ||
| Dental Team Involvement | 783 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 784 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 784 | ||
| 35 Evaluating Esthetic Materials | 785 | ||
| Relevance of Evaluating Materials and Techniques to Esthetic Dentistry | 785 | ||
| Brief History of the Clinical Development and Evolution of Evaluating Esthetic Materials | 786 | ||
| Relating Function and Esthetics | 786 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 786 | ||
| Indications | 786 | ||
| Contraindications | 786 | ||
| Material Options | 787 | ||
| Innovative Elements | 787 | ||
| Artistic Elements | 788 | ||
| Treatment Planning | 788 | ||
| Sequence | 788 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 788 | ||
| Evidence-Based Principles | 788 | ||
| Clinical Conservation Concepts | 788 | ||
| Maintenance | 789 | ||
| Controversies in Evaluating Esthetic Materials | 789 | ||
| Index | 791 | ||
| A | 791 | ||
| B | 792 | ||
| C | 793 | ||
| D | 795 | ||
| E | 796 | ||
| F | 796 | ||
| G | 797 | ||
| H | 797 | ||
| I | 798 | ||
| J | 798 | ||
| K | 798 | ||
| L | 798 | ||
| M | 799 | ||
| N | 800 | ||
| O | 800 | ||
| P | 800 | ||
| Q | 802 | ||
| R | 802 | ||
| S | 802 | ||
| T | 803 | ||
| U | 804 | ||
| V | 804 | ||
| W | 805 | ||
| X | 805 | ||
| Y | 805 | ||
| Z | 805 |