BOOK
Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology - E-Book
David Maggs | Paul Miller | Ron Ofri
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Recognize, diagnose, and manage a wide range of common ocular conditions with Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 5th Edition. Covering small and large animals including birds and exotic species, this reference provides the latest, most practical information on structure and function of the eye, ocular development, pathology, examination and diagnosis, surgical procedures, ophthalmic pharmacology and therapeutics, and management of ocular emergencies. Nearly 1,000 color photos and illustrations accurately depict ocular conditions and demonstrate surgical techniques. Edited by noted veterinary ophthalmologists David J. Maggs, Paul E. Miller, and Ron Ofri, this reference is an essential aid to clinical decision-making, from differential diagnosis to medical and surgical management.
- Practical, clinically focused coverage provides a one-stop diagnostic guide to ophthalmic disease in small and large animals including birds and exotic pets.
- Logical organization by anatomic region makes topics easy to locate.
- Nearly 1,000 color images present illustrated, step-by-step procedures that guide you through the recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular conditions you are most likely to encounter.
- A team of three internationally respected veterinary ophthalmologists co-edit this reference to provide comprehensive, clinical expertise.
- Useful tables and charts summarize important facts and show treatment instructions at a glance.
- Clinical Tips boxes offer helpful practice advice.
- NEW pharmaceutical therapies and procedural techniques provide the most current diagnostic and treatment methods.
- Extensive updates including the latest information on pharmacology, eyelid surgery, tear film deficiencies, and retinal disease help you provide the most current, effective care.
- NEW sections on ophthalmic diseases of chinchillas and guinea pigs provide expert guidance in the care of these increasingly popular exotic pets.
- NEW! Detailed table of contents describes the specifics of coverage in each chapter.
- NEW! Pageburst companion website makes the entire contents of the book fully searchable. Sold separately.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 5/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Dedication | vi | ||
| Preface and Acknowledgments | vii | ||
| Table Of Contents | viii | ||
| 1 Basic Structure and Function of the Eye | 1 | ||
| Fundamentals of Vision | 1 | ||
| Luminance | 1 | ||
| Motion | 3 | ||
| Depth Perception | 4 | ||
| Texture (Visual Acuity) | 5 | ||
| Optical Factors in Visual Acuity | 6 | ||
| Retinal Factors in Visual Acuity | 7 | ||
| Estimates of Visual Acuity | 9 | ||
| Color Vision | 10 | ||
| Central Visual Pathways | 12 | ||
| 2 Development and Congenital Abnormalities* | 13 | ||
| Development | 13 | ||
| Embryogenesis and Organogenesis | 13 | ||
| Differentiation | 16 | ||
| Retina | 16 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 17 | ||
| Vitreous | 17 | ||
| Lens | 19 | ||
| Primitive Vascular System | 20 | ||
| Ciliary Body and Iris | 22 | ||
| Iridocorneal Angle | 22 | ||
| Cornea and Anterior Chamber | 22 | ||
| Choroid, Sclera and Extraocular Muscles | 22 | ||
| Eyelids and Third Eyelid | 23 | ||
| Nasolacrimal System | 24 | ||
| Congenital Abnormalities | 24 | ||
| Anophthalmos and Microphthalmos | 24 | ||
| Cyclopia and Synophthalmia | 25 | ||
| Coloboma | 25 | ||
| 3 Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics | 27 | ||
| General Principles of Ocular Pharmacology | 27 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 27 | ||
| Continuous or Intermittent Ocular Surface Lavage Systems | 28 | ||
| Topical Formulations | 28 | ||
| Solutions and Suspensions (Eye Drops) | 30 | ||
| Ointments | 30 | ||
| Subconjunctival, Subtenons, and Retrobulbar Injections | 31 | ||
| Systemic Drug Administration | 32 | ||
| Antibacterial Drugs | 33 | ||
| Selection and Administration of Antibiotics | 33 | ||
| Penicillins | 34 | ||
| Penicillin G | 34 | ||
| Sodium Methicillin | 34 | ||
| Sodium Oxacillin | 34 | ||
| Amoxicillin and Ampicillin | 34 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 34 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 36 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 37 | ||
| Neomycin | 37 | ||
| Gentamicin | 37 | ||
| Tobramycin | 37 | ||
| Amikacin | 37 | ||
| Cyclic Polypeptides | 37 | ||
| Bacitracin | 37 | ||
| Polymyxin B | 37 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 37 | ||
| Azithromycin | 38 | ||
| Sulfonamides | 38 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | 38 | ||
| Enrofloxacin, Orbifloxacin, and Pradofloxacin | 38 | ||
| Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Others | 39 | ||
| Antifungal Drugs | 39 | ||
| Natamycin | 39 | ||
| Azoles | 39 | ||
| Flucytosine | 39 | ||
| Amphotericin B | 40 | ||
| Antiviral Drugs | 41 | ||
| Idoxuridine | 41 | ||
| Trifluridine (Trifluorothymidine) | 41 | ||
| Vidarabine | 41 | ||
| Acyclovir and Valacyclovir | 41 | ||
| Cidofovir | 41 | ||
| Ganciclovir | 42 | ||
| Penciclovir and Famciclovir | 42 | ||
| Lysine | 42 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 42 | ||
| Properties of Corticosteroids | 42 | ||
| Ocular Penetration of Corticosteroids | 43 | ||
| Long-Term Therapy | 44 | ||
| General Indications for Corticosteroid Use | 44 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 44 | ||
| Immunomodulating Therapy (Immunosuppressants and Immunostimulants) | 45 | ||
| Azathioprine | 45 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 46 | ||
| Tacrolimus and Pimecrolimus | 46 | ||
| Immunostimulants | 46 | ||
| Mast Cell Stabilizers and Antihistamines | 46 | ||
| Hyperosmotic Agents | 47 | ||
| Mannitol | 47 | ||
| Topical Hyperosmotic Sodium Chloride | 47 | ||
| Autonomic Drugs | 47 | ||
| Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic) Agents | 47 | ||
| Atropine | 47 | ||
| Tropicamide | 48 | ||
| Miscellaneous Parasympatholytic Agents | 49 | ||
| Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic) Agents | 50 | ||
| Epinephrine (Adrenaline), Dipivefrin, and Phenylephrine | 50 | ||
| Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic) Agents | 50 | ||
| Direct-Acting Parasympathomimetic Agents | 50 | ||
| Pilocarpine. | 50 | ||
| Indirect-Acting Parasympathomimetic Agents | 51 | ||
| Demecarium. | 51 | ||
| Carbachol. | 51 | ||
| Sympatholytic Agents (Adrenergic Antagonists) | 51 | ||
| Topical and Systemic Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 51 | ||
| Prostaglandin Analogues | 52 | ||
| Local Anesthetics | 52 | ||
| Ocular Analgesia | 53 | ||
| Topically Applied Agents | 53 | ||
| Opioids | 53 | ||
| Atropine | 53 | ||
| NSAIDs | 53 | ||
| Systemically Administered NSAIDs and Analgesic Agents | 53 | ||
| Retrobulbar Anesthesia | 54 | ||
| Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors | 54 | ||
| Hyaluronidase | 54 | ||
| Tissue Plasminogen Activator | 54 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors | 54 | ||
| Tear Replacement Preparations (Artificial Tears) | 54 | ||
| Miscellaneous Therapeutic Agents | 55 | ||
| Surgical Adhesives | 55 | ||
| Eye Washes (Collyria) | 55 | ||
| Germicides | 55 | ||
| Astringents and Cauterants | 55 | ||
| Vitamins | 55 | ||
| Medical Cataract Treatments | 55 | ||
| Antiparasitic Agents | 57 | ||
| Physical Therapy | 57 | ||
| Contact Lenses | 57 | ||
| Irradiation | 57 | ||
| β-Irradiation | 58 | ||
| γ- and X-Irradiation | 58 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 58 | ||
| Cryosurgery | 58 | ||
| Lasers in Veterinary Ophthalmology | 59 | ||
| 4 General Pathology of the Eye | 60 | ||
| Ocular Injury | 60 | ||
| Causes of Ocular Injury | 60 | ||
| Consequences of Ocular Injury | 60 | ||
| Agenesis, Aplasia, Hypoplasia | 60 | ||
| Hypertrophy | 61 | ||
| Hyperplasia | 61 | ||
| Atrophy | 61 | ||
| Metaplasia | 61 | ||
| Dysplasia | 62 | ||
| Dystrophy | 62 | ||
| Necrosis | 62 | ||
| Loss of Barrier Function. | 63 | ||
| Loss of Electrical Activity. | 64 | ||
| Loss of Secretory Function. | 64 | ||
| Initiation of Inflammation: the First Step Toward Normalization. | 64 | ||
| Ocular Inflammation | 64 | ||
| Peculiarities of Ocular Inflammation | 65 | ||
| Corneal Inflammation | 66 | ||
| Uveitis | 67 | ||
| Common Sequelae of Intraocular Inflammation | 67 | ||
| Inflammatory Retinal Detachment | 67 | ||
| Cataract | 68 | ||
| Glaucoma | 68 | ||
| Alterations in the Blood-Ocular Barrier and Implications for Immune-Mediated Disease | 69 | ||
| Etiologic Implications of Inflammatory Exudates | 69 | ||
| Restoration of Homeostasis: Ocular Wound Healing | 71 | ||
| Germinal Cells | 71 | ||
| Tissue Scaffold | 73 | ||
| Adequate Nutrition | 74 | ||
| Diseases Resulting from Defective Wound Healing | 74 | ||
| Ocular Neoplasia | 75 | ||
| Clinical Signs Associated with Ocular Neoplasia | 76 | ||
| Hyphema | 76 | ||
| Glaucoma | 76 | ||
| Uveitis | 76 | ||
| Histologic Basis for Common Clinical Lesions | 76 | ||
| Corneal Edema | 77 | ||
| Corneal Pigmentation | 77 | ||
| Aqueous Flare | 77 | ||
| Keratic Precipitates | 77 | ||
| Hyphema | 77 | ||
| Changes in Pupil Shape | 77 | ||
| Changes in Iris Color | 77 | ||
| Lens Opacity | 77 | ||
| Retinal Pathologic Findings: Tapetal Hyper-reflectivity and Retinal Opacity | 78 | ||
| 5 Diagnostic Techniques | 79 | ||
| Medical History | 79 | ||
| Examination Procedure | 79 | ||
| Assessment From A Distance | 82 | ||
| Assessment of Iris and Pupil | 82 | ||
| Retroillumination | 82 | ||
| Pupillary Light Reflexes | 83 | ||
| Other Commonly Performed Neuroophthalmic Tests | 84 | ||
| Menace Response | 84 | ||
| Dazzle Reflex | 84 | ||
| Palpebral Reflex | 84 | ||
| Examination of the Anterior Segment | 84 | ||
| Eyelids | 85 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Apparatus | 86 | ||
| Third Eyelid | 86 | ||
| Conjunctiva | 86 | ||
| Sclera | 86 | ||
| Clinical Differentiation of Episcleral and Conjunctival Hyperemia (or Injection) | 87 | ||
| Cornea | 87 | ||
| Anterior Chamber | 87 | ||
| Iris and Pupil | 88 | ||
| Lens | 88 | ||
| The Posterior Segment | 88 | ||
| The Normal Fundus | 89 | ||
| The Canine Fundus | 90 | ||
| The Feline Fundus | 90 | ||
| The Equine Fundus | 91 | ||
| The Fundus of Sheep, Goats, and Cattle | 91 | ||
| Ophthalmoscopy | 92 | ||
| Direct Ophthalmoscopy | 92 | ||
| Indirect Ophthalmoscopy | 93 | ||
| Monocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy | 93 | ||
| Examination of the Posterior Segment | 94 | ||
| Vitreous | 94 | ||
| Retina | 94 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 94 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Testing | 95 | ||
| Schirmer Tear Test and Phenol Red Thread Test | 95 | ||
| Tear Film Break-Up Time | 95 | ||
| Assessment of Aqueous Flare | 96 | ||
| Vital Dyes | 96 | ||
| Fluorescein | 96 | ||
| Rose Bengal | 98 | ||
| Tonometry | 98 | ||
| Indentation Tonometry | 99 | ||
| Applanation Tonometry | 99 | ||
| Rebound Tonometry | 100 | ||
| Normal Intraocular Pressure | 100 | ||
| Tonography | 101 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 101 | ||
| Ocular Surface Sampling | 102 | ||
| Sample Collection by Scraping, Swab, or Cytobrush | 102 | ||
| Microbiologic Samples | 103 | ||
| Cytologic Samples | 103 | ||
| Tests of Nasolacrimal Apparatus Patency | 103 | ||
| The Fluorescein Passage (or Jones) Test | 103 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Cannulation and Flushing | 103 | ||
| Dacryocystorhinography | 104 | ||
| Additional Neuroophthalmic Testing | 104 | ||
| The Swinging Flashlight Test | 105 | ||
| Oculocephalic Reflexes | 105 | ||
| Behavioral Testing of Vision | 105 | ||
| Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials | 106 | ||
| Retinoscopy | 106 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 106 | ||
| Radiography | 106 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 106 | ||
| Contrast Techniques | 107 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 107 | ||
| Fluorescein Angiography | 108 | ||
| 6 Eyelids | 110 | ||
| Anatomy, Function, and General Pathologic Responses | 110 | ||
| Anatomy and Function | 110 | ||
| General Pathologic Responses | 114 | ||
| Premature or Delayed Opening of the Eyelids in Neonates | 114 | ||
| Eyelid Agenesis (Coloboma) | 114 | ||
| Prominent Nasal Skin Folds | 115 | ||
| Disorders of the Cilia | 116 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Cilia Disorders | 117 | ||
| Treatment of Distichiasis | 117 | ||
| Cryoepilation | 118 | ||
| Electroepilation | 118 | ||
| Treatment of Ectopic Cilia | 118 | ||
| Treatment of Trichiasis | 119 | ||
| Entropion | 119 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Entropion | 120 | ||
| Treatment of Entropion | 120 | ||
| Temporary “Tacking” Techniques | 121 | ||
| Injection Technique in Lambs | 121 | ||
| Wedge Resection | 122 | ||
| Hotz-Celsus Procedure | 122 | ||
| Combination Hotz-Celsus and Lateral Wedge Resection | 122 | ||
| Lateral Arrowhead Procedure and Tenotomy for Lateral Entropion | 123 | ||
| Medial Canthoplasty for Lower Medial Entropion and Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome | 123 | ||
| Upper Eyelid Entropion | 124 | ||
| Ectropion | 125 | ||
| Treatment of Ectropion | 125 | ||
| Wedge Resection | 125 | ||
| “V-to-Y” Blepharoplasty | 125 | ||
| Eyelid Injuries | 126 | ||
| Treatment of Eyelid Injuries | 126 | ||
| Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Meibomian and Other Eyelid Glands | 127 | ||
| Chalazia | 127 | ||
| Hordeolum and Meibomian Adenitis | 127 | ||
| Neoplasia | 128 | ||
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 129 | ||
| Meibomian Adenoma | 131 | ||
| Feline Multiple Apocrine Hidrocystoma | 131 | ||
| Equine Sarcoid | 131 | ||
| Viral Papillomatosis | 132 | ||
| Mast Cell Tumors | 132 | ||
| Histiocytoma | 132 | ||
| Skin Diseases Affecting the Eyelids | 132 | ||
| 7 Conjunctiva | 140 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 140 | ||
| Conjunctival Wound Healing | 141 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Conjunctival Disease | 141 | ||
| Cellular Responses in Conjunctival Disease | 141 | ||
| Conjunctival Hyperemia | 142 | ||
| Chemosis (Conjunctival Edema) | 142 | ||
| Ocular Discharge | 142 | ||
| Conjunctival Swelling, Thickening, or Mass Formation | 142 | ||
| Conjunctival Ulceration | 143 | ||
| Follicle Formation | 143 | ||
| Pruritus | 143 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 143 | ||
| Classification | 143 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 143 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods | 144 | ||
| Bacterial Culturing | 144 | ||
| Conjunctival Scrapings | 145 | ||
| Conjunctival Biopsy | 145 | ||
| General Treatment Considerations for Conjunctivitis | 145 | ||
| Antibiotics | 146 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 146 | ||
| Cleansing Agents | 146 | ||
| Topical Mast Cell Stabilizers and Antihistamines | 146 | ||
| Vasoactive Agents | 146 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 146 | ||
| Chlamydial Conjunctivitis | 147 | ||
| 8 Third Eyelid | 159 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 159 | ||
| Examination | 160 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Third Eyelid Disease | 160 | ||
| Structural Abnormalities of the Third Eyelid | 160 | ||
| Amelanotic Leading Edge of the Third Eyelid | 160 | ||
| Scrolling or Eversion of the Third Eyelid | 160 | ||
| 9 Lacrimal System | 165 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 165 | ||
| Lacrimal and Third Eyelid Glands | 165 | ||
| Accessory Lacrimal Glands | 165 | ||
| Precorneal Tear Film | 166 | ||
| Mucous Threads | 167 | ||
| Blinking | 167 | ||
| Lacrimal Puncta, Canaliculi, and Nasolacrimal Duct | 168 | ||
| Innervation | 168 | ||
| Disturbances of Lacrimal Function | 169 | ||
| Effects of Precorneal Tear Film Dysfunction | 169 | ||
| Examination | 169 | ||
| Disorders Characterized by Epiphora | 170 | ||
| Dacryocystitis | 170 | ||
| Clinical Signs. | 170 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 170 | ||
| Treatment. | 170 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Catheterization. | 170 | ||
| Dacryocystotomy. | 170 | ||
| Congenital Atresia, Ectopia, and Imperforate Puncta | 171 | ||
| Cystic Disorders | 172 | ||
| Cicatricial Nasolacrimal Obstructions | 172 | ||
| Conjunctivorhinostomy. | 173 | ||
| Conjunctivobuccostomy. | 173 | ||
| Tear-Staining Syndrome in Dogs | 173 | ||
| Treatment. | 174 | ||
| Other Causes of Epiphora | 175 | ||
| Deficiency of the Precorneal Tear Film | 175 | ||
| Mucin Deficiency | 175 | ||
| Lipid Deficiency | 175 | ||
| Deficiency of the Aqueous Layer | 176 | ||
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | 176 | ||
| Etiologic Factors. | 176 | ||
| Drug-Induced. | 176 | ||
| Surgically Induced. | 176 | ||
| Immune Mediated. | 176 | ||
| Idiopathic. | 176 | ||
| Orbital and Supraorbital Trauma. | 176 | ||
| Infectious. | 176 | ||
| Locoweed Poisoning. | 176 | ||
| Other Causes. | 176 | ||
| Congenital. | 176 | ||
| Senile Atrophy. | 177 | ||
| Radiation. | 177 | ||
| Neurogenic. | 177 | ||
| Pathologic Changes. | 177 | ||
| Breed Predisposition. | 177 | ||
| Clinical Signs. | 177 | ||
| Mucoid and Mucopurulent Discharge. | 177 | ||
| Blepharospasm. | 177 | ||
| Corneal Ulceration. | 177 | ||
| Corneal Vascularization and Pigmentation. | 177 | ||
| Dry, Lusterless Cornea. | 178 | ||
| Dry Ipsilateral Nostril. | 178 | ||
| Chronic Staphylococcal Blepharitis. | 178 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 178 | ||
| Natural Course of the Disease. | 178 | ||
| Treatment. | 178 | ||
| Medical Therapy. | 178 | ||
| Stimulate Natural Tear Production. | 178 | ||
| Replacement of the Precorneal Tear Film. | 179 | ||
| Reduce Ocular Surface Inflammation. | 180 | ||
| Control Secondary Infection. | 180 | ||
| Removal of Excess Mucus. | 180 | ||
| Initial Treatment Plan and Follow-up. | 180 | ||
| Surgical Therapy | 181 | ||
| Parotid Duct Transposition. | 181 | ||
| Postoperative Treatment. | 181 | ||
| Operative and Postoperative Complications. | 181 | ||
| Neoplasia | 183 | ||
| 10 Cornea and Sclera | 184 | ||
| Anatomy, Physiology, and Wound Healing | 184 | ||
| Cornea | 184 | ||
| Normal Corneal Healing | 186 | ||
| Epithelium | 186 | ||
| Stroma | 186 | ||
| Endothelium and Descemet’s Membrane | 186 | ||
| Effects of Corticosteroids on Corneal Healing | 187 | ||
| Sclera | 187 | ||
| Pathologic Responses | 187 | ||
| Corneal Edema | 188 | ||
| Corneal Vascularization | 189 | ||
| Corneal Fibrosis | 190 | ||
| Corneal Melanosis | 190 | ||
| Stromal Infiltration with White Blood Cells | 192 | ||
| Deposition of Abnormal Substances (Especially Lipid or Mineral) within the Cornea | 192 | ||
| Stromal Malacia (or “Melting”) | 193 | ||
| Corneal Diseases Present at Birth and Corneal Dystrophies | 193 | ||
| Microcornea | 193 | ||
| Dermoid | 193 | ||
| Persistent Pupillary Membranes | 194 | ||
| Corneal Epithelial Dysmaturation or “Puppy Dystrophy” | 194 | ||
| Corneal Lipid Dystrophy | 195 | ||
| Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy | 195 | ||
| Superficial Punctate Keratitis | 195 | ||
| Corneal Ulcers and Erosions in All Species | 195 | ||
| Common Causes of Corneal Ulceration or Erosion | 196 | ||
| Simple versus Complicated Ulcers and Erosions | 196 | ||
| General Principles of Corneal Ulcer and Erosion Treatment | 197 | ||
| Antibiotics | 197 | ||
| Mydriatic Therapy | 198 | ||
| Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Agents | 198 | ||
| Prevention of Self-trauma | 198 | ||
| Temporary Tarsorrhaphy versus Third Eyelid Flap | 198 | ||
| Treatment of Uncomplicated (Simple) Corneal Ulcers and Erosions | 199 | ||
| Treatment of Deep (Stromal) Corneal Ulcers or Descemetoceles | 199 | ||
| Cyanoacrylate Adhesives (Tissue Glue) | 201 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors | 202 | ||
| Corneal Trauma and Foreign Bodies | 202 | ||
| Corneal Lacerations | 202 | ||
| Removal of Corneal Foreign Bodies | 203 | ||
| Epithelial Inclusion Cysts | 203 | ||
| Neurogenic Keratitis | 204 | ||
| “Florida Keratopathy” or “Florida Spots” | 204 | ||
| Corneal Disease of Dogs | 204 | ||
| Pigmentary Keratitis | 204 | ||
| “Pannus” or Chronic Immune-Mediated Superficial Keratoconjunctivitis | 205 | ||
| Indolent Corneal Ulcers and Erosions | 206 | ||
| Canine Herpesvirus | 208 | ||
| Infectious Canine Hepatitis | 208 | ||
| Corneal Disease of Cats | 208 | ||
| Feline Herpetic Keratitis | 209 | ||
| Feline Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis | 209 | ||
| Feline Corneal Sequestration | 210 | ||
| Acute Bullous Keratopathy | 210 | ||
| Ulcerative Mycoplasmal Keratitis | 211 | ||
| Mycobacterial Keratitis | 211 | ||
| Corneal Disease of Horses | 211 | ||
| Equine Fungal Keratitis | 211 | ||
| Stromal Abscesses | 213 | ||
| Equine Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis | 214 | ||
| Chronic Superficial Corneal Ulcers and Erosions in Horses | 214 | ||
| Corneal Disease of Ruminants | 214 | ||
| Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis | 215 | ||
| Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis | 216 | ||
| Malignant Catarrhal Fever | 216 | ||
| Scleral and Limbal Disorders | 216 | ||
| Colobomatous Defects | 216 | ||
| Scleritis and Episcleritis | 217 | ||
| Scleral Trauma | 218 | ||
| Limbal Neoplasia | 218 | ||
| 11 Uvea | 220 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 220 | ||
| Iris | 220 | ||
| Ciliary Body | 221 | ||
| Choroid | 222 | ||
| Blood-Ocular Barrier | 225 | ||
| Pathologic Reactions | 226 | ||
| Definitions | 226 | ||
| Immune Mechanisms | 226 | ||
| Congenital Uveal Abnormalities | 227 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Pupil | 227 | ||
| Persistent Pupillary Membrane | 227 | ||
| Coloboma | 227 | ||
| Anterior Segment Dysgenesis | 227 | ||
| Disorders of Pigmentation | 228 | ||
| Heterochromia | 228 | ||
| Iris Nevus | 229 | ||
| Waardenburg Syndrome | 229 | ||
| Uveitis | 229 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 229 | ||
| Sequelae of Uveitis | 229 | ||
| Posterior Synechiae | 229 | ||
| Peripheral Anterior Synechiae | 230 | ||
| Cataract | 230 | ||
| Glaucoma | 230 | ||
| Retinal Detachment | 230 | ||
| Atrophy | 230 | ||
| Preiridal Fibrovascular Membranes | 230 | ||
| Cyclitic Membranes | 230 | ||
| Diagnosis of Uveitis | 230 | ||
| General Therapeutic Principles | 231 | ||
| 1. Make an Etiologic Diagnosis | 231 | ||
| 2. Control Inflammation | 231 | ||
| Corticosteroids. | 231 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs. | 233 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Agents. | 233 | ||
| 3. Prevent Undesirable Sequelae | 233 | ||
| Mydriatics and Cycloplegics. | 233 | ||
| Antiglaucoma Drugs. | 233 | ||
| 4. Relieve Pain | 233 | ||
| Specific Forms of Uveitis | 233 | ||
| Infectious Uveitis | 233 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Uveitis | 234 | ||
| Uveodermatologic Syndrome. | 234 | ||
| Lens-Induced Uveitis. | 234 | ||
| Leakage through the Intact Lens Capsule. | 234 | ||
| Penetrating Lens Injuries. | 234 | ||
| Uveitis Associated with Dental Disease. | 235 | ||
| Golden Retriever Uveitis. | 235 | ||
| Feline Uveitis. | 235 | ||
| Equine Recurrent Uveitis. | 235 | ||
| History and Geographic Distribution. | 236 | ||
| Etiologic Factors. | 236 | ||
| Leptospira-Associated Uveitis. | 236 | ||
| Clinical Signs of ERU. | 237 | ||
| Active Phase. | 237 | ||
| Quiescent Phase. | 237 | ||
| Treatment. | 237 | ||
| Onchocerca Uveitis. | 240 | ||
| Treatment. | 240 | ||
| Phacoclastic Uveitis in Rabbits. | 240 | ||
| Toxic Uveitis. | 241 | ||
| Trauma | 241 | ||
| Traumatic Uveitis | 241 | ||
| Iris Prolapse | 241 | ||
| Signs | 241 | ||
| Treatment | 241 | ||
| Visual Outcome and Ocular Survival after Iris Prolapse in Horses | 241 | ||
| Hyphema | 242 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 242 | ||
| Treatment | 242 | ||
| Additional Therapy for Mild Hyphema | 242 | ||
| Additional Therapy for Severe Hyphema | 242 | ||
| Recurrent Hyphema | 242 | ||
| Uveal Cysts and Neoplasms | 242 | ||
| Uveal Cysts | 243 | ||
| Cystic Corpora Nigra in Horses | 243 | ||
| Primary Tumors | 243 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma and Adenoma | 243 | ||
| Melanocytoma and Melanoma | 244 | ||
| Clinical Signs. | 244 | ||
| Treatment. | 244 | ||
| Ocular Melanosis of Cairn Terriers | 244 | ||
| Feline Diffuse Iris Melanoma | 245 | ||
| Primary Feline Ocular Sarcomas | 245 | ||
| Secondary Tumors | 245 | ||
| Lymphosarcoma | 245 | ||
| Miscellaneous Disorders | 246 | ||
| Iris Hypoplasia | 246 | ||
| Iris Atrophy | 246 | ||
| Primary Iris Atrophy | 246 | ||
| Secondary Iris Atrophy | 246 | ||
| Senile Iris Atrophy | 246 | ||
| 12 The Glaucomas | 247 | ||
| Aqueous Production and Drainage | 247 | ||
| Balancing Aqueous Production and Outflow | 248 | ||
| Causes of Variations in Intraocular Pressure | 248 | ||
| Diurnal Variation | 248 | ||
| Age | 248 | ||
| Blood Flow | 249 | ||
| Drugs | 249 | ||
| Ocular Inflammation | 249 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods | 249 | ||
| Tonometry | 249 | ||
| Ophthalmoscopy | 249 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 249 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 251 | ||
| Increased Intraocular Pressure | 251 | ||
| Pain, Blepharospasm, and Altered Behavior | 251 | ||
| Engorged Episcleral Vessels | 251 | ||
| Corneal and Scleral Changes | 252 | ||
| Edema | 252 | ||
| Buphthalmos and Descemet’s Streaks | 252 | ||
| Changes in Anterior Chamber Depth | 252 | ||
| Fixed Dilated Pupil | 252 | ||
| Lens Changes | 253 | ||
| Fundus Changes | 254 | ||
| Impaired Vision | 254 | ||
| Optic Disc Cupping | 254 | ||
| Retinal Degeneration | 255 | ||
| Classification | 257 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 260 | ||
| Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma | 260 | ||
| Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma | 260 | ||
| Secondary Glaucomas | 262 | ||
| Obstruction of the Iridocorneal Angle | 262 | ||
| Pupillary Block | 262 | ||
| Ciliary Body–Vitreous–Lens Block | 262 | ||
| Combined-Mechanism Glaucoma | 264 | ||
| Treatment | 264 | ||
| Emergency Treatment of Acute Glaucoma | 265 | ||
| Long-Term Management of Glaucoma | 265 | ||
| Surgical Therapy for Glaucoma | 266 | ||
| Surgery to Increase Aqueous Humor Outflow | 266 | ||
| Surgery to Reduce Aqueous Humor Production | 267 | ||
| Cyclocryotherapy | 267 | ||
| Laser Cyclophotocoagulation | 268 | ||
| Combined Procedures | 268 | ||
| Lens Luxation | 268 | ||
| Glaucoma Secondary to Uveitis | 269 | ||
| Glaucoma Secondary to Intraocular Neoplasia | 269 | ||
| Absolute Glaucoma | 269 | ||
| Evisceration with Intrascleral Prosthesis | 269 | ||
| Enucleation | 270 | ||
| Feline Glaucoma | 270 | ||
| Equine Glaucoma | 271 | ||
| 13 Lens | 272 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 272 | ||
| Lens Components | 272 | ||
| Capsule | 272 | ||
| Lens Epithelium | 273 | ||
| Lens Fibers | 273 | ||
| Metabolism and Composition | 273 | ||
| Nuclear Sclerosis | 275 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 275 | ||
| Cataract | 276 | ||
| Molecular and Cellular Pathogenesis of Cataracts | 276 | ||
| Classification | 277 | ||
| Degree of Opacity and Maturation | 277 | ||
| Causes of Cataracts | 279 | ||
| Hereditary Cataracts | 279 | ||
| Congenital Cataracts | 279 | ||
| Diabetic Cataracts | 280 | ||
| Acquired Cataracts | 281 | ||
| Senile Cataracts | 282 | ||
| Diagnosis | 282 | ||
| History | 282 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 282 | ||
| Lens-Induced Uveitis | 283 | ||
| Treatment of Cataract | 283 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 283 | ||
| Surgical Case Selection | 284 | ||
| Surgical Correction | 284 | ||
| Discission and Aspiration. | 284 | ||
| Intracapsular Extraction. | 284 | ||
| Extracapsular Extraction. | 285 | ||
| Phacoemulsification. | 285 | ||
| Postoperative Vision and IOL Implantation | 285 | ||
| Complications, Postoperative Care, and Prognosis | 286 | ||
| Cataracts in Horses | 287 | ||
| Lens Luxation | 287 | ||
| Etiology | 287 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Diagnosis | 288 | ||
| Treatment | 290 | ||
| 14 Vitreous | 291 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 291 | ||
| Anatomy | 291 | ||
| Composition | 292 | ||
| Function | 292 | ||
| Pathologic Reactions | 292 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities | 293 | ||
| Persistent Hyaloid Artery | 293 | ||
| Persistent Tunica Vasculosa Lentis | 293 | ||
| Persistent Hyperplastic Tunica Vasculosa Lentis/Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous | 293 | ||
| Acquired Disorders | 294 | ||
| Vitreous Degeneration | 294 | ||
| Vitreous Hemorrhage | 294 | ||
| Infection and Inflammation | 295 | ||
| Vitreous Opacities (Floaters) | 295 | ||
| Asteroid Hyalosis and Synchysis Scintillans | 295 | ||
| Vitreous Mass | 296 | ||
| Role of the Vitreous in the Pathogenesis of Ocular Diseases | 296 | ||
| Vitreous and Lens Luxation | 296 | ||
| Aqueous Humor Misdirection Syndrome | 296 | ||
| Retinal Detachment | 296 | ||
| Surgical and Diagnostic Procedures | 297 | ||
| Hyalocentesis | 297 | ||
| Vitrectomy | 297 | ||
| Advanced Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques | 297 | ||
| 15 Retina | 299 | ||
| Cellular Anatomy | 299 | ||
| Blood Supply | 302 | ||
| Physiology and Biochemistry | 303 | ||
| Rods and Cones | 303 | ||
| Visual Photopigments | 305 | ||
| Photochemistry | 307 | ||
| Dark Adaptation | 307 | ||
| Electroretinography | 307 | ||
| Applied Anatomy (Ophthalmoscopic Variations) | 310 | ||
| Tapetum | 310 | ||
| Nontapetum | 310 | ||
| Optic Disc | 311 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 312 | ||
| Myelination of Nerve Fiber Layer | 313 | ||
| Pathologic Mechanisms | 313 | ||
| Ischemia | 313 | ||
| Retina-Optic Nerve Interaction | 314 | ||
| Interactions with Choroid | 314 | ||
| Primary Photoreceptor Disease | 314 | ||
| Reactions of Pigment Epithelium | 314 | ||
| Perivascular Cuffing | 316 | ||
| Retinal Hemorrhages | 316 | ||
| Gliosis | 316 | ||
| Congenital Retinal Disorders | 317 | ||
| Retinal Dysplasia | 317 | ||
| Collie Eye Anomaly | 318 | ||
| Coloboma | 320 | ||
| Retinopathy | 320 | ||
| Inherited Retinopathies | 320 | ||
| Classification of Inherited Retinopathies | 321 | ||
| Age of Onset. | 321 | ||
| Affected Cells. | 321 | ||
| Mode of Inheritance. | 321 | ||
| Genetic and Molecular Pathogenesis. | 321 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 321 | ||
| Progressive Loss of Vision. | 321 | ||
| Tapetal Hyperreflectivity. | 323 | ||
| Retinal Blood Vessels. | 323 | ||
| Optic Disc. | 323 | ||
| Nontapetal Fundus. | 323 | ||
| Pupils. | 323 | ||
| Cataracts. | 323 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Testing | 323 | ||
| Treatment | 324 | ||
| Specific Forms of Inherited Retinopathy | 325 | ||
| Hemeralopia. (Achromatopsia). | 325 | ||
| Retinal Pigment Epithelium Dystrophy. | 325 | ||
| Congenital Stationary Night Blindness. | 325 | ||
| Canine Multifocal Retinopathy. | 326 | ||
| Retinal Dystrophy in Briards. | 326 | ||
| Inherited Retinal Degenerations in Cats. | 326 | ||
| Acquired Retinopathies | 326 | ||
| Retinopathy Secondary to Cardiovascular Diseases | 326 | ||
| Retinopathy Secondary to Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases | 327 | ||
| Active Chorioretinitis. | 327 | ||
| Inactive Chorioretinitis. | 329 | ||
| Specific Retinopathies | 329 | ||
| Glaucomatous Retinopathy | 329 | ||
| Uveodermatologic Syndrome | 329 | ||
| Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration | 329 | ||
| Miscellaneous Causes of Retinopathy | 329 | ||
| Nutritional Causes | 329 | ||
| Feline Central Retinal Degeneration. | 329 | ||
| Hypovitaminosis A. | 330 | ||
| Storage Diseases | 330 | ||
| Drug and Plant Toxicities | 330 | ||
| Ivermectin Toxicity. | 330 | ||
| Enrofloxacin Toxicity in Cats. | 331 | ||
| Plant Poisonings in Food Animals. | 331 | ||
| Oxygen Toxicity in Cats and Dogs. | 331 | ||
| Retinal Detachment | 331 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 331 | ||
| Signs | 332 | ||
| Therapy | 332 | ||
| 16 Neuroophthalmology | 334 | ||
| Nerve Supply of the Eye and Adnexa | 334 | ||
| Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II) | 334 | ||
| Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III) | 334 | ||
| Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV) | 335 | ||
| Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V) | 335 | ||
| Abducent Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI) | 336 | ||
| Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) | 336 | ||
| Assessing Vision and Pupillary Light Reflexes | 336 | ||
| Vision and the Menace Response | 336 | ||
| Tracking Moving Objects | 339 | ||
| Maze Test | 339 | ||
| Visual Placing Response | 339 | ||
| Pupillary Light Reflex | 339 | ||
| The Anatomic Basis of the Pupillary Light Reflex | 339 | ||
| Testing the Pupillary Light Reflex | 340 | ||
| Swinging Flashlight Test | 341 | ||
| Dazzle Reflex | 341 | ||
| Electrophysiology | 342 | ||
| Lesions in Patients with Visual and Pupillary Light Reflex Deficits | 342 | ||
| Lesions in Blind Patients with Normal Pupillary Light Reflexes | 342 | ||
| Lesions in Blind Patients with Abnormal Pupillary Light Reflexes | 342 | ||
| Pupils in Patients with Intracranial Injury | 346 | ||
| Lesions Causing Pupillary Light Reflex Abnormalities in Visual Patients | 348 | ||
| Additional Causes of Pupillary Light Reflex Abnormalities | 349 | ||
| Extraocular Muscles and Lesions Causing Strabismus | 349 | ||
| Function of the Extraocular Muscles | 349 | ||
| Lesions Causing Strabismus | 350 | ||
| Strabismus Caused by Disorders of the Vestibular System | 350 | ||
| Strabismus Caused by Lesions in Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles | 350 | ||
| Oculomotor Paralysis. | 350 | ||
| Abducens Paralysis. | 351 | ||
| Trochlear Paralysis. | 351 | ||
| Lesions of Additional Cranial Nerves | 351 | ||
| Facial Nerve Paralysis | 351 | ||
| Causes of Facial Nerve Paralysis and Other Associated Signs | 352 | ||
| Trigeminal Nerve Dysfunction | 353 | ||
| Lesions Causing Eyelid Abnormalities | 353 | ||
| Third Eyelid Abnormalities | 353 | ||
| Protrusion of the Third Eyelid | 353 | ||
| Horner’s Syndrome. | 353 | ||
| Tetanus. | 353 | ||
| Facial Nerve Paralysis. | 354 | ||
| Haws Syndrome. | 354 | ||
| Dysautonomia. | 354 | ||
| Congenital Myotonia. | 354 | ||
| Nonneurogenic Causes. | 354 | ||
| Lesions Causing Abnormalities of the Palpebral Fissure | 354 | ||
| Innervation of the Upper Eyelid | 354 | ||
| Lesions Increasing the Size of the Palpebral Opening | 354 | ||
| Lesions Decreasing the Size of the Palpebral Opening | 355 | ||
| Autonomic Innervation and Abnormalities | 355 | ||
| Parasympathetic Lower Motor Neuron Innervation | 356 | ||
| Sympathetic Lower Motor Neuron Innervation | 356 | ||
| Diseases of the Sympathetic System | 356 | ||
| Horner’s Syndrome | 356 | ||
| Clinical Signs. | 356 | ||
| Etiologic Factors. | 357 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 358 | ||
| Treatment. | 359 | ||
| Dysautonomia (Key-Gaskell Syndrome). | 359 | ||
| Clinical Signs. | 359 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 359 | ||
| Demonstration of Parasympathetic Denervation. | 359 | ||
| Demonstration of Sympathetic Denervation. | 360 | ||
| Treatment. | 360 | ||
| Vestibular System and Nystagmus | 360 | ||
| Nystagmus | 360 | ||
| Normal Vestibular Nystagmus | 360 | ||
| Disorders of the Vestibular System | 361 | ||
| Eye Position in Vestibular Disease | 361 | ||
| Loss of Normal Nystagmus | 361 | ||
| Pathologic Nystagmus | 361 | ||
| Diseases Causing Pathologic Nystagmus | 361 | ||
| Otitis Media and Otitis Interna. | 361 | ||
| Idiopathic Vestibular Disease (Feline Vestibular Syndrome, Idiopathic Benign Vestibular Disease, Old Dog Vestibular Disease). | 361 | ||
| Central Disorders. | 362 | ||
| Congenital Nystagmus. | 362 | ||
| Diseases of the Central Visual Pathways | 362 | ||
| Diseases of the Optic Nerve | 362 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 362 | ||
| Aplasia and Hypoplasia. | 362 | ||
| Colobomas. | 363 | ||
| Inflammatory Disorders | 363 | ||
| Optic Neuritis. | 363 | ||
| Etiologic Factors. | 363 | ||
| Clinical Signs. | 363 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 364 | ||
| Treatment. | 364 | ||
| Exudative Optic Neuritis and Optic Neuropathy in Horses. | 364 | ||
| Neoplasms | 365 | ||
| Clinical Signs. | 366 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment. | 366 | ||
| Optic Neuropathy | 366 | ||
| Etiologic Factors. | 366 | ||
| 17 Orbit | 372 | ||
| Anatomy | 372 | ||
| Extraocular Muscles | 376 | ||
| Pathologic Mechanisms | 376 | ||
| Diagnostic Methods | 378 | ||
| Localization of Foreign Bodies | 378 | ||
| Orbital Diseases | 379 | ||
| Orbital Cellulitis and Orbital Abscess | 379 | ||
| Clinical Signs. | 380 | ||
| Treatment. | 380 | ||
| Cystic Orbital and Periocular Lesions | 382 | ||
| Frontal Sinus Mucocele | 382 | ||
| Zygomatic Mucocele | 382 | ||
| 18 Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases | 394 | ||
| Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases in Dogs and Cats (Tables 18-1 to 18-16) | 394 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 394 | ||
| Canine Viral Diseases | 394 | ||
| Canine Distemper. | 394 | ||
| Infectious Canine Hepatitis. | 395 | ||
| Canine Herpes Virus. | 396 | ||
| Feline Viral Diseases | 396 | ||
| Feline Herpesvirus Infection. | 396 | ||
| Feline Calicivirus Infection. | 399 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus Infection. | 400 | ||
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. | 401 | ||
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis. | 402 | ||
| Canine Bacterial Diseases | 403 | ||
| Brucellosis. | 403 | ||
| Borreliosis (Canine Lyme Disease). | 404 | ||
| Rickettsiosis (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Ehrlichiosis). | 405 | ||
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. | 405 | ||
| Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. | 405 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases of Dogs and Cats | 406 | ||
| Bartonellosis. | 406 | ||
| Feline Bacterial Diseases | 407 | ||
| Chlamydiosis (Chlamydophilosis). | 407 | ||
| Mycoplasmosis. | 407 | ||
| Mycotic Diseases of Dogs and Cats | 408 | ||
| Blastomycosis. | 408 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis. | 412 | ||
| Cryptococcosis. | 412 | ||
| Histoplasmosis. | 413 | ||
| Parasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats | 413 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis. | 413 | ||
| Canine Parasitic Diseases | 414 | ||
| Neosporosis. | 414 | ||
| Visceral Leishmaniasis. | 414 | ||
| Endocrine Diseases | 415 | ||
| Endocrine Diseases of Dogs and Cats | 415 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus. | 415 | ||
| Canine Endocrine Diseases | 416 | ||
| Hyperadrenocorticism. | 416 | ||
| Hypothyroidism. | 416 | ||
| Metabolic Diseases of Dogs and Cats | 417 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia. | 417 | ||
| Cardiovascular Diseases of Dogs and Cats | 417 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia and Thrombopathy (Thrombasthenia). | 417 | ||
| Systemic Hypertension. | 418 | ||
| Polycythemia. | 419 | ||
| Hyperviscosity Syndrome. | 419 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Diseases in Dogs | 421 | ||
| Uveodermatologic Syndrome (Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada–like Syndrome). | 421 | ||
| Idiopathic Diseases in Dogs | 421 | ||
| Sudden Aquired Retinal Degeneration. | 421 | ||
| Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases in Horses (Tables 18-21 to 18-32) | 422 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 422 | ||
| Viral Respiratory Diseases | 422 | ||
| Equine Herpesvirus (Rhinotracheitis or Rhinopneumonitis). | 422 | ||
| Equine Viral Arteritis. | 422 | ||
| Equine Influenza. | 422 | ||
| Other Viral Diseases. | 423 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 423 | ||
| Leptospirosis. | 423 | ||
| Strangles. | 424 | ||
| Salmonellosis. | 425 | ||
| Lyme Disease. | 425 | ||
| Protozoal Diseases | 425 | ||
| Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis). | 425 | ||
| Potomac Horse Fever. | 425 | ||
| Parasitic Diseases | 426 | ||
| Habronemiasis. | 426 | ||
| Cutaneous Onchocerciasis. | 427 | ||
| Adult Nematode Infections of the Eye. | 428 | ||
| Neurologic Diseases | 428 | ||
| Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis. | 428 | ||
| Viral Encephalitis. | 428 | ||
| Meningitis. | 429 | ||
| Photic Head Shaking in Horses. | 429 | ||
| Neuromuscular Diseases | 429 | ||
| Tetanus. | 429 | ||
| Botulism (Shaker Foal or Forage Poisoning). | 429 | ||
| Equine Motor Neuron Disease. | 429 | ||
| Miscellaneous Diseases | 430 | ||
| Lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma). | 430 | ||
| Severe Blood Loss. | 430 | ||
| Lightning Strike | 430 | ||
| Grass Sickness (Equine Dysautonomia). | 430 | ||
| Neonatal Diseases | 430 | ||
| Acquired Entropion. | 430 | ||
| Prematurity. | 431 | ||
| Sepsis and Failure of Passive Transfer. | 431 | ||
| Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. | 431 | ||
| Neonatal Isoerythrolysis. | 432 | ||
| Rhodococcus Equi Infection. | 432 | ||
| Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases in Ruminants (See Tables 18-21 to 18-32) | 432 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 432 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 432 | ||
| Listeriosis. | 432 | ||
| Ovine Chlamydial Polyarthritis and Conjunctivitis. | 432 | ||
| Mycoplasmal Keratoconjunctivitis in Goats and Sheep. | 433 | ||
| Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis. | 433 | ||
| Mannheimia (Pasteurella) Pneumonia. | 433 | ||
| Tuberculosis. | 433 | ||
| Septicemia. | 433 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 434 | ||
| Arthrogryposis-Hydrencephaly. | 434 | ||
| Bluetongue. | 434 | ||
| Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis. | 434 | ||
| Malignant Catarrhal Fever. | 435 | ||
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea. | 435 | ||
| Maedi-Visna. | 435 | ||
| Protozoal Diseases | 435 | ||
| Babesiosis and Trypanosomiasis. | 435 | ||
| Toxoplasma Gondii Infection. | 435 | ||
| Other Infectious Diseases | 435 | ||
| Scrapie. | 435 | ||
| Coenurosis. | 436 | ||
| Miscellaneous Diseases | 436 | ||
| Lymphosarcoma. | 436 | ||
| Polioencephalomalacia. | 436 | ||
| Toxic Plants. | 436 | ||
| Vetch Toxicity. | 436 | ||
| 19 Ocular Emergencies | 437 | ||
| Basic Materials Required to Address Ocular Emergencies | 437 | ||
| Basic Diagnostic Instruments and Supplies | 437 | ||
| Surgical Instruments | 437 | ||
| Medications | 437 | ||
| Proptosis of the Globe | 437 | ||
| Prognosis | 438 | ||
| Avulsion of Extraocular Muscles | 438 | ||
| Hyphema | 439 | ||
| Pupils | 439 | ||
| Skull Conformation | 439 | ||
| Postoperative Therapy | 439 | ||
| Severe Ocular and Adnexal Contusions and Concussion | 439 | ||
| Common Clinical Signs Associated with Ocular Trauma | 440 | ||
| Penetrating Injuries of the Globe | 441 | ||
| Lid Lacerations | 441 | ||
| Treatment | 441 | ||
| Important Facts | 442 | ||
| Corneal Lacerations | 442 | ||
| Severe Corneal Ulceration | 442 | ||
| Glaucoma | 443 | ||
| Interim Therapy | 443 | ||
| Hyphema | 443 | ||
| Acute Anterior Uveitis | 443 | ||
| Acute Anterior Lens Luxation | 444 | ||
| Sudden Blindness | 444 | ||
| 20 Ophthalmology of Exotic Pets | 445 | ||
| Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostic Testing | 445 | ||
| Rabbits | 446 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 446 | ||
| Orbital Disease | 446 | ||
| Adnexal Disease | 447 | ||
| Conjunctival Disease | 447 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Disease | 448 | ||
| Corneal Disease | 448 | ||
| Cataract | 449 | ||
| Glaucoma | 450 | ||
| Ferrets | 450 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 450 | ||
| Orbital Disease | 450 | ||
| Conjunctival Disease | 450 | ||
| Cataract | 451 | ||
| Mice and Rats | 451 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 451 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Disease | 451 | ||
| Corneal Disease | 452 | ||
| Cataract | 452 | ||
| Retinal Disease | 452 | ||
| Chinchillas | 452 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 452 | ||
| Ophthalmic Disease | 453 | ||
| Guinea Pigs | 453 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 453 | ||
| Adnexal Disease | 453 | ||
| Surface Ocular Disease | 454 | ||
| Corneal Disease | 454 | ||
| Conjunctival Disease | 454 | ||
| Intraocular Disease | 454 | ||
| Cataract | 454 | ||
| Heterotopic Bone | 454 | ||
| Raptors and Pet Birds | 455 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 455 | ||
| Ophthalmic Disease | 455 | ||
| Trauma | 455 | ||
| Conjunctival Disease | 456 | ||
| Lizards, Turtles, Tortoises, and Crocodilians | 457 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 457 | ||
| Ophthalmic Disease | 457 | ||
| Snakes | 458 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 458 | ||
| Diseases of the Spectacle | 459 | ||
| Amphibians | 460 | ||
| Ophthalmic Anatomy | 460 | ||
| Ophthalmic Disease | 460 | ||
| Appendix Breed Predisposition to Eye Disorders* | 463 | ||
| Dogs | 463 | ||
| Afghan Hound | 463 | ||
| Airedale | 463 | ||
| Akbash | 463 | ||
| Akita | 463 | ||
| Alaskan Malamute | 463 | ||
| American Cocker Spaniel | 463 | ||
| American Eskimo Dog | 464 | ||
| American Pit Bull Terrier | 464 | ||
| American Staffordshire Terrier | 464 | ||
| American Water Spaniel | 464 | ||
| Australian Cattle Dog (Queensland Heeler or Blue Heeler) | 464 | ||
| Australian Shepherd | 464 | ||
| Australian Terrier | 464 | ||
| Basenji | 464 | ||
| Basset Hound | 464 | ||
| Beagle | 464 | ||
| Bearded Collie | 464 | ||
| Bedlington Terrier | 464 | ||
| Belgian Malinois | 465 | ||
| Belgian Sheepdog (Belgian Shepherd—Groenendael) | 465 | ||
| Belgian Tervuren | 465 | ||
| Bernese Mountain Dog | 465 | ||
| Bichon Frise | 465 | ||
| Black and Tan Coonhound | 465 | ||
| Bloodhound | 465 | ||
| Border Collie | 465 | ||
| Border Terrier | 465 | ||
| Borzoi | 465 | ||
| Boston Terrier | 465 | ||
| Bouvier des Flandres | 466 | ||
| Boxer | 466 | ||
| Boykin Spaniel | 466 | ||
| Briard | 466 | ||
| Brittany Spaniel | 466 | ||
| Brussels Griffon | 466 | ||
| Bull Mastiff | 466 | ||
| Bull Terrier | 466 | ||
| Cairn Terrier | 466 | ||
| Cardigan Welsh Corgi | 466 | ||
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 467 | ||
| Chesapeake Bay Retriever | 467 | ||
| Chihuahua | 467 | ||
| Chinese Crested | 467 | ||
| Chow Chow | 467 | ||
| Clumber Spaniel | 467 | ||
| Collie (Rough and Smooth) | 467 | ||
| Coonhound | 467 | ||
| Corgi | 467 | ||
| Coton de Tulear | 467 | ||
| Curly Coated Retriever | 468 | ||
| Dachshund (All Varieties) | 468 | ||
| Dalmatian | 468 | ||
| Dandie Dinmont Terrier | 468 | ||
| Doberman Pinscher | 468 | ||
| English Bulldog | 468 | ||
| English Cocker Spaniel | 468 | ||
| English Setter | 468 | ||
| English Springer Spaniel | 468 | ||
| English Toy Spaniel (King Charles, Prince Charles, Ruby, Blenheim) | 469 | ||
| Entlebucher | 469 | ||
| Field Spaniel | 469 | ||
| Flat Coated Retriever | 469 | ||
| Fox Terrier (Smooth) | 469 | ||
| Fox Terrier (Wirehaired) | 469 | ||
| French Bulldog | 469 | ||
| German Shepherd | 469 | ||
| German Shorthaired Pointer | 469 | ||
| German Wirehaired Pointer | 469 | ||
| Giant Schnauzer | 470 | ||
| Golden Retriever | 470 | ||
| Gordon Setter | 470 | ||
| Great Dane | 470 | ||
| Great Pyrenees | 470 | ||
| Greater Swiss Mountain Dog | 470 | ||
| Greyhound | 470 | ||
| Havanese | 470 | ||
| Irish Setter | 470 | ||
| Irish Water Spaniel | 470 | ||
| Irish Wolfhound | 471 | ||
| Italian Greyhound | 471 | ||
| Jack Russell Terrier | 471 | ||
| Japanese Chin | 471 | ||
| Keeshond | 471 | ||
| Kerry Blue Terrier | 471 | ||
| Komondor | 471 | ||
| Kuvasz | 471 | ||
| Labrador Retriever | 471 | ||
| Lakeland Terrier | 471 | ||
| Leonberger | 471 | ||
| Lhasa Apso | 472 | ||
| Löwchen | 472 | ||
| Maltese Terrier | 472 | ||
| Manchester Terrier | 472 | ||
| Mastiff | 472 | ||
| Miniature Australian Shepherd | 472 | ||
| Miniature Bull Terrier | 472 | ||
| Miniature Pinscher | 472 | ||
| Miniature Schnauzer | 472 | ||
| Newfoundland | 472 | ||
| Norfolk Terrier | 473 | ||
| Norwegian Buhund | 473 | ||
| Norwegian Elkhound | 473 | ||
| Norwich Terrier | 473 | ||
| Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever | 473 | ||
| Old English Sheepdog | 473 | ||
| Papillon | 473 | ||
| Parson Russell Terrier | 473 | ||
| Pekingese | 473 | ||
| Pembroke Welsh Corgi | 473 | ||
| Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen | 473 | ||
| Pointer | 474 | ||
| Polish Lowland Sheepdog | 474 | ||
| Pomeranian | 474 | ||
| Poodle (All Varieties) | 474 | ||
| Portuguese Water Dog | 474 | ||
| Pug | 474 | ||
| Puli | 474 | ||
| Queensland Blue Heeler | 474 | ||
| Rat Terrier | 474 | ||
| Redbone Coonhound | 474 | ||
| Rhodesian Ridgeback | 474 | ||
| Rottweiler | 474 | ||
| Saint Bernard | 475 | ||
| Saluki | 475 | ||
| Samoyed | 475 | ||
| Schipperke | 475 | ||
| Scottish Terrier | 475 | ||
| Sealyham Terrier | 475 | ||
| Shar-Pei | 475 | ||
| Shetland Sheepdog (Sheltie) | 475 | ||
| Shiba Inu | 475 | ||
| Shih Tzu | 475 | ||
| Siberian Husky | 476 | ||
| Silky Terrier | 476 | ||
| Skye Terrier | 476 | ||
| Smooth Fox Terrier | 476 | ||
| Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier | 476 | ||
| Spinone Italiano | 476 | ||
| Spitz | 476 | ||
| Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 476 | ||
| Standard Schnauzer | 476 | ||
| Sussex Spaniel | 476 | ||
| Swedish Vallhund | 476 | ||
| Tibetan Spaniel | 476 | ||
| Tibetan Terrier | 477 | ||
| Toy Havanese | 477 | ||
| Toy Terrier | 477 | ||
| Vizsla | 477 | ||
| Weimaraner | 477 | ||
| Welsh Springer Spaniel | 477 | ||
| Welsh Terrier | 477 | ||
| West Highland White Terrier | 477 | ||
| Whippet | 477 | ||
| Wire Fox Terrier | 477 | ||
| Yorkshire Terrier | 477 | ||
| Cats | 477 | ||
| Abyssinian | 477 | ||
| Albinotic Felidae | 477 | ||
| Birman | 477 | ||
| Burmese | 477 | ||
| Domestic Shorthair | 478 | ||
| Himalayan | 478 | ||
| Korat | 478 | ||
| Manx | 478 | ||
| Persian | 478 | ||
| Siamese | 478 | ||
| Cattle | 478 | ||
| Aberdeen Angus | 478 | ||
| Ayrshire | 478 | ||
| Beef Master | 478 | ||
| Brahman | 478 | ||
| Brown Swiss | 478 | ||
| Charolais | 478 | ||
| Devon | 478 | ||
| Friesian (Holstein) | 478 | ||
| German Spotted | 478 | ||
| Guernsey | 478 | ||
| Hereford | 478 | ||
| Jersey | 478 | ||
| Shorthorn | 479 | ||
| Simmental | 479 | ||
| Sheep | 479 | ||
| Corriedale | 479 | ||
| Hampshire Downs | 479 | ||
| New Zealand Romney | 479 | ||
| Piebald | 479 | ||
| Shropshire | 479 | ||
| Southdown | 479 | ||
| South Hampshire | 479 | ||
| Suffolk | 479 | ||
| Horses | 479 | ||
| Appaloosa | 479 | ||
| Arabian | 479 | ||
| Belgian | 479 | ||
| Clydesdale | 479 | ||
| Lipizzaner | 479 | ||
| Morgan | 479 | ||
| Quarter Horse | 479 | ||
| Rocky Mountain Horse | 479 | ||
| Shire | 479 | ||
| Thoroughbred | 479 | ||
| Goat | 479 | ||
| Angora | 479 | ||
| Pigs | 479 | ||
| Miniature Swine | 479 | ||
| Pot-Bellied | 479 | ||
| Yorkshire | 479 | ||
| Glossary | 481 | ||
| Index | 491 | ||
| A | 491 | ||
| B | 491 | ||
| C | 492 | ||
| D | 494 | ||
| E | 495 | ||
| F | 496 | ||
| G | 497 | ||
| H | 497 | ||
| I | 498 | ||
| J | 498 | ||
| K | 498 | ||
| L | 499 | ||
| M | 499 | ||
| N | 500 | ||
| O | 501 | ||
| P | 501 | ||
| R | 502 | ||
| S | 503 | ||
| T | 504 | ||
| U | 505 | ||
| V | 505 | ||
| W | 506 | ||
| X | 506 | ||
| Y | 506 | ||
| Z | 506 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |