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Abstract
Effectively perform today’s most state-of-the-art neurosurgical procedures with Youmans Neurological Surgery, 6th Edition, edited by H. Richard Winn, MD. Still the cornerstone of unquestioned guidance on surgery of the nervous system, the new edition updates you on the most exciting developments in this ever-changing field. In print and online, it provides all the cutting-edge details you need to know about functional and restorative neurosurgery (FRN)/deep brain stimulation (DBS), stem cell biology, radiological and nuclear imaging, neuro-oncology, and much more. And with nearly 100 intraoperative videos online at www.expertconsult.com, as well as thousands of full-color illustrations, this comprehensive, multimedia, 4-volume set remains the clinical neurosurgery reference you need to manage and avoid complications, overcome challenges, and maximize patient outcomes.
- Overcome any clinical challenge with this comprehensive and up-to-date neurosurgical reference, and ensure the best outcomes for your patients.
- Rely on this single source for convenient access to the definitive answers you need in your practice.
- Successfully perform functional and restorative neurosurgery (FRN) with expert guidance on the diagnostic aspects, medical therapy, and cutting-edge approaches shown effective in the treatment of tremor, Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, and psychiatric disorders.
- Sharpen your neurosurgical expertise with updated and enhanced coverage of complication avoidance and intracranial pressure monitoring, epilepsy, neuro-oncology, pain, peripheral nerve surgery, radiosurgery/radiation therapy, and much more.
- Master new techniques with nearly 100 surgical videos online of intraoperative procedures including endoscopic techniques for spine and peripheral nerve surgery, the surgical resection for spinal cord hemangiomas, the resection of a giant AVM; and the radiosurgical and interventional therapy for vascular lesions and tumors.
- Confidently perform surgical techniques with access to full-color anatomic and surgical line drawings in this totally revised illustration program.
- Get fresh perspectives from new section editors and authors who are all respected international authorities in their respective neurosurgery specialties.
- Conveniently search the complete text online, view all of the videos, follow links to PubMed, and download all images at www.expertconsult.com.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| e9781416053163v1 | 1 | ||
| Front cover | 1 | ||
| Front Matter | 3 | ||
| Youmans Neurological Surgery | 5 | ||
| Copyright page | 6 | ||
| Dedication | 7 | ||
| EDITOR-IN-CHIEF | 8 | ||
| Section Editors | 9 | ||
| Video Editors | 13 | ||
| Table of contents | 15 | ||
| Contributors | 33 | ||
| Preface | 93 | ||
| SECTION I: Introduction to Neurological Surgery | 95 | ||
| Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Neurosurgery | 97 | ||
| NEUROSURGERY IN THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD | 97 | ||
| ANCIENT EGYPTIAN NEUROSURGERY | 97 | ||
| CLASSICAL PERIOD— GREEK AND BYZANTINE NEUROSURGERY | 98 | ||
| ISLAMIC/ARABIC MEDICINE—PRESCHOLASTIC PERIOD | 102 | ||
| MIDDLE AGES—THE AGE OF MEDIEVAL MEDICAL SCHOLASTICISM | 104 | ||
| ORIGINS OF NEUROSURGICAL PRACTICE IN THE RENAISSANCE | 108 | ||
| SURGEONS OF THE INSURGENCY— 17th CENTURY | 115 | ||
| EIGHTEENTH CENTURY—AN ENLIGHTENED PERIOD FOR NEUROSURGERY | 119 | ||
| NINETEENTH CENTURY—INCUNABULA PERIOD OF MODERN NEUROSURGERY | 124 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 131 | ||
| suggested readings | 131 | ||
| Chapter 2: Surgical Anatomy of the Brain | 132 | ||
| CEREBRUM | 132 | ||
| POSTERIOR FOSSA | 145 | ||
| suggested readings | 156 | ||
| Chapter 3: Molecular Biology Primer for Neurosurgeons | 157 | ||
| THE CANDIDATE GENE APPROACH | 157 | ||
| THE RISE OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS | 165 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 171 | ||
| suggested readings | 171 | ||
| Chapter 4: Neuroembryology | 172 | ||
| CLASSIC NEUROEMBRYOLOGY | 172 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL ORGANIZATION: STAGES, GENES, AND REGULATORY FACTORS | 174 | ||
| FLEXURES AND SULCI OF THE BRAIN | 182 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS AND DISORDERS | 182 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 190 | ||
| suggested readings | 191 | ||
| Chapter 5: Stem Cell Biology in the Central Nervous System | 192 | ||
| Stem Cells and Progenitors | 192 | ||
| Neurogenesis: Location and Function | 192 | ||
| Gliogenesis | 195 | ||
| Neural Stem Cells in the Spinal Cord | 196 | ||
| Stem Cell and Progenitor Response to Injury | 196 | ||
| Evidence for Adult Human Neurogenesis | 197 | ||
| Stem Cells and Cancer | 197 | ||
| Stem Cell–Based Therapies | 197 | ||
| Stem Cell Imaging | 199 | ||
| Conclusion | 199 | ||
| suggested readings | 199 | ||
| Chapter 6: Neurons and Neuroglia | 200 | ||
| NEURONS | 200 | ||
| NEUROGLIA | 208 | ||
| TRANSPLANTATION THERAPIES | 215 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 216 | ||
| suggested readings | 216 | ||
| Chapter 7: Cellular Mechanisms of Brain Energy Metabolism | 217 | ||
| Brain Work Supports Information Processing | 217 | ||
| Brain Work Maintains Ion Concentrations | 218 | ||
| Brain Energy Metabolism Enables Brain Work | 219 | ||
| HomeostaTic Mechanisms Maintain Constant Adenosine Triphosphate | 224 | ||
| Metabolic Compartments Exchange Pyruvate and Lactate | 227 | ||
| Activation Perturbs Metabolic Compartments Differentially | 232 | ||
| Conclusion | 239 | ||
| suggested readings | 240 | ||
| Chapter 8: Blood-Brain Barrier | 241 | ||
| HISTORY | 241 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | 241 | ||
| TRANSPORT ACROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | 243 | ||
| TIGHT JUNCTIONS | 246 | ||
| TIGHT JUNCTION REGULATION | 246 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | 247 | ||
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | 248 | ||
| IMAGING THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | 251 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 254 | ||
| suggested readings | 254 | ||
| Chapter 9: Cerebral Edema | 256 | ||
| Overview and Historical Background | 256 | ||
| The Blood-Brain Barrier | 256 | ||
| Molecular Events in Cerebral Edema | 256 | ||
| Neuroimaging Studies and Classification of Cerebral Edema | 260 | ||
| Treatment of Cerebral Edema | 260 | ||
| suggested readings | 262 | ||
| Chapter 10: Physiology of the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Intracranial Pressure | 263 | ||
| HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 263 | ||
| NORMAL INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE | 263 | ||
| PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES | 264 | ||
| STEADY-STATE DYNAMICS | 264 | ||
| NON–STEADY-STATE DYNAMICS | 267 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING | 270 | ||
| METHODS OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT | 271 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE | 272 | ||
| PRACTICAL ISSUES | 275 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 275 | ||
| suggested readings | 275 | ||
| Chapter 11: Neurosurgical Epidemiology and Outcomes Assessment | 277 | ||
| CONCEPTS—SOURCES OF ERROR IN ANALYSIS | 277 | ||
| STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY IN DIAGNOSIS | 279 | ||
| MEASUREMENT IN CLINICAL NEUROSURGERY | 280 | ||
| SPECIFIC STUDY DESIGNS | 283 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO PRACTICE | 294 | ||
| suggested readings | 296 | ||
| Chapter 12: Altered Consciousness | 297 | ||
| A BRIEF TAXONOMY | 297 | ||
| COMA | 297 | ||
| VEGETATIVE STATE | 298 | ||
| MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS STATE | 298 | ||
| AKINETIC MUTISM | 299 | ||
| AN ORGANIZING STRATEGY TO ASSESS DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS BASED ON ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 299 | ||
| A GUIDE TO FORMULATING PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS | 300 | ||
| EMERGING ROLE OF NEUROIMAGING IN ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS: OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS | 301 | ||
| suggested readings | 301 | ||
| Chapter 13: Neuroophthalmology | 302 | ||
| FROM THE EYE TO THE VISUAL CORTEX: AFFERENT ASPECTS OF VISION | 302 | ||
| OCULAR MOTILITY AND THE PUPIL: THE EFFERENT VISUAL SYSTEM | 317 | ||
| SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT OF DIPLOPIA | 320 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 324 | ||
| suggested readings | 325 | ||
| Chapter 14: Neurotology | 326 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE INNER EAR | 326 | ||
| THE COCHLEAR SYSTEM | 326 | ||
| MEASURES OF AUDITORY SYSTEM FUNCTION | 328 | ||
| THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM | 335 | ||
| TESTS OF VESTIBULAR FUNCTION | 338 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF VERTIGO | 343 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR VESTIBULAR NEURECTOMY | 347 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION | 347 | ||
| suggested readings | 349 | ||
| Chapter 15: Neurourology | 350 | ||
| UROLOGIC STRUCTURES AND INNERVATION | 350 | ||
| NEUROANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT | 352 | ||
| EVALUATION OF NEUROUROLOGIC DISORDERS | 353 | ||
| NEUROUROLOGIC DISEASES | 358 | ||
| TREATMENT OF NEUROUROLOGIC DISEASES | 361 | ||
| suggested readings | 364 | ||
| Chapter 16: Neuropsychological Testing | 366 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 366 | ||
| Clinical Interventions | 367 | ||
| Quantifying Recovery of Function after Brain Surgery | 367 | ||
| Prediction of Performance in Real-Life Circumstances | 368 | ||
| Treatment Trials | 368 | ||
| Advances in Cognitive Neuroscience | 368 | ||
| Case Example: Neuropsychology and Cancer | 369 | ||
| Discussion and Future Directions | 369 | ||
| suggested readings | 370 | ||
| Chapter 17: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain | 371 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE BRAIN | 371 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE BRAIN | 374 | ||
| suggested readings | 404 | ||
| Chapter 18: Radiology of the Spine | 405 | ||
| IMAGING OF THE SPINE | 405 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 405 | ||
| DEGENERATIVE DISK DISEASE AND STENOSIS | 411 | ||
| MORPHOLOGIC AND FUNCTIONAL SEQUELAE | 417 | ||
| SIGNIFICANCE OF IMAGING FINDINGS | 419 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 421 | ||
| IMAGING OF VASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE SPINE | 437 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD | 443 | ||
| EVALUATION OF SPINE TRAUMA | 445 | ||
| suggested readings | 448 | ||
| Chapter 19: Physiologic Evaluation of the Brain with Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 449 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 449 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography | 451 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Angiography | 454 | ||
| Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow | 458 | ||
| Perfusion-Weighted Imaging | 461 | ||
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 464 | ||
| Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 466 | ||
| suggested readings | 469 | ||
| Chapter 20: Molecular Imaging of the Brain with Positron Emission Tomography | 470 | ||
| BASIC PRINCIPLES OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY | 470 | ||
| POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF BIOLOGIC DISEASE PROCESSES IN THE BRAIN | 474 | ||
| DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION | 474 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 478 | ||
| IN VIVO DRUG MONITORING | 485 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 486 | ||
| suggested readings | 486 | ||
| Section II: General Neurosurgery | 487 | ||
| Chapter 21: Neuroanesthesia: | 489 | ||
| GENERAL PREANESTHETIC EVALUATION | 490 | ||
| LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS | 494 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 501 | ||
| suggested readings | 501 | ||
| Chapter 22: Avoidance of Complications in Neurosurgery | 502 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PATIENT POSITIONING | 502 | ||
| CATASTROPHIC MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS | 504 | ||
| RISK FACTORS RELATED TO ANATOMY OR TECHNIQUE IN SPECIFIC SURGERIES | 505 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 517 | ||
| suggested readings | 517 | ||
| Chapter 23: Intracranial Pressure Monitoring | 518 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 518 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND STANDARD OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING TECHNOLOGY | 518 | ||
| CURRENT INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING TECHNOLOGY | 518 | ||
| EMERGING TECHNOLOGY | 521 | ||
| PEDIATRIC INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING | 521 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 522 | ||
| suggested readings | 522 | ||
| Chapter 24: Principles of Neurocritical Care | 523 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS | 523 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE AIRWAY AND NEED FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION | 524 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF VOLUME STATUS AND BLOOD PRESSURE | 525 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF INFECTION POTENTIAL | 526 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF SEIZURES | 526 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL NEEDS | 527 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF PROPHYLAXIS AND NEED FOR ANTICOAGULATION | 528 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE | 529 | ||
| MONITORING OF DETERIORATION AFTER ACUTE BRAIN INJURY | 529 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 530 | ||
| suggested readings | 531 | ||
| Chapter 25: Surgical Planning: | 532 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 532 | ||
| RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING | 533 | ||
| ANESTHESIA | 533 | ||
| SELECTION OF SURGICAL APPROACH | 534 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 535 | ||
| Chapter 26: Positioning for Cranial Surgery | 536 | ||
| PTERIONAL (FRONTOTEMPORAL) CRANIOTOMY | 536 | ||
| TEMPORAL AND SUBTEMPORAL APPROACH | 536 | ||
| ANTERIOR PARASAGITTAL AND SUBFRONTAL APPROACHES | 537 | ||
| POSTERIOR PARASAGITTAL CRANIOTOMY | 537 | ||
| MIDLINE SUBOCCIPITAL CRANIOTOMY | 538 | ||
| LATERAL SUBOCCIPITAL APPROACH | 538 | ||
| TRANSSPHENOIDAL APPROACH | 540 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 540 | ||
| suggested readings | 540 | ||
| Chapter 27: Patient Positioning for Spinal Surgery | 541 | ||
| EQUIPMENT | 541 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF POSITIONING | 541 | ||
| SPECIFIC PROCEDURES | 545 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 546 | ||
| suggested readings | 546 | ||
| Chapter 28: Positioning in Peripheral Nerve Surgery | 547 | ||
| ANATOMY, POSITIONING, AND SURGICAL EXPOSURE | 547 | ||
| suggested readings | 552 | ||
| Chapter 29: Incisions and Closures | 553 | ||
| WOUND HEALING | 553 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR ANTIBIOTICS | 553 | ||
| INCISION | 554 | ||
| CLOSURE | 558 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 559 | ||
| suggested readings | 559 | ||
| Chapter 30: Advantages and Limitations of Cranial Endoscopy | 560 | ||
| HISTORY OF ENDOSCOPY | 560 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC INSTRUMENTATION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 560 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF ENDOSCOPE USE IN INTRACRANIAL SURGERY | 564 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 564 | ||
| suggested readings | 565 | ||
| Chapter 31: Thorascopic Spine Surgery | 566 | ||
| PRINCIPLES | 566 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 566 | ||
| TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS | 566 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE REQUIREMENTS | 567 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES | 568 | ||
| SPECIAL INDICATIONS | 570 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 574 | ||
| suggested readings | 574 | ||
| Chapter 32: Cranioplasty | 575 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 575 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 575 | ||
| CRANIOPLASTY MATERIAL OPTIONS | 577 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 578 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 578 | ||
| COMMON PITFALLS AND COMPLICATIONS | 578 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 580 | ||
| suggested readings | 580 | ||
| Chapter 33: Production and Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid | 581 | ||
| INTRICATE FLUID BALANCE WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 581 | ||
| VARIATION IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRODUCTION | 581 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FORMATION BY CHOROID PLEXUS | 581 | ||
| REGULATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FORMATION | 583 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FORMATION RATE IN HYDROCEPHALUS | 584 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FLOW | 584 | ||
| INTERRUPTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FLOW AT VARIOUS LOCI | 585 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID TURNOVER RATE | 586 | ||
| TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN HYDROCEPHALUS: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID–BORDERING CELLS VERSUS BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | 586 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DIAGNOSTIC AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN ADULT CHRONIC HYDROCEPHALUS | 587 | ||
| CHALLENGES IN RECTIFYING DISTORTED CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DYNAMICS | 587 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 587 | ||
| suggested readings | 587 | ||
| Chapter 34: Clinical Evaluation of Adult Hydrocephalus | 588 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION AND ETIOLOGY | 588 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (see also Chapter 33) | 589 | ||
| INITIAL FEATURES OF HYDROCEPHALUS | 590 | ||
| NORMAL-PRESSURE HYDROCEPHALUS | 590 | ||
| NEURORADIOLOGIC FEATURES OF HYDROCEPHALUS | 593 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC TESTING OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DYNAMICS | 593 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 601 | ||
| SHUNTS | 604 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 606 | ||
| PATIENT OUTCOMES | 607 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 607 | ||
| suggested readings | 607 | ||
| Chapter 35: Shunting* | 609 | ||
| key point | 609 | ||
| VALVE DESIGN AND TERMINOLOGY | 609 | ||
| key point | 610 | ||
| e9781416053163v2 | 1259 | ||
| Front cover | 1259 | ||
| Front Matter | 1261 | ||
| Youmans Neurological Surgery | 1263 | ||
| Copyright page | 1264 | ||
| Dedication | 1265 | ||
| EDITOR-IN-CHIEF | 1266 | ||
| Section Editors | 1267 | ||
| Video Editors | 1271 | ||
| Table of contents | 1273 | ||
| Contributors | 1291 | ||
| Preface | 1351 | ||
| Section V: Oncology | 1353 | ||
| Chapter 95: Brain Tumors: | 1355 | ||
| suggested readings | 1356 | ||
| Chapter 96: Brain Tumors: | 1357 | ||
| ASTROCYTOMAS | 1357 | ||
| OLIGODENDROGLIAL AND OLIGOASTROCYTIC GLIAL TUMORS | 1359 | ||
| EPENDYMAL TUMORS | 1359 | ||
| CHOROID PLEXUS TUMORS | 1360 | ||
| OTHER NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMORS | 1360 | ||
| NEURONAL AND MIXED NEURONAL-GLIAL TUMORS | 1360 | ||
| PINEAL REGION TUMORS | 1361 | ||
| GERM CELL TUMORS | 1362 | ||
| EMBRYONAL TUMORS | 1362 | ||
| TUMORS OF THE MENINGES | 1363 | ||
| TUMORS OF THE SELLAR REGION (EXCLUDING PITUITARY ADENOMA) | 1364 | ||
| LYMPHOMA | 1364 | ||
| METASTATIC TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 1364 | ||
| MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION OF BRAIN TUMORS | 1365 | ||
| suggested readings | 1366 | ||
| Chapter 97: Brain Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy | 1367 | ||
| A BRIEF HISTORY OF IMMUNOTHERAPY | 1367 | ||
| AN IMMUNE PRIMER | 1367 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE SUPPRESSION AND THERAPEUTIC AGENTS | 1369 | ||
| OVERVIEW: STRATEGIES TO AUGMENT THE IMMUNE RESPONSE | 1374 | ||
| IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AND RECENT CLINICAL TRIAL RESULTS | 1374 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1380 | ||
| suggested readings | 1381 | ||
| Chapter 98: Brain Tumor Stem Cells | 1382 | ||
| THE NEUROSPHERE ASSAY AND DISCOVERY OF ADULT NEUROGENESIS | 1382 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN TUMOR STEM CELL HYPOTHESIS | 1382 | ||
| MARKERS FOR NEURAL STEM CELLS AND BRAIN TUMOR STEM CELLS | 1383 | ||
| CELL OF ORIGIN OF BRAIN TUMOR STEM CELLS | 1384 | ||
| MOLECULAR PATHWAYS DISRUPTED IN BRAIN TUMOR STEM CELLS | 1386 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 1386 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1387 | ||
| suggested readings | 1387 | ||
| Chapter 99: Proliferation Markers in the Evaluation of Gliomas | 1388 | ||
| METHODOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 1388 | ||
| PROLIFERATION MARKERS IN GLIOMA SUBTYPES | 1389 | ||
| suggested readings | 1391 | ||
| Chapter 100: Molecular Genetics and the Development of Targets for Glioma Therapy | 1392 | ||
| MOLECULAR GENETICS OF CANCER: THE ORIGINS OF CANCER GENETICS | 1392 | ||
| MOLECULAR GENETIC TOOLS AND THE STUDY OF CANCER | 1393 | ||
| CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF GLIOMAS | 1397 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1403 | ||
| suggested readings | 1403 | ||
| Chapter 101: Growth Factors in Glial Tumors | 1404 | ||
| GROWTH FACTORS | 1404 | ||
| INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING | 1404 | ||
| ROLE OF G PROTEINS IN INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING | 1406 | ||
| GROWTH FACTORS INVOLVED IN BRAIN TUMORS | 1407 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1412 | ||
| suggested readings | 1412 | ||
| Chapter 102: The Genetic Origins of Brain Tumors | 1413 | ||
| CLONAL EXPANSION OF MALIGNANT TUMORS | 1413 | ||
| INHERITED MUTATIONS AND FAMILIAL SYNDROMES | 1413 | ||
| TUMOR SUPPRESSORS, ONCOGENES, AND MUTATOR GENES | 1415 | ||
| DIFFERENT TYPES OF DNA MUTATIONS AND ALTERATIONS | 1416 | ||
| THE SPECTRUM OF MUTATIONS THAT UNDERLIE BRAIN CANCERS | 1416 | ||
| GLIOBLASTOMAS | 1417 | ||
| LOW-GRADE ASTROCYTOMAS AND OLIGODENDROGLIOMAS | 1418 | ||
| MEDULLOBLASTOMAS | 1419 | ||
| PERSPECTIVES IN BRAIN TUMOR GENOMICS AND GENETICS | 1420 | ||
| suggested readings | 1420 | ||
| Chapter 103: Invasion in Malignant Glioma | 1421 | ||
| CLINICAL PATTERNS OF SPREAD | 1421 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 1422 | ||
| MECHANISM OF GLIOMA SPREAD | 1423 | ||
| ADHESION MOLECULES IN GLIOMA | 1424 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF BRAIN TUMOR INVASION | 1427 | ||
| CYTOSTATICS AND ANTI-INVASION THERAPY | 1429 | ||
| suggested readings | 1430 | ||
| Chapter 104: Angiogenesis and Brain Tumors: | 1431 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 1431 | ||
| ANGIOTHERAPY: AN EFFECTIVE, NOVEL APPROACH TO GLIOMA THERAPY | 1433 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF EFFICACY | 1435 | ||
| CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF BEVACIZUMAB | 1443 | ||
| BEVACIZUMAB RESISTANCE, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR EVASION, AND GLIOMA RECURRENCE | 1446 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 1448 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1450 | ||
| suggested readings | 1451 | ||
| Chapter 105: Barriers to Delivery of Therapeutics to Brain Tumors | 1452 | ||
| BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | 1452 | ||
| BLOOD-TUMOR BARRIER | 1452 | ||
| BLOOD–CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BARRIER | 1453 | ||
| DRUG MODIFICATIONS FOR ENHANCED DRUG DELIVERY TO BRAIN TUMORS | 1453 | ||
| BARRIER DISRUPTION STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING DRUG DELIVERY | 1455 | ||
| METHODS FOR DELIVERY OF DRUGS DIRECTLY TO THE BRAIN PARENCHYMA | 1456 | ||
| OTHER APPROACHES FOR ENHANCING DELIVERY OF DRUGS TO THE BRAIN | 1457 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1458 | ||
| suggested readings | 1458 | ||
| Chapter 106: Epidemiology of Brain Tumors* | 1459 | ||
| DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1459 | ||
| SURVIVAL TIME FROM DIAGNOSIS OF GLIOMA AND MENINGIOMA | 1459 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS | 1459 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE AND MENSTRUAL FACTORS | 1462 | ||
| GLIOMA, ALLERGIC CONDITIONS, INFECTIONS, AND ASSOCIATED IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | 1463 | ||
| GENETIC FACTORS | 1464 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR GLIOMA, INCLUDING GLIOBLASTOMA | 1466 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR MENINGIOMA | 1466 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1467 | ||
| IMPORTANT UPDATE | 1467 | ||
| suggested readings | 1467 | ||
| Chapter 107: Gene- and Viral-Based Therapies for Gliomas | 1468 | ||
| WHAT IS GENE THERAPY? | 1468 | ||
| HOW IS GENE THERAPY CARRIED OUT? | 1468 | ||
| NONVIRAL VECTORS | 1468 | ||
| VIRAL VECTORS | 1469 | ||
| COMPARISON OF VECTORS | 1472 | ||
| GENES DELIVERED INTO BRAIN TUMORS | 1472 | ||
| ONCOLYTIC VIRUSES | 1474 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS OF BRAIN TUMOR GENE THERAPY | 1474 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1475 | ||
| suggested readings | 1475 | ||
| Chapter 108: Clinical Features: | 1477 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN TUMORS | 1477 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF INTRACRANIAL TUMORS | 1479 | ||
| KARNOFSKY PERFORMANCE SCORE | 1482 | ||
| PARANEOPLASTIC DISORDERS | 1483 | ||
| suggested readings | 1484 | ||
| Chapter 109: Radiologic Features of Central Nervous System Tumors | 1486 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS BY NEURORADIOLOGY | 1486 | ||
| EXTRA-AXIAL MASSES | 1490 | ||
| PINEAL REGION TUMORS | 1493 | ||
| INTRAVENTRICULAR MASSES | 1494 | ||
| INTRA-AXIAL NEOPLASMS | 1495 | ||
| suggested readings | 1503 | ||
| Chapter 110: Endovascular Techniques for Tumor Embolization | 1504 | ||
| EMBOLIZATION TECHNIQUE | 1504 | ||
| EMBOLIC AGENTS | 1504 | ||
| EFFICACY | 1504 | ||
| MENINGIOMAS | 1504 | ||
| JUVENILE NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA | 1505 | ||
| PARAGANGLIOMAS | 1506 | ||
| SCHWANNOMAS | 1507 | ||
| HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA | 1507 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1507 | ||
| suggested readings | 1507 | ||
| Chapter 111: Brain Tumors during Pregnancy | 1509 | ||
| NEUROIMAGING IN PREGNANCY | 1509 | ||
| NEUROANESTHESIA IN PREGNANCY | 1509 | ||
| PITUITARY BRAIN TUMORS | 1510 | ||
| GLIAL TUMORS | 1512 | ||
| MENINGIOMAS | 1513 | ||
| OTHER TUMORS | 1514 | ||
| PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI | 1514 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1514 | ||
| suggested readings | 1515 | ||
| Chapter 112: Principles of Chemotherapy | 1516 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF CHEMOTHERAPY | 1516 | ||
| GENETIC MARKERS AS PREDICTOR OF CHEMOTHERAPY RESPONSE | 1516 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PHARMACOLOGY | 1517 | ||
| APPROACHES TO OVERCOME OBSTACLES OF CHEMOTHERAPY | 1517 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF COMMONLY USED AGENTS | 1519 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1522 | ||
| suggested readings | 1522 | ||
| Chapter 113: Brain Tumor Outcome Studies: | 1523 | ||
| DEFINING THE PATIENT POPULATION | 1523 | ||
| DESCRIBING TREATMENT— EXTENT OF RESECTION | 1525 | ||
| DESCRIBING OUTCOMES OF BRAIN TUMOR THERAPY: END POINT CHOICES AND DEFINITIONS | 1526 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SPECIFIC PHASES OF DRUG OR TECHNOLOGY TESTING | 1529 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SPECIFIC TYPES OF BRAIN TUMOR STUDY DESIGN | 1531 | ||
| suggested reading | 1532 | ||
| Chapter 114: Frame and Frameless Stereotactic Brain Biopsy | 1534 | ||
| HISTORICAL LANDMARKS | 1534 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 1534 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR STEREOTACTIC BIOPSY | 1536 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 1536 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF STEREOTACTIC BIOPSY | 1537 | ||
| COMPARISON OF FRAME-BASED AND FRAMELESS METHODS | 1537 | ||
| STEREOTACTIC BIOPSY OF BRAINSTEM LESIONS | 1538 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1539 | ||
| suggested readings | 1540 | ||
| Chapter 115: Basic Principles of Cranial Surgery for Brain Tumors | 1541 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT | 1541 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE IMAGING INTERPRETATION | 1541 | ||
| TIMING OF SURGERY | 1541 | ||
| SURGICAL PLANNING: IMAGING STUDIES | 1542 | ||
| SURGICAL PREPARATION | 1542 | ||
| POSITIONING | 1543 | ||
| INCISION | 1543 | ||
| CRANIOTOMIES | 1543 | ||
| TUMOR REMOVAL | 1544 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 1545 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1546 | ||
| suggested readings | 1546 | ||
| Chapter 116: Basic Principles of Skull Base Surgery | 1547 | ||
| Historical Landmarks | 1547 | ||
| Overview of Skull Base Surgery | 1547 | ||
| Surgery on the Anterior Skull Base | 1548 | ||
| Surgery on the Middle and Posterior Skull Base | 1554 | ||
| suggested readings | 1564 | ||
| Chapter 117: Surgical Complications of Brain Tumors and Their Avoidance | 1565 | ||
| DEFINING A COMPLICATION | 1565 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES | 1565 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION AND AVOIDANCE OF COMPLICATIONS | 1565 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1571 | ||
| suggested readings | 1571 | ||
| Chapter 118: Navigation for Brain Tumors | 1573 | ||
| FUNDAMENTALS | 1573 | ||
| PROCEDURES | 1574 | ||
| suggested readings | 1579 | ||
| Chapter 119: Endoscopic Approaches to Brain Tumors | 1580 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF ENDOSCOPY IN THE APPROACH TO BRAIN TUMORS | 1580 | ||
| INTRAVENTRICULAR ENDOSCOPY FOR TUMORS | 1580 | ||
| PURELY ENDOSCOPIC APPROACHES TO INTRAVENTRICULAR TUMORS | 1582 | ||
| NEUROENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF TUMOR-ASSOCIATED HYDROCEPHALUS | 1583 | ||
| ROLE OF ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTRACRANIAL TUMORS | 1583 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC REMOVAL OF COLLOID CYSTS OF THE THIRD VENTRICLE | 1584 | ||
| NEUROENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF PINEAL REGION TUMORS | 1584 | ||
| ENDOSCOPICALLY ASSISTED MICRONEUROSURGERY | 1585 | ||
| NEUROENDOSCOPY FOR INTRA-AXIAL TUMORS | 1585 | ||
| ENDONASAL TRANSSPHENOIDAL AND EXTENDED TRANSSPHENOIDAL APPROACHES | 1585 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC ENDONASAL APPROACH: APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS | 1586 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 1588 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1588 | ||
| suggested readings | 1588 | ||
| Chapter 120: Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1589 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF INTRAOPERATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 1589 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR INTRAOPERATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 1592 | ||
| FEASIBILITY AND COST CONSIDERATIONS | 1596 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1596 | ||
| suggested readings | 1596 | ||
| Chapter 121: Low-Grade Gliomas: | 1598 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1598 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 1598 | ||
| CONVENTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDIES | 1598 | ||
| EMERGING NEUROIMAGING TECHNOLOGIES | 1599 | ||
| PATIENT OUTCOME AND SURVIVAL | 1601 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS | 1601 | ||
| GENETIC EXPRESSION PROFILE | 1601 | ||
| TREATMENT OPTIONS | 1601 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1605 | ||
| suggested readings | 1605 | ||
| Chapter 122: Malignant Gliomas: | 1607 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1607 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 1608 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 1609 | ||
| NEUROIMAGING STUDIES | 1614 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 1615 | ||
| PATIENT OUTCOME AND SURVIVAL | 1619 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 1619 | ||
| suggested readings | 1620 | ||
| Chapter 123: Unusual Gliomas | 1621 | ||
| SUBEPENDYMAL GIANT CELL ASTROCYTOMA | 1621 | ||
| ANGIOCENTRIC GLIOMA | 1622 | ||
| ASTROBLASTOMA | 1623 | ||
| PILOMYXOID ASTROCYTOMA | 1624 | ||
| PLEOMORPHIC XANTHOASTROCYTOMA | 1624 | ||
| GANGLIOGLIOMA | 1626 | ||
| PAPILLARY TUMOR OF THE PINEAL REGION | 1628 | ||
| DYSEMBRYOPLASTIC NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMOR | 1628 | ||
| CHORDOID GLIOMA OF THE THIRD VENTRICLE | 1629 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1630 | ||
| suggested readings | 1630 | ||
| Chapter 124: Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors | 1631 | ||
| HISTORY | 1631 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 1631 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1631 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION | 1633 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1634 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1635 | ||
| OUTCOMES AND ADJUVANT THERAPY | 1635 | ||
| suggested readings | 1638 | ||
| Chapter 125: Pineal Tumors | 1639 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 1639 | ||
| Anatomy | 1639 | ||
| Pathology | 1639 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1640 | ||
| Treatment | 1642 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 1642 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 1644 | ||
| Operative Approaches | 1645 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 1649 | ||
| Complications | 1649 | ||
| Surgical Outcome | 1649 | ||
| Postoperative Work-Up | 1650 | ||
| Adjuvant Therapy | 1650 | ||
| Conclusion | 1651 | ||
| suggested readings | 1651 | ||
| Chapter 126: Medulloblastoma | 1653 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION | 1653 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1653 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1653 | ||
| MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | 1655 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 1656 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING STUDIES | 1656 | ||
| STAGING | 1657 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1658 | ||
| RECURRENCE | 1661 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE | 1661 | ||
| TREATMENT SEQUELAE | 1661 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1662 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1662 | ||
| suggested readings | 1662 | ||
| Chapter 127: Intracranial Ependymomas in Adults | 1663 | ||
| Pathology | 1663 | ||
| Molecular Genetics | 1663 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1664 | ||
| Imaging | 1664 | ||
| Staging | 1664 | ||
| Treatment | 1664 | ||
| Prognosis | 1667 | ||
| suggested readings | 1668 | ||
| Chapter 128: Hemangioblastomas | 1669 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1669 | ||
| IMAGING FINDINGS | 1669 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 1669 | ||
| PERITUMORAL CYST FORMATION | 1669 | ||
| VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE | 1672 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 1673 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS | 1673 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 1673 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 1674 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 1675 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1679 | ||
| suggested readings | 1679 | ||
| Chapter 129: Central Nervous System Lymphoma | 1680 | ||
| PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA | 1680 | ||
| SECONDARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA | 1687 | ||
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM POSTTRANSPLANTATION LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER | 1688 | ||
| PRIMARY INTRAOCULAR LYMPHOMA | 1688 | ||
| NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS | 1688 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1688 | ||
| suggested readings | 1688 | ||
| Chapter 130: Metastatic Brain Tumors | 1690 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1690 | ||
| TREATMENT MODALITIES | 1691 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1704 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1705 | ||
| suggested readings | 1705 | ||
| Chapter 131: Meningiomas | 1706 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 1706 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1706 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1709 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 1710 | ||
| GENETIC ASPECTS | 1711 | ||
| MENINGIOMAS AND RECEPTORS | 1712 | ||
| RADIOLOGY | 1713 | ||
| SURGICAL THERAPY AND TUMOR RECURRENCE | 1714 | ||
| NONSURGICAL THERAPY | 1714 | ||
| MENINGIOMA TYPES AND THEIR SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 1715 | ||
| suggested readings | 1728 | ||
| Chapter 132: Meningeal Sarcoma and Meningeal Hemangiopericytoma | 1730 | ||
| Meningeal Sarcoma | 1730 | ||
| Meningeal Hemangiopericytoma | 1734 | ||
| Conclusion | 1738 | ||
| suggested readings | 1739 | ||
| Chapter 133: Acoustic Neuroma | 1740 | ||
| History | 1740 | ||
| Natural History | 1740 | ||
| Histopathologic Characteristics | 1741 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 1742 | ||
| Preoperative Imaging Studies | 1742 | ||
| Preoperative Management | 1743 | ||
| Surgical Approaches | 1744 | ||
| Radiosurgery and Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy | 1749 | ||
| Special Considerations—Facial Nerve Preservation | 1751 | ||
| Special Considerations— Hearing Preservation | 1752 | ||
| Management of Complications | 1752 | ||
| Conclusion | 1754 | ||
| suggested readings | 1754 | ||
| Chapter 134: Pituitary Tumors: | 1756 | ||
| PITUITARY SURGERY: HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 1756 | ||
| PITUITARY TUMORS: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS | 1757 | ||
| NORMAL ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL MORPHOLOGY | 1757 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY OF PITUITARY ADENOMAS | 1758 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF PITUITARY ADENOMAS | 1759 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF PITUITARY TUMORS | 1760 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PRINCIPLES | 1761 | ||
| SURGERY FOR PITUITARY ADENOMAS | 1762 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS AND SURGICAL RESULTS FOR SPECIFIC PITUITARY ADENOMA TYPES | 1774 | ||
| suggested readings | 1789 | ||
| Chapter 135: Craniopharyngioma | 1791 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY AND HISTOGENESIS | 1791 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1791 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 1791 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1792 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 1793 | ||
| NEUROIMAGING | 1793 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION AND GRADING SCHEMES | 1793 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1793 | ||
| RECURRENCE AND PATTERNS OF FAILURE | 1800 | ||
| TREATMENT OF RECURRENCE | 1801 | ||
| OUTCOME | 1801 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1801 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 1802 | ||
| suggested readings | 1802 | ||
| Chapter 136: Epidermoid, Dermoid, and Neurenteric Cysts | 1803 | ||
| EPIDERMOID CYSTS | 1803 | ||
| DERMOID CYSTS | 1805 | ||
| NEURENTERIC CYSTS | 1805 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1806 | ||
| suggested readings | 1808 | ||
| Chapter 137: Neoplastic Meningitis | 1809 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 1809 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 1809 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 1809 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 1809 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 1811 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1811 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1812 | ||
| suggested readings | 1813 | ||
| Chapter 138: Ventricular Tumors | 1814 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1814 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 1814 | ||
| IMAGING STUDIES | 1815 | ||
| SURGICAL ANATOMY | 1815 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY | 1817 | ||
| PREPARATION | 1817 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE IMAGING AND MONITORING | 1818 | ||
| SURGICAL REMOVAL OF LATERAL VENTRICLE TUMORS | 1818 | ||
| SURGICAL REMOVAL OF THIRD VENTRICLE TUMORS | 1827 | ||
| Approaches to the Third Ventricle | 1827 | ||
| SURGICAL REMOVAL OF FOURTH VENTRICLE TUMORS | 1838 | ||
| NEUROENDOSCOPY FOR INTRAVENTRICULAR TUMORS | 1845 | ||
| OUTCOME AND COMPLICATIONS | 1847 | ||
| suggested readings | 1847 | ||
| Chapter 139: Overview of Skull Base Tumors | 1849 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 1849 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1849 | ||
| MENINGIOMAS | 1849 | ||
| PITUITARY ADENOMAS | 1852 | ||
| CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS | 1854 | ||
| SCHWANNOMAS | 1856 | ||
| EPIDERMOID/DERMOID | 1859 | ||
| CHORDOMAS AND CHONDROSARCOMAS | 1860 | ||
| PARAGANGLIOMA (CHEMODECTOMAS OR GLOMUS TUMORS) | 1860 | ||
| SKULL BASE METASTASES | 1861 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1863 | ||
| suggested readings | 1865 | ||
| Chapter 140: Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas | 1867 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 1867 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 1867 | ||
| RADIOGRAPHY | 1867 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1868 | ||
| CYTOGENETICS | 1869 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1870 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1873 | ||
| suggested readings | 1873 | ||
| Chapter 141: Glomus Tumors | 1874 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 1874 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1876 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 1876 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1877 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 1878 | ||
| TREATMENT OPTIONS | 1879 | ||
| suggested readings | 1888 | ||
| Chapter 142: Neoplasms of the Paranasal Sinuses | 1890 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 1890 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC FEATURES | 1890 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 1892 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 1894 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT | 1894 | ||
| OUTCOME | 1902 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1902 | ||
| suggested readings | 1903 | ||
| Chapter 143: Esthesioneuroblastoma | 1904 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1904 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 1904 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION | 1904 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1904 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 1907 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1910 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 1911 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1911 | ||
| suggested readings | 1911 | ||
| Chapter 144: Trigeminal Schwannomas | 1913 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HISTORY | 1913 | ||
| PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS | 1913 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY AND CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES | 1913 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 1916 | ||
| NEURORADIOLOGIC EVALUATION | 1916 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 1917 | ||
| ROLE OF RADIOSURGERY AND RADIOTHERAPY | 1919 | ||
| OUTCOME | 1919 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1921 | ||
| suggested readings | 1921 | ||
| Chapter 145: Juvenile Nasal Angiofibroma | 1922 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 1922 | ||
| IMAGING AND HISTOPATHOLOGY | 1922 | ||
| STAGING | 1923 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 1923 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1927 | ||
| suggested readings | 1927 | ||
| Chapter 146: Osseous Tumors | 1928 | ||
| NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS | 1928 | ||
| BENIGN TUMORS | 1929 | ||
| MALIGNANT TUMORS | 1931 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL LESIONS | 1933 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1934 | ||
| suggested readings | 1934 | ||
| Chapter 147: Tumors of the Orbit | 1935 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 1935 | ||
| SURGICAL ANATOMY | 1935 | ||
| SURGICAL APPROACHES (LATERAL AND MEDIAL CORRIDORS) | 1936 | ||
| LATERAL CORRIDORS | 1937 | ||
| MEDIAL CORRIDORS | 1940 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT | 1944 | ||
| CHOICE OF APPROACH | 1944 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1945 | ||
| suggested readings | 1945 | ||
| Chapter 148: Skull Tumors | 1946 | ||
| PRIMARY SKULL NEOPLASMS | 1946 | ||
| SECONDARY (METASTATIC) SKULL NEOPLASMS | 1961 | ||
| REACTIVE, PROLIFERATING, AND NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS | 1967 | ||
| suggested readings | 1971 | ||
| Chapter 149: Scalp Tumors | 1972 | ||
| SKIN TISSUE | 1972 | ||
| SOFT TISSUE | 1977 | ||
| VASCULAR TISSUE | 1977 | ||
| NERVOUS TISSUE | 1978 | ||
| SKIN APPENDAGES | 1978 | ||
| METASTATIC LESIONS | 1978 | ||
| SCALP RECONSTRUCTIVE PROCEDURES | 1978 | ||
| suggested readings | 1979 | ||
| Chapter 150: Pseudotumor Cerebri | 1980 | ||
| Terminology | 1980 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1980 | ||
| Symptoms and Signs | 1980 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1981 | ||
| Secondary Pseudotumor Cerebri | 1983 | ||
| Complications | 1983 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1983 | ||
| Monitoring | 1985 | ||
| Treatment | 1987 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 1991 | ||
| Prognosis | 1991 | ||
| suggested readings | 1992 | ||
| Chapter 151: Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis, and Xanthogranuloma | 1993 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 1993 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 1997 | ||
| Xanthogranuloma | 1999 | ||
| suggested readings | 2000 | ||
| Chapter 152: Demyelinating Disease | 2001 | ||
| suggested readings | 2003 | ||
| SECTION VI: Pain | 2005 | ||
| Chapter 153: Pain: General Historical Considerations | 2007 | ||
| TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA | 2007 | ||
| CORDOTOMY | 2007 | ||
| STEREOTAXY | 2008 | ||
| GATE THEORY OF PAIN | 2009 | ||
| INTRASPINAL OPIOIDS | 2009 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE | 2009 | ||
| CONCLUSION AND FUTURE | 2009 | ||
| suggested readings | 2009 | ||
| Chapter 154: Anatomy and Physiology of Pain | 2011 | ||
| PRIMARY AFFERENT NOCICEPTORS | 2011 | ||
| DORSAL HORN AND ASCENDING PATHWAYS | 2011 | ||
| SUPRASPINAL NOCICEPTIVE TARGETS | 2012 | ||
| CORTICAL PROCESSING | 2014 | ||
| SENSITIZATION OF ASCENDING PAIN TRANSMISSION PATHWAYS | 2016 | ||
| DESCENDING MODULATORY SYSTEMS | 2016 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2018 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2018 | ||
| suggested readings | 2018 | ||
| Chapter 155: Molecular Basis of Nociception | 2020 | ||
| Properties of Nociceptors That Innervate Different Peripheral Organs | 2020 | ||
| Nociceptive Transduction Mechanisms | 2021 | ||
| Neurogenic Inflammation | 2024 | ||
| Centripetal Transfer of Information | 2024 | ||
| Synaptic Transmission and Segmental Facilitatory Mechanisms | 2025 | ||
| Furure Considerations | 2026 | ||
| suggested readings | 2027 | ||
| Chapter 156: Approach to the Patient with Chronic Pain | 2029 | ||
| BEFORE ARRIVAL | 2029 | ||
| THE INITIAL VISIT | 2029 | ||
| HISTORY | 2030 | ||
| PHYSICAL AND NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION | 2032 | ||
| FORMULATING A TREATMENT PLAN | 2033 | ||
| suggested readings | 2033 | ||
| Chapter 157: Pharmacologic Treatment of Pain | 2034 | ||
| THE PHENOMENON OF PAIN | 2034 | ||
| PAIN PERCEPTION AND RELAY | 2034 | ||
| TREATMENT OF PAIN | 2035 | ||
| TOLERANCE, ADDICTION, AND WITHDRAWAL | 2040 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2041 | ||
| suggested readings | 2041 | ||
| Chapter 158: Management of Pain by Anesthetic Techniques | 2043 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC INJECTIONS | 2043 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF NEURAL BLOCKADE AND THERAPEUTIC INJECTION | 2043 | ||
| IMAGING GUIDANCE | 2044 | ||
| EPIDURAL AND SELECTIVE NERVE ROOT INJECTIONS | 2045 | ||
| FACET JOINT AND MEDIAL BRANCH NERVE PROCEDURES | 2047 | ||
| RADIOFREQUENCY DENERVATION TREATMENT | 2048 | ||
| SYMPATHETIC NERVE BLOCKS | 2049 | ||
| SPHENOPALATINE GANGLION BLOCK | 2050 | ||
| STELLATE GANGLION BLOCK | 2050 | ||
| THORACIC SYMPATHETIC BLOCK | 2050 | ||
| CELIAC PLEXUS AND SPLANCHNIC NERVE BLOCKS | 2050 | ||
| LUMBAR SYMPATHETIC BLOCK | 2051 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2051 | ||
| suggested readings | 2051 | ||
| Chapter 159: Evidence-Based Approach to the Treatment of Facial Pain | 2052 | ||
| IMPLEMENTATION OF EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE IN TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA | 2053 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA | 2053 | ||
| TREATMENT OF TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA | 2054 | ||
| PUTTING THE EVIDENCE INTO CLINICAL CONTEXT | 2054 | ||
| USE OF EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE FOR EVALUATION OF FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA | 2055 | ||
| suggested readings | 2055 | ||
| Chapter 160: Trigeminal Neuralgia: | 2056 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 2056 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF FACIAL PAIN | 2056 | ||
| TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA | 2056 | ||
| suggested readings | 2060 | ||
| Chapter 161: Percutaneous Procedures for Trigeminal Neuralgia | 2061 | ||
| HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERCUTANEOUS PROCEDURES FOR TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA | 2061 | ||
| TRIGEMINAL ANATOMY | 2061 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 2062 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS | 2062 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 2062 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS PREOPERATIVE CARE | 2062 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS SURGICAL PROCEDURES | 2063 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 2065 | ||
| RADIOSURGERY | 2065 | ||
| RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS | 2066 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 2066 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2066 | ||
| suggested readings | 2067 | ||
| Chapter 162: Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia | 2068 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF GAMMA KNIFE IN TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA | 2068 | ||
| RATIONALE FOR RADIOSURGERY IN TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA AND FACTORS RELATED TO SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT | 2068 | ||
| RADIOSURGICAL TARGETING | 2069 | ||
| CLINICAL FOLLOW-UP | 2070 | ||
| PAIN CONTROL AFTER RADIOSURGERY FOR TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE | 2070 | ||
| RECURRENCE AND RETREATMENT | 2071 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS FROM RADIOSURGERY | 2071 | ||
| COMPARISON OF RADIOSURGERY AND OPEN SURGERY FOR TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA | 2071 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2074 | ||
| suggested readings | 2074 | ||
| Chapter 163: Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia | 2075 | ||
| HISTORY | 2075 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 2075 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS | 2075 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FACIAL PAIN | 2076 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE IMAGING | 2076 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 2076 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 2078 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 2079 | ||
| RESULTS | 2079 | ||
| OTHER NEUROVASCULAR FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES | 2080 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2080 | ||
| suggested readings | 2080 | ||
| Chapter 164: Neurosurgical Management of Intractable Pain | 2082 | ||
| PRELUDE TO SURGICAL TREATMENT | 2082 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION FOR SURGICAL PAIN THERAPIES | 2083 | ||
| NEUROSURGICAL THERAPIES FOR INTRACTABLE PAIN | 2083 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2087 | ||
| suggested readings | 2088 | ||
| Chapter 165: Evidence Base: | 2089 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 2089 | ||
| HISTORY | 2089 | ||
| METHODS | 2090 | ||
| RESULTS | 2090 | ||
| THE NEUROSTIMULATION LITERATURE | 2096 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 2097 | ||
| EXPECTATIONS AND REPORTING BIAS | 2097 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION | 2098 | ||
| Investment and Financial Disclosure | 2099 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 2099 | ||
| suggested readings | 2099 | ||
| Chapter 166: Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain | 2101 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 2101 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 2102 | ||
| RESULTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 2104 | ||
| suggested readings | 2104 | ||
| Chapter 167: Spinal Cord Stimulation | 2105 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION | 2105 | ||
| INDICATIONS AND OUTCOMES | 2105 | ||
| EARLY LEAD CONFIGURATIONS | 2107 | ||
| MODERN-DAY LEAD TYPES | 2107 | ||
| LAMINECTOMY COMPARED WITH PERCUTANEOUS PLACEMENT | 2108 | ||
| GENERATORS | 2108 | ||
| PATIENT PROGRAMMERS | 2109 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 2109 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 2110 | ||
| CAUTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS | 2110 | ||
| NEW DIRECTIONS | 2110 | ||
| suggested readings | 2110 | ||
| Chapter 168: Motor Cortex Stimulation | 2111 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 2111 | ||
| STIMULATION PARAMETERS | 2111 | ||
| INDICATIONS AND RESULTS | 2112 | ||
| SAFETY | 2113 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION | 2113 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2114 | ||
| suggested readings | 2114 | ||
| Chapter 169: Evidence Base for Destructive Procedures | 2115 | ||
| METHODS | 2115 | ||
| RESULTS | 2115 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 2118 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2119 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2120 | ||
| selected readings | 2120 | ||
| Chapter 170: Diagnosis and Management of Painful Neuromas | 2121 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 2121 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 2121 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 2121 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2121 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 2124 | ||
| suggested readings | 2124 | ||
| Chapter 171: Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions | 2125 | ||
| PAIN MECHANISM | 2125 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES | 2125 | ||
| ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 2125 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 2126 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 2127 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 2128 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 2129 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2129 | ||
| suggested readings | 2129 | ||
| Chapter 172: Percutaneous Cordotomy and Trigeminal Tractotomy-Nucleotomy | 2131 | ||
| HISTORY | 2131 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE TARGETS AND THEIR ENVIRONS | 2131 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 2132 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS CORDOTOMY TECHNIQUE | 2133 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS TRIGEMINAL TRACTOTOMY-NUCLEOTOMY TECHNIQUE | 2135 | ||
| RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS | 2136 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2137 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2137 | ||
| suggested readings | 2137 | ||
| SECTION VII: Pediatrics | 2139 | ||
| Chapter 173: Neuroanesthesia in Children | 2141 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND PREPARATION | 2141 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 2141 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 2146 | ||
| SPECIAL ISSUES | 2146 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2149 | ||
| suggested readings | 2149 | ||
| Chapter 174: Neurocritical Care in Children | 2150 | ||
| NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IN THE PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT | 2150 | ||
| THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD | 2150 | ||
| AIRWAY MANAGEMENT AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE | 2150 | ||
| STROKE IN CHILDREN | 2151 | ||
| FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, AND NUTRITION | 2152 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION | 2154 | ||
| SEIZURES | 2154 | ||
| INFECTIONS | 2155 | ||
| PREVENTION OF SECONDARY INSULTS TO THE BRAIN | 2155 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN DEATH IN CHILDREN | 2160 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2161 | ||
| suggested readings | 2161 | ||
| Chapter 175: Normal and Abnormal Embryology of the Brain | 2163 | ||
| NORMAL EARLY HUMAN NEURAL DEVELOPMENT | 2163 | ||
| ABNORMAL EARLY NEURAL DEVELOPMENT | 2170 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2176 | ||
| suggested readings | 2176 | ||
| Chapter 176: Encephalocele | 2178 | ||
| Classification | 2178 | ||
| Embryology | 2178 | ||
| Epidemiology and Further Theory Regarding Embryopathogenesis | 2178 | ||
| Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, Management, and Outcome | 2179 | ||
| Conclusion | 2185 | ||
| suggested readings | 2185 | ||
| Chapter 177: Dandy-Walker Syndrome | 2186 | ||
| History | 2186 | ||
| Embryology, Pathophysiology, and Etiology | 2186 | ||
| Terminology and Differential Diagnosis | 2186 | ||
| Clinical Features | 2186 | ||
| Treatment | 2187 | ||
| Prognosis | 2190 | ||
| Conclusion | 2190 | ||
| suggested readings | 2190 | ||
| Chapter 178: Arachnoid Cysts | 2191 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2191 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 2191 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 2191 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 2192 | ||
| IMAGING | 2194 | ||
| TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES | 2195 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2197 | ||
| suggested readings | 2197 | ||
| Chapter 179: Chiari Malformations | 2198 | ||
| HISTORY | 2198 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 2198 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 2199 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES | 2200 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 2202 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2203 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 2206 | ||
| RESULTS AND PROGNOSIS | 2206 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP | 2207 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2207 | ||
| suggested readings | 2207 | ||
| Chapter 180: Craniopagus Twins | 2208 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 2208 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS | 2208 | ||
| SURGICAL SEPARATION | 2208 | ||
| NONOPERABLE CRANIOPAGUS | 2213 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2213 | ||
| suggested readings | 2215 | ||
| Chapter 181: Genetics of Craniosynostosis | 2216 | ||
| SYNDROMIC CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS | 2216 | ||
| NONSYNDROMIC CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS | 2218 | ||
| VALUE OF MOLECULAR GENETICS TO THE CRANIOFACIAL SURGEON | 2219 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2219 | ||
| suggested readings | 2219 | ||
| Chapter 182: Craniosynostosis | 2220 | ||
| NONSYNDROMIC AND SYNDROMIC CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS | 2220 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 2221 | ||
| OPERATIVE TIMING AND APPROACHES | 2222 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE, COGNITION, AND BEHAVIOR | 2223 | ||
| OPERATIVE TREATMENT | 2224 | ||
| OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS | 2233 | ||
| PHILOSOPHY OF TREATMENT | 2233 | ||
| suggested readings | 2234 | ||
| Chapter 183: Syndromic Craniosynostosis | 2235 | ||
| Description and Classification of the Faciocraniosynsotoses | 2235 | ||
| Etiology | 2235 | ||
| Functional Aspects | 2239 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 2240 | ||
| suggested readings | 2247 | ||
| Chapter 184: Endoscopic Treatment of Craniosynostosis | 2249 | ||
| INSTRUMENTATION | 2249 | ||
| ANESTHESIA | 2250 | ||
| SAGITTAL | 2251 | ||
| CORONAL | 2251 | ||
| METOPIC | 2252 | ||
| LAMBDOID | 2253 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2255 | ||
| suggested readings | 2255 | ||
| Chapter 185: Plagiocephaly | 2256 | ||
| HISTORY | 2256 | ||
| SCOPE AND IMPACT | 2257 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 2257 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY | 2257 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE INFANT WITH PLAGIOCEPHALY | 2258 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2260 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2261 | ||
| suggested readings | 2261 | ||
| Chapter 186: Hydrocephalus in Children: | 2262 | ||
| PRESENTATION | 2262 | ||
| DISEASE-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS | 2262 | ||
| APPROACH TO THE PATIENT | 2265 | ||
| suggested readings | 2266 | ||
| Chapter 187: Infantile Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus | 2267 | ||
| INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE IN PRETERM INFANTS | 2267 | ||
| INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE IN TERM INFANTS | 2272 | ||
| suggested readings | 2272 | ||
| Chapter 188: Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology | 2273 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DEVELOPING FETUS | 2273 | ||
| BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER | 2276 | ||
| FORMATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID | 2276 | ||
| ABSORPTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID | 2277 | ||
| CIRCULATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID | 2278 | ||
| suggested readings | 2281 | ||
| Chapter 189: Experimental Hydrocephalus | 2282 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | 2282 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS AND TREATMENT POSSIBILITIES | 2284 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2286 | ||
| suggested readings | 2288 | ||
| Chapter 190: Ventricular Shunting Procedures | 2289 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF A SHUNT SYSTEM | 2289 | ||
| COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SHUNT SYSTEMS | 2292 | ||
| SHUNT INSERTION | 2292 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2299 | ||
| suggested readings | 2300 | ||
| Chapter 191: Neuroendoscopy | 2301 | ||
| HISTORY | 2301 | ||
| INSTRUMENTATION | 2301 | ||
| STEREOTACTIC ENDOSCOPY | 2302 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS | 2302 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES | 2303 | ||
| VENTRICULAR TUMORS AND CYSTS | 2306 | ||
| PINEAL TUMORS AND CYSTS | 2306 | ||
| COLLOID CYSTS | 2306 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2308 | ||
| suggested readings | 2308 | ||
| Chapter 192: Cerebrospinal Fluid Devices | 2309 | ||
| History of Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Devices | 2309 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Hydrodynamics | 2309 | ||
| Siphoning | 2310 | ||
| Proximal and Distal Shunt Catheters | 2311 | ||
| Shunt Valves | 2311 | ||
| Ventricular Access Devices | 2313 | ||
| Valve Design Trials | 2314 | ||
| In Vivo Shunt Assessment | 2314 | ||
| Future Developments | 2314 | ||
| suggested readings | 2314 | ||
| Chapter 193: Shunt Infections and Their Treatment | 2315 | ||
| INFECTION RATES | 2315 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION | 2316 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2317 | ||
| OUTCOME | 2318 | ||
| PREVENTION | 2318 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2318 | ||
| suggested readings | 2318 | ||
| Chapter 194: General Approaches and Considerations for Pediatric Brain Tumors | 2320 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2320 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 2320 | ||
| ONCOGENIC FACTORS | 2321 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 2321 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 2322 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2324 | ||
| LONG-TERM EFFECTS | 2326 | ||
| suggested readings | 2326 | ||
| Chapter 195: Optic Pathway Hypothalamic Gliomas | 2327 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2327 | ||
| NEUROIMAGING | 2327 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2328 | ||
| OUTCOME | 2331 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2332 | ||
| suggested readings | 2333 | ||
| Chapter 196: Thalamic Tumors | 2334 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 2334 | ||
| GROWTH PATTERN | 2334 | ||
| IMAGING | 2334 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 2335 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2335 | ||
| SURGICAL APPROACH | 2336 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 2337 | ||
| ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENTS | 2338 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS AND OUTCOMES | 2338 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2338 | ||
| suggested readings | 2341 | ||
| Chapter 197: Choroid Plexus Tumors | 2342 | ||
| CLINICAL BACKGROUND | 2342 | ||
| PRESENTATION | 2342 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 2343 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 2345 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT AND COMPLICATIONS | 2347 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 2348 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2348 | ||
| suggested readings | 2348 | ||
| Chapter 198: Pediatric Craniopharyngioma | 2349 | ||
| HISTORY | 2349 | ||
| HISTOLOGY | 2349 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2349 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 2349 | ||
| IMAGING | 2350 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 2352 | ||
| ENDOCRINE EVALUATION | 2353 | ||
| MANAGEMENT CONTROVERSY | 2353 | ||
| RADICAL RESECTION VERSUS LIMITED SURGERY PLUS RADIOTHERAPY | 2353 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2357 | ||
| suggested readings | 2358 | ||
| Chapter 199: Supratentorial Hemispheric Tumors | 2359 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2359 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2359 | ||
| GLIAL TUMORS | 2359 | ||
| MIXED GLIAL/NEURONAL TUMORS | 2362 | ||
| PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS | 2363 | ||
| MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | 2364 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY | 2364 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2364 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2364 | ||
| suggested readings | 2364 | ||
| Chapter 200: Ependymoma | 2366 | ||
| CLINICAL OVERVIEW | 2366 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC FACTORS | 2366 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 2367 | ||
| HEREDITARY TUMOR SYNDROMES | 2367 | ||
| CANCER GENETICS | 2368 | ||
| STEM CELL BIOLOGY | 2369 | ||
| EPENDYMOMA VARIANTS | 2369 | ||
| NEUROIMAGING | 2369 | ||
| INITIAL SURGERY | 2369 | ||
| SURGERY FOR RESIDUAL OR RECURRENT TUMOR | 2371 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 2371 | ||
| TREATMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS | 2372 | ||
| RADIATION THERAPY | 2373 | ||
| CHEMOTHERAPY | 2373 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2374 | ||
| suggested readings | 2374 | ||
| Chapter 201: Medulloblastoma in Children | 2375 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2375 | ||
| GENETICS | 2375 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 2376 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2377 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING | 2377 | ||
| STAGING AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS | 2377 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2379 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE IMAGING AND DISEASE RECURRENCE | 2383 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 2383 | ||
| suggested readings | 2384 | ||
| Chapter 202: Cerebellar Astrocytomas | 2385 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 2385 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 2385 | ||
| PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS | 2385 | ||
| IMAGING FEATURES | 2386 | ||
| SURGICAL AND PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 2388 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 2390 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 2391 | ||
| RADIATION THERAPY | 2392 | ||
| OUTCOME | 2392 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE | 2392 | ||
| TREATMENT OF RECURRENCE | 2392 | ||
| QUALITY OF LIFE | 2392 | ||
| suggested readings | 2393 | ||
| Chapter 203: Brainstem Glioma | 2394 | ||
| HISTORY AND DEFINITION | 2394 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2394 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 2394 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 2395 | ||
| PATHOBIOLOGY | 2395 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2398 | ||
| PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOMES | 2400 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2400 | ||
| suggested readings | 2400 | ||
| Chapter 204: Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors | 2401 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2401 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2401 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 2401 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 2402 | ||
| ADJUVANT THERAPY AND PROGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS | 2404 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2406 | ||
| suggested readings | 2407 | ||
| Chapter 205: Familial Tumors (Neurocutaneous Syndromes) | 2408 | ||
| NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1 | 2408 | ||
| NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 2 | 2411 | ||
| TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS | 2412 | ||
| VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE | 2413 | ||
| ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA | 2414 | ||
| STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME | 2414 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2415 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2415 | ||
| suggested readings | 2415 | ||
| Chapter 206: Skull Tumors and Fibrous Dysplasia | 2416 | ||
| INCLUSION CYSTS | 2416 | ||
| LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS | 2416 | ||
| HEMANGIOMA | 2417 | ||
| OCCULT MENINGOCELES | 2418 | ||
| CEPHALOHEMATOMAS | 2418 | ||
| ANEURYSMAL BONE CYSTS | 2419 | ||
| CRANIAL FASCIITIS | 2420 | ||
| SKULL METASTASIS | 2421 | ||
| MELANOTIC NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR (MELANOTIC PROGONOMA) | 2421 | ||
| OSTEOMAS | 2421 | ||
| SINUS PERICRANII | 2421 | ||
| FIBROUS DYSPLASIA | 2422 | ||
| suggested readings | 2423 | ||
| Chapter 207: Moyamoya Disease | 2424 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2424 | ||
| ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS | 2424 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 2424 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2425 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY AND PROGNOSIS | 2426 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 2426 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2427 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2429 | ||
| suggested reading | 2429 | ||
| Chapter 208: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation | 2430 | ||
| Classification | 2430 | ||
| Embryology | 2436 | ||
| Angioarchitecture of Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations | 2436 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations | 2440 | ||
| Treatment | 2442 | ||
| Treatment Results | 2443 | ||
| Follow-Up | 2444 | ||
| Conclusion | 2444 | ||
| suggested readings | 2444 | ||
| Chapter 209: Management of Severe Head Injury in Children | 2446 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 2446 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF HEAD INJURIES | 2446 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 2447 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2453 | ||
| suggested readings | 2455 | ||
| Chapter 210: Child Abuse | 2456 | ||
| EVALUATION OF CHILD ABUSE SYNDROMES | 2456 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF HEAD INJURIES FROM CHILD ABUSE | 2460 | ||
| SPINAL INJURY CAUSED BY CHILD ABUSE | 2462 | ||
| OUTCOME OF HEAD INJURIES FROM CHILD ABUSE | 2462 | ||
| PREVENTION OF CHILD ABUSE | 2463 | ||
| suggested readings | 2463 | ||
| Chapter 211: Growing Skull Fracture | 2464 | ||
| History and Pathogenesis | 2464 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2465 | ||
| Evaluation | 2465 | ||
| Treatment | 2465 | ||
| Conclusion | 2466 | ||
| suggested readings | 2466 | ||
| Chapter 212: Birth Head Trauma | 2467 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS | 2467 | ||
| SCALP INJURY | 2467 | ||
| SKULL FRACTURES | 2467 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE | 2468 | ||
| suggested readings | 2471 | ||
| Chapter 213: Birth Brachial Plexus Injury | 2472 | ||
| HISTORY | 2472 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 2472 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 2472 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2473 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION | 2474 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 2475 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 2476 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 2476 | ||
| SURGICAL OUTCOME | 2476 | ||
| SECONDARY RECONSTRUCTION | 2477 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2477 | ||
| suggested readings | 2478 | ||
| Chapter 214: Myelomeningocele and Myelocystocele | 2479 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 2479 | ||
| MYELOMENINGOCELE | 2479 | ||
| MYELOCYSTOCELE | 2488 | ||
| suggested readings | 2490 | ||
| Chapter 215: Lipomyelomeningocele | 2491 | ||
| DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION | 2491 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY | 2491 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2492 | ||
| EVALUATION | 2493 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 2494 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 2496 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 2497 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2497 | ||
| suggested readings | 2497 | ||
| Chapter 216: Split Spinal Cord | 2499 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPLIT CORD MALFORMATIONS | 2499 | ||
| EMBRYOGENESIS | 2499 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 2500 | ||
| IMAGING | 2501 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 2503 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 2505 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2506 | ||
| suggested readings | 2506 | ||
| Chapter 217: Tethered Spinal Cord: | 2507 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2507 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGIC OVERVIEW | 2507 | ||
| FATTY FILUM TERMINALE | 2507 | ||
| MENINGOCELE MANQUÉ | 2509 | ||
| DERMAL SINUS TRACTS | 2510 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2511 | ||
| suggested readings | 2512 | ||
| Chapter 218: Developmental Abnormalities of the Craniocervical Junction | 2513 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION | 2513 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION DISORDERS | 2513 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL ABNORMALITIES | 2514 | ||
| BIOMECHANICS | 2514 | ||
| BIOMECHANICAL COMPARISON OF CERVICAL ORTHOSES | 2515 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION ABNORMALITIES | 2515 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2515 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2516 | ||
| NEURODIAGNOSTIC IMAGING | 2516 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2517 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES AFFECTING THE CRANIOVERTEBRAL REGION | 2517 | ||
| ANOMALIES OF THE ODONTOID PROCESS | 2521 | ||
| suggested readings | 2524 | ||
| Chapter 219: Achondroplasia and Other Dwarfisms | 2525 | ||
| GENETICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2525 | ||
| MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS | 2526 | ||
| EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 2526 | ||
| Operative Management | 2529 | ||
| OUTCOME | 2531 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2533 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2533 | ||
| suggested readings | 2533 | ||
| Chapter 220: Cervical Spine Disorders in Children | 2535 | ||
| SPECIFIC CONDITIONS | 2535 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC ABNORMALITIES BY ANATOMIC LEVEL | 2539 | ||
| suggested readings | 2541 | ||
| Chapter 221: Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Children | 2542 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2542 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2542 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 2543 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 2546 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2547 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2550 | ||
| suggested readings | 2550 | ||
| Chapter 222: Spine Tumors in Children | 2551 | ||
| BENIGN TUMORS | 2551 | ||
| MALIGNANT TUMORS | 2557 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2558 | ||
| suggested readings | 2558 | ||
| Chapter 223: Thoracolumbar Spinal Disorders in Pediatric Patients* | 2559 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation of Pediatric Spine Patients | 2559 | ||
| Imaging Evaluation of Pediatric Spine Patients | 2559 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 2561 | ||
| Neuromuscular Disorders | 2566 | ||
| Idiopathic Scoliosis | 2569 | ||
| Conclusion | 2570 | ||
| suggested readings | 2571 | ||
| Chapter 224: Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord Injuries in Children | 2573 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF INJURY TYPE | 2573 | ||
| BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 2573 | ||
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEDIATRIC SPINAL INJURIES | 2574 | ||
| TREATMENT | 2575 | ||
| OUTCOME | 2576 | ||
| SPECIAL INJURY TYPES | 2576 | ||
| SPINAL STABILIZATION IN CHILDREN: PROBLEMS AND PITFALLS | 2604 | ||
| suggested readings | 2612 | ||
| Chapter 225: Clinical Features and Management of Cerebral Palsy | 2613 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION | 2613 | ||
| ASSOCIATED IMPAIRMENTS | 2613 | ||
| IMPROVING MOBILITY AND MOTOR FUNCTION (“I WANT TO WALK”): HOW DO WE HELP THEM? | 2614 | ||
| DYSTONIA AND MIXED MOVEMENT DISORDERS IN CEREBRAL PALSY | 2617 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2618 | ||
| suggested readings | 2618 | ||
| Chapter 226: Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy for Cerebral Palsy | 2620 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 2620 | ||
| SCREENING | 2620 | ||
| PUMP AND CATHETER IMPLANTATION | 2621 | ||
| DOSING OF INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN | 2621 | ||
| OUTCOMES OF INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN IN PATIENTS WITH SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY | 2622 | ||
| INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN FOR DYSTONIC CEREBRAL PALSY | 2622 | ||
| INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN FOR CHOREOATHETOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CEREBRAL PALSY | 2622 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN FOR CEREBRAL PALSY | 2623 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2624 | ||
| suggested readings | 2624 | ||
| Chapter 227: Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy for Spastic Cerebral Palsy | 2625 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY | 2625 | ||
| DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF CEREBRAL PALSY SPASTICITY | 2625 | ||
| TREATMENT OF SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY | 2626 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE COURSE AND COMPLICATIONS | 2631 | ||
| OUTCOME | 2632 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2634 | ||
| suggested readings | 2634 | ||
| Chapter 228: Dystonia in Children | 2635 | ||
| DEFINITION AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 2635 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION, GRADING, AND CAUSES | 2635 | ||
| MEDICAL TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC DYSTONIA | 2636 | ||
| NEUROSURGICAL TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES | 2636 | ||
| suggested readings | 2638 | ||
| Index | 2639 | ||
| e9781416053163v3 | 2731 | ||
| Front cover | 2731 | ||
| Front Matter | 2733 | ||
| Youmans Neurological Surgery | 2735 | ||
| Copyright page | 2736 | ||
| Dedication | 2737 | ||
| EDITOR-IN-CHIEF | 2738 | ||
| Section Editors | 2739 | ||
| Video Editors | 2743 | ||
| Table of contents | 2745 | ||
| Contributors | 2763 | ||
| Preface | 2823 | ||
| SECTION VIII: Peripheral Nerve | 2825 | ||
| Chapter 229: General Principles in Evaluating and Treating Peripheral Nerve Pathology, Injuries, and Entrapments and Their Historical Context | 2827 | ||
| ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES | 2828 | ||
| MINIMAL-ACCESS SURGERY FOR MAJOR PROXIMAL NERVE ENTRAPMENTS | 2829 | ||
| IMPACT OF NERVE IMAGING AND OPEN MAGNETIC RESONANCE–GUIDED INJECTIONS | 2829 | ||
| ELECTRONEURAL PROSTHESES | 2829 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2832 | ||
| suggested readings | 2832 | ||
| Chapter 230: Pathophysiology of Surgical Nerve Disorders | 2834 | ||
| CAUSES OF SURGICAL NERVE INJURIES | 2834 | ||
| NEUROBIOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, REGENERATION, AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY | 2841 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2843 | ||
| suggested readings | 2844 | ||
| Chapter 231: Peripheral Nerve Examination, Evaluation, and Biopsy | 2846 | ||
| HISTORY | 2846 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 2847 | ||
| CONFIRMATION OF THE DIAGNOSIS | 2851 | ||
| BIOPSY | 2851 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2852 | ||
| suggested readings | 2852 | ||
| Chapter 232: Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Peripheral Nerves: | 2854 | ||
| FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 2854 | ||
| COMMON CLINICAL DISORDERS | 2859 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMATIC PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY | 2861 | ||
| PROGNOSTICATION OF AWAKENING FROM COMA | 2862 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2862 | ||
| suggested readings | 2863 | ||
| Chapter 233: Peripheral Neuropathies | 2864 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVES | 2864 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY | 2865 | ||
| ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES | 2866 | ||
| COMMON NEUROPATHIES | 2868 | ||
| suggested readings | 2875 | ||
| Chapter 234: Operative Neurophysiology of Peripheral Nerves | 2876 | ||
| ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NERVES | 2876 | ||
| RECORDING IN THE OPERATING ROOM | 2878 | ||
| suggested readings | 2878 | ||
| Chapter 235: Imaging for Peripheral Nerve Disorders | 2879 | ||
| TECHNICAL ASPECTS | 2879 | ||
| CLASSES OF IMAGE FINDINGS | 2883 | ||
| IMAGING IN THE SETTING OF NERVE ENTRAPMENT AND PAIN | 2884 | ||
| NERVE TRAUMA | 2888 | ||
| NERVE TUMORS | 2888 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE FINDINGS IN SYSTEMIC NEUROPATHIES | 2889 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF PATHOLOGIES AFFECTING MUSCLE | 2889 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2891 | ||
| suggested readings | 2891 | ||
| Chapter 236: Distal Entrapment Syndromes: | 2893 | ||
| MEDIAN NERVE | 2893 | ||
| ULNAR NERVE | 2897 | ||
| COMMON PERONEAL NERVE | 2901 | ||
| POSTERIOR TIBIAL NERVE | 2903 | ||
| DOUBLE CRUSH SYNDROME | 2904 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2905 | ||
| suggested readings | 2905 | ||
| Chapter 237: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 2906 | ||
| HISTORY OF THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME | 2906 | ||
| ANATOMY | 2906 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 2906 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 2907 | ||
| CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT | 2909 | ||
| SURGICAL APPROACHES | 2909 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES AFTER SURGERY | 2912 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2912 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 2912 | ||
| suggested readings | 2912 | ||
| Chapter 238: Piriformis Syndrome, Obturator Internus Syndrome, Pudendal Nerve Entrapment, and Other Pelvic Entrapments | 2913 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PELVIC SCIATIC SYNDROMES | 2914 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PUDENDAL SYNDROMES | 2917 | ||
| ANTERIOR PELVIS: ILIOINGUINAL, FEMORAL, OBTURATOR, AND LATERAL FEMORAL CUTANEOUS NERVES | 2920 | ||
| suggested readings | 2920 | ||
| Chapter 239: Techniques and Options in Nerve Reconstruction and Repair | 2922 | ||
| ANATOMIC PRINCIPLES | 2922 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES AND PATIENT SELECTION FOR SURGERY | 2922 | ||
| OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES | 2923 | ||
| NERVE REPAIR TECHNIQUES | 2924 | ||
| NERVE REPAIR IN THE FUTURE | 2929 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2929 | ||
| suggested readings | 2930 | ||
| Chapter 240: Management of Acute Peripheral Nerve Injuries | 2931 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF NERVE TRAUMA | 2931 | ||
| APPEARANCE AND FORMS OF TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURY | 2934 | ||
| CLINICAL ASSESSMENT | 2937 | ||
| APPROACHING NERVE INJURY: A TREATMENT PLAN OUTLINE | 2938 | ||
| EXPLORING TRAUMATIZED NERVE | 2942 | ||
| NERVE REPAIR TECHNIQUES | 2943 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE DECISION MAKING: IS GRAFTING NECESSARY? | 2944 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2949 | ||
| suggested readings | 2949 | ||
| Chapter 241: Early Management of Brachial Plexus Injuries | 2950 | ||
| HISTORICAL | 2950 | ||
| ANATOMY | 2952 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION | 2952 | ||
| CLINICAL | 2953 | ||
| THERAPY/MANAGEMENT | 2954 | ||
| suggested readings | 2962 | ||
| Chapter 242: Secondary Procedures for Brachial Plexus Injuries | 2963 | ||
| TENDON TRANSFER | 2963 | ||
| FUNCTIONING FREE MUSCLE TRANSFER | 2966 | ||
| ARTHRODESIS | 2968 | ||
| TENODESIS | 2968 | ||
| CORRECTIVE OSTEOTOMY | 2968 | ||
| AMPUTATION/PROSTHESES | 2968 | ||
| REHABILITATION | 2969 | ||
| PAIN MANAGEMENT | 2969 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2969 | ||
| suggested readings | 2969 | ||
| Chapter 243: Nerve Injuries of the Lower Extremity | 2970 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 2970 | ||
| LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS INJURIES | 2970 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 2982 | ||
| suggested readings | 2983 | ||
| Chapter 244: Benign Tumors of the Peripheral Nerve | 2984 | ||
| HISTORY | 2984 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2984 | ||
| BENIGN TUMORS OF NEURAL SHEATH ORIGIN | 2985 | ||
| BENIGN TUMORS OF NON–NEURAL SHEATH ORIGIN | 2990 | ||
| TUMORS OF VASCULAR ORIGIN | 2994 | ||
| LOCALIZED HYPERTROPHIC NEUROPATHY (ONION WHORL DISEASE) | 2995 | ||
| RADIATION-INDUCED BRACHIAL PLEXUS LESIONS (ACTINIC PLEXITIS) | 2996 | ||
| suggested readings | 2996 | ||
| Chapter 245: Surgery for Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors | 2998 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS | 2998 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 2998 | ||
| IMAGING | 2999 | ||
| TREATMENT | 3000 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION AND PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS AND GRADING | 3000 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 3001 | ||
| RADIOTHERAPY | 3001 | ||
| CHEMOTHERAPY | 3001 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 3002 | ||
| suggested readings | 3002 | ||
| Chapter 246: Pain, Complications, and Iatrogenic Injury in Nerve Surgery | 3003 | ||
| PAIN AND PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY | 3003 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR AVOIDANCE IN PERIPHERAL NERVE SURGERY | 3005 | ||
| IATROGENIC PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES | 3006 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3009 | ||
| suggested readings | 3009 | ||
| SECTION IX: Radiation | 3011 | ||
| Chapter 247: General and Historical Considerations of Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery | 3013 | ||
| THE BEGINNING | 3013 | ||
| THE SEARCH FOR ENERGY AND PENETRATION | 3015 | ||
| THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CONSISTENCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY | 3015 | ||
| EMERGENCE OF RADIOBIOLOGY AND LIMITATION OF RADIATION INJURY | 3016 | ||
| IMAGING AND TARGETING | 3016 | ||
| COMPUTATION ADVANCES | 3017 | ||
| ROBOTIC POSITIONING AND AUTOMATED COLLIMATION | 3018 | ||
| BRACHYTHERAPY | 3019 | ||
| STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY | 3019 | ||
| INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY | 3020 | ||
| PARTICULATE AND OTHER NOVEL RADIATION | 3020 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3021 | ||
| suggested readings | 3021 | ||
| Chapter 248: Principles of Radiation Therapy | 3022 | ||
| BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION THERAPY | 3022 | ||
| RADIATION DELIVERY SOURCES | 3025 | ||
| BASIC PARADIGMS OF RADIATION TREATMENT DELIVERY | 3026 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3028 | ||
| suggested readings | 3028 | ||
| Chapter 249: The Radiobiology and Physics of Radiosurgery | 3029 | ||
| TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATION | 3029 | ||
| RADIOCHEMISTRY | 3030 | ||
| RADIOBIOLOGY | 3030 | ||
| MODALITIES OF RADIATION THERAPY | 3031 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RADIATION | 3034 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3035 | ||
| suggested readings | 3036 | ||
| Chapter 250: Fractionated Radiation Therapy for Malignant Brain Tumors | 3037 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 3037 | ||
| BRAIN METASTASES | 3037 | ||
| PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS NEOPLASMS | 3041 | ||
| MALIGNANT GLIOMA | 3041 | ||
| PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA | 3044 | ||
| MALIGNANT MENINGEAL TUMORS | 3046 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 3046 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3047 | ||
| suggested readings | 3047 | ||
| Chapter 251: Fractionated Radiation Therapy for Benign Brain Tumors | 3048 | ||
| Meningioma | 3048 | ||
| Pituitary Adenoma | 3052 | ||
| Intracranial Schwannomas | 3059 | ||
| Craniopharyngioma | 3061 | ||
| Chordoma | 3063 | ||
| Chondrosarcoma | 3064 | ||
| suggested readings | 3066 | ||
| Chapter 252: Fractionated Radiotherapy for Spine Tumors | 3067 | ||
| Radiation Tolerance of the Spinal Cord | 3067 | ||
| Intramedullary Tumors | 3068 | ||
| Extramedullary Tumors | 3069 | ||
| Extradural Tumors | 3070 | ||
| Conclusion | 3074 | ||
| suggested readings | 3074 | ||
| Chapter 253: Interstitial and Intracavitary Irradiation of Brain Tumors | 3075 | ||
| Radiobiology | 3075 | ||
| Patient Selection | 3076 | ||
| Implantation Technique | 3077 | ||
| Brachytherapy for Primary Glioblastoma | 3078 | ||
| Brachytherapy for Recurrent Glioblastoma | 3079 | ||
| Brachytherapy for Low-Grade Astrocytoma | 3079 | ||
| Brachytherapy for Craniopharyngiomas | 3079 | ||
| Brachytherapy for Metastases | 3080 | ||
| Brachytherapy for Meningiomas | 3080 | ||
| Brachytherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors | 3080 | ||
| Conclusion | 3081 | ||
| suggested readings | 3081 | ||
| Chapter 254: Proton Radiosurgery | 3082 | ||
| Historical Perspective on Radiosurgery | 3082 | ||
| Dose Principles: Photons and Protons | 3082 | ||
| The Original Approach: Proton Cross-Fire | 3083 | ||
| The Second Approach: Proton Bragg Peak and Minimizing the Uncertainty | 3083 | ||
| Technologic Evolution: Stereotactic Alignment for Radiosurgery | 3084 | ||
| Conclusion | 3086 | ||
| suggested readings | 3087 | ||
| Chapter 255: Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery: | 3088 | ||
| Precision and History of Linear Accelerators | 3088 | ||
| Dosimetry | 3088 | ||
| Functional Lesion Considerations | 3088 | ||
| Advanced Methods of Conformality | 3094 | ||
| Frameless Radiosurgery and the Spine | 3095 | ||
| Conclusion | 3097 | ||
| suggested readings | 3097 | ||
| Chapter 256: Gamma Knife Radiosurgery | 3099 | ||
| Evolution of the Gamma Knife | 3099 | ||
| The Radiosurgical Procedure | 3102 | ||
| Conclusion | 3106 | ||
| suggested readings | 3106 | ||
| Chapter 257: Image-Guided Robotic Radiosurgery: | 3107 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Robotic Image-Guided Radiosurgery | 3107 | ||
| Conclusion | 3109 | ||
| suggested readings | 3109 | ||
| Chapter 258: Radiosurgery of Malignant Tumors | 3110 | ||
| Metastatic Brain Tumors | 3110 | ||
| Anaplastic Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma | 3113 | ||
| Ependymoma | 3114 | ||
| Brainstem Gliomas | 3115 | ||
| Medulloblastoma | 3116 | ||
| Conclusion | 3116 | ||
| suggested readings | 3117 | ||
| Chapter 259: Radiosurgery of Benign Intracranial Tumors | 3118 | ||
| History | 3118 | ||
| Definition | 3118 | ||
| Radiobiology | 3118 | ||
| Topologic Differential Effect | 3118 | ||
| Long-Term Complications | 3119 | ||
| Vestibular Schwannomas | 3119 | ||
| Meningiomas | 3123 | ||
| Pituitary Tumors | 3126 | ||
| Other Benign Tumors | 3129 | ||
| Future Indications | 3130 | ||
| Conclusion | 3130 | ||
| suggested readings | 3130 | ||
| Chapter 260: Radiosurgery for Intracranial Vascular Malformations | 3131 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformations | 3131 | ||
| Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas | 3135 | ||
| Cavernous Malformations | 3138 | ||
| suggested readings | 3139 | ||
| Chapter 261: Radiosurgery for Functional Disorders | 3140 | ||
| The Early Years of Functional Radiosurgery | 3140 | ||
| Dose Selection for Parenchymal Functional Radiosurgery | 3140 | ||
| Imaging in Functional Surgery | 3141 | ||
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | 3141 | ||
| Radiosurgical Thalamotomy | 3143 | ||
| Radiosurgical Pallidotomy | 3144 | ||
| Radiosurgery for Pain | 3144 | ||
| Radiosurgery for Psychiatric Disorders | 3144 | ||
| Radiosurgery for Epilepsy | 3145 | ||
| Other Indications | 3145 | ||
| suggested readings | 3145 | ||
| Chapter 262: Stereotactic Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Spinal Metastases | 3147 | ||
| Conventional External Beam Radiation Therapy | 3147 | ||
| Stereotactic Radiosurgery | 3148 | ||
| Conclusion | 3151 | ||
| suggested readings | 3151 | ||
| Chapter 263: Radiosurgery for Benign Spine Tumors and Vascular Malformations | 3152 | ||
| Special Considerations for Benign Tumors | 3152 | ||
| Technical and Dose Considerations | 3153 | ||
| Clinical Results | 3153 | ||
| Future Role/ Expanded Indications | 3157 | ||
| suggested readings | 3157 | ||
| SECTION X: Spine | 3159 | ||
| Section 10 Part 1 | 3161 | ||
| Chapter 264: Overview and Historical Considerations | 3161 | ||
| Basic Science | 3162 | ||
| Approach to the Patient | 3163 | ||
| Infections | 3163 | ||
| Degenerative Disease | 3163 | ||
| Conditions Affecting the Craniocervical Junction | 3163 | ||
| Techniques and Instrumentation | 3164 | ||
| Tumors of the Spine | 3164 | ||
| Trauma | 3164 | ||
| Challenges | 3164 | ||
| Section 10 Part 2 | 3166 | ||
| Chapter 265: Concepts and Mechanisms of Spinal Biomechanics | 3166 | ||
| Basic Biomechanical Principles | 3166 | ||
| The Aging Spine | 3172 | ||
| Biomechanics of Intervention | 3172 | ||
| Conclusion | 3176 | ||
| suggested readings | 3176 | ||
| Chapter 266: Biomaterials and Biomechanics of Spinal Arthroplasty | 3177 | ||
| Anatomy of the Normal Spinal Disk and the Degenerative Process | 3177 | ||
| Arthroplasty Biomaterials | 3178 | ||
| Basic Terms for Biomaterials | 3179 | ||
| Goals for Biomaterials Used for Disk Replacement | 3179 | ||
| Alloys Available for Total Disk Arthroplasty | 3179 | ||
| Other Materials | 3179 | ||
| Imaging Properties of Biomaterials | 3180 | ||
| Normal Biomechanics of the Spine | 3180 | ||
| Biomechanics of Total Disk Arthroplasty | 3180 | ||
| Conclusion | 3183 | ||
| suggested readings | 3184 | ||
| Chapter 267: Principles of Translation of Biologic Therapies in Spinal Cord Injury | 3185 | ||
| Unique Aspects of Spinal Cord Pathophysiology | 3185 | ||
| Translational Research and Clinical Trials | 3185 | ||
| Unique Translational Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury | 3186 | ||
| What Is A “Biologic?” | 3186 | ||
| Delivery of Biologic Therapies | 3187 | ||
| Outcome Measures and Surrogate Markers | 3187 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury Models | 3187 | ||
| Key Considerations in Spinal Cord Repair | 3187 | ||
| Important Examples of Attempts to Translate Biologic Therapies | 3188 | ||
| Other Biologics for Which Clinical Trials Have Been Proposed | 3190 | ||
| Cellular and Tissue Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury | 3191 | ||
| Surgical Implantation of Cells | 3194 | ||
| Combinatorial Treatment | 3194 | ||
| Alternative Solutions to Spinal Cord Injury | 3194 | ||
| Managing Expectations | 3194 | ||
| Conclusion | 3195 | ||
| suggested readings | 3195 | ||
| Chapter 268: Current Status and Future Direction of Management of Spinal Cord Injury | 3196 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Injury and A Basis for Therapeutics | 3196 | ||
| Current Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury | 3196 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy and Completed Randomized Controlled Trials for Acute Spinal Cord Injury | 3199 | ||
| Toward the Next Generation of Trials | 3201 | ||
| Ongoing Clinical Trials | 3201 | ||
| Conclusion | 3206 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 3206 | ||
| suggested readings | 3206 | ||
| Chapter 269: Intraoperative Monitoring of the Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots | 3207 | ||
| Conventional Monitoring Modalities and Evidence for Monitoring | 3207 | ||
| Somatosensory Evoked Potentials | 3207 | ||
| Motor Evoked Potentials | 3208 | ||
| Electromyography | 3209 | ||
| Additional Options for Comprehensive Multimodality Monitoring | 3210 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations | 3210 | ||
| Illustrative Cases | 3211 | ||
| Future Developments for Combining Surgical Microscopy with Intraoperative Monitoring | 3213 | ||
| Conclusion | 3213 | ||
| suggested readings | 3217 | ||
| Chapter 270: Concepts of Disk Degeneration and Regeneration | 3218 | ||
| Composition of a “Normal” Disk | 3218 | ||
| Disk Degeneration | 3219 | ||
| Disk Regeneration | 3227 | ||
| Conclusion | 3227 | ||
| suggested references | 3227 | ||
| Chapter 271: Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis and Its Effects on Spinal Disease and Surgical Treatments | 3229 | ||
| Bone Metabolism | 3229 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 3230 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 3230 | ||
| Clinical Findings and Diagnosis | 3231 | ||
| Conservative and Medical Management | 3232 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures | 3232 | ||
| Osteoporosis and Implications for Spinal Instrumentation | 3233 | ||
| Strategies for Spinal Fixation in Osteoporosis | 3234 | ||
| Conclusion | 3237 | ||
| suggested readings | 3237 | ||
| Section 10 Part 3 | 3239 | ||
| Chapter 272: Differential Diagnosis and Initial Management Spine Pathology | 3239 | ||
| Pain | 3239 | ||
| Neurological Deficit | 3248 | ||
| suggested readings | 3254 | ||
| Chapter 273: Diagnosis and Management of Diskogenic Lower Back Pain | 3255 | ||
| Physiology of Intervertebral Disks | 3255 | ||
| Degeneration of the Intervertebral Disk | 3256 | ||
| Diskogenic Low Back Pain | 3257 | ||
| Diagnosis of Diskogenic Lower Back Pain | 3258 | ||
| Nonoperative Management of Diskogenic Lower Back Pain | 3259 | ||
| Surgical Management of Diskogenic Lower Back Pain | 3259 | ||
| Future Treatment of Diskogenic Lower Back Pain | 3260 | ||
| suggested readings | 3260 | ||
| Chapter 274: Metabolic and Other Nondegenerative Causes of Low Back Pain | 3262 | ||
| Metabolic Bone Disease | 3262 | ||
| Inflammatory Disorders | 3263 | ||
| Infection | 3265 | ||
| Neoplastic Disease | 3266 | ||
| Nonvertebral Spinal Tumors | 3270 | ||
| Retroperitoneal and Pelvic Disorders | 3270 | ||
| Conclusion | 3271 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 3271 | ||
| suggested readings | 3271 | ||
| Chapter 275: Evaluation, Indications, and Techniques of Revision Spine Surgery | 3272 | ||
| Initial Evaluation | 3272 | ||
| General Surgical Principles | 3272 | ||
| Recurrent Lumbar Disk Herniation | 3273 | ||
| Postoperative Spinal Instability and Deformity | 3274 | ||
| Postlaminectomy Cervical Kyphosis | 3275 | ||
| Segmental Instability after Posterior Lumbar Decompression | 3278 | ||
| Pseudarthrosis | 3279 | ||
| Postarthrodesis Adjacent Segment Disease | 3292 | ||
| Conclusion | 3295 | ||
| suggested readings | 3296 | ||
| Section 10 Part 4 | 3297 | ||
| Chapter 276: Infections of the Spine | 3297 | ||
| Spontaneous Pyogenic Spine Infections | 3297 | ||
| Pyogenic Spine Infections in Children | 3307 | ||
| Iatrogenic Infections | 3308 | ||
| Unusual Bacterial Pathogens | 3310 | ||
| Fungal Infections | 3312 | ||
| Parasitic Infections | 3313 | ||
| suggested readings | 3313 | ||
| Chapter 277: Fungal and Tubercular Infections of the Spine | 3314 | ||
| Epidemiology | 3314 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 3317 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 3318 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3318 | ||
| Treatment | 3319 | ||
| Conclusion | 3323 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 3323 | ||
| suggested readings | 3324 | ||
| Section 10 Part 5 | 3325 | ||
| Chapter 278: Treatment of Disk and Ligamentous Diseases of the Cervical Spine | 3325 | ||
| Historical Background | 3325 | ||
| Anatomy AND Pathophysiology | 3325 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3327 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 3327 | ||
| Nonoperative Management | 3328 | ||
| Operative Management | 3330 | ||
| suggested readings | 3333 | ||
| Chapter 279: Posterior Approach to Cervical Degenerative Disease | 3334 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 3334 | ||
| Imaging | 3334 | ||
| Indications for Surgical Treatment | 3335 | ||
| Anesthesia and Positioning | 3335 | ||
| Spinal Cord Monitoring | 3336 | ||
| Exposure | 3336 | ||
| Foraminotomy/Diskectomy | 3336 | ||
| Laminectomy and Laminaplasty | 3337 | ||
| Cervical Posterior Segmental Instrumentation | 3338 | ||
| Closure | 3339 | ||
| Complications and Avoidance | 3339 | ||
| Outcomes | 3340 | ||
| Conclusion | 3340 | ||
| suggested readings | 3340 | ||
| Chapter 280: Anterior Approach for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy | 3342 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 3342 | ||
| Cervical Spine Anatomy | 3342 | ||
| Biomechanics | 3343 | ||
| Pathophysiology: the Degenerative Process | 3343 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 3344 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 3344 | ||
| Surgical Decision Making | 3346 | ||
| Operative Technique for the Anterior Approach | 3346 | ||
| Complications | 3352 | ||
| Conclusion | 3353 | ||
| suggested readings | 3353 | ||
| Chapter 281: Spondyloarthropathies (Including Ankylosing Spondylitis) | 3354 | ||
| Major Types of Spondyloarthropathy | 3354 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 3355 | ||
| Clinical Findings and Diagnosis | 3355 | ||
| Primary Management | 3358 | ||
| Trauma Management | 3358 | ||
| Surgical Management | 3359 | ||
| Conclusion | 3363 | ||
| suggested readings | 3363 | ||
| Chapter 282: Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Other Enthesopathies | 3365 | ||
| Background and Epidemiology | 3365 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 3365 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3366 | ||
| Diagnosis | 3367 | ||
| Natural History | 3367 | ||
| Management | 3368 | ||
| Surgical Results | 3373 | ||
| Progression of Disease | 3374 | ||
| Thoracic Disease | 3375 | ||
| Conclusion | 3375 | ||
| suggested readings | 3376 | ||
| Chapter 283: Treatment of Thoracic Disk Herniation | 3377 | ||
| History and Epidemiology | 3377 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnosis | 3377 | ||
| Radiologic Evaluation | 3377 | ||
| Management | 3378 | ||
| Results and Complications | 3383 | ||
| Conclusion | 3384 | ||
| suggested readings | 3384 | ||
| Chapter 284: Treatment of Disk Disease of the Lumbar Spine | 3385 | ||
| History | 3385 | ||
| Anatomy | 3385 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 3385 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3386 | ||
| Treatment Options | 3387 | ||
| Conclusion | 3388 | ||
| suggested readings | 3388 | ||
| Chapter 285: Lumbar Spine Stenosis | 3389 | ||
| Anatomy | 3389 | ||
| Symptoms and Signs | 3389 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 3389 | ||
| Pathology Mimicking Lumbar Stenosis | 3390 | ||
| Associated Conditions | 3390 | ||
| Nonsurgical Versus Surgical Management | 3392 | ||
| Pre- and Postoperative Considerations | 3392 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Surgery | 3394 | ||
| X-Stop Procedures | 3394 | ||
| Endoscopic Decompression | 3395 | ||
| Expansive Laminaplasty | 3395 | ||
| Open Decompression Procedures | 3395 | ||
| Outcome | 3396 | ||
| Surgical Technique of Lumbar Laminectomy | 3398 | ||
| Complications: Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulas | 3399 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 3399 | ||
| suggested readings | 3399 | ||
| Chapter 286: Pediatric Spondylolisthesis | 3401 | ||
| Epidemiology | 3401 | ||
| Classification | 3401 | ||
| Measurement | 3408 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3408 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 3409 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 3409 | ||
| Natural History | 3409 | ||
| Treatment | 3410 | ||
| Conclusion | 3411 | ||
| suggested readings | 3411 | ||
| Chapter 287: Adult Thoracolumbar Scoliosis | 3413 | ||
| Classification and Etiology | 3413 | ||
| Clinical Findings and Evaluation | 3413 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 3415 | ||
| Nonoperative Management | 3415 | ||
| Surgical Management | 3415 | ||
| Outcomes | 3418 | ||
| Conclusion | 3418 | ||
| suggested readings | 3418 | ||
| Chapter 288: Flat Back and Sagittal Plane Deformity | 3419 | ||
| History, Etiology, Incidence, and Rate of Progression | 3419 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3419 | ||
| Prevention of Flat Back and Sagittal Plane Deformity | 3419 | ||
| Radiographic Findings | 3420 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment | 3420 | ||
| Operative Treatment of Sagittal Plane Deformity | 3420 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 3425 | ||
| Summary | 3425 | ||
| Conclusion | 3425 | ||
| suggested readings | 3425 | ||
| Section 10 Part 6 | 3427 | ||
| Chapter 289: Acquired Abnormalities of the Craniocervical Junction | 3427 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 3427 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 3427 | ||
| Seronegative Spondyloarthritides | 3436 | ||
| suggested readings | 3438 | ||
| Chapter 290: Congenital Abnormalities of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine | 3439 | ||
| Epidemiology and Associated Disorders | 3439 | ||
| Conclusion | 3444 | ||
| suggested readings | 3444 | ||
| Section 10 Part 7 | 3445 | ||
| Chapter 291: Basic Principles of Spinal Internal Fixation | 3445 | ||
| Basic Biomechanics | 3445 | ||
| Physiologic Spinal Loading | 3447 | ||
| Basics of Spinal Instrumentation | 3448 | ||
| Fixation Categories | 3450 | ||
| Practical Applications of the Biomechanics of Spinal Fixation | 3450 | ||
| Emerging Treatments | 3452 | ||
| Conclusion | 3456 | ||
| suggested readings | 3456 | ||
| Chapter 292: Bone Graft Options, Bone Graft Substitutes, and Bone Harvest Techniques | 3458 | ||
| History of Spinal Arthrodesis | 3458 | ||
| Principles of Bone Physiology | 3458 | ||
| Bone Healing | 3459 | ||
| Biomechanical Considerations | 3459 | ||
| Assessment of Fusion | 3459 | ||
| Autograft | 3459 | ||
| Allograft | 3462 | ||
| Demineralized Bone Matrix | 3462 | ||
| Xenograft | 3462 | ||
| Synthetic Bone Graft Substitutes | 3462 | ||
| Fusion Enhancers | 3462 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Bone Graft Materials | 3463 | ||
| Conclusion | 3464 | ||
| suggested readings | 3464 | ||
| Chapter 293: Cervical Arthroplasty | 3465 | ||
| Evolution of Cervical Arthroplasty | 3465 | ||
| Nomenclature of Cervical Arthroplasty | 3465 | ||
| Clinical Trials | 3465 | ||
| Conclusion | 3467 | ||
| suggested readings | 3467 | ||
| Chapter 294: Lumbar Arthroplasty: | 3468 | ||
| Total Disk Replacement | 3468 | ||
| Nucleus Replacement | 3470 | ||
| Conclusion | 3472 | ||
| suggested readings | 3472 | ||
| Chapter 295: Nucleoplasty and Posterior Dynamic Stabilization Systems | 3474 | ||
| Nucleoplasty | 3474 | ||
| Chemothermal Ablation: Chemonucleolysis and intradiscal electrothermal therapy | 3474 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Disk Decompression | 3475 | ||
| suggested readings | 3480 | ||
| Chapter 296: Spinopelvic Fixation | 3481 | ||
| History of Spinopelvic Fixation | 3481 | ||
| Anatomy of the Lumbosacral Spine and Pelvis | 3481 | ||
| Biomechanics of the Lumbosacral Spine | 3481 | ||
| Conclusions | 3486 | ||
| suggested readings | 3486 | ||
| Section 10 Part 8 | 3487 | ||
| Chapter 297: Anterior Cervical Instrumentation | 3487 | ||
| Indications for Anterior Cervical Screw-Plate Fixation | 3487 | ||
| Conclusion | 3502 | ||
| suggested readings | 3502 | ||
| Chapter 298: Occiput, C1, and C2 Instrumentation | 3503 | ||
| Indications for Fusion—Occipitocervical | 3503 | ||
| Indications for Fusion—C1-2 | 3503 | ||
| Preoperative Preparation and Exposure | 3504 | ||
| Operative Techniques—Wiring | 3504 | ||
| Conclusion | 3510 | ||
| suggested readings | 3510 | ||
| Chapter 299: Posterior Subaxial and Cervicothoracic Instrumentation | 3511 | ||
| Indications | 3511 | ||
| Anatomy/Exposure | 3511 | ||
| Techniques of Instrumentation | 3511 | ||
| Biomechanical Considerations | 3515 | ||
| Conclusion | 3515 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 3516 | ||
| suggested readings | 3516 | ||
| Chapter 300: Anterior Thoracic Instrumentation | 3517 | ||
| Historical Background | 3517 | ||
| Indications for Operative Intervention | 3517 | ||
| Surgical Approaches to the Anterior Thoracic Spine | 3518 | ||
| Corpectomy and Fusion | 3521 | ||
| Fusion Techniques of the Anterior Thoracic Spine | 3521 | ||
| Instrumentation of the Anterior Thoracic Spine | 3522 | ||
| Complications Related to Operative Intervention | 3526 | ||
| Conclusion | 3526 | ||
| suggested readings | 3526 | ||
| Chapter 301: Posterior Thoracic Instrumentation | 3527 | ||
| Anatomy and Biomechanics | 3527 | ||
| Biomechanics | 3527 | ||
| Techniques for Posterior Thoracic Internal Fixation | 3528 | ||
| Anterior Column Reconstruction Through A Posterior Approach | 3530 | ||
| Conclusion | 3532 | ||
| suggested readings | 3533 | ||
| Chapter 302: Anterior Lumbar Instrumentation | 3534 | ||
| Indications | 3534 | ||
| Surgical Approaches | 3535 | ||
| Biomechanics of Anterior Lumbar Instrumentation | 3538 | ||
| Instrumentation | 3539 | ||
| Complications | 3539 | ||
| Conclusion | 3540 | ||
| suggested readings | 3540 | ||
| Chapter 303: Posterior Lumbar Instrumentation | 3541 | ||
| Indications for Instrumentation | 3541 | ||
| Posterior Lumbar Instrumentation | 3541 | ||
| Implantation Techniques | 3543 | ||
| Outcomes | 3546 | ||
| Conclusion | 3548 | ||
| suggested readings | 3548 | ||
| Chapter 304: Posterior, Transforaminal, and Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: | 3549 | ||
| Background | 3549 | ||
| Indications For Lumbar Interbody Fusion | 3549 | ||
| Biomechanical Considerations | 3550 | ||
| Interbody Grafts | 3550 | ||
| Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion | 3551 | ||
| TransForaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion | 3551 | ||
| Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion | 3552 | ||
| Proposed Benefits Of Minimal Access Approaches | 3553 | ||
| Conclusion | 3553 | ||
| suggested readings | 3553 | ||
| Chapter 305: Image-Guided Spinal Navigation: | 3554 | ||
| Principles Of Image-Guided Spinal Navigation | 3554 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 3556 | ||
| Pitfalls Of Image-Guided Spinal Navigation | 3561 | ||
| Fluoroscopic Navigation | 3561 | ||
| Conclusion | 3562 | ||
| suggested readings | 3562 | ||
| Chapter 306: Thoracoscopic Approaches to the Spine | 3563 | ||
| Historical Overview | 3563 | ||
| Indications | 3563 | ||
| Contraindications | 3563 | ||
| Educational Issues | 3564 | ||
| Thoracoscopic Technique | 3564 | ||
| Thoracic Endoscopic Sympathectomy | 3567 | ||
| Thoracic Endoscopic Diskectomy, Vertebrectomy, And Reconstruction | 3569 | ||
| Thoracic Endoscopic Resection of Thoracic Tumors | 3572 | ||
| Complications | 3573 | ||
| Conclusion | 3573 | ||
| suggested readings | 3574 | ||
| Chapter 307: Minimally Invasive Techniques for Lumbar Disorders | 3575 | ||
| Lumbar Diskectomy | 3575 | ||
| Stenosis Decompression | 3575 | ||
| Lumbar Fusion | 3576 | ||
| Intradural Surgery | 3578 | ||
| Video Minimally Invasive L3-4 Schwannoma Resection | 3579 | ||
| Conclusion | 3579 | ||
| suggested readings | 3579 | ||
| Section 10 Part 9 | 3580 | ||
| Chapter 308: Tumors of the Craniovertebral Junction | 3580 | ||
| Common Clinical Manifestations of Craniovertebral Junction Tumors | 3580 | ||
| Neurodiagnostic Imaging | 3581 | ||
| Electrophysiologic Tests | 3581 | ||
| Surgical Approaches and Decision Making | 3582 | ||
| Extradural Tumors of the Craniovertebral Junction | 3584 | ||
| Intradural Tumors | 3591 | ||
| suggested readings | 3596 | ||
| Chapter 309: Spinal Cord Tumors in Adults | 3597 | ||
| Extramedullary Tumors | 3597 | ||
| Intramedullary Tumors | 3603 | ||
| Conclusion | 3609 | ||
| suggested readings | 3609 | ||
| Chapter 310: Evaluation and Management of Spinal Axis Tumors: | 3610 | ||
| Clinical Features | 3610 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 3610 | ||
| Histopathologic Diagnosis | 3611 | ||
| Benign Primary Spinal Tumors | 3611 | ||
| Malignant Primary Spinal Tumors | 3615 | ||
| Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy | 3617 | ||
| Surgical Management | 3617 | ||
| Conclusion | 3618 | ||
| suggested readings | 3618 | ||
| Chapter 311: Evaluation and Management of Spinal Axis Tumors: | 3620 | ||
| Epidemiology | 3620 | ||
| Presentation and Diagnosis | 3620 | ||
| Management | 3621 | ||
| Medications | 3623 | ||
| Surgery | 3624 | ||
| Radiation | 3628 | ||
| Conclusion | 3630 | ||
| suggested readings | 3630 | ||
| Section 10 Part 10 | 3632 | ||
| Chapter 312: Assessment of the Cervical Spine after Trauma | 3632 | ||
| Epidemiology | 3632 | ||
| Acute Care of Cervical Spine Injuries | 3633 | ||
| Classification of Cervical Spine Injuries | 3639 | ||
| Two- and Three-Column Concepts | 3639 | ||
| Cervical Spine Stability | 3640 | ||
| Closed Reduction | 3640 | ||
| Restoration of Spinal Stability | 3641 | ||
| Specific Lesions and Their Management | 3642 | ||
| Conclusion | 3646 | ||
| suggested readings | 3646 | ||
| Chapter 313: Evaluation and Management of Craniocervical Dissociation | 3647 | ||
| Anatomy and Biomechanics | 3647 | ||
| Mechanisms of Injury | 3647 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 3647 | ||
| Radiology | 3648 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 3650 | ||
| suggested readings | 3651 | ||
| Chapter 314: Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation, Transverse Ligament Injury | 3652 | ||
| Anatomy and Biomechanics of The Atlantoaxial Joint | 3652 | ||
| Diagnosis and Classification | 3652 | ||
| Grisel’s Syndrome | 3653 | ||
| Management | 3654 | ||
| Conclusion | 3656 | ||
| suggested readings | 3657 | ||
| Chapter 315: Evaluation and Treatment of Odontoid and Hangman’s Fractures | 3658 | ||
| Anatomy | 3658 | ||
| Odontoid Fractures | 3658 | ||
| Hangman’s Fracture | 3665 | ||
| suggested readings | 3666 | ||
| Chapter 316: Pathology of the Cervicothoracic Junction: | 3667 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 3667 | ||
| Anatomy | 3667 | ||
| Biomechanical Considerations | 3669 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 3669 | ||
| Surgical Approaches | 3670 | ||
| Pathology at the Cervicothoracic Junction | 3674 | ||
| Trauma | 3675 | ||
| Conclusion | 3676 | ||
| suggested readings | 3676 | ||
| Chapter 317: Transient Quadriparesis and Athletic Injuries of the Cervical Spine | 3677 | ||
| Epidemiology and Significance | 3677 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 3677 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations and Biomechanics | 3677 | ||
| Mechanisms of Injury | 3678 | ||
| Transient Quadriplegia and Common Neurological Syndromes Associated with Athletics | 3679 | ||
| On-Field Evaluation and Management of the Athlete with Suspected Cervical Injury | 3680 | ||
| Return to Play | 3680 | ||
| Conclusion | 3681 | ||
| suggested readings | 3681 | ||
| Chapter 318: Diagnosis and Management of Thoracic Spine Fractures | 3682 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 3682 | ||
| Epidemiology | 3682 | ||
| Anatomic and Biomechanical Considerations | 3682 | ||
| Spinal Instability | 3683 | ||
| Mechanism of Injury | 3685 | ||
| Initial Management of a Thoracic Spine Injury | 3688 | ||
| Surgical versus Nonsurgical Management | 3689 | ||
| Surgical Management of Thoracic Injuries | 3690 | ||
| Surgical Approaches for Thoracic Fractures | 3691 | ||
| Anterior Transthoracic Decompression | 3692 | ||
| Treatment of Specific Injuries | 3693 | ||
| Complications | 3698 | ||
| suggested readings | 3698 | ||
| Chapter 319: Thoracolumbar Trauma | 3699 | ||
| Anatomy | 3699 | ||
| Initial Assessment and Management | 3700 | ||
| Classification | 3703 | ||
| Management Considerations | 3706 | ||
| Complications | 3714 | ||
| Conclusion | 3714 | ||
| suggested readings | 3714 | ||
| Chapter 320: Sacral Fractures | 3716 | ||
| Anatomy of the Sacrum | 3716 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Classification of Sacral Fractures | 3716 | ||
| Sacral Insufficiency Fractures | 3718 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 3718 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 3719 | ||
| Management | 3719 | ||
| Conclusion | 3720 | ||
| suggested readings | 3720 | ||
| Chapter 321: Osteoporotic Fractures: | 3721 | ||
| History | 3721 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 3721 | ||
| Patient Evaluation | 3721 | ||
| Technique | 3724 | ||
| Complications | 3729 | ||
| Outcomes | 3729 | ||
| Conclusion | 3729 | ||
| suggested readings | 3730 | ||
| Index | 3731 | ||
| e9781416053163v4 | 3823 | ||
| Front cover | 3823 | ||
| Front Matter | 3825 | ||
| Youmans Neurological Surgery | 3827 | ||
| Copyright page | 3828 | ||
| Dedication | 3829 | ||
| EDITOR-IN-CHIEF | 3830 | ||
| Section Editors | 3831 | ||
| Video Editors | 3835 | ||
| Table of contents | 3837 | ||
| Contributors | 3855 | ||
| Preface | 3915 | ||
| SECTION XI: Trauma | 3917 | ||
| Chapter 322: Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury | 3919 | ||
| Neurotrauma Research | 3919 | ||
| Chapter 323: Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury | 3922 | ||
| Definitions | 3922 | ||
| Classification of Traumatic Brain Injury | 3923 | ||
| The Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury from A Global Perspective | 3923 | ||
| The Long and Winding Road of the Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury | 3927 | ||
| suggested readings | 3927 | ||
| Chapter 324: Biomechanical Basis of Traumatic Brain Injury | 3929 | ||
| Clinical Classification of Brain Injuries | 3929 | ||
| Mechanisms of Injury | 3929 | ||
| Mechanistic Causes of Head Injuries | 3931 | ||
| Injuries and Their Mechanisms | 3935 | ||
| Summary Of The Mechanisms Of Primary Injuries | 3939 | ||
| suggested readings | 3939 | ||
| Chapter 325: Neuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury | 3940 | ||
| Traumatic Axonal Injury | 3940 | ||
| Traumatic Vascular Injury | 3942 | ||
| Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 3945 | ||
| Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 3945 | ||
| Extradural (Epidural) Hematoma | 3946 | ||
| Subdural (Intradural) Hematoma | 3946 | ||
| Brain Swelling | 3947 | ||
| Brain Swelling in Head Injury | 3948 | ||
| Brain Damage Secondary to Raised Intracranial Pressure | 3948 | ||
| Ischemic Brain Damage in Traumatic Brain Injury | 3950 | ||
| Focal Ischemia in Traumatic Brain Injury | 3950 | ||
| suggested readings | 3951 | ||
| Chapter 326: Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury | 3952 | ||
| Experimental Models | 3952 | ||
| Clinical Factors Incorporated Into Experimental Models of Traumatic Brain Injury | 3955 | ||
| Confounding Factors Inherent In Experimental Models of Traumatic Brain Injury | 3956 | ||
| Conclusion | 3956 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 3956 | ||
| suggested readings | 3956 | ||
| Chapter 327: Neurochemical Pathomechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury | 3957 | ||
| Primary Injury: Molecular And Microscopic Aspects | 3957 | ||
| Secondary Injury Processes | 3960 | ||
| Cell Death | 3970 | ||
| Unique Neuronal And Glial Responses To Traumatic Brain Injury | 3971 | ||
| Other Molecules And Pathways Important After Traumatic Brain Injury | 3972 | ||
| Modifiers Of Response To Traumatic Brain Injury | 3975 | ||
| Conclusion | 3976 | ||
| suggested readings | 3976 | ||
| Chapter 328: Regeneration and Repair | 3977 | ||
| Trauma-Induced Plasticity | 3977 | ||
| The Injury Microenvironment: A Double-Edged Sword | 3977 | ||
| Endogenous Neurogenesis after Traumatic Brain Injury | 3979 | ||
| Evidence of Functional Recovery | 3982 | ||
| Developing Therapies for Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury | 3983 | ||
| Conclusion | 3987 | ||
| suggested readings | 3987 | ||
| Chapter 329: Current Concepts of Hypothermia in Traumatic Brain Injury | 3989 | ||
| Experimental Brain Trauma | 3989 | ||
| Rewarming Phase | 3989 | ||
| The Importance of Gender | 3990 | ||
| Mechanisms of Hypothermic Protection | 3990 | ||
| Clinical Studies | 3991 | ||
| Methods of Cooling | 3992 | ||
| Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury | 3992 | ||
| Posttraumatic Hyperthermia | 3992 | ||
| Conclusion and Future Directions | 3992 | ||
| suggested readings | 3993 | ||
| Chapter 330: Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury | 3994 | ||
| Imaging Options | 3994 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 3994 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 3995 | ||
| Magnetic Source Imaging (MSI) | 3996 | ||
| Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) | 3996 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | 3996 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 3996 | ||
| Primary Extra-Axial Injury | 3997 | ||
| Primary Intra-Axial Injury | 4002 | ||
| Vascular Injury | 4005 | ||
| Acute Secondary Injury | 4008 | ||
| Chronic Secondary Injury | 4008 | ||
| Conclusion | 4009 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 4012 | ||
| suggested readings | 4012 | ||
| Chapter 331: Clinical Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury | 4014 | ||
| Mechanisms of Brain Injury | 4014 | ||
| Classification of Head Injury | 4015 | ||
| Focal Brain Injury | 4017 | ||
| Diffuse Brain Injury | 4020 | ||
| Normal Physiology of Cerebral Metabolism and Circulation | 4022 | ||
| Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism after Severe Head Injury: Mechanisms of Secondary Injury | 4023 | ||
| Significance of Extracranial Injury | 4029 | ||
| Conclusion | 4031 | ||
| suggested readings | 4031 | ||
| Chapter 332: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults and Concussion in Sports | 4032 | ||
| Definition of Concussion and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | 4032 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Mild Head Injury | 4033 | ||
| suggested readings | 4040 | ||
| Chapter 333: Initial Resuscitation, Prehospital Care, and Emergency Room Care in Traumatic Brain Injury | 4042 | ||
| Prehospital Management | 4042 | ||
| General Trauma Resuscitation and the Trauma Team | 4043 | ||
| Primary Survey | 4044 | ||
| Secondary Survey and Neurological Assessment | 4045 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 4046 | ||
| Acute Trauma Management | 4047 | ||
| Conclusion | 4047 | ||
| suggested readings | 4048 | ||
| Chapter 334: Critical Care Management of Traumatic Brain Injury | 4049 | ||
| History of Head Trauma Management | 4049 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury | 4052 | ||
| Neurological Intensive Care Monitoring | 4057 | ||
| Neurological Intensive Care Management | 4064 | ||
| suggested readings | 4074 | ||
| Chapter 335: Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury | 4076 | ||
| Conservative Management | 4076 | ||
| Indications for the Evacuation of Intracranial Hematomas | 4077 | ||
| Evaluation of Relevant Findings on Computed Tomography | 4080 | ||
| Preoperative Preparation | 4080 | ||
| Ventriculostomy | 4082 | ||
| Exploratory Bur Holes | 4083 | ||
| General Considerations for Supratentorial Hematomas | 4083 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 4085 | ||
| Acute Subdural Hematoma | 4088 | ||
| Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage and Contusion | 4089 | ||
| Posterior Fossa Hematoma | 4092 | ||
| Decompressive Craniectomy | 4094 | ||
| Depresssed Skull Fracture | 4094 | ||
| Compound Frontal Air Sinus Injury | 4096 | ||
| Depressed Skull Fracture over a Venous Sinus | 4096 | ||
| Chronic Subdural Hematoma | 4099 | ||
| Cranioplasty | 4100 | ||
| Complications | 4102 | ||
| Conclusion | 4103 | ||
| suggested readings | 4104 | ||
| Chapter 336: Traumatic and Penetrating Head Injuries | 4105 | ||
| Ballistics, Wounding Energy, and Pathogenesis | 4105 | ||
| Pathology | 4106 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 4109 | ||
| Management | 4111 | ||
| Complications | 4113 | ||
| Prognosis | 4115 | ||
| suggested readings | 4116 | ||
| Chapter 337: Blast-Induced Neurotrauma | 4117 | ||
| Blast Injury is a Frequent Cause of Traumatic Brain Injury in the Modern Combat Theater | 4117 | ||
| Blast Injury May Induce Changes in the Brain Not Seen With Non– Blast-Related Mechanisms | 4117 | ||
| primary Blast injury Biomarkers | 4117 | ||
| Cognitive Sequelae of primary Blast-Induced Neurotrauma | 4119 | ||
| Differentiation between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | 4119 | ||
| Current Neurosurgical Experience in Operation Iraqi Freedom | 4120 | ||
| suggested readings | 4121 | ||
| Chapter 338: Indications and Techniques for Cranial Decompression after Traumatic Brain Injury | 4122 | ||
| Background | 4122 | ||
| Indications | 4123 | ||
| Technique | 4123 | ||
| Complications | 4127 | ||
| Outcomes | 4128 | ||
| Conclusion | 4129 | ||
| suggested readings | 4130 | ||
| Chapter 339: Craniofacial Injuries | 4131 | ||
| Epidemiology | 4131 | ||
| Functional Anatomy | 4131 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 4132 | ||
| Mechanisms of Injury | 4133 | ||
| Initial Management | 4134 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 4134 | ||
| Investigations | 4135 | ||
| Management | 4136 | ||
| Definitive Repair | 4136 | ||
| Surgical Principles | 4137 | ||
| Specific Fracture Patterns | 4138 | ||
| Fractures of the Mandible | 4141 | ||
| Multiple and Panfacial Fractures | 4143 | ||
| Infancy and Childhood | 4145 | ||
| Senescence | 4146 | ||
| Gunshot Wounds | 4146 | ||
| Soft Tissue Injury | 4146 | ||
| Complications | 4146 | ||
| Impairments and Disabilities | 4147 | ||
| suggested readings | 4147 | ||
| Chapter 340: Prognosis after Traumatic Brain Injury | 4149 | ||
| Methodologic Issues in Prognostic Studies | 4149 | ||
| Prognostic Models | 4155 | ||
| suggested readings | 4157 | ||
| Chapter 341: Traumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulas | 4159 | ||
| Epidemiology | 4159 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 4159 | ||
| Clinical Features | 4161 | ||
| Investigation | 4161 | ||
| Management | 4163 | ||
| Definitive Treatment | 4163 | ||
| The Future | 4167 | ||
| suggested readings | 4167 | ||
| Chapter 342: Rehabilitation of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury | 4168 | ||
| Definitions and Epidemiology | 4168 | ||
| Mechanisms of Recovery | 4169 | ||
| Cognitive Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury | 4170 | ||
| Dysautonomia | 4171 | ||
| Agitation in Traumatic Brain Injury | 4177 | ||
| Sleep Disturbance | 4178 | ||
| TBI and VTE Prophylaxis | 4178 | ||
| Spasticity | 4179 | ||
| Dysphagia | 4180 | ||
| Nutrition | 4181 | ||
| Posttraumatic Hydrocephalus | 4181 | ||
| Depression | 4182 | ||
| Apathy | 4182 | ||
| Fecal Incontinence | 4183 | ||
| Urinary Incontinence | 4183 | ||
| Headache | 4183 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 4184 | ||
| Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | 4184 | ||
| Heterotopic Ossification | 4185 | ||
| suggested readings | 4186 | ||
| SECTION XII: Vascular | 4187 | ||
| Chapter 343: Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism and Cerebral Ischemia | 4189 | ||
| Cerebral Metabolism | 4189 | ||
| Cerebral Blood Flow | 4195 | ||
| Clinical Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism | 4203 | ||
| Cerebral Ischemia | 4206 | ||
| Conclusion | 4214 | ||
| suggested readings | 4214 | ||
| Chapter 344: Acute Medical Management of Ischemic/Hemorrhagic Stroke | 4215 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke | 4215 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Stroke | 4215 | ||
| Patient Evaluation | 4216 | ||
| Reperfusion | 4216 | ||
| Stroke Management | 4220 | ||
| Surgical Intervention | 4221 | ||
| Conclusion | 4222 | ||
| suggested readings | 4222 | ||
| Chapter 345: Intraoperative Cerebral Protection | 4223 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Ischemic Injury | 4223 | ||
| Cerebroprotective Strategies for Focal Ischemia | 4226 | ||
| Surgical Protocol | 4231 | ||
| Conclusion | 4232 | ||
| suggested readings | 4232 | ||
| Chapter 346: Circulatory Arrest with Deep Hypothermia | 4233 | ||
| Temporary Clipping: Limitations of Focal Circulatory Arrest | 4233 | ||
| Cerebral Ischemia: Pathophysiology and Protection | 4233 | ||
| Hypothermia: Cerebroprotective Effects | 4234 | ||
| Hypothermia: Physiologic Considerations | 4234 | ||
| Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest: Indications | 4235 | ||
| Clinical Techniques | 4235 | ||
| Conclusion | 4241 | ||
| Chapter 347: Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography and Neurosonology | 4242 | ||
| Background and Principles of Ultrasonography | 4242 | ||
| Intraoperative Ultrasonography | 4242 | ||
| Applications of Duplex Scanning in Cerebrovascular Disease | 4245 | ||
| Applications of Transcranial Doppler in Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease | 4245 | ||
| Transcranial Doppler applications in Neurosurgery and Neuro–Critical Care | 4247 | ||
| Neurosonology as a Treatment Modality | 4251 | ||
| Conclusion | 4254 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4254 | ||
| suggested readings | 4254 | ||
| Chapter 348: Neurovascular Imaging | 4255 | ||
| Computed Tomography–Based Techniques | 4255 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Techniques | 4259 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4266 | ||
| suggested readings | 4266 | ||
| Chapter 349: Carotid Occlusive Disease: | 4267 | ||
| Pathologic Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis | 4267 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Atherosclerosis | 4268 | ||
| Natural History of Extracranial Carotid Disease | 4268 | ||
| Medical Management of Extracranial Carotid Disease | 4269 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 4272 | ||
| Chapter 350: Carotid Endarterectomy | 4273 | ||
| History | 4273 | ||
| Preoperative Evaluation | 4273 | ||
| Indications Based on Randomized Controlled Trials | 4274 | ||
| Technique | 4276 | ||
| Long-Term Results | 4282 | ||
| Conclusion | 4283 | ||
| suggested readings | 4283 | ||
| Chapter 351: Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting | 4284 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 4284 | ||
| Carotid Endarterectomy Trials | 4284 | ||
| Publication of Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Study Data | 4285 | ||
| Current Studies | 4288 | ||
| Indications for Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting | 4288 | ||
| Procedural Technique | 4289 | ||
| Device Selection | 4291 | ||
| Periprocedural Management | 4291 | ||
| Procedural Durability | 4292 | ||
| Complications and Their Management | 4292 | ||
| New Frontiers | 4296 | ||
| Conclusion | 4297 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4297 | ||
| suggested readings | 4297 | ||
| Chapter 352: Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury | 4299 | ||
| Pathology | 4299 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 4300 | ||
| Imaging and Diagnosis | 4301 | ||
| Management | 4304 | ||
| Outcome | 4306 | ||
| suggested readings | 4306 | ||
| Chapter 353: Nonatherosclerotic Carotid Lesions | 4307 | ||
| Carotid Body Tumors | 4307 | ||
| Fibromuscular Dysplasia | 4310 | ||
| Extracranical Carotid Artery Aneurysms | 4311 | ||
| Spontaneous Carotid Artery Dissection | 4313 | ||
| Radiation Stenosis | 4314 | ||
| suggested readings | 4315 | ||
| Chapter 354: Extracranial Vertebral Artery Diseases | 4317 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 4317 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 4317 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE EXTRACRANIAL VERTEBRAL ARTERY | 4317 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRACRANIAL VERTEBRAL ARTERY DISEASE | 4318 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 4319 | ||
| MEDICAL MANAGEMENT | 4320 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT | 4321 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 4322 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4331 | ||
| SUGGESTED READINGS | 4332 | ||
| Chapter 355: Intracranial Occlusive Disease | 4333 | ||
| Intracranial Atherosclerosis | 4333 | ||
| Conclusion | 4340 | ||
| suggested readings | 4340 | ||
| Chapter 356: Adult Moyamoya Disease | 4341 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 4341 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY | 4341 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 4343 | ||
| NEUROIMAGING | 4343 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4345 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 4348 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4348 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4348 | ||
| suggested readings | 4348 | ||
| Chapter 357: Cerebral Venous and Sinus Thrombosis | 4350 | ||
| History and Clinical Significance | 4350 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 4350 | ||
| Incidence | 4350 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 4350 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 4351 | ||
| Treatment | 4353 | ||
| Surgery | 4356 | ||
| Outcome | 4356 | ||
| Conclusion | 4357 | ||
| suggested readings | 4357 | ||
| Chapter 358: Nonlesional Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 4358 | ||
| Historical Review | 4358 | ||
| Epidemiology and Relevance | 4358 | ||
| Causes | 4359 | ||
| Clinical Findings and Diagnosis | 4361 | ||
| Hematoma Location and Clinical Profile | 4362 | ||
| Medical Management | 4365 | ||
| Surgical Management | 4367 | ||
| Conclusion | 4381 | ||
| suggested readings | 4381 | ||
| Chapter 359: Genetics of Intracranial Aneurysms | 4382 | ||
| Heritable Connective Tissue Disorders | 4382 | ||
| Familial Intracranial Aneurysms | 4385 | ||
| suggested readings | 4388 | ||
| Chapter 360: The Natural History of Cerebral Aneurysms | 4389 | ||
| Natural History of Unruptured Aneurysms | 4389 | ||
| Natural History of Ruptured Aneurysms | 4394 | ||
| suggested readings | 4397 | ||
| Chapter 361: Pathobiology of Intracranial Aneurysms | 4399 | ||
| PATHOBIOLOGY OF SACCULAR INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS | 4399 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF ANEURYSM WALL DEGENERATION AND RUPTURE | 4402 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4406 | ||
| suggested readings | 4406 | ||
| Chapter 362: Surgical Decision Making for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms | 4408 | ||
| Overview: The Status of the Patient and the Natural History of the Aneurysm | 4408 | ||
| Neuroradiological Evaluation | 4408 | ||
| Unruptured and Ruptured Aneurysms: Impact on Decision Making | 4408 | ||
| Endovascular Aneurysm Occlusion | 4418 | ||
| suggested readings | 4423 | ||
| Chapter 363: Perioperative Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 4424 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 4424 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION | 4425 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 4426 | ||
| GENERAL MANAGEMENT | 4430 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS SPECIFIC TO SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE | 4432 | ||
| MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS | 4434 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE DETERIORATION | 4439 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 4439 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOME AFTER SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE | 4440 | ||
| suggested readings | 4441 | ||
| Chapter 364: Cerebral Vasospasm | 4443 | ||
| VASOSPASM IN CONDITIONS OTHER THAN ANEURYSM RUPTURE | 4443 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VASOSPASM | 4443 | ||
| PREDICTION OF VASOSPASM | 4443 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 4445 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES AND INVESTIGATION | 4445 | ||
| PREVENTION OF VASOSPASM AND CEREBRAL PROTECTION | 4447 | ||
| REVERSAL OF VASOSPASM AND CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA: RESCUE TREATMENTS | 4449 | ||
| PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CEREBRAL VASOSPASM | 4450 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4451 | ||
| suggested readings | 4451 | ||
| Chapter 365: Surgical Anatomy to Intracranial Aneurysms | 4453 | ||
| Anterior Circulation | 4455 | ||
| Posterior Circulation | 4463 | ||
| Aneurysm Occlusion | 4471 | ||
| Conclusions | 4474 | ||
| suggested readings | 4475 | ||
| Chapter 366: Microsurgery of Paraclinoid Aneurysms | 4476 | ||
| ANATOMY | 4476 | ||
| ANEURYSM CLASSIFICATION | 4478 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT | 4480 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 4480 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE | 4482 | ||
| SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS AND OUTCOME | 4485 | ||
| suggested readings | 4485 | ||
| Chapter 367: Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms | 4486 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 4486 | ||
| OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 4486 | ||
| SPECIFIC ANEURYSM LOCATION | 4487 | ||
| INFUNDIBULUM | 4491 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE ANEURYSM RUPTURE | 4491 | ||
| OUTCOME | 4491 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4492 | ||
| suggested readings | 4492 | ||
| Chapter 368: Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms | 4493 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY AND PROXIMAL ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 4493 | ||
| ANATOMIC AND MORPHOLOGIC SELECTION CRITERIA FOR ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT OF ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 4503 | ||
| suggested readings | 4504 | ||
| Chapter 369: Microsurgery of Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms | 4505 | ||
| RELEVANT ANATOMY | 4505 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 4505 | ||
| SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 4506 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION | 4507 | ||
| OPERATIVE PROCEDURE | 4507 | ||
| CLINICAL SERIES | 4508 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4513 | ||
| suggested readings | 4513 | ||
| Chapter 370: Surgical Management of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms | 4514 | ||
| MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY ANATOMY | 4514 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 4514 | ||
| PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION OF MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 4516 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT OF MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS | 4516 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4521 | ||
| suggested readings | 4521 | ||
| Chapter 371: Microsurgery of Vertebral Artery, Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery, and Vertebrobasilar Junction Aneurysms | 4523 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE | 4523 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 4523 | ||
| PRESENTATION | 4525 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION | 4525 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 4530 | ||
| TECHNIQUE | 4530 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 4534 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 4535 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4537 | ||
| suggested readings | 4537 | ||
| Chapter 372: Basilar Trunk Aneurysms | 4538 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 4538 | ||
| ANATOMY OF BASILAR TRUNK ANEURYSMS AND SURROUNDING STRUCTURES | 4538 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT OF BASILAR TRUNK ANEURYSMS | 4539 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT OF BASILAR TRUNK ANEURYSMS | 4539 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4545 | ||
| suggested readings | 4545 | ||
| Chapter 373: Microsurgery of Basilar Apex Aneurysms | 4546 | ||
| BASILAR APEX PROJECT | 4546 | ||
| BASILAR APEX ANEURYSM SURGERY: CLINICAL EXPERIENCE | 4546 | ||
| MICROSURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE INTERPEDUNCULAR CISTERN | 4546 | ||
| SURGICAL STRATEGIES | 4547 | ||
| TIMING OF TREATMENT | 4555 | ||
| TEMPORARY OCCLUSION | 4555 | ||
| COMPLICATION AVOIDANCE | 4555 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT OF BASILAR APEX ANEURYSMS | 4555 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4556 | ||
| suggested readings | 4556 | ||
| Chapter 374: Endovascular Approaches to Intracranial Aneurysms | 4557 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to ACoA Aneurysms | 4557 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to Pericallosal Aneurysms | 4558 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to PCoA Aneurysms | 4558 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to Ophthalmic Aneurysms | 4559 | ||
| Approaches to Cavernous Aneurysms | 4560 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to Aneurysms of the Ica Terminus | 4562 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to MCA Aneurysms | 4562 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to Aneurysms of the Distal Vertebral Artery (V4) | 4564 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to Pica Aneurysms | 4566 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to Basilar Trunk Aneurysms | 4566 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to Superior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms | 4567 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to Basilar Apex Aneurysms | 4568 | ||
| Endovascular Approaches to PCA Aneurysms | 4572 | ||
| Conclusion | 4575 | ||
| suggested readings | 4575 | ||
| Chapter 375: Endovascular Coiling of Intracranial Aneurysms: | 4576 | ||
| The Rise of Endovascular Technique | 4576 | ||
| Conclusion | 4580 | ||
| suggested readings | 4580 | ||
| Chapter 376: Endovascular Stenting of Intracranial Aneurysms | 4581 | ||
| OVERVIEW: CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION AND HISTORY OF INTRACRANIAL STENTING FOR ANEURYSMS | 4581 | ||
| COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE DEVICES | 4585 | ||
| IMAGING FOLLOW-UP | 4595 | ||
| FUTURE OF STENTING OF ANEURYSMS: FLOW DIVERSION AND DEFINITIVE PARENT-VESSEL RECONSTRUCTION | 4595 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4600 | ||
| suggested readings | 4600 | ||
| Chapter 377: Endovascular Hunterian Ligation | 4601 | ||
| History | 4601 | ||
| Indications | 4601 | ||
| Approaches to the Occlusion of Specific Cerebral Vessels | 4602 | ||
| Cerebral Reserve Testing | 4602 | ||
| Complications | 4604 | ||
| Conclusion | 4604 | ||
| suggested readings | 4604 | ||
| Chapter 378: Microsurgical Management of Giant Intracranial Aneurysms | 4605 | ||
| Historical Considerations | 4605 | ||
| Epidemiology and incidence | 4605 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 4605 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 4606 | ||
| Diagnosis | 4607 | ||
| Management | 4607 | ||
| Conclusion | 4622 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4623 | ||
| suggested readings | 4623 | ||
| Chapter 379: Infectious Intracranial Aneurysms | 4624 | ||
| Terminology | 4624 | ||
| Epidemiology | 4624 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 4625 | ||
| Microbiology | 4625 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 4625 | ||
| Natural History | 4626 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 4626 | ||
| Treatment | 4627 | ||
| Outcomes | 4628 | ||
| Conclusion | 4629 | ||
| suggested readings | 4629 | ||
| Chapter 380: Revascularization Techniques for Complex Aneurysms and Skull Base Tumors | 4630 | ||
| Revascularization For The Treatment Of Aneurysms | 4630 | ||
| Revascularization For The Treatment Of Skull Base Tumors | 4630 | ||
| When Is The Collateral Circulation Inadequate And Bypass Necessary? | 4631 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 4632 | ||
| Outcomes | 4641 | ||
| Conclusion | 4641 | ||
| suggested readings | 4642 | ||
| Chapter 381: Multimodality Management of Complex Cerebrovascular Lesions | 4643 | ||
| PATIENTS WITH CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS | 4643 | ||
| PATIENTS WITH LARGE ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS | 4646 | ||
| PATIENTS WITH ANEURYSMS AND ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS | 4647 | ||
| PATIENTS WITH DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS | 4649 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4650 | ||
| suggested readings | 4651 | ||
| Chapter 382: Traumatic Cerebral Aneurysms Secondary to Penetrating Intracranial Injuries | 4652 | ||
| Pathology | 4652 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 4653 | ||
| Diagnosis | 4654 | ||
| Treatment | 4654 | ||
| Conclusion | 4655 | ||
| suggested readings | 4655 | ||
| Chapter 383: Pathobiology of True Arteriovenous Malformations | 4656 | ||
| ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS | 4656 | ||
| VENOUS ANGIOMA | 4658 | ||
| CAVERNOUS MALFORMATION | 4658 | ||
| CAPILLARY TELANGIECTASIA | 4659 | ||
| MIXED LESIONS: TRUE ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS WITH OTHER VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS | 4661 | ||
| GENETICS OF ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS | 4661 | ||
| THE BIOLOGY OF VASCULOGENESIS AND ANGIOGENESIS | 4664 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4667 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4667 | ||
| suggested readings | 4667 | ||
| Chapter 384: The Natural History of Intracranial Vascular Malformations | 4668 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformation | 4668 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformations And Aneurysms | 4673 | ||
| Cavernous Malformation | 4675 | ||
| Dural Arteriovenous Fistula | 4679 | ||
| Venous Malformation | 4682 | ||
| Capillary Telangiectasia | 4684 | ||
| suggested readings | 4684 | ||
| Chapter 385: Therapeutic Decision Making | 4686 | ||
| MANAGEMENT BY NONINTERVENTION | 4686 | ||
| MANAGEMENT BY SURGERY | 4688 | ||
| MANAGEMENT BY FOCUSED IRRADIATION | 4693 | ||
| MANAGEMENT BY EMBOLIZATION | 4694 | ||
| MANAGEMENT BY COMBINED THERAPIES | 4695 | ||
| INDIVIDUALIZING TREATMENT REGIMENS | 4695 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE DECISION MAKING | 4695 | ||
| suggested readings | 4700 | ||
| Chapter 386: Adjuvant Endovascular Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations | 4701 | ||
| Clinical Significance and Treatment Plan | 4701 | ||
| Patient Selection | 4701 | ||
| Clinical Analysis | 4701 | ||
| Treatment Goals | 4710 | ||
| Preoperative Embolization | 4710 | ||
| Embolization And Radiosurgery | 4710 | ||
| Techniques Of Embolization | 4712 | ||
| Embolic Agents | 4712 | ||
| Postoperative Monitoring And Follow-Up | 4713 | ||
| Outcomes And Complications | 4713 | ||
| Conclusion | 4714 | ||
| suggested readings | 4716 | ||
| Chapter 387: Endovascular Management of Arteriovenous Malformations for Cure | 4717 | ||
| INTERVENTIONAL PLANNING | 4717 | ||
| TECHNICAL ASPECTS | 4719 | ||
| EMBOLIC AGENTS | 4719 | ||
| RISK ASSESSMENT | 4720 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 4721 | ||
| RECANALIZATION | 4722 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4722 | ||
| suggested readings | 4723 | ||
| Chapter 388: Microsurgical Management of Arteriovenous Malformations | 4724 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS | 4724 | ||
| MICROSURGICAL TREATMENT | 4725 | ||
| OUTCOME | 4737 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4739 | ||
| suggested readings | 4739 | ||
| Chapter 389: Surgical and Radiosurgical Management of Giant Arteriovenous Malformations | 4740 | ||
| Clinical Findings/Preoperative Evaluation | 4740 | ||
| Hemodynamics Of Giant Arteriovenous Malformations | 4741 | ||
| Evaluation | 4741 | ||
| Treatment | 4742 | ||
| Special Perioperative Equipment/Techniques | 4745 | ||
| Surgical Outcome | 4746 | ||
| Complications | 4746 | ||
| Conclusion | 4752 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4752 | ||
| suggested readings | 4752 | ||
| Chapter 390: Carotid-Cavernous Fistulas | 4753 | ||
| ANATOMY | 4753 | ||
| CLINICAL FINDINGS | 4753 | ||
| IMAGING STUDIES | 4754 | ||
| DIRECT FISTULAS | 4754 | ||
| INDIRECT FISTULAS | 4756 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4757 | ||
| suggested readings | 4757 | ||
| Chapter 391: Treatment of Other Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas | 4759 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 4759 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 4759 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 4759 | ||
| TREATMENT | 4759 | ||
| CLINICAL AND ANGIOGRAPHIC FEATURES AND TREATMENT OF DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS ACCORDING TO LOCATION | 4763 | ||
| OUTCOME | 4764 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 4765 | ||
| suggested readings | 4765 | ||
| Chapter 392: Natural History of Cavernous Malformations | 4766 | ||
| Epidemiology | 4766 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 4766 | ||
| Natural History | 4770 | ||
| Conclusion | 4777 | ||
| suggested readings | 4777 | ||
| Chapter 393: Genetics of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations | 4779 | ||
| Molecular Genetic Approaches | 4779 | ||
| Genetics of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations | 4780 | ||
| Clinical Genetics | 4784 | ||
| Conclusion and Future Directions | 4785 | ||
| suggested readings | 4785 | ||
| Chapter 394: Supratentorial and Infratentorial Cavernous Malformations | 4786 | ||
| Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations | 4786 | ||
| Imaging | 4786 | ||
| Natural History | 4786 | ||
| Treatment Options | 4788 | ||
| Operative Procedure | 4788 | ||
| Surgical approaches | 4790 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 4796 | ||
| Conclusion | 4797 | ||
| suggested readings | 4797 | ||
| Chapter 395: Classification of Spinal Arteriovenous Lesions: | 4798 | ||
| Historical Perspective and Previous Classifications | 4798 | ||
| Proposed Classification System | 4799 | ||
| Conclusion | 4803 | ||
| suggested readings | 4803 | ||
| Chapter 396: Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Vascular Malformations | 4805 | ||
| Vascular Anatomy | 4805 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging of Spinal Vascular Malformations | 4805 | ||
| Principles of Endovascular Therapy | 4806 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations | 4807 | ||
| Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Arteriovenous Fistulas | 4809 | ||
| Complications | 4811 | ||
| Conclusion | 4817 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4818 | ||
| suggested readings | 4818 | ||
| Chapter 397: Spinal Vascular Malformations | 4819 | ||
| History and Classification | 4819 | ||
| Vascular anatomy and Pathogenesis | 4820 | ||
| Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Findings, and Natural History | 4823 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 4835 | ||
| Treatment and Outcome | 4842 | ||
| Conclusion | 4851 | ||
| suggested readings | 4854 | ||
| Chapter 398: Pregnancy and the Vascular Lesion | 4855 | ||
| Stroke | 4855 | ||
| Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 4856 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformations | 4857 | ||
| Other Vascular Lesions | 4857 | ||
| suggested readings | 4857 | ||
| Index | 4859 |