Menu Expand
Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques E-Book

Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques E-Book

Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa

(2012)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Wherever, whenever, or however you need it, unmatched procedural guidance is at your fingertips with the new edition of Schmidek & Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques! Completely revised under the auspices of new editor-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, this comprehensive medical reference examines indications, operative techniques, complications, and results for nearly every neurosurgical procedure. Full-color illustrations, 21 new chapters, internationally-acclaimed contributors, surgical videos, and online access make it a "must have" for today's practitioner.

  • Hone your skills for Master virtually every routine and specialized procedure for brain, spinal, and peripheral nerve problems in adult patients.
  • Review clinical information on image-guided technologies and infections.
  • Easily understand and apply techniques with guidance from more than 1,600 full-color illustrations.
  • Rely on the knowledge and experience of new editor-in-chief Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa and leading international authorities, who offer multiple perspectives on neurosurgical challenges, from tried-and-true methods to the most current techniques.
  • See exactly how to proceed with online surgical videos that guide you through each technique and procedure to ensure the best possible outcomes and results.
  • Apply the latest techniques and knowledge in deep brain stimulation for epilepsy, movement disorders, dystonia, and psychiatric disorders; surgical management of blast injuries; invasive electrophysiology in functional neurosurgery; and interventional management of cerebral aneurysms and arterio-venous malformations.
  • Take it with you anywhere! Access the full text, downloadable image library, video clips, and more at www.expertconsult.com.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Volume 1 Vol. 1_Cover
Front Cover Vol. 1_Cover
IFC Vol. 1_Cover 1
SCHMIDEK & SWEET Operative Neurosurgical Techniques: Indications, methods, and results Vol. 1_i
Copyright Vol. 1_ii
Dedication Vol. 1_iii
Section Editors Vol. 1_v
Contributors Vol. 1_vii
Preface Vol. 1_xli
Contents Vol. 1_xliii
Video Contents Vol. 1_li
CHAPTER 1 - Ensuring Patient Safety in Surgery―First Do No Harm Vol. 1_1
The Nature of Iatrogenic Injury in Medicine and Surgery Vol. 1_1
A Human Factors Approach to Improving Patient Safety Vol. 1_2
Contributory Factor Analysis Vol. 1_4
Perspective Vol. 1_10
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_10
REFERENCES Vol. 1_11.e1
CHAPTER 2 - Surgical Navigation with Intraoperative Imaging: Special Operating Room Concepts Vol. 1_12
Computer-Assisted, Image-Guided Neuronavigation Vol. 1_12
Intraoperative Imaging Vol. 1_13
Summary Vol. 1_19
Conclusion Vol. 1_20
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_20
REFERENCES Vol. 1_20.e1
Section One- SURGICAL MANAGEMENTOF BRAIN AND SKULL BASETUMORS Vol. 1_21
INTRA-AXIAL BRAIN TUMORS Vol. 1_23
CHAPTER 3 - Functional Tractography, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Intraoperative Integration of Modalities, and Neuronavigation Vol. 1_23
Scientific Principles of DTI Vol. 1_23
Preoperative Planning Applications Vol. 1_25
Intraoperative Neuronavigation Vol. 1_26
Limitations of DTI Vol. 1_26
Intraoperative Integration of Modalities Vol. 1_27
Postoperative Evaluation Vol. 1_28
Summary Vol. 1_28
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_28
REFERENCES Vol. 1_29.e1
CHAPTER 4 - Intraoperative Neurophysiology: A Tool to Prevent and/or Document Intraoperative Injury to the Nervous System Vol. 1_30
Supratentorial Surgery Vol. 1_30
Brain Stem Surgery Vol. 1_34
Spinal and Spinal Cord Surgery Vol. 1_38
Surgery of the Lumbosacral Nervous System Vol. 1_42
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_45
REFERENCES Vol. 1_45.e1
CHAPTER 5 - Gamma Knife Surgery for Cerebral Vascular Malformations and Tumors Vol. 1_46
History Vol. 1_47
Pathophysiology Vol. 1_47
Gamma Surgery Procedure Vol. 1_49
Indications Vol. 1_51
Conclusions Vol. 1_79
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_79
REFERENCES Vol. 1_79.e1
CHAPTER 6 - Cortical and Subcortical Brain Mapping Vol. 1_80
Presurgical Functional Brain Mapping: Advances and Pitfalls Vol. 1_80
Postoperative Functional Mapping: Toward Multiple-Stages Surgical Approach Vol. 1_90
Conclusions and Perspectives Vol. 1_91
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_92
REFERENCES Vol. 1_93.e1
CHAPTER 7 - Chemotherapy for Brain Tumors Vol. 1_94
Factors Influencing Delivery of Chemotherapy to the Brain Vol. 1_94
Strategies to Improve Drug Delivery to Treat Brain Tumors Vol. 1_95
Various CNS Tumors Vol. 1_96
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_103
REFERENCES Vol. 1_104.e1
CHAPTER 8 - Current Surgical Management of High-Grade Gliomas Vol. 1_105
Preoperative Workup Vol. 1_105
Cytoreduction Vol. 1_105
Intraoperative Imaging Vol. 1_106
Motor Strip Mapping Vol. 1_107
Awake Craniotomy Vol. 1_107
Frontal Lobe Vol. 1_107
Temporal Lobe Vol. 1_108
Parietal Lobe Vol. 1_108
Occipital Lobe Vol. 1_108
Prognosis Vol. 1_108
New Directions Vol. 1_109
Summary Vol. 1_110
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_110
REFERENCES Vol. 1_110.e1
CHAPTER 9 - Surgical Management of Low-Grade Gliomas Vol. 1_111
Rationale and Indications Vol. 1_111
Intraoperative Mapping Vol. 1_113
Intraoperative Protocol Vol. 1_115
Functional Results of Surgery Vol. 1_122
Oncologic Results of Surgery Vol. 1_123
Strategy for Large Diffuse or Recurrent Tumors: The Concept of Brain Plasticity Vol. 1_124
Conclusive Remarks Vol. 1_125
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_126
REFERENCES Vol. 1_126.e1
CHAPTER 10 - Management of Recurrent Gliomas Vol. 1_127
Introduction Vol. 1_127
Confirmation of Recurrence Vol. 1_127
Causes of Recurrence Vol. 1_128
Prognostic Implications of Residual and Recurrent Tumor Vol. 1_129
Therapy of Recurrent Glial Tumors Vol. 1_130
Reoperation for Malignant Glioma Vol. 1_134
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_139
REFERENCES Vol. 1_140.e1
CHAPTER 11 - Tumors in Eloquent Areas of Brain Vol. 1_141
Rationale for Aggressive Resection Vol. 1_141
Definitions of Eloquent Cortex Vol. 1_141
Testing of Cerebral Dominance Vol. 1_142
Anatomic Localization of Eloquent Areas Vol. 1_143
Intraoperative Stimulation Mapping Vol. 1_143
Functional Imaging Vol. 1_146
Conclusions Vol. 1_147
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_147
REFERENCES Vol. 1_148.e1
CHAPTER 12 - Management of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas Vol. 1_149
Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology Vol. 1_149
Epidemiology Vol. 1_150
Clinical Manifestations Vol. 1_150
Diagnosis Vol. 1_151
Treatment Vol. 1_154
Prognosis Vol. 1_158
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_158
REFERENCES Vol. 1_159.e1
CHAPTER 13 - Surgical Management of Brain Stem Tumors in Adults Vol. 1_160
Imaging and Classification Vol. 1_160
Additional Imaging Modalities Vol. 1_161
Clinical Manifestations Vol. 1_162
Stereotactic Biopsy Vol. 1_164
Indications for Surgery Vol. 1_164
Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring and Mapping Vol. 1_165
Surgical Approaches Vol. 1_167
Surgical Techniques Vol. 1_167
Postoperative Care Vol. 1_168
Conclusion Vol. 1_168
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_168
REFERENCES Vol. 1_168.e1
CHAPTER 14 - Cerebellar Tumors in Adults Vol. 1_169
Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Preoperative Management Vol. 1_169
Intrinsic Cerebellar Tumors in Adults Vol. 1_170
Surgical Approaches to the Cerebellum Vol. 1_174
Postsurgical Complications and Management Vol. 1_176
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_177
REFERENCES Vol. 1_177.e1
CHAPTER 15 - Surgical Management of Cerebral Metastases Vol. 1_178
Magnitude of the Problem Vol. 1_178
Treatment Goals: Advantages of Surgical Resection Vol. 1_178
Patient Selection Vol. 1_179
Surgical Technique Vol. 1_182
Outcomes after Surgical Resection Vol. 1_186
Role of Stereotactic Radiosurgery Vol. 1_187
Role of Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy Vol. 1_189
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_190
REFERENCES Vol. 1_191.e1
PITUITARY AND PARAPITUITARY TUMORS Vol. 1_192
CHAPTER 16 - Multimodal Assessment of Pituitary and Parasellar Lesions Vol. 1_192
Background and Epidemiology Vol. 1_192
Pathogenesis Vol. 1_192
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_193
The Initial Evaluation Vol. 1_193
Laboratory Investigations Vol. 1_193
Radiologic Studies Vol. 1_197
Ophthalmologic Studies Vol. 1_200
Coordination of Care Vol. 1_201
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_202
REFERENCES Vol. 1_202.e1
CHAPTER 17 - Medical Management of Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors Vol. 1_203
Prolactinomas Vol. 1_203
Acromegaly Vol. 1_207
Cushing’s Disease Vol. 1_212
TSH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas Vol. 1_214
Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors Vol. 1_214
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_214
REFERENCES Vol. 1_214.e1
CHAPTER 18 - Growth Hormone–Secreting Tumors Vol. 1_215
Growth Hormone Vol. 1_215
Diagnosis Vol. 1_215
Treatment Vol. 1_217
Pediatric Vol. 1_220
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_220
REFERENCES Vol. 1_220.e1
CHAPTER 19 - Prolactinomas Vol. 1_221
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_221
Diagnosis Vol. 1_222
Medical Treatment Vol. 1_222
Surgical Treatment Vol. 1_224
Summary Vol. 1_227
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_227
REFERENCES Vol. 1_227.e1
Chapter 20 - Cushing’s Disease Vol. 1_228
Pathophysiology Vol. 1_228
Pathology Vol. 1_228
Mechanism of Hypercortisolemia in ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas Vol. 1_228
Clinical Manifestations Vol. 1_229
Diagnosis Vol. 1_229
Treatment Vol. 1_233
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_245
REFERENCES Vol. 1_245.e1
Chapter 21 - Endocrinologically Silent Pituitary Tumors Vol. 1_246
Epidemiology and Nomenclature Vol. 1_246
Clinical and Anatomic Features Vol. 1_246
Preoperative Evaluation Vol. 1_248
Management Vol. 1_250
Postoperative Evaluation and Management After Uncomplicated Trans-Sphenoidal Operation Vol. 1_255
Radiotherapy Vol. 1_256
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_256
REFERENCES Vol. 1_256.e1
Chapter 22 - Endoscopic Endonasal Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery Vol. 1_257
Preoperative Management and Surgical Indications Vol. 1_258
Pertinent Sinonasal Anatomy Vol. 1_258
Optical Advantages of an Endoscope Vol. 1_261
Surgical Procedure Vol. 1_262
Surgical Results Vol. 1_276
Potential Complications and their Avoidance Vol. 1_277
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Endonasal Endoscopic Technique Vol. 1_278
Conclusions Vol. 1_278
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_278
REFERENCES Vol. 1_279.e1
CHAPTER 23 - Transcranial Surgery for Pituitary Macroadenomas Vol. 1_280
History Vol. 1_280
Specific Indications Vol. 1_281
Diagnosis and Workup Vol. 1_282
Pterional Vol. 1_282
Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy Vol. 1_284
Bifrontal and Extended Bifrontal Vol. 1_286
Supraorbital (Keyhole) Vol. 1_288
Radical Combined Transcranial and Trans-Sphenoidal Approach Vol. 1_288
Complications Vol. 1_288
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_291
REFERENCES Vol. 1_291.e1
CHAPTER 24 - Craniopharyngiomas Vol. 1_292
Classification Vol. 1_292
Anatomy Vol. 1_292
Treatment Decision Making Vol. 1_293
Surgical Techniques Vol. 1_294
Outcomes Vol. 1_299
Conclusions Vol. 1_301
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_301
REFERENCES Vol. 1_202.e1
CHAPTER 25 - Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngiomas Vol. 1_303
Surgical Technique Vol. 1_303
Discussion Vol. 1_308
Conclusion Vol. 1_310
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_310
REFERENCES Vol. 1_310.e1
CHAPTER 26 - Arachnoid, Suprasellar, and Rathke’s Cleft Cysts Vol. 1_311
Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts Vol. 1_311
Suprasellar Cysts Vol. 1_318
Rathke’s Cleft Cysts Vol. 1_322
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_329
REFERENCES Vol. 1_329.e1
INTRAVENTRICULAR TUMORS Vol. 1_330
CHAPTER 27 - Surgical Approaches to Lateral and Third Ventricular Tumors Vol. 1_330
Lateral Ventricles Vol. 1_330
Surgical Options Vol. 1_331
The Third Ventricle Vol. 1_334
Complications Vol. 1_336
Conclusion Vol. 1_337
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_337
REFERENCES Vol. 1_338.e1
CHAPTER 28 - Transcallosal Surgery of Lesions Affecting the Third Ventricle: Basic Principles Vol. 1_339
Historical Notes Vol. 1_339
Anatomic Considerations Vol. 1_339
Preoperative Radiographic Evaluation Vol. 1_340
Surgical Technique Vol. 1_340
Complications and Avoidance Vol. 1_346
Conclusions Vol. 1_349
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_350
REFERENCES Vol. 1_350.e1
CHAPTER 29 - Endoscopic Approach to Intraventricular Brain Tumors Vol. 1_351
Patient Selection Vol. 1_351
Equipment Vol. 1_351
Endoscopic Tumor Procedures Vol. 1_351
Solid Tumor Resection Vol. 1_353
Colloid Cyst Extirpation Vol. 1_353
Postoperative Management Vol. 1_356
Summary Vol. 1_356
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_356
REFERENCES Vol. 1_356.e1
CHAPTER 30 - Management of Pineal Region Tumors Vol. 1_357
Clinical Features Vol. 1_357
Surgical Considerations Vol. 1_359
Surgical Approaches Vol. 1_360
Complications of Surgery Vol. 1_365
Surgical Results Vol. 1_365
Adjuvant Therapy Vol. 1_365
Conclusions Vol. 1_366
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_366
REFERENCES Vol. 1_366.e1
CHAPTER 31 - Management of Tumors of the Fourth Ventricle Vol. 1_367
Anatomy Vol. 1_367
Surgical Technique Vol. 1_369
Specific Tumors Vol. 1_378
Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics Vol. 1_396
Conclusion Vol. 1_397
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_397
REFERENCES Vol. 1_397.e1
EXTRA-AXIAL AND POSTERIOR TUMORS Vol. 1_398
Chapter 32 - Surgical Management of Parasagittal and Convexity Meningiomas Vol. 1_398
Epidemiology and Significance Vol. 1_398
Etiology Vol. 1_398
Classification Vol. 1_399
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_399
Indications for Surgery Vol. 1_400
Preoperative Evaluation Vol. 1_401
Surgical Treatment Vol. 1_402
Postoperative Care and Complications Vol. 1_407
Outcomes and Follow-Up Vol. 1_408
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_408
REFERENCES Vol. 1_409.e1
Chapter 33 - Surgical Approach to Falcine Meningiomas Vol. 1_410
Symptoms and Presentation Vol. 1_410
Radiographic Findings Vol. 1_410
Operative Technique Vol. 1_413
Postoperative Care Vol. 1_415
Summary Vol. 1_415
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_416
REFERENCES Vol. 1_416.e1
Chapter 34 - Surgical Management of Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas Vol. 1_417
Surgical Anatomy Vol. 1_417
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_417
Evaluation of Radiologic Studies in Planning the Operation Vol. 1_418
General Aspects of Surgical Management Vol. 1_418
Bifrontal Approach Vol. 1_419
Unilateral Subfrontal Approach Vol. 1_423
Surgical Outcome and Conclusions Vol. 1_426
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_426
REFERENCES Vol. 1_427.e1
Chapter 35 - Supraorbital Approach Variants for Intracranial Tumors Vol. 1_428
Orbital Anatomy Vol. 1_428
Experimental Analysis of the Supraorbital Approach in Cadavers Vol. 1_430
Intracranial Surgical Access and its Variants Vol. 1_430
Benefits and Limitations Vol. 1_433
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_433
REFERENCES Vol. 1_434.e1
Chapter 36 - Surgical Management of Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas Vol. 1_435
Anatomic Observations Vol. 1_435
Classification Vol. 1_435
Clinical Course Vol. 1_436
Diagnosis Vol. 1_436
Treatment Vol. 1_437
Complications and Results Vol. 1_441
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_442
REFERENCES Vol. 1_443.e1
Chapter 37 - Spheno-Orbital Meningioma Vol. 1_444
Presurgical Management Vol. 1_444
Operative Techniques Vol. 1_445
Outcomes Vol. 1_448
Long-Term Outcomes Vol. 1_449
Long-Term Management Vol. 1_449
Conclusions Vol. 1_450
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_450
REFERENCES Vol. 1_450.e1
Chapter 38 - Tumors Involving the Cavernous Sinus Vol. 1_451
Indications Vol. 1_451
Surgical Anatomy Vol. 1_452
Anesthetic and Monitoring Techniques Vol. 1_454
Surgical Approaches Vol. 1_455
Anterolateral Temporopolar Transcavernous Approach Vol. 1_460
Summary Vol. 1_466
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_466
REFERENCES Vol. 1_467.e1
Chapter 39 - Surgery for Trigeminal Neurinomas Vol. 1_468
Anatomy Vol. 1_468
Selection of Surgical Approaches Vol. 1_468
Surgical Results Vol. 1_471
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_472
REFERENCES Vol. 1_472.e1
Chapter 40 - Surgical Management of Petroclival Meningiomas Vol. 1_473
History Vol. 1_473
Natural History Vol. 1_473
Recurrence Rate Vol. 1_474
Clinical Picture Vol. 1_474
Neuroradiologic Evaluation Vol. 1_475
Anesthetic Considerations Vol. 1_475
Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring Vol. 1_476
Goals of Surgical Management Vol. 1_476
Surgical Approaches Vol. 1_476
Radiosurgery Vol. 1_484
Outcomes Vol. 1_484
Conclusions Vol. 1_484
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_484
REFERENCES Vol. 1_485.e1
Chapter 41 - Surgical Management of Lesions of the Clivus Vol. 1_486
Surgical Anatomy Vol. 1_487
Extradural Lesions: Chordomas Vol. 1_488
Intradural Lesions: Meningiomas Vol. 1_491
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_499
REFERENCES Vol. 1_500.e1
Chapter 42 - Surgical Management of Posterior Fossa Meningiomas Vol. 1_501
General Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Vol. 1_501
Perioperative Issues Vol. 1_507
Specific Locations in the Posterior Fossa Vol. 1_508
Conclusions Vol. 1_516
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_516
REFERENCES Vol. 1_516.e1
Chapter 43 - Surgical Management of Tumors of the Foramen Magnum Vol. 1_517
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_517
Classification of the Tumors Vol. 1_517
Preoperative Imaging Vol. 1_518
Choosing the Best Approach Vol. 1_518
Far Lateral Approach Vol. 1_518
Immediate Postoperative Measures Vol. 1_521
Illustrative Cases Vol. 1_521
Results Vol. 1_524
Comments Vol. 1_526
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_528
REFERENCES Vol. 1_528.e1
Chapter 44 - Surgical Management of Tumors of the Jugular Foramen Vol. 1_529
Historical Background Vol. 1_529
Anatomic Considerations of the Jugular Foramen Vol. 1_530
Specific Pathologic Conditions Vol. 1_530
Classification Vol. 1_534
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Vol. 1_536
Radiologic Imaging Vol. 1_536
Treatment Vol. 1_537
Conclusions Vol. 1_544
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_544
REFERENCES Vol. 1_545.e1
CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE TUMORS Vol. 1_546
Chapter 45 - Suboccipital Retrosigmoid Surgical Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma) Vol. 1_546
Outcomes and The Importance of Cranial Nerve Monitoring Vol. 1_550
Outcomes for Cranial Nerves, Cerebellar Function, and Gait following Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery Vol. 1_552
Other Complications Vol. 1_552
Conclusions Vol. 1_552
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Vol. 1_554
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_554
REFERENCES Vol. 1_554.e1
Chapter 46 - Translabyrinthine Approach to Vestibular Schwannomas Vol. 1_555
Advantages of the Translabyrinthine Approach Vol. 1_555
Disadvantages of the Translabyrinthine Approach Vol. 1_555
Surgical Anatomy Vol. 1_555
Preparation for Surgery Vol. 1_556
Surgical Procedure Vol. 1_557
Postoperative Management and Complications Vol. 1_562
Conclusions Vol. 1_563
Summary Vol. 1_563
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Vol. 1_563
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_563
REFERENCES Vol. 1_564.e1
Chapter 47 - Transtemporal Approaches to Posterior Cranial Fossa Vol. 1_565
Anterior Transpetrosal Approaches Vol. 1_566
Posterior Transpetrosal Approaches Vol. 1_569
Combined Approaches Vol. 1_575
Conclusions Vol. 1_579
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Vol. 1_579
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_579
REFERENCES Vol. 1_580.e1
Chapter 48 - Surgical Management of Neurofibromatosis Types 1 and 2 Vol. 1_581
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Vol. 1_581
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Vol. 1_584
Conclusions Vol. 1_586
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_587
REFERENCES Vol. 1_587.e1
Chapter 49 - Hearing Prosthetics: Surgical Techniques Vol. 1_588
Hearing Loss Vol. 1_588
Bone-Anchored Osseointegrated Implants Vol. 1_588
Cochlear Implants Vol. 1_591
Auditory Brain Stem Implants Vol. 1_595
Conclusion Vol. 1_596
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_596
REFERENCES Vol. 1_596.e1
LESIONS AT THE SKULL BASE Vol. 1_597
Chapter 50 - Multimodal Treatment of Orbital Tumors Vol. 1_597
Orbital Anatomy Vol. 1_597
Case Selection Vol. 1_598
Surgical Approaches Vol. 1_599
Conclusions Vol. 1_601
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_602
REFERENCES Vol. 1_602.e1
Chapter 51 - Surgical Approaches to the Orbit Vol. 1_603
History Vol. 1_603
Choice of Surgical Approach Vol. 1_603
Surgical Techniques Vol. 1_604
Surgical Adjuvants Vol. 1_610
Discussion Vol. 1_611
Conclusions Vol. 1_612
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_612
REFERENCES Vol. 1_612.e1
Chapter 52 - Anterior Midline Approaches to the Skull Base Vol. 1_613
Anatomic Considerations Vol. 1_613
Diagnostic Evaluation Vol. 1_613
Selected Tumors Vol. 1_614
Surgery Vol. 1_617
Complications Vol. 1_620
Adjuvant Therapy Vol. 1_620
Conclusions Vol. 1_621
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_621
REFERENCES Vol. 1_621.e1
Chapter 53 - Orbitozygomatic Infratemporal Approach to Parasellar Meningiomas Vol. 1_622
Operative Technique Vol. 1_622
Closure of the Opened Paranasal Sinus and Dural Defect Vol. 1_623
Discussion Vol. 1_626
Conclusions Vol. 1_627
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_627
REFERENCES Vol. 1_628.e1
Section Two - OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES INPEDIATRIC NEUROSURGERY Vol. 1_629
Chapter 54 - Methods for Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion in Pediatric Hydrocephalus: From Shunt to Scope Vol. 1_631
Introduction Vol. 1_631
Treatment with Cerebrospinal Shunts Vol. 1_632
Surgical Technique: Initial Shunt Insertion Vol. 1_632
Evidence-Based Approach to Complication Prediction and Avoidance During Shunt Surgery Vol. 1_637
Management of Shunt Complications Vol. 1_642
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Vol. 1_646
Other Endoscopic Applications Vol. 1_652
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_653
REFERENCES Vol. 1_653.e1
Chapter 55 - Posterior Fossa Tumors in the Pediatric Population: Multidisciplinary Management Vol. 1_654
Symptoms and Signs Vol. 1_654
Radiologic Findings Vol. 1_654
Work-Up for Tumor Dissemination Vol. 1_657
Surgery Vol. 1_658
Specific Tumors Vol. 1_662
Conclusions Vol. 1_667
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_667
REFERENCES Vol. 1_668.e1
Chapter 56 - Supratentorial Tumors in the Pediatric Population: Multidisciplinary Management Vol. 1_669
Epidemiology Vol. 1_669
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_669
Low-Grade Glioma Vol. 1_669
Optic Pathway Gliomas Vol. 1_670
Thalamic Glioma Vol. 1_671
Pediatric Glioblastoma Vol. 1_673
Pineal Region Tumors Vol. 1_675
Intraventricular Masses Vol. 1_679
Conclusion Vol. 1_682
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_682
REFERENCES Vol. 1_683.e1
Chapter 57 - Mapping, Disconnection, and Resective Surgery in Pediatric Epilepsy Vol. 1_684
Mapping Vol. 1_684
Disconnection Vol. 1_687
Resections Vol. 1_690
Conclusion Vol. 1_693
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_694
REFERENCES Vol. 1_694.e1
Chapter 58 - Surgical Decision-Making and Treatment Options for Chiari Malformations in Children Vol. 1_695
Decision-Making Regarding When to Operate Vol. 1_695
Decision-Making Regarding Surgical Technique Vol. 1_697
Summary Vol. 1_700
Conclusions Vol. 1_700
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_700
REFERENCES Vol. 1_701.e1
Chapter 59 - Fetal Surgery for Open Neural Tube Defects Vol. 1_702
Rationale for Fetal Repair Vol. 1_702
Timing for Fetal Surgery Vol. 1_702
Hysterotomy and Exposure Vol. 1_703
Surgical Repair of the Defect Vol. 1_703
Results Vol. 1_704
Conclusion Vol. 1_705
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_705
Addendum Vol. 1_706
REFERENCES Vol. 1_706.e1
Chapter 60 - Surgical Management of Spinal Dysraphism Vol. 1_707
Open Spinal Dysraphism Vol. 1_707
Spinal Cord Lipomas Vol. 1_712
Split Cord Malformations Vol. 1_722
Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis Vol. 1_731
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_733
REFERENCES Vol. 1_734.e15
Chapter 61 - Revascularization Techniques in Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disorders Vol. 1_735
Moyamoya Syndrome Vol. 1_735
Surgical Treatment of Moyamoya Vol. 1_735
Follow-Up Vol. 1_740
Conclusions Vol. 1_740
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_740
REFERENCES Vol. 1_740.e1
Chapter 62 - Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Vol. 1_741
Imaging in Pediatric Neurotrauma Vol. 1_741
Technology for Management of Intracranial Hypertension in Pediatric Head Trauma Vol. 1_743
Surgical Management of Pediatric Neurotrauma Vol. 1_745
Considerations for Temperature Regulation in Optimizing Outcome Vol. 1_749
Conclusion Vol. 1_751
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_751
REFERENCES Vol. 1_752.e1
Chapter 63 - Contemporary Dorsal Rhizotomy Surgery for the Treatment of Spasticity in Childhood Vol. 1_753
History of Selective Posterior Rhizotomy Vol. 1_753
Patient Selection Vol. 1_754
Procedure Vol. 1_754
Intraoperative Monitoring Vol. 1_757
Postoperative Care Vol. 1_758
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_758
REFERENCES Vol. 1_758.e1
Chapter 64 - Instrumentation and Stabilization of the Pediatric Spine: Technical Nuances and Age-Specific Considerations Vol. 1_759
Posterior Spinal Instrumentation in the Pediatric Age Group Vol. 1_759
Anterior Spinal Instrumentation in the Pediatric Age Group Vol. 1_765
Biomaterials Vol. 1_765
Long-Term Consequences of Fusion in a Growing Spine Vol. 1_765
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_766
REFERENCES Vol. 1_767.e1
Chapter 65 - Methods of Cranial Vault Reconstruction for Craniosynostosis Vol. 1_768
Scaphocephaly Vol. 1_769
Trigonocephaly Vol. 1_769
Anterior Plagiocephaly Vol. 1_773
Multiple Suture Craniosynostosis Vol. 1_776
Hydrocephalus in Craniosynostosis Vol. 1_781
Chiari Malformation in Craniosynostosis Vol. 1_783
Recurrences Vol. 1_788
Prognosis Vol. 1_789
Complications Vol. 1_790
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_790
REFERENCES Vol. 1_790.e1
Section Three - VASCULAR DISEASES Vol. 1_791
OPEN TREATMENT Vol. 1_793
Chapter 66 - Surgical Management of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease Vol. 1_793
Surgical Technique Vol. 1_793
Surgery Vol. 1_795
Special Situations Vol. 1_801
Conclusions Vol. 1_804
Summary Vol. 1_804
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_805
REFERENCES Vol. 1_805.e1
Chapter 67 - Management of Dissections of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries Vol. 1_806
Arterial Histology and Surrounding Milieu Vol. 1_806
Epidemiology Vol. 1_806
Radiographic Diagnosis Vol. 1_807
Extracranial Carotid Artery Dissection Vol. 1_807
Extracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection Vol. 1_809
Intracranial Arterial Dissection Vol. 1_809
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_810
REFERENCES Vol. 1_811.e1
Chapter 68 - Management of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Vol. 1_812
Natural History Vol. 1_812
Aneurysm Detection Vol. 1_814
Indications for Treatment Vol. 1_815
Treatment Options Vol. 1_816
Follow-Up After Treatment Vol. 1_821
Screening for Intracranial Aneurysms Vol. 1_821
Conclusion Vol. 1_822
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_822
REFERENCES Vol. 1_822.e1
Chapter 69 - Surgical Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Vol. 1_823
Epidemiology Vol. 1_823
Etiology Vol. 1_824
Pathophysiology Vol. 1_825
Presentation by Location Vol. 1_826
Evaluation Vol. 1_826
Acute Rehemorrhage Vol. 1_827
Medical Management Vol. 1_828
Medical versus Surgical Management Vol. 1_829
Specific Surgical Techniques Vol. 1_832
Long-Term Outcome Vol. 1_834
Conclusion Vol. 1_835
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_836
REFERENCES Vol. 1_836.e1
Chapter 70 - Surgical Management of Cerebellar Stroke—Hemorrhage and Infarction Vol. 1_837
Relevant Anatomy Vol. 1_837
Pathogenesis of Cerebellar Hemorrhage and Infarction Vol. 1_837
Clinical Manifestations Vol. 1_838
Radiologic Evaluation Vol. 1_839
Initial Management Vol. 1_839
Indications and Timing for Surgical Intervention Vol. 1_840
Surgical Intervention Vol. 1_840
Cases Vol. 1_841
Conclusion Vol. 1_841
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_844
REFERENCES Vol. 1_844.e1
Chapter 71 - Surgical Treatment of Moyamoya Disease in Adults Vol. 1_845
Clinical Findings and Preoperative Assessment Vol. 1_845
Neuroimaging Vol. 1_845
Emergency Treatment Vol. 1_847
Treatment in the Chronic Stage Vol. 1_847
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_854
REFERENCES Vol. 1_854.e1
Chapter 72 - Surgical Treatment of Paraclinoid Aneurysms Vol. 1_855
Incidence Vol. 1_855
Anatomic Aspects Vol. 1_855
Classification Vol. 1_855
Surgical Technique Vol. 1_857
Preoperative Planning Vol. 1_857
Multiple Aneurysms Vol. 1_867
Results Vol. 1_868
Complications Vol. 1_870
Summary Vol. 1_870
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_871
REFERENCES Vol. 1_871.e1
Chapter 73 - Surgical Management of Posterior Communicating, Anterior Choroidal, Carotid Bifurcation Aneurysms Vol. 1_872
Embryology of the ICA Vol. 1_872
Diagnosis, Preoperative Planning, and Patient Selection Vol. 1_872
Anatomic and Clinical Considerations Vol. 1_875
Operative Procedure and Complication Avoidance Vol. 1_878
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_880
REFERENCES Vol. 1_881.e1
Chapter 74 - Surgical Management of Anterior Communicating and Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms Vol. 1_882
Anatomy Vol. 1_882
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_887
Diagnostic Imaging Vol. 1_887
Preoperative Management Vol. 1_887
Microsurgical Management Vol. 1_888
Postoperative Management Vol. 1_893
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_896
REFERENCES Vol. 1_896.e1
Chapter 75 - Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Middle Cerebral Artery Vol. 1_897
Aneurysms of the MCA Vol. 1_897
Incidence of MCA Aneurysms Vol. 1_898
Microsurgically Relevant Anatomy Vol. 1_898
Imaging Vol. 1_903
Principles of Neuroanesthesia Vol. 1_904
Patient Positioning and Craniotomy Vol. 1_904
Intracerebral Hematoma Vol. 1_906
Dissection Toward the Aneurysm Vol. 1_906
Dissection and Clipping of MCA Aneurysms Vol. 1_908
Acute Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage Vol. 1_908
Special Considerations for Different Locations and Orientations of MCA Aneurysms Vol. 1_909
Postoperative Care and Imaging Vol. 1_911
Special Subgroups of MCA Aneurysms Vol. 1_911
Bypass Surgery for MCAAs Vol. 1_912
Outcome of Ruptured MCA Aneurysms Vol. 1_912
Specific Late Disabilities Associated with Ruptured MCAAs Vol. 1_912
Conclusions Vol. 1_913
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_913
REFERENCES Vol. 1_913.e1
Chapter 76 - Surgical Management of Terminal Basilar and Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms Vol. 1_914
Background Vol. 1_914
Neuroanesthesia Vol. 1_914
Surgical Strategies for BA Aneurysms Vol. 1_915
Approaches for BA Aneurysms Vol. 1_915
PCA Aneurysms Vol. 1_922
Endovascular Therapy for Management of BA Aneurysms Vol. 1_922
Conclusions Vol. 1_923
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_923
REFERENCES Vol. 1_924.e1
Chapter 77 - Surgical Management of Midbasilar and Lower Basilar Aneurysms Vol. 1_925
Epidemiology Vol. 1_925
Presentation Vol. 1_925
Principles of Management Vol. 1_925
Transpetrosal Approaches Vol. 1_927
Combined Supra- and Infra-Tentorial Approaches Vol. 1_929
Far-Lateral Approach Vol. 1_932
Far-Lateral Combined Supra- and Infra-Tentorial Approach Vol. 1_935
Anterior Transclival Approaches Vol. 1_935
Summary and Conclusions Vol. 1_936
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_936
REFERENCES Vol. 1_936.e1
Chapter 78 - Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Complex Vol. 1_937
Epidemiology Vol. 1_937
Aneurysm Characteristics Vol. 1_937
Historical Background Vol. 1_938
Neuroradiologic Imaging Vol. 1_938
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_939
Management Vol. 1_939
The Authors’ Series Vol. 1_941
Illustrative Cases Vol. 1_945
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_950
REFERENCES Vol. 1_950.e1
Chapter 79 - Far Lateral Approach and Transcondylar and Supracondylar Extensions for Aneurysms of the Vertebrobasilar Junction Vol. 1_951
Anatomy Vol. 1_951
Anesthetic Technique and Neuroprotection Vol. 1_952
Surgical Technique Vol. 1_952
Complications Vol. 1_956
Conclusion Vol. 1_956
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_957
REFERENCES Vol. 1_958.e1
Chapter 80 - Surgical Management of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Vol. 1_959
Pathogenesis Vol. 1_959
Classification Vol. 1_959
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_960
Radiographic Evaluation Vol. 1_960
Natural History Vol. 1_963
Indications for Treatment Vol. 1_963
Management Options Vol. 1_964
Comprehensive Management Strategy Vol. 1_968
Outcome and Complications of Treatment Vol. 1_975
Summary Vol. 1_975
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_975
REFERENCES Vol. 1_976.e1
Chapter 81 - Surgical Management Of Cavernous Malformations Of The Nervous System Vol. 1_977
Pathologic Features Vol. 1_977
Radiologic Features Vol. 1_977
Familial Occurrence and Genetics Vol. 1_978
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_980
Natural History Vol. 1_980
Management Considerations Vol. 1_981
CM of the Cerebrum Vol. 1_983
CM of the Brain Stem Vol. 1_986
CM of the Cerebellum Vol. 1_989
CM of the Cranial Nerves Vol. 1_990
CM of the Spinal Cord Vol. 1_991
Conclusions Vol. 1_992
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_993
REFERENCES Vol. 1_994.e1
Chapter 82 - Surgical Management of Infratentorial Arteriovenous Malformations Vol. 1_995
Introduction Vol. 1_995
Anatomy and Classification Vol. 1_995
Epidemiology Vol. 1_995
Natural History Vol. 1_997
Clinical Presentation Vol. 1_997
Preoperative Considerations Vol. 1_997
Timing of Surgery Vol. 1_998
Surgical Approaches Vol. 1_998
Postoperative Management Vol. 1_999
Complications Vol. 1_999
Alternative Treatments Vol. 1_1000
Conclusions Vol. 1_1000
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1001
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1002.e1
Chapter 83 - Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Vol. 1_1003
History Vol. 1_1003
Classification Vol. 1_1003
Treatment Vol. 1_1004
Arteriovenous Malformations Vol. 1_1004
When and How to Treat a Cerebral AVM Vol. 1_1005
The Surgeon Vol. 1_1008
Preparation for Surgery Vol. 1_1008
Operating Room Vol. 1_1009
Surgical Technique Vol. 1_1010
Surgery Vol. 1_1013
Endovascular Surgery Vol. 1_1015
Radiosurgery Vol. 1_1016
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1017
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1018.e1
ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT Vol. 1_1019
Chapter 84 - Endovascular Management of Intracranial Aneurysms Vol. 1_1019
Conventional Coiling of a Simple Saccular Aneurysm Vol. 1_1019
Coiling of Wide-Neck Aneurysms Vol. 1_1021
Complications of Endovascular Coiling and their Treatment Vol. 1_1025
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1027
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1028.e1
Chapter 85 - Endovascular Treatment of Stroke Vol. 1_1029
Occlusion and Recanalization Vol. 1_1029
Goals of Therapy Vol. 1_1030
Presentation Vol. 1_1030
Imaging Vol. 1_1030
Patient Selection Vol. 1_1031
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Vol. 1_1031
Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy Vol. 1_1032
General Endovascular Procedure Vol. 1_1032
Intra-Arterial Thrombolytic Therapy Vol. 1_1033
Mechanical Thrombectomy Vol. 1_1033
Thromboaspiration Vol. 1_1034
Angioplasty Vol. 1_1035
Stenting Vol. 1_1035
Future of Endovascular Techniques in Stroke Vol. 1_1035
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1036
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1036.e1
Chapter 86 - Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Vol. 1_1037
Pretherapeutic Evaluation Vol. 1_1037
Endovascular Technique Vol. 1_1038
Goals of Treatment and Outcomes Vol. 1_1039
Complications Vol. 1_1042
Conclusions Vol. 1_1044
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1044
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1044.e1
Chapter 87 - Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Occlusive Disease Vol. 1_1045
Introduction Vol. 1_1045
Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease Vol. 1_1045
Evolution and Results of Endovascular Therapy Vol. 1_1046
Endovascular Therapy versus Best Medical Therapy Vol. 1_1052
Primary Angioplasty versus Stenting Vol. 1_1053
Technique of Angioplasty or Stenting Vol. 1_1053
Moyamoya Disease Vol. 1_1055
Conclusions Vol. 1_1057
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1058
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1058.e1
Chapter 88 - Endovascular Treatment of Extracranial Occlusive Disease Vol. 1_1059
Indications and Patient Selection Vol. 1_1059
Preoperative Preparation Vol. 1_1060
Anesthesia and Intraoperative Monitoring Vol. 1_1060
Procedure Vol. 1_1060
Postoperative Care Vol. 1_1061
Complications Vol. 1_1062
Outcome Data Vol. 1_1062
Conclusions Vol. 1_1062
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1063
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1064.e1
Chapter 89 - Embolization of Tumors: Brain, Head, Neck, and Spine Vol. 1_1065
Tumors of the Head Vol. 1_1065
Spinal Tumors Vol. 1_1072
Technical Nuances Vol. 1_1074
Types of Embolisates Vol. 1_1075
Conclusion Vol. 1_1078
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1078
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1078.e1
Chapter 90 - Endovascular Management of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Vol. 1_1079
Transarterial Embolization Vol. 1_1079
Cyanoacrylic Glue Techniques Vol. 1_1080
Onyx Techniques Vol. 1_1080
Transvenous Embolization Vol. 1_1082
Outcomes of Transarterial Embolization with n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Vol. 1_1086
Outcomes of Transarterial Embolization with Onyx Vol. 1_1086
Outcomes of Transvenous Embolization of Indirect CCF Vol. 1_1087
Conclusions Vol. 1_1087
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1087
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1088.e1
Chapter 91 - Endovascular Management of Spinal Vascular Malformations Vol. 1_1089
Spinal Vascular Anatomy Vol. 1_1089
Classification of Spinal Vascular Malformations Vol. 1_1090
Clinical Presentation and Natural History Vol. 1_1091
Endovascular Management Vol. 1_1091
Conclusion Vol. 1_1095
Case Illustrations Vol. 1_1095
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1103
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1104.e1
Chapter 92 - Endovascular Treatment of Head and Neck Bleeding Vol. 1_1105
Evaluating Effects of Ischemia Vol. 1_1105
Blunt and Penetrating Injuries of the Head Vol. 1_1106
Blunt and Penetrating Injuries of the Neck Vol. 1_1110
Conclusions Vol. 1_1113
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1113
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1114.e1
Chapter 93 - Imaging Evaluation and Endovascular Treatment of Vasospasm Vol. 1_1115
Clinical Assessment Vol. 1_1115
Diagnostic Imaging Vol. 1_1115
Medical Therapies for Cerebral Vasospasm Vol. 1_1117
Overview of Endovascular Therapies for Cerebral Vasospasm Vol. 1_1119
IA Vasodilator Infusion Vol. 1_1119
Transluminal Balloon Angioplasty Vol. 1_1122
Combination Therapy Vol. 1_1123
Conclusions Vol. 1_1123
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1124
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1124.e1
Section Four - HYDROCEPHALUS Vol. 1_1125
Chapter 94 - Surgical Management of Hydrocephalus in the Adult Vol. 1_1127
Management of the Adult Treated for Hydrocephalus as a Child Vol. 1_1127
Evaluation and Management of Hydrocephalus Presenting in Adulthood Vol. 1_1128
Deciding When to Treat Hydrocephalus in the Adult Vol. 1_1129
Choices of Techniques for Treating Hydrocephalus Vol. 1_1130
Choices of Shunting Strategy and Shunting Hardware Vol. 1_1130
Technical Aspects in the Treatment of Adult Hydrocephalus Vol. 1_1131
Conclusions Vol. 1_1134
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1134
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1134.e1
Chapter 95 - Adult Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome Vol. 1_1135
Etiology and Causative Agents Vol. 1_1135
Diagnosis Vol. 1_1135
Shunt Surgery Vol. 1_1138
Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration Vol. 1_1139
Venous Sinus Stenting Vol. 1_1139
Management of Iih in Pregnancy Vol. 1_1140
Conclusion Vol. 1_1140
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1140
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1142.e1
Chapter 96 - Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Vol. 1_1143
Historical Background Vol. 1_1143
Patient Selection Vol. 1_1144
Pathologic Considerations Vol. 1_1144
Other Considerations Vol. 1_1145
Contraindications to Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Vol. 1_1146
Preoperative Workup Vol. 1_1146
Surgical Equipment Vol. 1_1146
Operative Technique Vol. 1_1147
Postoperative Monitoring Vol. 1_1149
Complications Vol. 1_1150
Conclusion Vol. 1_1150
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1150
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1150.e1
Chapter 97 - Management of Shunt Infections Vol. 1_1151
Etiology of Hydrocephalus Vol. 1_1151
Patient Age and Nutritional Status Vol. 1_1151
Surgical Technique Vol. 1_1151
Presentation and Clinical Features of Shunt Infection Vol. 1_1152
Mechanisms for Entry of Bacteria Into Shunts Vol. 1_1153
Microbiology and Pathogenesis Vol. 1_1153
Diagnosis Vol. 1_1153
Treatment Vol. 1_1153
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1154
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1156.e1
Section Five - STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY Vol. 1_1157
Chapter 98 - Interstitial and LINAC-Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases* Vol. 1_1159
Radiosurgical Techniques Vol. 1_1159
Linac-Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery Vol. 1_1160
Singular or Solitary Metastasis Vol. 1_1161
Number and Size of Metastases Vol. 1_1161
Clinical Condition of the Patient Vol. 1_1161
Location of the Metastases Vol. 1_1162
Neurologic Symptoms Caused by Metastases Vol. 1_1162
Prognosis Vol. 1_1162
Interstitial Radiosurgery with I-125 Seeds Vol. 1_1162
Temporary Versus Permanent Interstitial Radiosurgery Vol. 1_1162
Interstitial Radiosurgery Versus SRS Vol. 1_1162
Absorbed Dose Rates Vol. 1_1162
Treatment Planning Vol. 1_1163
Radiation Parameters for Temporary I-125 Seeds Vol. 1_1164
Discussion Vol. 1_1164
Conclusions Vol. 1_1165
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1165
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1166.e1
Chapter 99 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia Vol. 1_1167
Historical Background Vol. 1_1167
Indications Vol. 1_1167
Gamma Knife Technique Vol. 1_1167
Linear Accelerator Vol. 1_1168
Cyberknife Technique Vol. 1_1168
Ideal Dosage and Targeting Vol. 1_1169
Outcomes Vol. 1_1170
Comparison of Radiosurgery as Whole to Other Treatment Modalities Vol. 1_1170
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1171
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1172.e1
Chapter 100 - CyberKnife Radiosurgery for Spinal Neoplasms Vol. 1_1173
Technology Overview Vol. 1_1173
Treatment Details Vol. 1_1173
Indications Vol. 1_1174
Extradural Metastases Vol. 1_1174
Intradural Metastases Vol. 1_1175
Primary Intramedullary Lesions Vol. 1_1175
Intradural, Extramedullary Lesions Vol. 1_1176
Treatment Failures and Complications Vol. 1_1177
Summary Vol. 1_1179
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1180
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1180.e1
Chapter 101 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pituitary Adenomas Vol. 1_1181
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Producing Tumors Vol. 1_1181
Growth Hormone–Producing Tumors Vol. 1_1183
Prolactin-Producing Tumors Vol. 1_1183
Nonfunctional Adenomas Vol. 1_1183
Complications Vol. 1_1184
Summary Vol. 1_1185
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1185
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1186.e1
Chapter 102 - Radiation Therapy and Radiosurgery in the Management of Craniopharyngiomas Vol. 1_1187
Surgical Outcomes Vol. 1_1187
Radiation Therapy for Craniopharyngiomas Vol. 1_1188
Cyberknife SRS for Craniopharyngiomas: Our Experience Vol. 1_1189
Conclusion Vol. 1_1191
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1192
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1192.e1
Chapter 103 - Vestibular Schwannomas: The Role of Stereotactic Radiosurgery Vol. 1_1193
Observation with Serial Imaging Vol. 1_1193
Considering Radiosurgery Versus Surgical Resection Vol. 1_1193
The Patients’ Perspective on Resection Vol. 1_1194
Stereotactic Radiosurgery Vol. 1_1194
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Clinical Results Vol. 1_1197
Proton Beam Radiosurgery: Clinical Results Vol. 1_1198
Linac Radiosurgery: Clinical Results Vol. 1_1199
Stereotactic Radiation Therapy: Clinical Results Vol. 1_1199
Comparison of Radiosurgery and Microsurgery Options Vol. 1_1200
Summary Vol. 1_1201
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1201
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1202.e1
Chapter 104 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery Meningiomas Vol. 1_1203
Epidemiology Vol. 1_1203
Citopathology Vol. 1_1203
Treatment Options Vol. 1_1203
Targeting Update Vol. 1_1208
Irradiation Techniques and Modalities Vol. 1_1208
Radiobiology Vol. 1_1213
Radiosurgery Treatment Results Vol. 1_1214
Special Issues Vol. 1_1215
The Future Vol. 1_1221
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1221
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1222.e1
Chapter 105 - Role of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in the Management of Arteriovenous Malformations Vol. 1_1223
Radiosurgical Treatment of Arteriovenous Malformations Vol. 1_1223
Improved Imaging in Radiosurgery Vol. 1_1224
Patients Characteristics Vol. 1_1228
Results Vol. 1_1228
Complications Vol. 1_1228
Discussion Vol. 1_1228
The (Controversial) Role of Embolization Vol. 1_1229
Conclusion Vol. 1_1231
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1232
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1234.e1
Chapter 106 - Radiation Therapy of Epilepsy Vol. 1_1235
History Vol. 1_1235
Modern Indications Vol. 1_1235
Preoperative Evaluation Vol. 1_1236
Surgical Approaches Vol. 1_1236
Surgical Morbidity Vol. 1_1238
Outcomes Vol. 1_1238
Conclusions Vol. 1_1239
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1239
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1240.e1
Chapter 107 - Gamma Surgery for Functional Disorders Vol. 1_1241
Gamma Surgery for Pain Vol. 1_1241
Gamma Surgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia Vol. 1_1241
Gamma Surgery for Movement Disorders Vol. 1_1243
Gamma Surgery for Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis Vol. 1_1244
Gamma Surgery for Epilepsy Vol. 1_1245
Conclusions Vol. 1_1247
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 1_1247
REFERENCES Vol. 1_1248.e1
INDEX Vol. 1_I-1
Volume 2 Vol. 2_Cover
Front Cover Vol. 2_Cover
SCHMIDEK & SWEET Operative Neurosurgical Techniques: Indications, Methods, and Results Vol. 2_i
Copyright Vol. 2_ii
Dedication Vol. 2_iii
Section Editors Vol. 2_v
Contributors Vol. 2_vii
Preface Vol. 2_xli
Contents Vol. 2_xliii
Video Contents Vol. 2_li
Section Six - FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY Vol. 2_1249
Chapter 108 - Presurgical Evaluation for Epilepsy Including Intracranial Electrodes Vol. 2_1251
Medically Intractable Epilepsy Vol. 2_1251
Patients’ Perceptions Vol. 2_1251
Phase 1 Testing: Noninvasive Studies Vol. 2_1251
Phase II Testing: Invasive Studies Vol. 2_1257
Complications Vol. 2_1262
Paradigm of Surgical Treatment Vol. 2_1263
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1263
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1264.e1
Chapter 109 - Temporal Lobe Operations in Intractable Epilepsy Vol. 2_1265
History Vol. 2_1265
Indications and Patient Selection Vol. 2_1265
Surgical Procedure Vol. 2_1265
Outcomes Vol. 2_1270
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1272
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1272.e1
Chapter 110 - Surgical Management of Extratemporal Lobe Epilepsy Vol. 2_1273
History Vol. 2_1273
Anterior Thalamic Nucleus Stimulation Vol. 2_1274
Centromedian Thalamic Stimulation Vol. 2_1275
Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation Vol. 2_1275
Other Deep Brain Targets Vol. 2_1275
Patient Selection Vol. 2_1276
Operative Technique Vol. 2_1276
Complications Vol. 2_1276
Closed-Loop Stimulation Vol. 2_1278
Conclusions Vol. 2_1278
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1279
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1280.e1
Chapter 111 - Multilobar Resection and Hemispherectomy in Epilepsy Surgery* Vol. 2_1281
Hemispherectomy and Hemispheric Disconnection Vol. 2_1286
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1292
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1294.e1
Chapter 112 - Corpus Callosotomy: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1295
Modern Indications Vol. 2_1295
Surgical Approaches Vol. 2_1296
Surgical Morbidity Vol. 2_1297
Outcomes Vol. 2_1298
Conclusions Vol. 2_1298
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1299
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1300.e1
Chapter 113 - Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy by Electrical Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve Vol. 2_1301
Background Vol. 2_1301
Animal Studies Vol. 2_1302
Human Studies and Efficacy Vol. 2_1302
Mechanisms of Action Vol. 2_1302
Patient Selection Vol. 2_1303
Adverse Effects Vol. 2_1303
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1303
Conclusion Vol. 2_1307
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1307
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1308.e1
Chapter 114 - Deep Brain Stimulation in Movement Disorders: Parkinson’s Disease, Essential Tremor, and Dystonia Vol. 2_1309
History Vol. 2_1309
Pathophysiology of PD, Tremor, and Dystonia Vol. 2_1310
Physiologic Effects of Stimulation Vol. 2_1312
Patient Selection Vol. 2_1312
VIM Stimulation Vol. 2_1313
STN Stimulation Vol. 2_1314
GPI Stimulation Vol. 2_1315
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1317
Hardware Vol. 2_1318
Programming Vol. 2_1318
Complications Vol. 2_1319
Conclusions Vol. 2_1319
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1319
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1320.e1
Chapter 115 - Cervical Dystonia and Spasmodic Torticollis: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1321
History of Dystonic Conditions Vol. 2_1321
Epidemiology Vol. 2_1321
Classification and Etiology Vol. 2_1321
Cervical Dystonia Vol. 2_1322
Treatment Strategies Vol. 2_1322
Surgery for Dystonic Conditions Vol. 2_1323
Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonic Conditions Vol. 2_1324
Clinical Overview of GPi DBS for CD Vol. 2_1325
Conclusion Vol. 2_1326
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1326
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1326.e1
Chapter 116 - Novel Targets in Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders Vol. 2_1327
Current Models of Cortical–Basal Ganglia Networks Vol. 2_1328
Beta Oscillations and Parkinsonian Akinesia Vol. 2_1329
Oscillations Associated with Tremor Vol. 2_1329
Surgical Targets for Tremor Vol. 2_1329
Conclusions Vol. 2_1334
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1334
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1336.e1
Chapter 117 - Molecular Therapies for Movement Disorders Vol. 2_1337
Drug/Chemical Infusions Vol. 2_1337
Growth Factors/Recombinant Proteins Vol. 2_1339
Gene Therapy Vol. 2_1340
Future Vol. 2_1344
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1344
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1346.e1
Chapter 118 - Cingulotomy for Intractable Psychiatric Illness Vol. 2_1347
Historical Developments Vol. 2_1347
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1349
Conclusions Vol. 2_1353
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1353
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1354.e1
Chapter 119 - Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Psychiatric Illness Vol. 2_1355
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Vol. 2_1356
Treatment-Resistant Depression Vol. 2_1357
Tourette Syndrome Vol. 2_1358
Issues and Future Directions Vol. 2_1359
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1359
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1360.e1
Chapter 120 - Brain–Computer Interfacing Prospects and Technical Aspects Vol. 2_1361
Patient Selection Vol. 2_1363
Lead Configuration Vol. 2_1365
Lead Location Vol. 2_1369
Implantation of Electronics Vol. 2_1370
Maintenance Vol. 2_1370
Future Vol. 2_1371
Conclusion Vol. 2_1372
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1372
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1372.e1
Chapter 121 - Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy for Hyperhidrosis Vol. 2_1373
History Vol. 2_1373
Anatomy and Physiology Vol. 2_1373
Operative Technique Vol. 2_1374
Outcomes Vol. 2_1374
Complications Vol. 2_1375
Conclusions Vol. 2_1376
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1376
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1376.e1
Chapter 122 - Surgery for Intractable Spasticity Vol. 2_1377
Surgical Techniques Vol. 2_1377
Decision Making in Adults Vol. 2_1386
Decision Making in Children Vol. 2_1389
Conclusion Vol. 2_1390
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1391
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1392.e1
Chapter 123 - Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis in Trigeminal Neuralgia Vol. 2_1393
History Vol. 2_1393
Probable Mechanisms of Action of Glycerol Vol. 2_1393
Indications Vol. 2_1395
Technique Vol. 2_1395
Anatomic Landmarks and Important Structures Vol. 2_1396
Results Vol. 2_1402
Special Considerations in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 2_1407
Glycerol Rhizolysis in the Treatment of Other Types of Facial Pain Vol. 2_1407
Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis Versus Other Operative Treatments for Trigeminal Neuralgia Vol. 2_1407
Conclusion Vol. 2_1408
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1408
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1408.e1
Chapter 124 - Percutaneous Stereotactic Rhizotomy in the Treatment of Intractable Facial Pain Vol. 2_1409
Indications and Patient Selection Vol. 2_1409
Cannulization, Stimulation, and Lesion Production Vol. 2_1409
Results Vol. 2_1414
Discussion Vol. 2_1415
Summary Vol. 2_1417
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1418
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1418.e1
Chapter 125 - Neurovascular Decompression in Cranial Nerves V, VII, IX, and X Vol. 2_1419
Fifth Cranial Nerve Vol. 2_1419
Seventh Cranial Nerve Vol. 2_1427
Fifth and Seventh Cranial Nerves Vol. 2_1430
Ninth Cranial Nerve Vol. 2_1431
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1432
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1432.e1
Chapter 126 - Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain Vol. 2_1433
History of DBS for Treatment of Chronic Pain Vol. 2_1433
Types of Pain and Targets Vol. 2_1434
Mechanism of Action (of A DBS Device) Vol. 2_1434
Patient Selection and Indications Vol. 2_1435
Classifying Pain (Patient Screening) Vol. 2_1436
DBS Target Selection Vol. 2_1436
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1438
Outcomes Vol. 2_1440
Complications Vol. 2_1441
Conclusions Vol. 2_1441
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1441
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1442.e1
Chapter 127 - Mesencephalic Tractotomy and Anterolateral Cordotomy for Intractable Pain Vol. 2_1443
Mesencephalic Tractotomy Vol. 2_1443
Indications for Stereotactic Mesencephalic Tractotomy Vol. 2_1446
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1447
Results and Complications Vol. 2_1448
Anterolateral Cordotomy Vol. 2_1449
Indications for Stereotactic Percutaneous Cordotomy Vol. 2_1450
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1450
Results and Complications Vol. 2_1451
Future of Neuroablative Stereotactic Pain Procedures Vol. 2_1452
Conclusions Vol. 2_1453
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1453
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1454.e1
Chapter 128 - Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain Vol. 2_1455
Background Vol. 2_1455
Mechanism of Action Vol. 2_1455
Spinal Cord Stimulation Mechanisms in Neuropathic Pain Vol. 2_1455
Spinal Cord Stimulation Mechanisms in Ischemic Pain Vol. 2_1457
Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices Vol. 2_1458
Screening Protocols Vol. 2_1459
Indications for Spinal Cord Stimulation for Pain Vol. 2_1461
Clinical Results Vol. 2_1462
Cost Effectiveness Vol. 2_1465
Conclusion Vol. 2_1467
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1468
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1468.e1
Chapter 129 - Spinal Cord Stimulation and Intraspinal Infusions for Pain* Vol. 2_1469
Mechanism of Action and Device Characteristics Vol. 2_1470
Intraspinal Infusion Systems Vol. 2_1475
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1479
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1480.e1
Chapter 130 - Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions Vol. 2_1481
Anatomy Vol. 2_1481
Indications Vol. 2_1481
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1483
Outcomes Vol. 2_1484
Complications Vol. 2_1485
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1485
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1486.e1
Chapter 131 - Motor Cortex Stimulation for Intractable Facial Pain Vol. 2_1487
Historical Perspective Vol. 2_1487
Mechanism of Action Vol. 2_1487
Indications Vol. 2_1488
Outcomes Vol. 2_1488
Preoperative Considerations Vol. 2_1489
Operative Technique Vol. 2_1489
Staged Procedure for Externalized Testing Vol. 2_1491
Stimulation Regimen Vol. 2_1492
Complications Vol. 2_1492
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1492
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1492.e1
Section Seven - TRAUMA Vol. 2_1493
Chapter 132 - Perioperative Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults Vol. 2_1495
Initial Neurologic Assessment Vol. 2_1495
TBI Classification Vol. 2_1496
Cerebral Ischemia Vol. 2_1497
Intracranial Hypertension Vol. 2_1499
Management Paradigms Vol. 2_1507
TBI and the Elderly Vol. 2_1511
Neuroprotective Interventions in TBI Vol. 2_1511
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1512
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1512.e1
Chapter 133 - Surgical Management of Severe Closed Head Injury in Adults Vol. 2_1513
Epidemiology Vol. 2_1514
Classification Schemes for TBI Vol. 2_1514
Biomechanics of TBI Vol. 2_1516
Historical Studies on TBI: Pioneering Research By Ramón y Cajal Vol. 2_1518
Neuropathology of TBI Vol. 2_1519
Intracranial Hemorrhages Vol. 2_1520
Cerebral Contusions: Major Gray Matter Focal Lesions After TBI Vol. 2_1521
Neuroradiologic Diagnostic Methods in TBI Vol. 2_1523
Surgical Treatment of TBI Vol. 2_1526
Surgical Treatment of Depressed Skull Fractures Vol. 2_1526
Post-Traumatic Intracranial Hematomas: Surgical Versus Nonoperative Management Vol. 2_1528
High ICP and ICP Monitoring in TBI Vol. 2_1528
Surgical Timing in Post-Traumatic Lesions Vol. 2_1528
Acute EDH Vol. 2_1529
Acute SDH Vol. 2_1531
Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Parenchymal Lesions Vol. 2_1533
Posterior Fossa Hematomas Vol. 2_1536
Prognosis of Severe Head Injury Vol. 2_1537
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Vol. 2_1538
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1538
Neuroscience of TBI: Structural and Functional Properties of Brain Tissue Determining the Mechanisms of TBI Vol. 2_1538.e1
Mechanisms of Neurovascular Regulation Coupled with Brain Functions: The Role of the BBB Vol. 2_1538.e1
Consciousness Impairment in TBI Vol. 2_1538.e3
DAI: The Major White Matter Diffuse Lesion After TBI Vol. 2_1538.e6
Traumatic Brain Edema: The Major Gray Matter Diffuse Lesion After TBI Vol. 2_1538.e11
Secondary Brain Damage Caused by Cerebral Ischemia Vol. 2_1538.e13
Molecular Cell Pathophysiology of TBI Vol. 2_1538.e13
Neuronal Dysfunction in TBI Vol. 2_1538.e13
Glial Dysfunction in TBI Vol. 2_1538.e14
Axonal Regeneration After TBI Vol. 2_1538.e16
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1538.e17
Chapter 134 - Management of Penetrating and Blast Injuries of the Nervous System Vol. 2_1539
Historical Aspects Vol. 2_1539
Ballistics Vol. 2_1539
Pathophysiology Vol. 2_1539
Initial Assessment and Resuscitation Vol. 2_1541
Initial Medical Management Vol. 2_1541
Initial Imaging Vol. 2_1542
Decision Making in the Patient with Poor Prognosis Vol. 2_1542
Surgical Management Vol. 2_1543
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Vol. 2_1544
Bone Fragments Vol. 2_1544
Dural Sinus Injuries Vol. 2_1545
Postoperative Management Vol. 2_1545
Post-Traumatic Complications Vol. 2_1546
Cranioplasty Vol. 2_1547
Cranial Stab Wounds Vol. 2_1547
Outcomes Vol. 2_1548
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1548
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1550.e1
Chapter 135 - Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury Vol. 2_1551
Introduction Vol. 2_1551
Historical perspective Vol. 2_1551
Current Evidence Vol. 2_1552
Indications and Timing Vol. 2_1552
Prognostic Factors Vol. 2_1553
Preoperative Evaluation Vol. 2_1553
Technique Vol. 2_1553
Complications Vol. 2_1556
Future Directions Vol. 2_1556
Conclusions Vol. 2_1557
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1557
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1558.e1
Chapter 136 - Management of Skull Base Trauma Vol. 2_1559
General Management Vol. 2_1559
Anesthesia and Perioperative Considerations Vol. 2_1559
Graft Repair Options Vol. 2_1559
Skull Base Fractures Vol. 2_1560
Decompressions for Skull Base Trauma Vol. 2_1565
Repair of Traumatic Skull Base CSF Fistula Vol. 2_1568
Conclusions Vol. 2_1572
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1572
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1572.e1
Chapter 137 - Surgical Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Adults Vol. 2_1573
Epidemiology Vol. 2_1573
Pathogenesis Vol. 2_1573
Clinical Features Vol. 2_1573
Radiologic Evaluation Vol. 2_1573
Treatment Vol. 2_1574
Outcome Vol. 2_1576
Conclusion Vol. 2_1578
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1578
References Vol. 2_1578.e1
Chapter 138 - Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks Vol. 2_1579
Historical Overview Vol. 2_1579
Conventions and Definitions Vol. 2_1580
Cause and Epidemiology Vol. 2_1580
Pneumocephalus Vol. 2_1581
Meningitis Vol. 2_1581
Defining and Localizing a Fistula Vol. 2_1581
Anatomic Considerations: Sites of Leakage Vol. 2_1583
High-Pressure Versus Low-Pressure Leaks Vol. 2_1584
Initial Management Vol. 2_1584
External Drainage of Cerebrospinal Fluid Vol. 2_1584
Operative Management Vol. 2_1585
Conclusions Vol. 2_1594
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1594
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1596.e1
Chapter 139 - Principles of Scalp Surgery and Surgical Management of Major Defects of Scalp Vol. 2_1597
Anatomy of the Scalp Vol. 2_1597
Planning Scalp Incisions Vol. 2_1597
Lacerations of the Scalp Vol. 2_1598
Wounds with Tissue Loss Vol. 2_1598
Local Advancement (Galeal Scoring) Vol. 2_1598
Skin Grafts Vol. 2_1598
Flaps Vol. 2_1600
Free Flaps Vol. 2_1602
Tissue Expansion Vol. 2_1603
Conclusions Vol. 2_1605
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1606
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1606.e1
Chapter 140 - Surgical Management of Major Skull Defects and Potential Complications Vol. 2_1607
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1610
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1610.e1
Chapter 141 - Management of Traumatic Intracranial Aneurysms Vol. 2_1611
Pathology Vol. 2_1611
Physiopathology Vol. 2_1611
Clinical Presentation Vol. 2_1613
Diagnosis Vol. 2_1614
Treatment Vol. 2_1616
Niguarda’s Experience Vol. 2_1617
Conclusions Vol. 2_1617
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1617
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1618.e1
Chapter 142 - Management of Penetrating Brain Injury Vol. 2_1619
Epidemiology Vol. 2_1619
History Vol. 2_1619
Pathophysiology Vol. 2_1619
Initial Management: Basic Advanced Trauma Life Support Guidelines Vol. 2_1620
PBI-Specific Medical Management Vol. 2_1620
Surgical Management Vol. 2_1622
Postoperative Management Vol. 2_1626
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1628
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1628.e1
Section Eight - SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS Vol. 2_1629
Chapter 143 - Management of Suppurative Intracranial Infections Vol. 2_1631
Pathogenesis Vol. 2_1631
Bacteriology Vol. 2_1632
Clinical Presentation Vol. 2_1634
Diagnosis Vol. 2_1635
Treatment Vol. 2_1637
Osteomyelitis of the Skull Vol. 2_1639
Cranial Epidural Abscess Vol. 2_1640
Subdural Empyema Vol. 2_1640
Prognosis Vol. 2_1641
Conclusions Vol. 2_1641
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1641
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1642.e1
Chapter 144 - Management of Infections After Craniotomy Vol. 2_1643
Incidence Vol. 2_1643
Factors Affecting Infection Rate Vol. 2_1643
Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Vol. 2_1643
Prophylactic Antimicrobials in Craniotomy Vol. 2_1644
Postcraniotomy Infections Vol. 2_1644
Summary Vol. 2_1647
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1647
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1648.e1
Chapter 145 - Spinal Infections: Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spinal Epidural Abscess Vol. 2_1649
Introduction Vol. 2_1649
Epidemiology of Spinal Infection Vol. 2_1649
Risk Factors for Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spinal Epidural Abscess Vol. 2_1649
Clinical Presentation Vol. 2_1650
Management and Treatment Vol. 2_1652
Outcomes Vol. 2_1657
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1658
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1658.e1
Chapter 146 - Neurosurgical Management of HIV-Related Focal Brain Lesions Vol. 2_1659
Epidemiology Vol. 2_1659
Patient Considerations Vol. 2_1659
Risk to Surgeons Operating on HIV-Positive Patients Vol. 2_1660
Preoperative Evaluation Vol. 2_1660
Surgery Vol. 2_1661
Discussion Vol. 2_1663
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1666
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1666.e1
Chapter 147 - Management of Neurocysticercosis Vol. 2_1667
Historical Background Vol. 2_1667
Epidemiology Vol. 2_1667
Parasitic Life Cycle Vol. 2_1667
Pathogenesis and Microscopic Appearance Vol. 2_1669
Clinical Manifestations Vol. 2_1670
Diagnosis Vol. 2_1670
Pharmacologic Treatment Vol. 2_1673
Surgical Treatment Vol. 2_1676
Prevention and Sanitary Recommendations Vol. 2_1677
Conclusions Vol. 2_1678
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1678
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1678.e1
Chapter 148 - Management of Tuberculous Infections of the Nervous System Vol. 2_1679
HIV and TB Coinfection Vol. 2_1679
Tuberculomas Vol. 2_1679
Tuberculous Meningitis Vol. 2_1685
Tuberculous Spinal Arachnoiditis Vol. 2_1689
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1690
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1690.e1
Chapter 149 - Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System Vol. 2_1691
Historical Aspects Vol. 2_1691
Classification and Epidemiology Vol. 2_1692
Prevalence, Dispersion, and Infection Vol. 2_1692
Routes of Dissemination Vol. 2_1692
Host Susceptibility and Fungal Virulence Vol. 2_1695
Pathogenesis Vol. 2_1695
Pseudomycetes Causing Infections of the Nervous System Vol. 2_1696
Septate Hyphae Causing Infections of the Nervous System Vol. 2_1707
Nonseptate Hyphae Causing Infections of the Nervous System (Phycomycosis, Zygomycosis, Mucormycosis) Vol. 2_1712
Fungi-Like Bacteria: Actinomycetes Causing Infections of the Nervous System Vol. 2_1716
Management of CNS Fungal Infections Vol. 2_1720
Clinical Syndromes of CNS Fungal Infections Vol. 2_1720
Antifungal Chemotherapy Vol. 2_1729
Antifungal Therapy in Intensive Care Units Vol. 2_1731
Summary Vol. 2_1731
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1731
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1732.e1
Chapter 150 - Management of Intracranial Aneurysms Caused by Infection Vol. 2_1733
Natural History and Presentation Vol. 2_1733
Pathogenesis Vol. 2_1735
Microbiology Vol. 2_1737
Diagnosis Vol. 2_1737
Treatment Vol. 2_1738
Conclusions Vol. 2_1744
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1744
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1744.e1
Section Nine - NEUROSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL DISORDERS Vol. 2_1745
DEGENERATIVE SPINE DISORDER Vol. 2_1747
CERVICAL SPINE Vol. 2_1747
Chapter 151 - Treatment Evolution in Management of Cervical Disc Disease Vol. 2_1747
Historical Development Vol. 2_1747
Laminectomy and Laminoplasty Vol. 2_1748
Posterior Foraminotomy Vol. 2_1749
Anterior Discectomy, Arthrodesis, and Arthroplasty Vol. 2_1750
Anterior Foraminotomy and Endoscopic Foraminotomy Vol. 2_1753
Cervical Arthroplasty Vol. 2_1753
Future Trends Vol. 2_1755
Conclusion Vol. 2_1755
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1755
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1756.e1
Chapter 152 - Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy (Jho Procedure): Microscopic or Endoscopic Vol. 2_1757
Surgical Indications and Preparation Vol. 2_1758
Surgical Tools and Techniques Vol. 2_1758
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1760
Postoperative Management Vol. 2_1766
Results Vol. 2_1767
Discussion Vol. 2_1768
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1769
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1770.e1
Chapter 153 - Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Microdiscectomy Vol. 2_1771
Positioning Vol. 2_1772
Localization Vol. 2_1772
Approach Vol. 2_1773
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1774
Closure Vol. 2_1775
Complications Vol. 2_1775
Conclusion Vol. 2_1775
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1776
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1776.e1
Chapter 154 - Disc Replacement Technologies in the Cervical and Lumbar Spine Vol. 2_1777
Background Considerations Vol. 2_1777
General Considerations Vol. 2_1778
Operative Procedure Vol. 2_1779
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1788
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1788.e1
Chapter 155 - Anterior Approaches for Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis Vol. 2_1789
Pathophysiology of Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis Vol. 2_1789
Diagnosis Vol. 2_1790
Surgery for Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis Vol. 2_1790
Conclusion Vol. 2_1798
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1800
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1800.e1
Chapter 156 - Management of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Vol. 2_1801
Pathologic Anatomy and Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Vol. 2_1801
Patient Presentation and Physical Examination Vol. 2_1802
Radiologic Evaluation Vol. 2_1803
Nonsurgical Treatment Vol. 2_1804
Operative Management Vol. 2_1804
Technique: Ventral Cervical Spine Approach Vol. 2_1806
Complications Associated with Ventral Approach to the Cervical Spine Vol. 2_1808
Operative Management Vol. 2_1809
Technique: Dorsal Cervical Spine Approach Vol. 2_1810
Results Vol. 2_1811
Conclusion Vol. 2_1812
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1813
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1814.e1
Chapter 157 - Cervical Laminoplasty: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1815
Results of Cervical Laminoplasties Vol. 2_1815
Types of Cervical Laminoplasty Vol. 2_1819
Techniques and Materials Vol. 2_1820
En Bloc Laminoplasty Vol. 2_1823
Postoperative Care Vol. 2_1823
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1824
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1824.e1
Chapter 158 - Circumferential Cervical Spinal Fusion Vol. 2_1825
The Rationale for Circumferential Surgery Vol. 2_1825
History Vol. 2_1825
Technique Vol. 2_1826
Complications Vol. 2_1830
Conclusions Vol. 2_1831
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1831
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1832.e1
Chapter 159 - Surgical Techniques in the Management of Thoracic Disc Herniations Vol. 2_1833
Important Concepts Vol. 2_1833
Intraoperative Localization Vol. 2_1835
Description of Individual Procedures Vol. 2_1835
Transsternal Approach to Thoracic Spine (T1-5) Vol. 2_1841
Complications Vol. 2_1841
Conclusion Vol. 2_1842
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1842
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1842.e1
Chapter 160 - Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Discectomy: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1843
History Vol. 2_1843
Surgical Anatomy Vol. 2_1844
Preoperative Evaluation Vol. 2_1846
Surgical Indications Vol. 2_1847
Anesthesia Vol. 2_1847
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1848
Outcomes and Complications Vol. 2_1850
Conclusions Vol. 2_1851
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1851
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1852.e1
Chapter 161 - Lumbar Microdiscectomy: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1853
History Vol. 2_1853
Pathophysiology Vol. 2_1853
Patient Evaluation and Surgical Indications Vol. 2_1854
Preparation Vol. 2_1856
Technique Vol. 2_1858
Postoperative Care Vol. 2_1861
Complications Vol. 2_1861
Outcomes Vol. 2_1863
Conclusions Vol. 2_1863
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1863
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1864.e1
Chapter 162 - Minimally Invasive Lumbar Microdiscectomy: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1865
Patient Positioning and Room Setup Vol. 2_1865
Technique Vol. 2_1866
Postoperative Care Vol. 2_1869
Complication Avoidance and Lessons Learned Vol. 2_1869
Conclusion Vol. 2_1869
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1870
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1870.e1
Chapter 163 - Management of Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniations Vol. 2_1871
Materials and Methods Vol. 2_1872
Other Pathology Contributing to Far Lateral Root Compromise Vol. 2_1874
Neurodiagnostic Evaluations Vol. 2_1875
Conservative Management Vol. 2_1877
Critical Adjuncts to Far Lateral Disc Surgery Vol. 2_1877
Different Facet Resection Techniques Vol. 2_1877
Fusion Vol. 2_1879
Preoperative Psychometric Testing Used for Patient Selection Vol. 2_1880
Outcomes of Far Lateral Disc Surgery Vol. 2_1880
Far Lateral Disc Procedures Vol. 2_1880
Outcomes Vol. 2_1881
Common Errors In Far Lateral Disc Surgery Vol. 2_1881
Outcome Study of Far Lateral Disc Surgery Using SF-36 Vol. 2_1881
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1882
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1882.e1
Chapter 164 - Lumbar Spinal Arthroplasty: Clinical Experiences of Motion Preservation Vol. 2_1883
Materials and Methods Vol. 2_1883
Results Vol. 2_1883
Discussion Vol. 2_1887
Total Disc Replacement Surgery Vol. 2_1887
Revision Techniques Vol. 2_1888
Long-Term Follow-Up of Tdr Patients Vol. 2_1888
Conclusion Vol. 2_1888
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1889
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1890.e1
Chapter 165 - Management of Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis and Spondylolisthesis Vol. 2_1891
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Vol. 2_1891
Spinal Stenosis with Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Vol. 2_1894
Case Illustrations and Operative Procedures Vol. 2_1896
Conclusions Vol. 2_1897
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1897
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1898.e1
Chapter 166 - Posterior Lumbar Fusion by Open Technique: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1899
History of Fusion Vol. 2_1899
Indications for a Fusion Vol. 2_1899
Assessment Before a Fusion Operation Vol. 2_1912
Fusing the Aging Spine Vol. 2_1915
Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Vol. 2_1916
Techniques Vol. 2_1917
Intraoperative Electrophysiologic Monitoring and Lumbar Fusion Vol. 2_1919
Adjuvant Osteoinductive Biological Agents: Bone Morphogenetic Protein Vol. 2_1920
Adjunct External Bone Stimulation Vol. 2_1921
Complications After Fusion Surgery Vol. 2_1922
Postoperative Bracing Vol. 2_1927
Radiologic Assessment of Successful Fusion Vol. 2_1927
Economics of Lumbar Spinal Fusion Vol. 2_1928
Future Directions In Lumbar Spinal Fusion Vol. 2_1928
Conclusions Vol. 2_1929
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1929
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1930.e1
Chapter 167 - Percutaneous Placement of Lumbar Pedicle Screws: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1931
Introduction Vol. 2_1931
Indications and Preoperative Assessment Vol. 2_1931
Operative Techniques Vol. 2_1931
Outcomes Vol. 2_1934
Results Vol. 2_1936
Case Vol. 2_1936
Discussion Vol. 2_1936
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1937
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1938.e1
Chapter 168 - Dynamic Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1939
Biomechanical Rationale Vol. 2_1939
System Designs with Biomechanical and Clinical Outcomes Vol. 2_1941
Surgical Techniques and Complication Management Vol. 2_1945
Conclusions Vol. 2_1946
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1946
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1946.e1
Chapter 169 - Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Vol. 2_1947
Patient Selection Vol. 2_1947
Open PLIF Vol. 2_1947
Minimally Invasive Spine PLIF Vol. 2_1948
Complications of PLIF Vol. 2_1950
Conclusion Vol. 2_1950
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1950
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1950.e1
Chapter 170 - Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1951
Indications Vol. 2_1951
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1951
Minimally Incisional TLIF Vol. 2_1952
Postoperative Care Vol. 2_1953
Outcomes Vol. 2_1953
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1954
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1954.e1
Chapter 171 - Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1955
History Vol. 2_1955
Advantages Vol. 2_1955
Indications Vol. 2_1955
Contraindications Vol. 2_1955
Preoperative Evaluation Vol. 2_1956
Operative Technique Vol. 2_1956
Complications Vol. 2_1959
Conclusion Vol. 2_1960
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1961
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1962.e1
Chapter 172 - Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1963
Indications and Contraindications Vol. 2_1963
Clinical Results Vol. 2_1964
Surgical Anatomy Vol. 2_1964
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_1966
Limitations and Potential Complications of LLIF Vol. 2_1971
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1972
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1972.e1
Chapter 173 - Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_1973
Indications Vol. 2_1973
Contraindications Vol. 2_1973
Preprocedure Evaluation Vol. 2_1974
Procedure: Vertebroplasty Vol. 2_1975
Procedure: Kyphoplasty Vol. 2_1978
Risks Vol. 2_1979
Benefits Vol. 2_1981
Future Directions Vol. 2_1982
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1983
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1984.e1
Chapter 174 - Management of Injuries of the Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord Vol. 2_1985
Upper Cervical Spine Vol. 2_1985
Atlas (C1) Vol. 2_1986
C1 Posterior Arch Fracture Vol. 2_1986
C1 Lateral Mass Fracture Vol. 2_1986
Horizontal Fractures of the Anterior Arch Vol. 2_1986
Axis (C2) Vol. 2_1986
Odontoid Fracture Vol. 2_1986
Posterior Element and Hangman’s Fracture Vol. 2_1987
Body and Complex Vol. 2_1988
Subaxial Spine Vol. 2_1988
Penetrating Injuries Vol. 2_1990
Spinal Cord Injury Vol. 2_1990
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_1992
REFERENCES Vol. 2_1992.e1
Chapter 175 - Transoral Approaches to the Cervical Spine Vol. 2_1993
Introduction Vol. 2_1993
Pathology Vol. 2_1993
Anatomy Vol. 2_1993
Preoperative Considerations Vol. 2_1994
Transoral-Transpharyngeal Approach With or Without Palatotomy Vol. 2_1994
Endoscopy in Transoral Surgery Vol. 2_1996
Transoral-Transpharyngeal Plus Maxillary Osteotomy Vol. 2_1996
Transoral-Transpharyngeal Plus Transmandibular Circumglossal Approach Vol. 2_1997
Transcervical Endoscopic Odontoidectomy Vol. 2_1998
Discussion Vol. 2_1999
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2000
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2002.e1
Chapter 176 - Atlantoaxial Instability and Stabilization Vol. 2_2003
Anatomic Considerations in Treating C1 and C2 Injuries Vol. 2_2003
Indications for Fixation Vol. 2_2003
Dorsal Wiring Techniques Vol. 2_2005
Screw Fixation Techniques Vol. 2_2007
Conclusion Vol. 2_2011
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2012
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2012.e1
Chapter 177 - Stabilization of the Subaxial Cervical Spine (C3–C7) Vol. 2_2013
Anterior Stabilization Techniques Vol. 2_2013
Posterior Stabilization Techniques Vol. 2_2018
Cervicothoracic Fixation Vol. 2_2024
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2026
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2026.e1
Chapter 178 - Thoracolumbar Anterolateral and Posterior Stabilization Vol. 2_2027
Posterior Stabilization Vol. 2_2028
Anterolateral Approach Vol. 2_2030
Discussion Vol. 2_2033
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2034
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2034.e1
Chapter 179 - Management of Sacral Fractures Vol. 2_2035
Anatomic and Biomechanical Considerations Vol. 2_2035
Classification Vol. 2_2036
Evaluation Vol. 2_2039
General Treatment Principles Vol. 2_2040
Neural Decompression Vol. 2_2042
Surgical Stabilization Techniques Vol. 2_2043
Conclusions Vol. 2_2044
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2044
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2046.e1
Chapter 180 - Management of Penetrating Injuries to the Spine Vol. 2_2047
Incidence and Classification Vol. 2_2047
Clinical Evaluation Vol. 2_2047
Clinical Management Vol. 2_2048
Nonsurgical Management Vol. 2_2050
Surgical Treatment Vol. 2_2050
Results Vol. 2_2052
Conclusions Vol. 2_2054
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2054
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2054.e1
Chapter 181 - Craniovertebral Abnormalities and Their Neurosurgical Management Vol. 2_2055
History Vol. 2_2055
Embryology and Anatomy Vol. 2_2055
Signs and Symptoms Vol. 2_2057
Diagnostic Investigations Vol. 2_2058
Operative Techniques Vol. 2_2060
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2070
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2070.e1
Chapter 182 - Management of Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia Vol. 2_2071
Definition and History Vol. 2_2071
Development Vol. 2_2072
Clinical Characteristics Vol. 2_2073
Diagnostic Evaluation Vol. 2_2075
Surgical Management Vol. 2_2076
Summary Vol. 2_2079
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2079
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2080.e1
Chapter 183 - Management of Occult Spinal Dysraphism in Adults Vol. 2_2081
Embryologic Considerations Vol. 2_2081
Presentation and Physical Examination Vol. 2_2081
Radiographic Assessment Vol. 2_2083
Pathologic Subtypes of Occult Spinal Dysraphism Vol. 2_2085
Surgical Decision Making In Adult Tethered Cord Syndrome Vol. 2_2089
Surgical Outcome Vol. 2_2090
Conclusion Vol. 2_2090
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2090
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2090.e1
Chapter 184 - Neurologic Problems of the Spine in Achondroplasia Vol. 2_2091
Causes and Pathophysiology Vol. 2_2091
Evaluation and Diagnosis Vol. 2_2092
Conclusion Vol. 2_2099
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2099
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2100.e1
Chapter 185 - Management of Degenerative Scoliosis Vol. 2_2101
Terminology Vol. 2_2101
Clinical Presentation Vol. 2_2101
Radiographic Evaluation Vol. 2_2101
Classification Systems Vol. 2_2103
Management Vol. 2_2105
Outcomes Vol. 2_2108
Complications Vol. 2_2109
Conclusions Vol. 2_2110
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2110
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2110.e1
Chapter 186 - Surgical Management of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Adults Vol. 2_2111
Anatomy Vol. 2_2111
Incidence, Types, and Prognosis Vol. 2_2112
Clinical Considerations Vol. 2_2117
Imaging Vol. 2_2118
Differential Diagnosis Vol. 2_2119
Intraoperative Electrophysiologic Monitoring Vol. 2_2119
Operative Procedure Vol. 2_2122
Outcome Vol. 2_2124
Postoperative Strategy Vol. 2_2124
Summary and Conclusions Vol. 2_2125
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2125
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2126.e1
Chapter 187 - Intradural Extramedullary Tumors Vol. 2_2127
Introduction Vol. 2_2127
Histology Vol. 2_2127
Indications Vol. 2_2127
Surgical Considerations Vol. 2_2127
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2133
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2134.e1
Chapter 188 - Management of Spinal Cord Tumors and Arteriovenous Malformations Vol. 2_2135
Introduction Vol. 2_2135
Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors Vol. 2_2135
Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations Vol. 2_2143
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2151
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2152.e1
Chapter 189 - Management of Cauda Equina Tumors Vol. 2_2153
Definition of Cauda Equina Tumors Vol. 2_2153
Clinical Presentation Vol. 2_2153
Diagnostic Evaluation Vol. 2_2154
Management Decisions Vol. 2_2154
Surgical Technique Vol. 2_2155
Histologic Findings and their Consequences Vol. 2_2155
Follow-Up and Long-Term Outcome Vol. 2_2164
Conclusion Vol. 2_2166
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2167
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2168.e1
Chapter 190 - Management of Primary Malignant Tumors of the Osseous Spine Vol. 2_2169
Classification Vol. 2_2169
Indications for En Bloc Resection Vol. 2_2170
Preoperative Planning Vol. 2_2170
Operative Techniques Vol. 2_2171
Postoperative Care and Rehabilitation Vol. 2_2175
Complications Vol. 2_2175
Summary Vol. 2_2175
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2176
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2176.e1
Chapter 191 - Surgical Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction Vol. 2_2177
Clinical Features Vol. 2_2178
Preoperative Evaluation Vol. 2_2178
Approach-Related Surgical Anatomy Vol. 2_2178
Cervicothoracic Biomechanics Vol. 2_2181
Choice of Surgical Approach Vol. 2_2182
Anesthetic Considerations Vol. 2_2183
Surgical Techniques Vol. 2_2183
Reconstruction and Stabilization Vol. 2_2187
Discussion and Conclusion Vol. 2_2190
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2191
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2192.e1
Chapter 192 - Surgery for Metastatic Spine Disease Vol. 2_2193
Mechanism of Spread to the Spine Vol. 2_2193
Classification of Spine Tumors Vol. 2_2193
Management Vol. 2_2193
Selecting Patients for Surgical Intervention Vol. 2_2194
Determining the Surgical Approach Vol. 2_2194
Percutaneous Biopsy Vol. 2_2196
Assessing Instability in Spinal Metastatic Disease Vol. 2_2197
Radical Resection Vol. 2_2198
Minimally Invasive Tumor Resection Vol. 2_2198
Spinal Radiosurgery Vol. 2_2198
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty Vol. 2_2198
Conclusions Vol. 2_2199
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2199
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2200.e1
Chapter 193 - Surgical Resection of Sacral Tumors Vol. 2_2201
Anatomy Vol. 2_2201
Diagnosis Vol. 2_2203
Pathology Vol. 2_2204
Surgical Treatment Vol. 2_2207
Postoperative Care and Complication Avoidance Vol. 2_2215
Conclusions Vol. 2_2216
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2216
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2216.e1
Chapter 194 - Surgical Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage after Spinal Surgery Vol. 2_2217
Incidence and Prevalence Vol. 2_2217
Specific Regions and Surgical Approaches Vol. 2_2217
Signs and Symptoms Vol. 2_2218
Diagnosis Vol. 2_2218
Treatment Vol. 2_2218
Summary Vol. 2_2220
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2222
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2222.e1
Section Ten - SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Vol. 2_2223
Chapter 195 - Peripheral Nerve Injury Vol. 2_2225
Classification Vol. 2_2225
Preoperative Assessment Vol. 2_2227
Operative Management Vol. 2_2230
Mechanisms and Treatment of Specific Nerve Injuries Vol. 2_2233
Confounding Disorders Vol. 2_2236
Pain Management Following Nerve Injury Vol. 2_2237
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2237
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2238.e1
Chapter 196 - Imaging for Peripheral Nerve Disorders Vol. 2_2239
Diffusion and Diffusion Tensor Neurography Techniques Vol. 2_2239
T2-Based Neurography Vol. 2_2240
Classes of Image Findings Vol. 2_2240
Imaging in The Setting of Nerve Entrapment and Pain Vol. 2_2240
Nerve Trauma Vol. 2_2243
Nerve Tumors Vol. 2_2244
Imaging of Denervated Muscle Vol. 2_2244
Open MR-Guided Injections for Diagnosis and Treatment Vol. 2_2244
Conclusions Vol. 2_2244
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2246
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2246.e1
Chapter 197 - Management of Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries Vol. 2_2247
Surgical Anatomy Vol. 2_2247
Diagnosis Vol. 2_2249
Case Illustration: Diagnosis Vol. 2_2249
Diagnosis: Electrical and Imaging Studies Vol. 2_2250
Initial Management, Indications, and Timing of Surgery Vol. 2_2253
Case Illustration: Operative Treatment of Stretch Injury Vol. 2_2256
Results Vol. 2_2256
Complications Vol. 2_2257
Future Directions Vol. 2_2258
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2258
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2260.e1
Chapter 198 - Nerve Transfers: Indications and Techniques Vol. 2_2261
Nerve Transfers (Neurotizations) Vol. 2_2261
General Principles: Surgical Technique Vol. 2_2264
Common Presentations: Strategies and Nerve Transfers Vol. 2_2265
Other Rarely Performed Nerve Transfers Vol. 2_2269
Newer Directions Vol. 2_2271
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2271
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2272.e1
Chapter 199 - Management of Median Nerve Compression Vol. 2_2273
Introduction to Median Nerve Compression Vol. 2_2273
Entrapment of the Median Nerve at the Wrist: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Vol. 2_2274
Entrapment of the Median Nerve by the Supracondylar Process of the Humerus Vol. 2_2281
Median Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow and in the Forearm Vol. 2_2282
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2285
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2286.e1
Chapter 200 - Management of Ulnar Nerve Compression Vol. 2_2287
History Vol. 2_2287
Anatomy Vol. 2_2287
Etiology of Ulnar Nerve Compression Vol. 2_2289
Diagnosis Vol. 2_2289
Differential Diagnosis Vol. 2_2290
Treatment Options Vol. 2_2291
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2297
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2298.e1
Chapter 201 - Management of Entrapment Neuropathies Vol. 2_2299
The Physiopathology of Chronic Nerve Compression Vol. 2_2300
Clinical Features Vol. 2_2300
Management of Compressed Nerves Vol. 2_2300
Ulnar Nerve at the Elbow Vol. 2_2301
Ulnar Nerve at the Wrist Vol. 2_2302
Median Nerve in the Axilla Vol. 2_2302
Median Nerve in the Arm Vol. 2_2303
Median Nerve at Pronator Arcade Vol. 2_2303
Anterior Interosseous Syndrome Vol. 2_2303
Radial Nerve at the Arm Vol. 2_2304
Posterior Interosseous Nerve Vol. 2_2304
Superficial Radial Nerve Vol. 2_2304
Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh Vol. 2_2304
Common Peroneal Nerve Vol. 2_2305
Tibial Nerve at the Ankle Vol. 2_2305
Sciatic Nerve Vol. 2_2305
“Iatropathic Entrapments” Vol. 2_2307
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2307
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2308.e1
Chapter 202 - Management of Nerve Sheath Tumors Involving the Spine Vol. 2_2309
Nerve Sheath Anatomy and Origin of the Nerve Sheath Tumors Vol. 2_2309
Classification and Pathology Vol. 2_2309
Tumor Location Vol. 2_2310
Clinical Presentation Vol. 2_2311
Imaging Features Vol. 2_2311
Differential Diagnosis Vol. 2_2311
Surgical Indications Vol. 2_2311
Surgical Approaches Vol. 2_2312
Surgery in Neurofibromatosis Cases Vol. 2_2314
Case 1 Vol. 2_2315
Case 2 Vol. 2_2315
Case 3 Vol. 2_2315
Conclusions Vol. 2_2316
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2317
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2318.e1
Chapter 203 - Peripheral Nerve Tumors of the Extremities Vol. 2_2319
Presentation Vol. 2_2319
History and Examination Vol. 2_2319
Imaging Vol. 2_2320
Electrophysiologic Studies Vol. 2_2321
Benign Peripheral Nerve Tumors Vol. 2_2321
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Vol. 2_2326
Conclusions Vol. 2_2327
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2327
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2328.e1
Chapter 204 - Management of Cranial Nerve Injuries Vol. 2_2329
Traumatic Olfactory Nerve Injury Vol. 2_2329
Traumatic Optic Nerve Injury Vol. 2_2330
Oculomotor Nerve Vol. 2_2331
Trochlear Nerve Vol. 2_2332
Trigeminal Nerve Vol. 2_2332
Abducens Nerve Vol. 2_2332
Facial Nerve Vol. 2_2333
Vestibulocochclear Nerve Vol. 2_2335
Vagus Nerve Vol. 2_2336
Spinal Accessory Nerve Vol. 2_2336
Vernet’s Syndrome: Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and Spinal Accessory Nerve Vol. 2_2337
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Vol. 2_2337
Hypoglossal Nerve Vol. 2_2337
Collet-Sicard Syndrome: Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal Accessory, and Hypoglossal Nerve Vol. 2_2337
Neck Surgery and Lower Cranial Nerve Injuries Vol. 2_2337
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2338
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2338.e1
Chapter 205 - Management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Vol. 2_2339
Treatment Vol. 2_2340
Surgical Anatomy Vol. 2_2340
Pathogenesis Vol. 2_2340
Diagnosis Vol. 2_2341
Initial Management, Indications, and Timing of Surgery Vol. 2_2344
Clinical Outcomes Following Surgery Vol. 2_2346
Complications Vol. 2_2347
Conclusion Vol. 2_2347
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2348
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2348.e1
Chapter 206 - Nerve-Grafting Procedures for Birth-Related Peripheral Nerve Injuries Vol. 2_2349
Neuropathophysiology Vol. 2_2349
Natural History Vol. 2_2350
Electromyography and Prognosis Vol. 2_2350
Conservative Treatment the First Few Months of Life Vol. 2_2351
Surgical Treatment Vol. 2_2351
Conclusion Vol. 2_2361
KEY REFERENCES Vol. 2_2361
REFERENCES Vol. 2_2362.e1
INDEX Vol. 2_I-1