Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Master the assistive strategies you need to make confident clinical decisions and help improve the quality of life for people with disabilities with this new essentials text. Based on the Human Activity Assistive Technology (HAAT) model developed by Dr. Cook, the book provides the most important coverage of the devices, services, and practices that comprise assistive technology and focuses on the relationship between the human user and the assisted activity within specific contexts. Case studies, illustrations of assistive devices, review questions, and well-developed learning objectives help you focus on the most important areas of assistive technology application.
- UNIQUE! OTA focus provides you with the specific information occupational therapy assistants need to know to implement and utilize assistive technologies.
- Comprehensive coverage includes all areas of assistive technologies.
- The AT industry
- A historical perspective on the industry
- Relevant legislation
- Issues of professional practice
- Service delivery in assistive technologies
- General purpose assistive technologies
- Specific areas of application for assistive technologies
- And more
- Content derived from market leader gives you similar chapters and organization to the Principles text, but has more of a focus on the practical skills and knowledge needed for the implementation of AT.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Essentials of Assistive Technologies | v | ||
| Copyright | vi | ||
| Dedication | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview | 1 | ||
| Assistive technologies: a working definition | 1 | ||
| Definition of Assistive Technology Devices and Services | 2 | ||
| Characterization of Assistive Technologies | 3 | ||
| Assistive versus Rehabilitative or Educational Technologies | 3 | ||
| Low to High Technology | 3 | ||
| Hard and Soft Technologies | 3 | ||
| Appliances versus Tools | 3 | ||
| Minimal to Maximal Technology | 4 | ||
| General versus Specific Technologies | 4 | ||
| Commercial to Custom Technology | 4 | ||
| Universal Design | 4 | ||
| Commercial Assistive Technologies | 5 | ||
| Modified Devices | 5 | ||
| Custom Devices | 5 | ||
| Summary | 6 | ||
| The assistive technology industry | 6 | ||
| The Consumer and Direct Consumer Services | 6 | ||
| The Consumer | 7 | ||
| Characteristics of Direct Consumer Service Programs | 7 | ||
| Basic Research | 8 | ||
| Applied Research | 9 | ||
| Product Development | 9 | ||
| Manufacturing | 9 | ||
| Distribution of Hard Technologies | 9 | ||
| Information and Referral | 10 | ||
| Education | 12 | ||
| Professional practice in assistive technology | 12 | ||
| Who's on First?—Providers of Assistive Technology Services | 12 | ||
| Ethics and Standards of Practice | 14 | ||
| A Code of Ethics for Assistive Technologies: The RESNA Code of Ethics | 14 | ||
| Standards of Practice | 14 | ||
| Quality Assurance | 14 | ||
| Overview | 16 | ||
| Standards for Service Providers | 16 | ||
| Standards for Devices | 17 | ||
| Outcomes of Assistive Technology Delivery | 17 | ||
| Summary | 18 | ||
| References | 18 | ||
| Chapter 2: Framework for Assistive Technologies | 20 | ||
| Human performance and assistive technologies | 20 | ||
| Foundation for a Human Activity Assistive Technology Model | 21 | ||
| A Human Activity Assistive Technology Model | 22 | ||
| The activity | 23 | ||
| The human | 23 | ||
| Skills and Abilities | 24 | ||
| Novice versus Expert User | 25 | ||
| The contexts | 25 | ||
| Physical Context | 26 | ||
| Social Context | 27 | ||
| Cultural Context | 28 | ||
| Institutional Context | 28 | ||
| Extrinsic enablers: the assistive technologies | 29 | ||
| Human-Technology Interface | 30 | ||
| Processor | 30 | ||
| Activity Outputs | 31 | ||
| Environmental Interface | 31 | ||
| Soft Technologies as Extrinsic Enablers | 31 | ||
| Assistive Technology Devices for Specific Applications | 31 | ||
| Application of the haat model: designing assistive technology systems for successful outcomes | 32 | ||
| Assistive Technology System | 32 | ||
| Define Key Activities | 32 | ||
| Consider the Perspective of the User | 33 | ||
| Consider the Environment | 34 | ||
| Selecting the Assistive Technology | 35 | ||
| Allocation of Functions | 35 | ||
| Application of the haat model: a case study | 36 | ||
| Define the Key Activities (The Activity) | 37 | ||
| Consider the Perspective of the User (The Human) | 37 | ||
| Consider the Environment (The Context) | 37 | ||
| Physical Context | 37 | ||
| Social Context | 37 | ||
| Chapter 3: Delivering Assistive Technology Services to the Consumer | 41 | ||
| Principles of assistive technology assessment and intervention | 42 | ||
| Assistive Technology Assessment and Intervention Should Consider All Components of the HAAT Model: Human, Activity, Assisti ... | 42 | ||
| Assistive Technology Intervention Is Enabling | 43 | ||
| Assistive Technology Assessment Is Ongoing and Deliberate | 43 | ||
| Assistive Technology Assessment and Intervention Require Collaboration and a Consumer-Centered Approach | 43 | ||
| Assistive Technology Assessment and Intervention Require an Understanding of How to Gather and Interpret Data | 44 | ||
| Overview of service delivery in assistive technology | 44 | ||
| Referral and Intake | 45 | ||
| Initial Evaluation | 46 | ||
| Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement | 46 | ||
| Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Measurements | 46 | ||
| Needs Identification | 47 | ||
| Skills Evaluation: Sensory | 48 | ||
| Evaluation of Functional Vision | 48 | ||
| Evaluation of Visual Perception | 49 | ||
| Evaluation of Auditory Function | 50 | ||
| Evaluation of Tactile Function | 50 | ||
| Skills Evaluation: Physical | 50 | ||
| Skills Evaluation: Cognitive | 51 | ||
| Skills Evaluation: Language | 52 | ||
| Past Experience with Assistive Technology | 52 | ||
| Evaluation of the Context | 52 | ||
| Matching Device Characteristics to the User's Needs and Skills | 53 | ||
| The Human/Technology Interface | 54 | ||
| The Processor | 54 | ||
| Activity Output | 55 | ||
| The Environmental Interface | 55 | ||
| Physical Construction | 55 | ||
| Evaluating the Match between Characteristics and the Consumer's Skills and Needs | 56 | ||
| Decision Making | 56 | ||
| Recommendations and Report | 57 | ||
| Implementation | 57 | ||
| Ordering and Setup | 57 | ||
| Delivery and Fitting | 57 | ||
| Facilitating Assistive Technology System Performance | 58 | ||
| Training | 58 | ||
| Performance Aids | 59 | ||
| Instructions | 59 | ||
| Follow-up and follow-along | 60 | ||
| The Effects of Errors in Assistive Technology Systems | 61 | ||
| Evaluating the effectiveness of assistive technology services and systems | 62 | ||
| Assistive Technology Abandonment | 62 | ||
| Formal Evaluation | 62 | ||
| Informal Evaluation | 63 | ||
| A final word about funding | 64 | ||
| Public Funding | 64 | ||
| Private Funding | 64 | ||
| Other Sources of Funding | 65 | ||
| Determining Eligibility for Funding | 65 | ||
| Summary | 65 | ||
| References | 65 | ||
| Chapter 4: Seating Systems as Enablers of Function | 67 | ||
| The role of the rehabilitation assistant | 68 | ||
| Overview of Needs Served by Seating | 68 | ||
| Evaluation for Seating | 68 | ||
| Overview of Assessment Process | 69 | ||
| Human Factors | 70 | ||
| Physical Skills or Mat Assessment | 70 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Factors | 70 | ||
| Postural Control | 70 | ||
| Tissue Integrity | 71 | ||
| Respiratory and Circulatory Factors | 71 | ||
| Sensory and Perceptual Skills | 71 | ||
| Cognitive Skills | 72 | ||
| Psychosocial Factors | 72 | ||
| Environmental Considerations | 72 | ||
| Physical Context | 72 | ||
| Social Context | 72 | ||
| Institutional Context | 72 | ||
| Matching Device Characteristics to a Consumer's Needs and Skills | 73 | ||
| Biomechanical principles | 74 | ||
| Kinematics: Study of Motion | 74 | ||
| Kinetics: Forces | 74 | ||
| Types of Forces | 74 | ||
| Pressure | 75 | ||
| Newton's Laws of Motion | 75 | ||
| Friction | 76 | ||
| Sitting Posture and Center of Pressure | 76 | ||
| Principles of seating for postural control | 77 | ||
| Guidelines for Postural Control | 77 | ||
| Pelvis and Lower Extremities | 77 | ||
| Trunk | 80 | ||
| Head and Neck | 82 | ||
| Upper Extremities | 82 | ||
| Principles of seating for tissue integrity | 83 | ||
| Incidence and Costs of Pressure Ulcers | 83 | ||
| Origins of Pressure Ulcers | 83 | ||
| Other Factors That Contribute to Pressure Ulcer Development | 84 | ||
| Mobility | 84 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 85 | ||
| Body Type | 85 | ||
| Nutrition | 85 | ||
| Infection | 85 | ||
| Age | 85 | ||
| Sitting Posture | 85 | ||
| Microclimate at the Seat/Buttock Interface | 85 | ||
| Transfers and Handling Techniques | 85 | ||
| Pressure Measurement | 86 | ||
| Principles of Seating for Comfort | 87 | ||
| Technologies for seating and positioning management | 87 | ||
| Design and Construction of Seating Systems | 87 | ||
| Planar | 87 | ||
| Prefabricated | 88 | ||
| Custom Fabricated | 88 | ||
| Standard Contoured Modules | 88 | ||
| Custom Contoured | 88 | ||
| Prefabricated Adjustable Backs | 89 | ||
| Properties of Materials used to Construct Seating Systems | 90 | ||
| Classification of Cushion Technologies | 90 | ||
| Cushion Covers | 90 | ||
| Technologies that increase comfort for older adults | 90 | ||
| Summary | 94 | ||
| References | 95 | ||
| Chapter 5: Making the Connection: User Inputs for Assistive Technologies | 97 | ||
| Anatomic sites for control of assistive technologies | 97 | ||
| Connecting the user to the technology | 99 | ||
| Control Interface | 99 | ||
| Selection Set | 99 | ||
| Selection Methods: Direct and Indirect Selection | 99 | ||
| Scanning | 100 | ||
| Directed Scanning | 100 | ||
| Selection Techniques for Scanning | 100 | ||
| Selection Formats for Scanning | 101 | ||
| Coded Access | 103 | ||
| Rate enhancement | 104 | ||
| Development of skills for the use of control interfaces | 106 | ||
| Training and Practice to Develop Motor Control | 106 | ||
| Developing Scanning Skills | 107 | ||
| Summary | 109 | ||
| References | 111 | ||
| Chapter 6: Control Interfaces for Assistive Technologies | 112 | ||
| Characteristics of control interfaces | 112 | ||
| Spatial Characteristics | 113 | ||
| Activation and Deactivation Characteristics | 113 | ||
| Sensory Characteristics | 114 | ||
| Is it working? evaluating the effectiveness of a control interface | 115 | ||
| Enhancing control: proper positioning and arm supports | 116 | ||
| Head Pointers, Hand Pointers, and Mouthsticks | 117 | ||
| Mobile Arm Supports | 118 | ||
| Positioning the Keyboard for Use | 118 | ||
| Control interfaces for direct selection | 118 | ||
| Keyboards | 118 | ||
| Standard Keyboards | 118 | ||
| Ergonomic Keyboards | 119 | ||
| Expanded Keyboards | 120 | ||
| Contracted Keyboards | 121 | ||
| Special-Purpose Keyboards | 121 | ||
| Touch Screens and Touch Tablets: Laptops, Pad Devices, and Smart Phones | 121 | ||
| Concept Keyboards for Users with Cognitive Limitations | 122 | ||
| Eye-Controlled Systems | 122 | ||
| Pointing Interfaces | 123 | ||
| Light Pointers | 124 | ||
| Modifications to Keyboards and Pointing Interfaces | 124 | ||
| Keyboard Layouts | 124 | ||
| Keyguards, Shields, and Templates | 126 | ||
| Technologies for Reducing Accidental Entries | 126 | ||
| Control interfaces for indirect selection | 126 | ||
| Types of Single Switches | 127 | ||
| Mechanical Control Interfaces | 128 | ||
| Proximity Switches | 128 | ||
| Pneumatic Control Interfaces | 129 | ||
| Switch Arrays, Discrete Joysticks, and Chord Keyboards | 129 | ||
| Control-Enhancing Joystick Templates | 130 | ||
| Mounting the Control Interface for Use | 130 | ||
| Multiple versus Integrated Control Interfaces | 132 | ||
| Summary | 133 | ||
| References | 134 | ||
| Chapter 7: Computer Access – Augmenting the Keyboard and Mouse | 135 | ||
| Keyboards – typical and unique | 135 | ||
| On-screen Keyboards | 135 | ||
| Built-in Software Adaptations to the Standard Keyboard | 137 | ||
| Automatic Speech Recognition as an Alternative Keyboard | 137 | ||
| Mouse | 139 | ||
| Touch Screen Mouse Emulation | 139 | ||
| Keypad Mouse | 140 | ||
| Trackball | 141 | ||
| Continuous Input Joysticks | 141 | ||
| Head-Controlled Mouse Emulators | 141 | ||
| Connecting an external control interface to the computer | 142 | ||
| USB Switch Connectors | 143 | ||
| Customizing the Emulator – The Use of “Setups” | 144 | ||
| General Purpose Emulators | 146 | ||
| Using Scanning to Substitute for a Keyboard or Mouse | 147 | ||
| Communication devices as alternative computer inputs | 148 | ||
| Accessibility for mobile devices | 148 | ||
| Internet use by persons with physical disabilities | 149 | ||
| Speech output | 150 | ||
| Digital Recording | 150 | ||
| Speech Synthesis | 150 | ||
| Audio Considerations | 150 | ||
| Summary | 151 | ||
| References | 151 | ||
| Chapter 8: Sensory Aids for Persons with Visual Impairments | 153 | ||
| Visual function | 154 | ||
| Common visual disorders | 155 | ||
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) | 155 | ||
| Glaucoma | 155 | ||
| Cataracts | 155 | ||
| Diabetic Eye Disease | 155 | ||
| Fundamental Approaches to Sensory Aids | 155 | ||
| Augmenting the Visual Pathway | 156 | ||
| Use of Alternative Sensory Pathways | 156 | ||
| Tactile Substitution | 156 | ||
| Auditory Substitution | 157 | ||
| Reading aids for persons with visual impairments | 157 | ||
| Magnification Aids | 157 | ||
| Optical Aids | 158 | ||
| Nonoptical Aids | 158 | ||
| Electronic Aids | 158 | ||
| Braille as a Tactile Reading Substitute | 160 | ||
| Limitations of Printed Braille | 160 | ||
| Refreshable Braille Displays | 161 | ||
| Speech as an Auditory Reading Substitute | 162 | ||
| Recorded Audio Material | 162 | ||
| Devices That Provide Automatic Reading of Text | 163 | ||
| Portable Braille Note Takers and Personal Organizers | 164 | ||
| Making mainstream technologies accessible for individuals who have low vision or are blind | 165 | ||
| Graphical User Interface | 165 | ||
| The GUI and the Blind Computer User | 166 | ||
| Access to Mobile Telephones for Individuals with Low Vision or Blindness | 166 | ||
| Computer Adaptations for Visual Impairments | 167 | ||
| Access to Visual Computer Displays for Individuals with Low Vision | 168 | ||
| Access to Computer Output for Individuals Who Are Blind | 169 | ||
| Visual access to the internet | 171 | ||
| User Agents for Access to the Internet | 171 | ||
| Web Browsers | 172 | ||
| Evaluating Web Sites for Accessibility | 172 | ||
| Mobility and orientation aids for persons with visual impairments | 172 | ||
| Mobility Aids Compared to Reading Aids | 173 | ||
| Long Canes | 173 | ||
| Electronic Travel Aids for Obstacle Detection and Orientation | 173 | ||
| Electronically Augmented Canes | 173 | ||
| Hand-Held and Body-Mounted Obstacle Detection and Orientation Devices | 175 | ||
| Navigation Aids for the Blind | 176 | ||
| User Preferences for GPS Systems | 176 | ||
| GPS-Based Mobility Aids | 176 | ||
| Navigation Aids Based on Environmental Adaptations | 177 | ||
| User Preferences for Sensory Aids for Mobility | 177 | ||
| Special-purpose visual aids | 178 | ||
| Devices for Self-Care | 178 | ||
| Devices for Work and School | 179 | ||
| Devices for Play and Leisure | 180 | ||
| Summary | 180 | ||
| References | 181 | ||
| Chapter 9: Sensory Aids for Persons with Auditory Impairments | 182 | ||
| Auditory function | 182 | ||
| Hearing loss | 183 | ||
| Fundamental approaches to auditory sensory aids | 183 | ||
| Augmentation of Existing Pathway | 183 | ||
| Use of Alternative Sensory Pathway | 184 | ||
| Tactile Substitution | 184 | ||
| Visual Substitution | 184 | ||
| Aids for persons with auditory impairments | 184 | ||
| Hearing Aids | 184 | ||
| Types of Hearing Aids | 185 | ||
| Hearing Aid Accessories | 186 | ||
| Cochlear Implants | 186 | ||
| Telephone Access for Persons Who Are Deaf | 187 | ||
| Telephone Devices | 187 | ||
| Visual Telephones | 188 | ||
| Access to Mobile Phones | 189 | ||
| Technology for Face-to-Face Communication Between Hearing and Deaf Individuals | 190 | ||
| Alerting Devices for Persons with Auditory Impairments | 190 | ||
| Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs) | 191 | ||
| Captioning as an Auditory Substitute | 192 | ||
| Closed-Captioned Television and Movies | 192 | ||
| Real-Time Captioning for Education and Business Applications | 192 | ||
| Computer Adaptations for Auditory Impairments | 193 | ||
| Built-in Options to Increase Usability by Persons Who Are Deaf | 193 | ||
| Access to the Internet when Auditory Information Is Difficult for the User | 194 | ||
| Aids for persons with both visual and auditory impairments | 194 | ||
| Devices for Face-to-Face Communication with Individuals Who Are Deaf and Blind | 194 | ||
| Summary | 195 | ||
| References | 195 | ||
| Chapter 10: Assistive Technologies to Aid Cognitive Function | 197 | ||
| Cognitive skills | 198 | ||
| Perception | 198 | ||
| Attention | 198 | ||
| Memory | 201 | ||
| Orientation | 201 | ||
| Knowledge Representation | 201 | ||
| Problem Solving | 201 | ||
| Language and Learning | 202 | ||
| Disorders that may benefit from cognitive assistive technologies | 202 | ||
| Congenital Disabilities | 202 | ||
| Intellectual Disabilities | 202 | ||
| Learning Disabilities | 202 | ||
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | 203 | ||
| Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | 204 | ||
| Acquired Disabilities | 204 | ||
| Dementia | 204 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | 204 | ||
| Stroke | 205 | ||
| Cognitive skills related to specific disorders | 206 | ||
| Addressing cognitive needs through assistive technologies | 206 | ||
| Considerations for Individuals with Mild Cognitive Disabilities | 206 | ||
| Considerations for Individuals with Moderate to Severe Cognitive Disabilities | 207 | ||
| Considerations for Individuals with Acquired Disabilities | 209 | ||
| Characteristics of Cognitive Assistive Technologies | 209 | ||
| Assistive Technologies to Aid Cognitive Function | 211 | ||
| Memory Aids | 211 | ||
| AT for Time Management | 211 | ||
| Devices that Provide Prompting/Cueing/Coaching | 214 | ||
| Stimuli Control | 216 | ||
| Language Tools | 216 | ||
| Alternative Input | 217 | ||
| Alternative Output | 218 | ||
| Tracking and Identification | 219 | ||
| Summary | 221 | ||
| References | 222 | ||
| Chapter 11: Augmentative and Alternative Communication | 224 | ||
| Disabilities affecting speech, language , and communication | 226 | ||
| What Is Augmentative and Alternative Communication? | 227 | ||
| Approaches to Alternative and Augmentative Communication | 227 | ||
| No-Tech AAC Approaches | 227 | ||
| Low-Tech AAC Systems | 227 | ||
| High-Tech AAC Systems | 227 | ||
| The AAC Team | 228 | ||
| The Importance of Augmentative Communication in the Lives of People with Complex Communication Needs (CCN) | 229 | ||
| Partners of People with CCN Who Rely on AAC | 230 | ||
| Attitudes About and Acceptance of AAC | 230 | ||
| Communication needs that can be served by AAC | 230 | ||
| AAC for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities | 232 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 232 | ||
| Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | 235 | ||
| AAC for Individuals with Acquired Disabilities | 235 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | 235 | ||
| Aphasia | 236 | ||
| AAC for Individuals with Progressive Neurological Conditions | 238 | ||
| Als | 238 | ||
| Dementia | 239 | ||
| Overview of the AAC assessment | 240 | ||
| The Social Networks Inventory : Who Are the Partners? | 240 | ||
| The Participation Model: Identifying Barriers and Opportunities | 240 | ||
| Gathering the Data | 241 | ||
| Relating Goals and Skills to AAC System Characteristics : Developing the Implementation Plan | 242 | ||
| Components of current assistive technologies for AAC | 242 | ||
| Ways of Representing Language in AAC | 242 | ||
| Options for Making Selections in an AAC Device | 244 | ||
| Static Communication Displays | 244 | ||
| Dynamic Communication Displays | 244 | ||
| Visual Scene Displays (VSDs) | 245 | ||
| Outputs from AAC Devices | 246 | ||
| Speech Output | 246 | ||
| Written Output | 247 | ||
| Outputs to Control Assistive Technologies | 247 | ||
| Access to Mainstream Technologies | 247 | ||
| Vocabulary Storage and Retrieval Techniques | 248 | ||
| Vocabulary Programs for Language Development | 249 | ||
| Configurations of Commercial SGDs | 250 | ||
| Putting augmentative communication systems into use—the implementation process | 252 | ||
| Vocabulary Selection | 252 | ||
| Motor Skill Development | 254 | ||
| Setting Up an AAC System for Use | 255 | ||
| Mounting SGDs to Wheelchairs | 255 | ||
| How to Choose Parts for a Mounting System | 256 | ||
| Training System Use: Developing Communicative Competence | 256 | ||
| Follow-up: Measuring Short- and Long-Term Outcomes | 261 | ||
| Summary | 262 | ||
| References | 263 | ||
| Chapter 12: Technologies That Enable Mobility | 265 | ||
| Mobility needs served by wheelchairs | 266 | ||
| Disorders Resulting in Mobility Impairments | 266 | ||
| Functional Limitations of Mobility | 267 | ||
| Mobility Issues Across the Lifespan | 267 | ||
| Evaluation for wheeled mobility | 268 | ||
| Needs Assessment | 268 | ||
| Evaluation of the Human Factors | 268 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 269 | ||
| Physical Context | 269 | ||
| Social Context | 269 | ||
| Institutional Context | 269 | ||
| Characteristics and current technologies of wheeled mobility systems | 270 | ||
| Supporting Structure | 271 | ||
| Frame Types | 271 | ||
| Accessories | 273 | ||
| Frames for Recline and Tilt | 274 | ||
| Frames for Standing | 276 | ||
| Frames That Provide Variable Seat Height | 277 | ||
| Frames that Accommodate Growth | 277 | ||
| Propelling Structure: Manual | 277 | ||
| Tires | 277 | ||
| Wheels | 278 | ||
| Casters | 279 | ||
| Hand Rims | 279 | ||
| Propelling Structure: Powered | 280 | ||
| Drive Wheels | 280 | ||
| Control Interfaces for Powered Mobility Systems | 281 | ||
| Controllers | 282 | ||
| Batteries | 283 | ||
| Ventilators | 283 | ||
| Specialized Bases for Manual Wheelchairs | 284 | ||
| Stroller Bases | 284 | ||
| Transport Wheelchairs | 284 | ||
| Wheelchairs for Use by Older Clients | 284 | ||
| Wheelchairs for Bariatric Clients | 285 | ||
| Specialized Bases for Electrically Powered Wheelchairs | 285 | ||
| Customizable Electrically Powered Wheelchairs | 285 | ||
| Scooters | 285 | ||
| Power Assist Mechanisms | 287 | ||
| Wheelchair Standards | 287 | ||
| Implementation and training for manual and powered mobility | 288 | ||
| Fitting of Mobility Systems | 288 | ||
| Maintenance and Repair of Personal Mobility Systems | 289 | ||
| Developing Mobility Skills for Manual and Powered Systems | 289 | ||
| Summary | 290 | ||
| References | 292 | ||
| Chapter 13: Technologies for Transportation and Driving | 294 | ||
| Safe transportation for children | 294 | ||
| Vehicle Restraint Systems for Children | 295 | ||
| Location in the Motor Vehicle | 297 | ||
| Vehicle Restraint Systems for Children with Disabilities | 297 | ||
| Safe transportation of individuals using wheelchairs | 298 | ||
| Crashworthiness of Wheelchairs and Seating Systems | 298 | ||
| Wheelchair Tie-Down and Occupant Restraint Systems | 299 | ||
| Evaluation and technologies for transportation and driving | 301 | ||
| Evaluation for Driving | 301 | ||
| Pre-driving Rehabilitation | 301 | ||
| Vehicle Selection | 301 | ||
| Vehicle Access | 303 | ||
| Modifications for driving | 304 | ||
| Primary Driving Controls | 304 | ||
| Secondary Driving Controls | 307 | ||
| Summary | 307 | ||
| References | 308 | ||
| Chapter 14: Technologies That Aid Manipulation and Control of the Environment | 310 | ||
| Manipulation | 311 | ||
| Low-technology aids for manipulation | 311 | ||
| General-Purpose Aids | 312 | ||
| Specific-Purpose Aids | 312 | ||
| Self-Care | 312 | ||
| Work and School | 313 | ||
| Play and Leisure | 314 | ||
| Specific-purpose electromechanical aids for manipulation | 314 | ||
| Electrically Powered Feeders | 314 | ||
| Electrically Powered Page Turners | 315 | ||
| Electronic aids to daily living | 316 | ||
| Functions of Electronic Aids to Daily Living | 317 | ||
| Transmission Methods | 318 | ||
| Direct Connection | 318 | ||
| House Wiring—X-10 | 318 | ||
| Infrared Transmission | 318 | ||
| Radio Frequency Transmission | 319 | ||
| Selection Methods | 321 | ||
| Trainable or Programmable Devices | 321 | ||
| Phone Control | 322 | ||
| Configuring Electronic Aids to Daily Living | 323 | ||
| Assessment for EADL Use | 323 | ||
| Activity | 324 | ||
| Human | 324 | ||
| Context | 324 | ||
| Technology | 325 | ||
| Studies of EADL Users | 325 | ||
| Implementation of EADLs for Manipulation | 325 | ||
| Summary | 328 | ||
| References | 328 | ||
| Index | 331 |