BOOK
Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient - E-Book
James W. Little | Donald Falace | Craig Miller | Nelson L. Rhodus
(2012)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Learn how common medical conditions can affect the course of the dental treatment a patient receives. This updated, concise reference provides the information you need to provide appropriate dental care to any patient, regardless of existing medical conditions. Featuring vivid illustrations and well-organized tables in each chapter, this text gives you the in-depth details and the overall summaries you need to get to the root of your patients’ needs.
- Organization of medical conditions provides a brief overview of the basic disease process, epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and currently accepted medical therapy of each disorder. This is followed by a detailed explanation and recommendations for specific dental management.
- Coverage of dosages, side effects, and drug interactions with medications used in dentistry, including those used during pregnancy.
- Chapters focusing on major health problems in the US and other nations include, ischemic hearth disease, smoking and tobacco use cessation, sleep-related breathing disorders, sexually transmitted diseases, diabetes mellitus, and psychiatric disorders.
- Dental management summary table summarizes important factors for consideration in the dental management of medically compromised patients.
- Appendix on the therapeutic management of common oral lesions provides a quick reference to the causative factors, clinical description, currently accepted therapeutic management, and patient education regarding common oral conditions.
- Appendix on alternative and complementary drugs looks at herbal remedies, specifically efficacy, adverse effects/reactions, medical problems, drug interactions, and dental implications.
- NEW! Chapter on drug and alcohol abuse discusses the effects of marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines/methamphetamine, and alcohol, along with considerations for both medical and dental management.
-
NEW! 2009 AAOS statement on Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Bacteremia in Patients with Joint Replacements provides recommendations to supplement practitioners in their clinical judgment regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with a joint prosthesis.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Front Matter | i | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Little and Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient, 8/e | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| New to This Edition | ix | ||
| Table of Contents | xi | ||
| Dental Management: A Summary | DM1 | ||
| One Patient Evaluation and Risk Assessment | 1 | ||
| 1 Patient Evaluation and Risk Assessment | 2 | ||
| Medical History | 2 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 2 | ||
| Heart Failure. | 2 | ||
| Heart Attack. | 3 | ||
| Angina Pectoris. | 3 | ||
| High Blood Pressure. | 4 | ||
| Heart Murmur. | 4 | ||
| Mitral Valve Prolapse. | 4 | ||
| Rheumatic Fever. | 4 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease. | 4 | ||
| Artificial Heart Valve. | 4 | ||
| Arrhythmias. | 4 | ||
| Coronary Artery Bypass Graft/Angioplasty/Stent. | 5 | ||
| Hematologic Disorders | 5 | ||
| Hemophilia or Inherited Bleeding Disorder. | 5 | ||
| Blood Transfusion. | 5 | ||
| Anemia. | 5 | ||
| Leukemia/Lymphoma. | 5 | ||
| Taking a “Blood Thinner”/Tendency to Bleed Longer Than Normal. | 5 | ||
| Neurologic Disorders | 5 | ||
| Stroke. | 5 | ||
| Epilepsy, Seizures, and Convulsions. | 5 | ||
| Behavioral Disorders/Psychiatric Treatment. | 6 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Diseases | 6 | ||
| Stomach or Intestinal Ulcers, Gastritis, and Colitis. | 6 | ||
| Hepatitis, Liver Disease, Jaundice, and Cirrhosis. | 6 | ||
| Respiratory Tract Disease | 6 | ||
| Allergies or Hives. | 6 | ||
| Asthma. | 6 | ||
| Emphysema/Chronic Bronchitis. | 6 | ||
| Tuberculosis. | 6 | ||
| Sleep Apnea/Snoring. | 7 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Disease | 7 | ||
| Arthritis. | 7 | ||
| Prosthetic Joints. | 7 | ||
| Endocrine Disease | 7 | ||
| Diabetes. | 7 | ||
| Thyroid Disease. | 7 | ||
| Genitourinary Tract Disease | 7 | ||
| Kidney Failure. | 7 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases. | 7 | ||
| Other Conditions and Factors | 7 | ||
| Tobacco and Alcohol Use. | 7 | ||
| Drug Addiction and Substance Abuse. | 8 | ||
| Tumors and Cancer. | 8 | ||
| Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy. | 8 | ||
| Steroids. | 8 | ||
| Operations or Hospitalizations. | 8 | ||
| Pregnancy. | 8 | ||
| Current Physician | 8 | ||
| Drugs, Medicines, or Pills | 8 | ||
| Functional Capacity | 9 | ||
| Physical Examination | 9 | ||
| General Appearance | 9 | ||
| Skin and Nails. | 9 | ||
| Face. | 9 | ||
| Eyes. | 10 | ||
| Ears. | 11 | ||
| Neck. | 11 | ||
| Vital Signs | 11 | ||
| Pulse. | 12 | ||
| Rate. | 13 | ||
| Rhythm. | 13 | ||
| Blood Pressure. | 13 | ||
| Respiration. | 14 | ||
| Temperature. | 14 | ||
| Weight. | 14 | ||
| Head and Neck Examination | 14 | ||
| Clinical Laboratory Tests | 14 | ||
| Physician Referral and Consultation | 15 | ||
| Potential Issues/Questions of Concern | 15 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 16 | ||
| Treatment Modifications | 16 | ||
| Stress and Anxiety Reduction | 17 | ||
| Older Patients | 17 | ||
| References | 17 | ||
| Two Cardiovascular Disease | 19 | ||
| 2 Infective Endocarditis | 20 | ||
| Epidemiology | 20 | ||
| Etiology | 22 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 24 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 25 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 26 | ||
| Medical Management | 26 | ||
| Dental Management | 27 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 27 | ||
| Source and Frequency of Bacteremia | 28 | ||
| Magnitude of Bacteremia | 28 | ||
| Bleeding and Bacteremia | 28 | ||
| Efficacy of Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 29 | ||
| Risk of Bacterial Endocarditis Due to Dental Procedures | 29 | ||
| Current American Heart Association Recommendations (2007) | 29 | ||
| Patients Recommended to Receive Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 30 | ||
| Dental Procedures for Which Antibiotic Prophylaxis Is Recommended | 30 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis Regimens | 31 | ||
| Special Situations | 31 | ||
| Patients Already Taking Antibiotics. | 31 | ||
| Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. | 32 | ||
| Prolonged Dental Appointment. | 32 | ||
| Other Considerations | 32 | ||
| Implementation of the Recommendations | 32 | ||
| Nonvalvular Cardiovascular Devices | 33 | ||
| Intravascular Catheters | 34 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| 3 Hypertension | 37 | ||
| General Description | 37 | ||
| Prevalence | 37 | ||
| Etiology | 39 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 39 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 39 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 39 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 40 | ||
| Medical Management | 41 | ||
| Dental Management | 43 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 43 | ||
| Use of Vasoconstrictors. | 47 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 49 | ||
| Oral Manifestations. | 49 | ||
| References | 49 | ||
| 4 Ischemic Heart Disease | 51 | ||
| General Description | 51 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 51 | ||
| Etiology | 51 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 52 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 54 | ||
| Symptoms | 54 | ||
| Signs | 56 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 56 | ||
| Medical Management | 56 | ||
| Angina Pectoris | 56 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 60 | ||
| Dental Management | 60 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 60 | ||
| Angina Pectoris/Past History of Myocardial Infarction. | 63 | ||
| Vasoconstrictors. | 64 | ||
| Bleeding. | 65 | ||
| Oral Manifestations | 65 | ||
| References | 65 | ||
| 5 Cardiac Arrhythmias | 67 | ||
| General Description | 67 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 67 | ||
| Etiology | 67 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 68 | ||
| Supraventricular Arrhythmias | 68 | ||
| Sinus Nodal Disturbances | 68 | ||
| Disturbances of Atrial Rhythm | 70 | ||
| Tachycardias Involving the AV Junction | 70 | ||
| Heart Block | 70 | ||
| Ventricular Arrhythmias | 71 | ||
| Disorders of Repolarization | 71 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 71 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 71 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 71 | ||
| Medical Management | 72 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic Drugs | 72 | ||
| Implanted Permanent Pacemakers | 72 | ||
| Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators | 74 | ||
| Electromagnetic Interference. | 74 | ||
| Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation | 74 | ||
| Surgery | 74 | ||
| Cardioversion and Defibrillation | 75 | ||
| Dental Management | 75 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 75 | ||
| Stress and Anxiety Reduction. | 77 | ||
| Use of Vasoconstrictors. | 77 | ||
| Warfarin (Coumadin). | 77 | ||
| Dabigatran (Pradaxa). | 79 | ||
| Pacemakers/ICDs and Antibiotic Prophylaxis. | 79 | ||
| Pacemakers/ICDs and Electromagnetic Interference. | 79 | ||
| Digoxin Toxicity. | 79 | ||
| Treatment Planning Considerations | 79 | ||
| Oral Manifestations | 79 | ||
| References | 79 | ||
| 6 Heart Failure (or Congestive Heart Failure) | 81 | ||
| General Description | 81 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 81 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 83 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 84 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 84 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 86 | ||
| Medical Management | 86 | ||
| Dental Management | 89 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 89 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 91 | ||
| Oral Manifestations | 91 | ||
| References | 91 | ||
| Three Pulmonary Disease | 93 | ||
| 7 Pulmonary Disease | 94 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 94 | ||
| Epidemiology | 94 | ||
| Etiology | 94 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 94 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 96 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 96 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 96 | ||
| Medical Management | 96 | ||
| Dental Management | 98 | ||
| Prevention of Potential Problems | 98 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 100 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 100 | ||
| Asthma | 100 | ||
| Definition | 100 | ||
| Epidemiology | 101 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 101 | ||
| Etiology | 101 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 103 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 103 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 103 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 103 | ||
| Classification | 104 | ||
| Medical Management | 104 | ||
| Dental Management | 105 | ||
| Prevention of Potential Problems | 105 | ||
| Management of Potential Problems: Asthma Attack | 107 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 107 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 107 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 108 | ||
| Definition | 108 | ||
| Epidemiology | 108 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 108 | ||
| Etiology | 109 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 109 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 110 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 110 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 110 | ||
| Medical Management | 112 | ||
| Dental Management | 113 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 113 | ||
| Patients with Clinically Active Sputum-Positive Tuberculosis. | 113 | ||
| Patients with a Past History of Tuberculosis. | 114 | ||
| Patients with a Positive Tuberculin Test. | 114 | ||
| Patients with Signs or Symptoms Suggestive of TB. | 114 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Drugs | 114 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 115 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 115 | ||
| Occupational Safety and Health Association | 116 | ||
| References | 116 | ||
| 8 Smoking and Tobacco Use Cessation | 119 | ||
| Systemic and Oral Effects of Smoking | 119 | ||
| Scope of the Problem | 119 | ||
| Benefits of Quitting | 122 | ||
| Addiction to Nicotine | 122 | ||
| Interventions for Smoking Cessation | 123 | ||
| Initiating Smoking Cessation Therapy | 123 | ||
| Patient Education Literature | 124 | ||
| Counseling | 124 | ||
| Nicotine Replacement Therapy | 124 | ||
| Non–Nicotine Replacement Therapy Pharmacotherapy | 126 | ||
| Reimbursement for Smoking Cessation Therapy | 126 | ||
| References | 126 | ||
| 9 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders | 128 | ||
| Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 128 | ||
| General Description | 128 | ||
| Epidemiology | 128 | ||
| Etiology and Pathophysiology | 128 | ||
| Complications and Outcomes | 129 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 132 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 132 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 133 | ||
| Medical Management | 134 | ||
| Behavioral Modification | 135 | ||
| Positive Airway Pressure | 135 | ||
| Oral Appliances | 136 | ||
| Surgical Approaches | 138 | ||
| References | 140 | ||
| Four Gastrointestinal Disease | 143 | ||
| 10 Liver Disease | 144 | ||
| Hepatitis | 144 | ||
| Definition | 144 | ||
| Epidemiology | 144 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 145 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 145 | ||
| Diagnosis | 146 | ||
| Treatment | 147 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 148 | ||
| Epidemiology | 148 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 148 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 148 | ||
| Diagnosis | 148 | ||
| Prevention | 148 | ||
| Treatment | 149 | ||
| Prognosis | 149 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 149 | ||
| Epidemiology | 149 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 149 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 150 | ||
| Diagnosis | 150 | ||
| Prevention | 150 | ||
| Treatment | 150 | ||
| Prognosis | 151 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 151 | ||
| Epidemiology | 151 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 151 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 151 | ||
| Diagnosis | 151 | ||
| Prevention | 152 | ||
| Treatment | 152 | ||
| Prognosis | 152 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 152 | ||
| Epidemiology | 152 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 152 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 152 | ||
| Five Genitourinary Disease | 185 | ||
| 12 Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis | 186 | ||
| Definition | 186 | ||
| Epidemiology | 186 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 186 | ||
| Etiology | 187 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 187 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 189 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 190 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 190 | ||
| Medical Management | 191 | ||
| Conservative Care | 191 | ||
| Dialysis | 191 | ||
| Dental Management | 193 | ||
| Patient Under Conservative Care | 193 | ||
| Medical Considerations. | 193 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations. | 195 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications. | 197 | ||
| Patient Receiving Dialysis | 197 | ||
| Medical Considerations. | 197 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations. | 198 | ||
| Patient with Renal Transplant | 198 | ||
| References | 199 | ||
| 13 Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 200 | ||
| Gonorrhea | 200 | ||
| Definition | 200 | ||
| Epidemiology | 200 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 200 | ||
| Etiology | 201 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 201 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 202 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 202 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 202 | ||
| Medical Management | 202 | ||
| Syphilis | 203 | ||
| Definition | 203 | ||
| Epidemiology | 203 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 203 | ||
| Etiology | 203 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 203 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 203 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 203 | ||
| Primary Syphilis. | 204 | ||
| Secondary Syphilis. | 204 | ||
| Latent Syphilis. | 205 | ||
| Tertiary (Late) Syphilis. | 205 | ||
| Congenital Syphilis. | 205 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 206 | ||
| Screening Serologic Tests for Syphilis: Nontreponemal Tests—VDRL and RPR. | 206 | ||
| Confirmatory Serologic Tests for Syphilis: Treponemal Tests (FTA-ABS and MHA-TP). | 206 | ||
| Medical Management | 206 | ||
| Genital Herpes | 207 | ||
| Definition | 207 | ||
| Epidemiology | 207 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 207 | ||
| Etiology | 207 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 207 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 208 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 208 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 208 | ||
| Medical Management | 208 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis | 209 | ||
| Definition | 209 | ||
| Epidemiology | 209 | ||
| Incidence, Prevalence, and Etiology | 209 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 210 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 210 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 210 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 210 | ||
| Medical Management | 210 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus Infection | 211 | ||
| Definition | 211 | ||
| Epidemiology | 211 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 211 | ||
| Etiology | 211 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 211 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 211 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 211 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 212 | ||
| Medical Management | 212 | ||
| Dental Management | 213 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 213 | ||
| Gonorrhea. | 213 | ||
| Syphilis. | 213 | ||
| Genital Herpes. | 214 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis. | 214 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus Infection. | 214 | ||
| Patients with a History of Sexually Transmitted Disease | 214 | ||
| Patients with Signs, Symptoms, or Oral Lesions Suggestive of a Sexually Transmitted Disease | 214 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 214 | ||
| Reporting to State Health Officials | 214 | ||
| Oral Manifestations | 214 | ||
| Gonorrhea. | 214 | ||
| Syphilis. | 215 | ||
| Genital Herpes. | 215 | ||
| Infectious Mononucleosis. | 215 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus Infection. | 215 | ||
| References | 216 | ||
| Six Endocrine and Metabolic Disease | 218 | ||
| 14 Diabetes Mellitus | 219 | ||
| Background and Definitions | 219 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 219 | ||
| Etiology | 220 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 221 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 224 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 224 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 224 | ||
| Blood Glucose Determination. | 224 | ||
| Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. | 225 | ||
| Glycohemoglobin. | 225 | ||
| Urinary Glucose and Acetone. | 225 | ||
| Medical Management | 225 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes | 227 | ||
| Insulin Regimens and Delivery. | 228 | ||
| Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes | 228 | ||
| Drug Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. | 230 | ||
| Oral Agents | 230 | ||
| Insulin Sensitizers. | 230 | ||
| Primary Action in Liver: Biguanides. | 230 | ||
| Primary Action in Peripheral Tissues: Thiazolidinediones. | 230 | ||
| Insulin Secretagogues. | 230 | ||
| Glinides. | 231 | ||
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors (AGIs). | 231 | ||
| Fixed Combination Pills. | 231 | ||
| Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors. | 231 | ||
| Injectable Agents | 231 | ||
| Insulin. | 231 | ||
| Incretin Mimetics. | 231 | ||
| Amylinomimetics. | 231 | ||
| Insulin Shock | 231 | ||
| Mild Stage. | 232 | ||
| Moderate Stage. | 232 | ||
| Severe Stage. | 232 | ||
| Dental Management | 232 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 232 | ||
| Local Anesthetics and Epinephrine | 235 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 235 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 236 | ||
| References | 237 | ||
| 15 Adrenal Insufficiency | 240 | ||
| Background | 240 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 241 | ||
| Adrenal Androgens | 242 | ||
| Definition | 242 | ||
| Epidemiology | 243 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 243 | ||
| Etiology | 243 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 243 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 244 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 244 | ||
| Hypoadrenalism. | 244 | ||
| Hyperadrenalism. | 244 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 245 | ||
| Medical Management | 245 | ||
| Primary Adrenal Insufficiency | 245 | ||
| Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency | 246 | ||
| Adrenal Crisis | 246 | ||
| Dental Management | 247 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 249 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 249 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| 16 Thyroid Diseases | 251 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 251 | ||
| Location | 251 | ||
| Enlargement and Nodules of the Thyroid Gland | 251 | ||
| Function of the Thyroid Gland | 253 | ||
| Epidemiology | 253 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence. | 253 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 254 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 255 | ||
| Thyrotoxicosis (Hyperthyroidism) | 255 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Complications | 255 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 256 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms. | 256 | ||
| Laboratory Findings. | 258 | ||
| Medical Management | 258 | ||
| Management of Thyrotoxic Crisis. | 260 | ||
| Thyrotoxicosis Factitia. | 260 | ||
| Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis. | 260 | ||
| Thyroiditis | 260 | ||
| Definition | 260 | ||
| Clinical Presentation—Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis | 260 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 260 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 260 | ||
| Medical Management | 261 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 261 | ||
| Definition | 261 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 262 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 262 | ||
| Medical Management | 262 | ||
| Thyroid Cancer | 263 | ||
| Definition | 263 | ||
| Etiology and Clinical Findings | 263 | ||
| Diagnosis | 264 | ||
| Treatment | 265 | ||
| Prognosis | 265 | ||
| Dental Management | 265 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 265 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 265 | ||
| Thyrotoxicosis | 265 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 266 | ||
| Thyroid Cancer | 268 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 268 | ||
| Thyrotoxicosis | 268 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 268 | ||
| Thyroiditis | 268 | ||
| Radioactive Iodine | 269 | ||
| Thyroid Disease and Lichen Planus | 269 | ||
| References | 269 | ||
| 17 Pregnancy and Breast Feeding | 271 | ||
| Overview of Pregnancy | 271 | ||
| Physiology and Complications | 271 | ||
| Dental Management | 273 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 273 | ||
| Preventive Program. | 273 | ||
| Treatment Timing | 274 | ||
| Dental Radiographs | 274 | ||
| Drug Administration | 276 | ||
| During Pregnancy. | 276 | ||
| Local Anesthetics. | 278 | ||
| Analgesics. | 278 | ||
| Antibiotics. | 278 | ||
| Antibiotics and Oral Contraceptives. | 279 | ||
| Anxiolytics. | 279 | ||
| During Breast Feeding. | 279 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 280 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 280 | ||
| References | 281 | ||
| Seven Immunologic Disease | 283 | ||
| 18 AIDS, HIV Infection, and Related Conditions | 284 | ||
| Definition | 284 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 284 | ||
| Etiology | 285 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 286 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 289 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 289 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 290 | ||
| Medical Management | 290 | ||
| ART and HAART | 291 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis. | 291 | ||
| Dental Management | 293 | ||
| Treatment Planning Considerations | 294 | ||
| Occupational Exposure to HIV | 295 | ||
| Risk of Transmission From Health Care Personnel | 295 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 295 | ||
| References | 302 | ||
| 19 Allergy | 304 | ||
| Definition | 304 | ||
| Epidemiology: Incidence and Prevalence | 304 | ||
| Etiology | 305 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 306 | ||
| Humoral Immune System. | 306 | ||
| Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions. | 307 | ||
| Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions. | 308 | ||
| Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions. | 308 | ||
| Cellular Immune System. | 308 | ||
| Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions. | 308 | ||
| Nonallergic Reactions. | 309 | ||
| Medical Management | 309 | ||
| Dental Management | 310 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 310 | ||
| Local Anesthetics. | 310 | ||
| Penicillin. | 312 | ||
| Analgesics. | 313 | ||
| Rubber Products. | 314 | ||
| Dental Materials and Products. | 315 | ||
| Hereditary Angioedema. | 315 | ||
| Other Conditions. | 315 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 315 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 315 | ||
| Hypersensitivity | 315 | ||
| Type I Hypersensitivity. | 315 | ||
| Type III Hypersensitivity. | 315 | ||
| Type IV Hypersensitivity. | 316 | ||
| Lichenoid Drug Eruptions. | 317 | ||
| Management of Severe Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions | 318 | ||
| Angioedema. | 318 | ||
| Anaphylaxis. | 318 | ||
| References | 319 | ||
| 20 Rheumatologic and Connective Tissue Disorders | 320 | ||
| Categories of Musculoskeletal Diseases | 320 | ||
| Anatomy | 320 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 320 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 321 | ||
| Definition | 321 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 321 | ||
| Etiology | 321 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 322 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 322 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 322 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 323 | ||
| Diagnosis | 323 | ||
| Medical Management | 324 | ||
| Combination Therapies | 326 | ||
| Dental Management | 326 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 326 | ||
| Prosthetic Joints. | 327 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 329 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 329 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 330 | ||
| Definition | 330 | ||
| Etiology | 330 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 330 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 330 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 330 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 331 | ||
| Medical Management | 331 | ||
| Dental Management | 331 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 331 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 331 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 331 | ||
| Psoriatic Arthritis | 332 | ||
| Definition | 332 | ||
| Epidemiology | 332 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 332 | ||
| Diagnosis | 332 | ||
| Medical Management | 333 | ||
| Dental Management | 333 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 333 | ||
| Giant Cell Arteritis | 333 | ||
| Definition | 333 | ||
| Diagnosis and Dental Implications | 334 | ||
| Treatment | 334 | ||
| Giant Cell Arteritis Misdiagnosed as Temporomandibular Disorder. | 334 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 334 | ||
| Definition | 334 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 334 | ||
| Etiology | 335 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications. | 335 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 335 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 335 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 336 | ||
| Medical Management | 336 | ||
| Dental Management | 336 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 336 | ||
| Treatment Planning Considerations. | 337 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 337 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 337 | ||
| Medical Management | 338 | ||
| Dental Management | 338 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 338 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 338 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations. | 338 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 339 | ||
| Definition | 339 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 339 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 339 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 340 | ||
| Medical Management | 340 | ||
| Dental Management | 340 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 340 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 340 | ||
| Definition | 340 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 340 | ||
| Etiology | 341 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 341 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 341 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 341 | ||
| Salivary Gland Dysfunction and Hyposalivation | 341 | ||
| Diagnosis | 342 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 342 | ||
| Sialometry. | 342 | ||
| Imaging. | 342 | ||
| Dental Management | 342 | ||
| Medical Considerations. | 342 | ||
| Moisture and Lubrication | 342 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 343 | ||
| Prevention and Maintenance | 344 | ||
| Lymphoma | 344 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 344 | ||
| References | 344 | ||
| 21 Organ and Bone Marrow Transplantation | 347 | ||
| Definition | 347 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 347 | ||
| Etiology | 349 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 349 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 349 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 349 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 349 | ||
| Medical and Surgical Management | 351 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 351 | ||
| Surgical Procedure | 351 | ||
| Heart Transplantation. | 351 | ||
| Heart-Lung Transplantation. | 351 | ||
| Liver Transplantation. | 352 | ||
| Small Bowel Transplantation. | 353 | ||
| Kidney Transplantation. | 353 | ||
| Pancreas Transplantation. | 355 | ||
| Bone Marrow Transplantation. | 356 | ||
| Histocompatibility. | 358 | ||
| Complications | 358 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 358 | ||
| Rejection | 359 | ||
| Drug Side Effects | 359 | ||
| Special Organ Complications | 360 | ||
| Dental Management | 361 | ||
| Pretransplant Medical Considerations | 361 | ||
| Posttransplantation Medical Considerations | 362 | ||
| Treatment Planning Considerations | 364 | ||
| Pretransplantation Patients | 364 | ||
| Posttransplant Patients | 365 | ||
| Immediate Posttransplantation Period. | 365 | ||
| Stable Posttransplantation Period. | 365 | ||
| Risk of Infection. | 366 | ||
| Viral Infections. | 367 | ||
| Excessive Bleeding. | 367 | ||
| Adverse Reaction to Stress. | 367 | ||
| Hypertension. | 367 | ||
| Chronic Rejection Period. | 367 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 367 | ||
| References | 368 | ||
| Eight Hematologic and Oncologic Disease | 370 | ||
| 22 Disorders of Red Blood Cells | 371 | ||
| Anemia | 371 | ||
| Definition | 371 | ||
| Erythropoiesis | 371 | ||
| Epidemiology | 371 | ||
| Etiology | 371 | ||
| Types of Anemia | 372 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 372 | ||
| Folate Deficiency Anemia and Pernicious Anemia | 372 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia | 373 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency | 373 | ||
| Sickle Cell Anemia | 373 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 375 | ||
| Renal Disease | 375 | ||
| Organ Transplantation | 375 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 375 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 375 | ||
| Screening Laboratory Tests | 376 | ||
| Medical Management | 378 | ||
| Dental Management | 378 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 378 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 380 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 381 | ||
| References | 382 | ||
| 23 Disorders of White Blood Cells | 384 | ||
| Leukocytosis and Leukopenia | 385 | ||
| Cyclic Neutropenia | 385 | ||
| Leukemia and Lymphoma | 385 | ||
| Leukemia | 386 | ||
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia | 386 | ||
| Definition | 386 | ||
| Epidemiology | 386 | ||
| Etiology | 386 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 386 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 387 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 387 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 387 | ||
| Acute Lymphoid Leukemia | 387 | ||
| Definition | 387 | ||
| Epidemiology | 387 | ||
| Etiology | 387 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 388 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 388 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 388 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 388 | ||
| Medical Management of Acute Leukemia | 389 | ||
| Oral Manifestations of Acute Leukemia | 390 | ||
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | 392 | ||
| Definition | 392 | ||
| Epidemiology | 392 | ||
| Etiology | 392 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 392 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 392 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 392 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 392 | ||
| Medical Management | 392 | ||
| Oral Manifestations | 393 | ||
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | 393 | ||
| Definition | 393 | ||
| Epidemiology | 393 | ||
| Etiology | 393 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 393 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 393 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 393 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 394 | ||
| Medical Management | 394 | ||
| Oral Manifestations | 394 | ||
| Lymphomas | 395 | ||
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | 395 | ||
| Definition | 395 | ||
| Epidemiology | 395 | ||
| Etiology | 395 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 395 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 395 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 395 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 396 | ||
| Medical Management | 396 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 397 | ||
| Definition | 397 | ||
| Epidemiology | 397 | ||
| Etiology | 397 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 397 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 397 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 397 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 397 | ||
| Medical Management | 397 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 398 | ||
| Burkitt Lymphoma | 399 | ||
| Definition | 399 | ||
| Epidemiology | 399 | ||
| Etiology | 399 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 399 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 399 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 399 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 400 | ||
| Medical Management | 400 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 400 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | 400 | ||
| Definition | 400 | ||
| Epidemiology | 400 | ||
| Etiology | 400 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 401 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 401 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 401 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 401 | ||
| Medical Management | 401 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 402 | ||
| Dental Management | 403 | ||
| Recognition of Disorders of White Blood Cells and Medical Considerations | 403 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 403 | ||
| Pretreatment Evaluation and Considerations. | 403 | ||
| Oral Health Care and Oral Complications During Medical Therapy. | 404 | ||
| Mucositis. | 404 | ||
| Neutropenia and Infection. | 404 | ||
| Bleeding. | 405 | ||
| Graft-versus-Host Disease. | 405 | ||
| Adverse Drug Effects. | 406 | ||
| Growth and Development. | 406 | ||
| Posttreatment Management. | 406 | ||
| References | 407 | ||
| 24 Acquired Bleeding and Hypercoagulable Disorders | 409 | ||
| Definition | 409 | ||
| Epidemiology: Incidence and Prevalence | 409 | ||
| Etiology | 409 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 411 | ||
| Vascular Phase. | 411 | ||
| Platelet Phase. | 412 | ||
| Coagulation Phase. | 412 | ||
| Fibrinolytic Phase. | 414 | ||
| Timing of Clinical Bleeding. | 414 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 415 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 415 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 417 | ||
| Screening Tests: | 417 | ||
| Partial Thromboplastin Time. | 417 | ||
| Prothrombin Time. | 417 | ||
| Platelet Count. | 417 | ||
| Thrombin Time. | 417 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests Performed by the Hematologist. | 418 | ||
| Platelet Disorders. | 418 | ||
| Disorders of the Intrinsic Pathway. | 418 | ||
| Disorders of the Extrinsic Pathway. | 418 | ||
| Disorders of the Common Pathway. | 419 | ||
| Degradation Products of Fibrin or Fibrinogen. | 419 | ||
| Disorders with Normal Primary Screening Results. | 419 | ||
| Medical Management | 419 | ||
| Vascular Defects | 420 | ||
| Platelet Disorders | 420 | ||
| Disorders of Platelet Function. | 420 | ||
| Coagulation Disorders | 420 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. | 420 | ||
| Clinical Findings. | 420 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis. | 420 | ||
| Treatment. | 421 | ||
| Fibrinolytic Disorders | 421 | ||
| Fibrinolysis and Fibrinogenolysis. | 421 | ||
| Thrombosis and Antithrombotic Therapy | 421 | ||
| Anticoagulant Drugs | 422 | ||
| Heparin. | 422 | ||
| Synthetic Heparins. | 422 | ||
| Direct Thrombin Inhibitors. | 422 | ||
| Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors. | 423 | ||
| Coumarin. | 423 | ||
| Antiplatelet Drugs | 424 | ||
| Preoperative Evaluation of Hemostasis | 425 | ||
| Dental Management | 425 | ||
| Patient Identification | 425 | ||
| History and Symptoms | 425 | ||
| Bleeding Problems in Relatives. | 426 | ||
| Bleeding Problems After Operations and Tooth Extraction. | 426 | ||
| Bleeding Problems After Trauma. | 427 | ||
| Medications That May Cause Bleeding. | 427 | ||
| Presence of Illness Potentially Associated with Bleeding Problems. | 427 | ||
| Spontaneous Bleeding. | 427 | ||
| Physical Examination | 428 | ||
| Screening Laboratory Tests | 428 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 428 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 428 | ||
| Absence of Clinical or Historical Clues to Cause a Bleeding Problem. | 428 | ||
| History or Clinical Findings, or Both, Suggestive of Possible Bleeding Problem in the Absence of Clues to Its Cause. | 429 | ||
| Antiplatelet Therapy. | 430 | ||
| Coumarin Therapy. | 430 | ||
| Heparin Therapy. | 433 | ||
| Direct Thrombin Inhibitors. | 433 | ||
| Possible Liver Disease. | 433 | ||
| Chronic Leukemia. | 433 | ||
| Malabsorption Syndrome or Long-Term Antibiotic Therapy. | 433 | ||
| End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Dialysis. | 433 | ||
| Vascular Wall Alteration. | 433 | ||
| Management of the Patient with a Serious Bleeding Disorder | 434 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia. | 434 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 434 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 434 | ||
| References | 434 | ||
| 25 Congenital Bleeding and Hypercoagulable Disorders | 437 | ||
| Definition | 437 | ||
| Epidemiology: Incidence and Prevalence | 437 | ||
| Etiology | 437 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 438 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 438 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 438 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 439 | ||
| Medical Management | 440 | ||
| Vascular Defects | 440 | ||
| Clinical Findings. | 440 | ||
| Laboratory Tests. | 441 | ||
| Treatment. | 441 | ||
| Platelet Disorders | 442 | ||
| von Willebrand Disease. | 442 | ||
| Clinical Findings. | 444 | ||
| Laboratory Tests. | 444 | ||
| Treatment. | 444 | ||
| Other Hereditary Platelet Function Disorders. | 444 | ||
| Bernard-Soulier Syndrome. | 445 | ||
| Nine Neurologic, Behavioral, and Psychiatric Disorders | 493 | ||
| 27 Neurologic Disorders | 494 | ||
| Epilepsy | 494 | ||
| Definition | 494 | ||
| Epidemiology | 494 | ||
| Etiology | 495 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 495 | ||
| Status Epilepticus. | 495 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 496 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 496 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 496 | ||
| Medical Management | 496 | ||
| Dental Management | 496 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 496 | ||
| Seizure Management. | 498 | ||
| Treatment Planning Considerations | 499 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 500 | ||
| Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident) | 500 | ||
| Definition | 500 | ||
| Epidemiology | 500 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 500 | ||
| Etiology | 501 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 501 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 502 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 502 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 502 | ||
| Medical Management | 503 | ||
| Prevention | 503 | ||
| Stroke Treatment | 503 | ||
| Emerging and Experimental Therapies | 503 | ||
| Dental Management | 504 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 504 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 505 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 506 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 506 | ||
| Definition | 506 | ||
| Epidemiology | 506 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 506 | ||
| Etiology | 507 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 507 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 507 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 507 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 508 | ||
| Medical Management | 508 | ||
| Dental Management | 510 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 510 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 511 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 511 | ||
| Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease | 511 | ||
| Definition | 511 | ||
| Epidemiology | 511 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 511 | ||
| Etiology | 511 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 512 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 512 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 512 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 512 | ||
| Medical Management | 513 | ||
| Dental Management | 513 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 513 | ||
| Dosage and Side Effects | 514 | ||
| Testing New Alzheimer’s Drugs | 514 | ||
| Treatment Planning Considerations | 514 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 516 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 516 | ||
| Definition | 516 | ||
| Epidemiology | 517 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 517 | ||
| Etiology | 517 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Complications | 517 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 517 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 517 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 518 | ||
| Medical Management | 518 | ||
| Dental Management | 519 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 519 | ||
| Treatment Planning Modifications | 519 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 519 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts | 519 | ||
| References | 520 | ||
| 28 Anxiety, Eating Disorders, and Behavioral Reactions to Illness | 522 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 522 | ||
| Definition | 522 | ||
| Epidemiology: Incidence and Prevalence | 523 | ||
| Etiology | 523 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Medical Management | 524 | ||
| Phobias | 525 | ||
| Panic Attack | 525 | ||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 525 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 525 | ||
| Acute Stress Disorder | 528 | ||
| Treatment of Anxiety Disorders | 528 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 529 | ||
| Definition | 529 | ||
| Epidemiology: Incidence and Prevalence | 529 | ||
| Etiology | 530 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Medical Management | 531 | ||
| Drugs Used to Treat Anxiety Disorders | 532 | ||
| Dental Management | 533 | ||
| Patients’ Attitudes Toward Dentists | 533 | ||
| Behavioral Reactions to Illness | 533 | ||
| Patient Management | 534 | ||
| Anxiety. | 534 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. | 534 | ||
| Stress-Related Disorders. | 534 | ||
| Eating Disorders. | 535 | ||
| Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects | 537 | ||
| Treatment Planning Considerations | 537 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 538 | ||
| References | 538 | ||
| 29 Psychiatric Disorders | 540 | ||
| Mood Disorders | 540 | ||
| Definition | 540 | ||
| Epidemiology | 540 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 540 | ||
| Etiology | 541 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Medical Management | 541 | ||
| Depressive Disorders | 541 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 542 | ||
| Treatment of Mood Disorders | 544 | ||
| Somatoform Disorders | 545 | ||
| Definition | 545 | ||
| Epidemiology | 546 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 546 | ||
| Etiology | 546 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Medical Management | 546 | ||
| Somatization Disorder | 546 | ||
| Conversion Disorder | 546 | ||
| Pain Disorder | 546 | ||
| Hypochondriasis | 547 | ||
| Factitious Disorder | 547 | ||
| Treatment | 547 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 547 | ||
| Definition | 547 | ||
| Epidemiology | 548 | ||
| Etiology | 548 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Medical Management | 548 | ||
| Drugs Used to Treat Psychiatric Disorders | 550 | ||
| Antidepressant Medications (Excluding Those for Bipolar Depression) | 550 | ||
| Tricyclic Antidepressants. | 550 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. | 550 | ||
| Second-Generation Antidepressant Drugs. | 552 | ||
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. | 552 | ||
| Atypical or Nontricyclic Antidepressant Agents. | 552 | ||
| Bipolar Depression Drugs. | 552 | ||
| Mood-Stabilizing Drugs | 552 | ||
| Lithium. | 552 | ||
| Carbamazepine. | 552 | ||
| Valproic Acid and Divalproex. | 552 | ||
| Lamotrigine. | 553 | ||
| Antipsychotic (Neuroleptic) Drugs. | 553 | ||
| Dental Management | 555 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 555 | ||
| Depression. | 555 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder. | 556 | ||
| Somatoform Disorder. | 557 | ||
| Schizophrenia. | 557 | ||
| Suicidal Patient. | 558 | ||
| Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects | 559 | ||
| Tricyclic Antidepressants. | 559 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. | 559 | ||
| Antipsychotic Drugs. | 559 | ||
| Treatment Planning Considerations | 559 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 559 | ||
| References | 560 | ||
| 30 Drug and Alcohol Abuse | 562 | ||
| Definitions | 562 | ||
| Epidemiology | 562 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 562 | ||
| Etiology | 564 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Medical Management | 565 | ||
| Marijuana | 565 | ||
| Opioids | 566 | ||
| Cocaine | 567 | ||
| Amphetamines | 567 | ||
| Sedative-Hypnotics | 568 | ||
| Alcohol | 568 | ||
| Dental Management | 569 | ||
| Medical Considerations (Box 30-1) | 569 | ||
| Marijuana. | 570 | ||
| Cocaine. | 570 | ||
| Methamphetamine. | 570 | ||
| Alcohol. | 570 | ||
| Screening. | 570 | ||
| Brief Intervention. | 571 | ||
| Referral. | 571 | ||
| Treatment. | 571 | ||
| Treatment Planning Considerations (see Box 30-1) | 572 | ||
| Oral Complications and Manifestations | 573 | ||
| References | 573 | ||
| Appendices | 575 | ||
| Appendix A Guide to Management of Common Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office* | 576 | ||
| General Considerations | 576 | ||
| General Principles of Emergency Care | 577 | ||
| Key Points | 577 | ||
| Types of Emergencies and Their Treatment | 577 | ||
| Unconsciousness | 577 | ||
| Syncope and Psychogenic Shock | 577 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms. | 577 | ||
| Cause. | 577 | ||
| Treatment | 577 | ||
| Low Blood Pressure/Slow Pulse | 577 | ||
| Treatment: Low Blood Pressure | 577 | ||
| Treatment: Slow Pulse. | 578 | ||
| Cardiac Arrest | 578 | ||
| Index | 631 | ||
| A | 631 | ||
| B | 634 | ||
| C | 636 | ||
| D | 639 | ||
| E | 640 | ||
| F | 641 | ||
| G | 641 | ||
| H | 642 | ||
| I | 645 | ||
| J | 646 | ||
| K | 646 | ||
| L | 646 | ||
| M | 647 | ||
| N | 649 | ||
| O | 650 | ||
| P | 651 | ||
| Q | 653 | ||
| R | 653 | ||
| S | 654 | ||
| T | 656 | ||
| U | 658 | ||
| V | 658 | ||
| W | 659 | ||
| X | 659 | ||
| Z | 659 |