BOOK
Math Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians - E-Book
Robert M. Fulcher | Eugenia M. Fulcher
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Written for pharmacy technicians, and addressing the competencies developed by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), Math Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians, 2nd Edition helps you learn to calculate drug dosages safely and accurately. A practical worktext format covers everything from basic math skills to reading and interpreting labels and physicians' orders, introducing key calculation and conversion concepts and then providing hundreds of problems so you can practice and master the material. Other vital topics include conversions between the various measurement systems, reconstituting liquid medications, and calculating medications based on a patient's age or body weight. Written by experienced pharmacist Robert Fulcher and educator Eugenia Fulcher, Math Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians helps you learn calculation skills and develop the competencies needed by pharmacy technicians.
- Learning objectives and definitions of key words begin each chapter.
- Pretests in each chapter allow readers to assess their current knowledge of specific topics.
- Step-by-step examples make it easy to learn and remember how to do equations and use formulas.
- Hundreds of practice problems provide practice with calculations, conversions, and measurements.
- Actual drug labels accompany examples and problems, for real-world experience with the information you will see in pharmacy practice.
- Business Math for Pharmacy Technicians chapter introduces the calculations needed in retail pharmacy settings.
- Body system icons appear next to medication names to help you associate different drugs with their respective disorders and body systems.
- Points to Remember boxes make it easy to learn and remember key information.
- Review of Rules sections in each chapter summarize the rules and methods for performing equations.
- Chapter reviews provide a quick summary of the key concepts in each chapter.
- Posttests in each chapter allow you to assess how well you have learned the material.
- A comprehensive posttest includes 50 questions that assess your knowledge of all major topics covered in the book.
- Helpful study tools also include an answer key for odd-numbered problems and a comprehensive glossary.
- Updated content meets ASHP requirements and features new topics such as powder volume and compounding problems, formulas for reducing and enlarging medications, and opportunities to write out prescription label directions.
- Tech Note boxes offer helpful advice on real-life situations you may encounter in the pharmacy.
- Tech Alert boxes warn against common pharmacy and medication errors that could impact patients' safety.
- Additional prescription and practice exercises give you valuable experience with translating physician directions into patient instructions.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Math Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians, 2/e | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors and Reviewers | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Organization of Material | x | ||
| Chapter Features | x | ||
| Ancillaries | xiii | ||
| Instructor Ancillaries Available on Evolve | xiii | ||
| Student Ancillaries Available on Evolve | xiv | ||
| Special Note | xiv | ||
| Acknowledgements | xv | ||
| Table of Contents | xvii | ||
| I Introduction and Basic Math Skills | 1 | ||
| 1 Assessment of Mathematical Calculation Skills Needed for Pharmacy Technicians | 1 | ||
| Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key Words | 1 | ||
| The Need for a Pharmacy Technician to Have Mathematical Skills | 4 | ||
| Interpreting the Abbreviations Used in Medical Language | 5 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 5 | ||
| Frequency of Administration | 6 | ||
| Forms of Administration | 6 | ||
| Measurements of Medication | 6 | ||
| General Abbreviations | 7 | ||
| What Are Your Basic Math Skills? | 8 | ||
| Self-Test of Proficiency in Basic Math Skills | 8 | ||
| Directions | 8 | ||
| Basic Math Skills Proficiency Self-Test | 8 | ||
| 2 Review of Basic Mathematical Skills | 11 | ||
| Objectives | 11 | ||
| Key Words | 11 | ||
| Introduction | 15 | ||
| Whole Numbers | 15 | ||
| What Is a Whole Number? | 15 | ||
| Adding and Subtracting Whole Numbers | 16 | ||
| Multiplying Whole Numbers | 17 | ||
| Dividing Whole Numbers | 18 | ||
| Fractions | 21 | ||
| What Is a Fraction? | 21 | ||
| Reducing Fractions to the Lowest Term | 28 | ||
| Adding and Subtracting Fractions | 31 | ||
| Finding Common Denominators | 31 | ||
| Multiplying Fractions | 35 | ||
| Dividing Fractions | 35 | ||
| Decimals | 38 | ||
| What Is a Decimal? | 38 | ||
| Comparing Decimals | 41 | ||
| Rounding Decimals | 41 | ||
| Adding and Subtracting Decimals | 42 | ||
| Multiplying Decimals | 45 | ||
| Dividing Decimals | 47 | ||
| Percentages | 49 | ||
| Converting a Decimal to a Percentage | 49 | ||
| Converting Percentage to a Decimal | 50 | ||
| Converting a Fractional Percentage to a Decimal | 51 | ||
| Converting a Fraction to a Percentage | 52 | ||
| Converting a Percentage to a Fraction | 54 | ||
| Ratios | 55 | ||
| Expressing Numbers as Ratios | 55 | ||
| Expressing Ratios as Proportions | 57 | ||
| Quantities | 62 | ||
| Determining the Percentage of a Quantity | 62 | ||
| Review of Rules | 71 | ||
| Fractions | 71 | ||
| Decimals | 72 | ||
| Ratio, Proportion, and Percentages | 72 | ||
| Estimating of Answers | 73 | ||
| II Measurements Used in Health Care and Conversions among Measurement Systems | 75 | ||
| 3 Conversion of Clinical Measurements of Numbers, Time, and Temperature | 75 | ||
| Objectives | 75 | ||
| Key Words | 75 | ||
| Introduction | 78 | ||
| Arabic Numbers And Roman Numerals | 78 | ||
| Roman Numeral Use | 78 | ||
| Converting Arabic Numbers to Roman Numerals | 79 | ||
| Converting Roman Numerals to Arabic Numbers | 80 | ||
| Conversion Between 12-Hour And Universal (Military Or 24-Hour) Time | 81 | ||
| Conversion Between Fahrenheit And Celsius Temperature | 84 | ||
| Converting Fahrenheit Temperature to Celsius Temperature | 85 | ||
| Converting Celsius Temperature to Fahrenheit Temperature | 85 | ||
| Alternate Formula for Converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit | 85 | ||
| Review of Rules | 92 | ||
| Roman Numerals and Arabic Numerals | 92 | ||
| Military Time and 12-Hour Time | 92 | ||
| Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature | 92 | ||
| 4 Comparisons of Measurement Systems | 93 | ||
| Objectives | 93 | ||
| Key Words | 93 | ||
| Introduction | 95 | ||
| Household Or U.S. Customary System | 96 | ||
| Using Ratio and Proportion for Finding Equivalency with Household System | 98 | ||
| Using Fractional Method for Finding Equivalency in Household Measurements | 99 | ||
| Metric System of Measurement | 103 | ||
| Converting from Larger Metric Numbers to Smaller Metric Numbers | 106 | ||
| Converting from a Smaller Metric Number to a Larger Metric Number | 107 | ||
| Using a Mnemonic to Convert Within the Metric System | 108 | ||
| Apothecary System Of Measurement | 111 | ||
| Review | 114 | ||
| Review of Rules | 118 | ||
| Steps for Solving the Unknown Using Proportion | 118 | ||
| Steps for Solving the Unknown Using Fractions and Cross-Multiplication | 118 | ||
| Rules for Calculating Equivalents within the Metric System | 119 | ||
| Rules for Using the Metric Mnemonic for Conversions | 119 | ||
| Rules for Using the Apothecary System | 119 | ||
| 5 Conversions among Measurement Systems | 120 | ||
| Objectives | 120 | ||
| Key Words | 120 | ||
| Introduction | 122 | ||
| Using Ratio and Proportion for Conversion of Units | 123 | ||
| Using Dimensional Analysis for Converting Among Units | 124 | ||
| Conversions Between Household and Apothecary Systems | 127 | ||
| Conversions Between Household and Metric Units | 131 | ||
| Conversions Between Metric and Apothecary Systems | 136 | ||
| Putting It All Together—Metric, Household, and Apothecary Measurements and Their Conversions | 140 | ||
| Review | 141 | ||
| Review of Rules | 145 | ||
| Rules of Conversion among Measurement Systems Using Ratio and Proportion | 145 | ||
| Rules for Using Dimensional Analysis to Solve Conversions | 145 | ||
| III Medication and Prescription Orders and Their Calculations | 147 | ||
| 6 Interpretation of Medication Labels and Orders | 147 | ||
| Objectives | 147 | ||
| Key Words | 147 | ||
| Introduction | 155 | ||
| What Does a Prescription Indicate? | 155 | ||
| What Is a Medication Order? | 164 | ||
| What Does a Medication Label Indicate? | 168 | ||
| Using Units and Milliequivalents as Measurements for Dosage | 175 | ||
| Review | 181 | ||
| Review of Rules | 192 | ||
| Interpreting Medication Labels and Orders | 192 | ||
| 7 Calculation of Solid Oral Doses and Dosages | 194 | ||
| Objectives | 194 | ||
| Key Words | 194 | ||
| Introduction | 198 | ||
| Calculating Solid Oral Medication Doses | 199 | ||
| Calculating Medications Using Ratio and Proportion | 200 | ||
| Calculating Medications Using Dimensional Analysis | 202 | ||
| Calculating Medications Using the Formula Method | 203 | ||
| Calculating Solid Medications Among Different Measurement Systems | 214 | ||
| Ratio and Proportion Method | 215 | ||
| Dimensional Analysis Method | 216 | ||
| Formula Method | 216 | ||
| Calculate Total Dosages Of Medication From Physician’s Orders | 219 | ||
| Patient Safety When Calculating Doses And Dosages | 223 | ||
| Review | 223 | ||
| Review of Rules | 234 | ||
| Calculating Solid Oral Medications | 234 | ||
| 8 Calculate Doses of Oral and Parenteral Liquid Medications | 235 | ||
| Objectives | 235 | ||
| Key Words | 235 | ||
| Introduction | 243 | ||
| Calculation Of Oral Liquid Medications | 243 | ||
| Calculating Oral Liquid Medications Using Ratio and Proportion | 245 | ||
| Calculating Oral Liquid Medications Using Dimensional Analysis | 247 | ||
| Calculating Oral Liquid Medications Using the Formula Method | 248 | ||
| Using a Medication Cup and Oral Syringe to Measure Oral Liquid Medications | 249 | ||
| Calculating Parenteral Medications In Vials And Ampules | 261 | ||
| Review | 278 | ||
| Review of Rules | 292 | ||
| Calculating Parenteral Medications | 292 | ||
| 9 Reconstitution of Powders or Crystals into Liquid Medications | 294 | ||
| Objectives | 294 | ||
| Key Words | 294 | ||
| Introduction | 302 | ||
| Reconstitution of Powders into Liquid Medications | 302 | ||
| Basic Principles of Reconstitution | 308 | ||
| Review | 319 | ||
| Review of Rules | 329 | ||
| Reconstitution of Powdered Medications | 329 | ||
| IV Special Medication Calculations | 331 | ||
| 10 Calculation of Medications for Special Populations Based on Body Weight and Patient Age | 331 | ||
| Objectives | 331 | ||
| Key Words | 331 | ||
| Introduction | 344 | ||
| Calculating Medication Doses By Body Weight | 344 | ||
| Use Of Clark’s Rule For Pediatric Dosage | 349 | ||
| Calculating Dosage Using Body Surface Area | 359 | ||
| Calculation Of Medications For Pediatric Patients Based On Age | 368 | ||
| Fried’s Rule | 369 | ||
| Young’s Rule | 369 | ||
| Review | 371 | ||
| Review of Rules | 383 | ||
| Calculation of Medication Doses Based on Age or Weight | 383 | ||
| 11 Calculation of Medications Measured in Units, Milliequivalents, and Percentages of Concentration | 384 | ||
| Objectives | 384 | ||
| Key Words | 384 | ||
| Introduction | 399 | ||
| Calculating Dosages in Unit and Milliequivalent Measurements | 399 | ||
| Calculating Antibiotics Measured in Units | 399 | ||
| Calculating Insulin Doses in Units | 409 | ||
| Calculating Anticoagulant Doses in Units | 423 | ||
| Calculating Medications Measured in Milliequivalents | 432 | ||
| Interpreting Medication Dosage in Percentage and Ratio Strength | 441 | ||
| Review | 445 | ||
| Review of Rules | 460 | ||
| Calculations of Medications Measured in Units and Milliequivalents | 460 | ||
| Interpreting Medications in Percentage and Ratio Concentrations | 460 | ||
| 12 Calculation of Medications Used Intravenously | 461 | ||
| Objectives | 461 | ||
| Key Words | 461 | ||
| Introduction | 471 | ||
| Interpreting Amounts of Solutes in Intravenous Fluids | 472 | ||
| Calculating Intravenous Flow Rates in Drops Per Minute | 481 | ||
| Calculating Intravenous Infusion Times | 490 | ||
| Review | 501 | ||
| Review of Rules | 513 | ||
| Interpreting the Amounts of Solutes in Intravenous Fluids | 513 | ||
| Calculating Intravenous Flow Rates in Drops per Minute | 513 | ||
| Calculating Intravenous Infusion Times | 514 | ||
| 13 Calculation of Mixtures from Stock Medications | 515 | ||
| Objectives | 515 | ||
| Key Words | 515 | ||
| Introduction | 519 | ||
| Interpreting Solution Labels and Calculating Solutions In Percentages | 520 | ||
| Calculating Weight-in-Weight Solutions | 520 | ||
| Calculating Weight-in-Volume Solutions | 521 | ||
| Calculate Volume-in-Volume Solutions | 522 | ||
| Calculate the Amount of Drug and Solvent | 522 | ||
| Reducing and Enlarging Ordered Preparations | 524 | ||
| Interpreting Solution Labels and Calculating Medication In Ratio Dosages | 529 | ||
| Calculating The Dilution of Stock Solutions | 533 | ||
| Calculating Medication Dilutions Using Alligation | 539 | ||
| Diluting Stock Medications Using Strengths In Percentage, Fractions, and Ratios | 542 | ||
| Review | 547 | ||
| Review of Rules | 552 | ||
| Interpreting Solution Labels | 552 | ||
| Calculating the Amount of Solute and Solvent | 552 | ||
| Calculating the Dilution of Stock Solutions | 552 | ||
| Calculating Medication Dilutions Using Alligation | 552 | ||
| 14 Interpreting Physicians’ Orders for Dosages | 554 | ||
| Objectives | 554 | ||
| Introduction | 560 | ||
| Preparing Medications When The Quantity For Dispensing Is Unknown | 560 | ||
| Calculating The Number of Medication Doses In A Given Container | 571 | ||
| Determining The Length Of Time A Prescription Will Last | 581 | ||
| Review | 591 | ||
| Review of Rules | 602 | ||
| Preparing Medications When the Quantity for Dispensing Is Unknown | 602 | ||
| Calculating the Number of Medication Doses in a Given Container | 602 | ||
| Determining the Length of Time a Prescription Will Last | 602 | ||
| V Business Math | 603 | ||
| 15 Business Math for Pharmacy Technicians | 603 | ||
| Objectives | 603 | ||
| Key Words | 603 | ||
| Introduction | 606 | ||
| Overhead Expenses | 607 | ||
| Depreciation | 607 | ||
| Markup Of Prescriptions | 609 | ||
| Percentage of Markup | 610 | ||
| Discounts | 611 | ||
| Gross Profit | 613 | ||
| Net Income | 614 | ||
| Insurance Reimbursement | 616 | ||
| Dispensing Fees | 616 | ||
| Average Wholesale Price | 616 | ||
| Capitation | 620 | ||
| Inventory Management | 621 | ||
| Inventory Turnover Rate | 625 | ||
| Daily Cash Report | 626 | ||
| Review of Rules | 633 | ||
| Calculation of Annual Depreciation | 633 | ||
| Overhead Expenses | 633 | ||
| Markup of Prescriptions | 633 | ||
| Percentage of Markup | 633 | ||
| Profit or Loss | 633 | ||
| Discounts | 633 | ||
| Insurance Reimbursements | 634 | ||
| Daily Cash Report | 634 | ||
| Appendices | 635 | ||
| Answer Key | 635 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 635 | ||
| Bibliography | 653 | ||
| Credits | 654 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 654 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 654 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 654 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 654 | ||
| Glossary | 657 | ||
| Index | 661 | ||
| A | 661 | ||
| B | 661 | ||
| C | 661 | ||
| D | 662 | ||
| E | 662 | ||
| F | 662 | ||
| G | 663 | ||
| H | 663 | ||
| I | 663 | ||
| K | 663 | ||
| L | 663 | ||
| M | 663 | ||
| N | 665 | ||
| O | 665 | ||
| P | 665 | ||
| Q | 666 | ||
| R | 666 | ||
| S | 666 | ||
| T | 666 | ||
| U | 667 | ||
| V | 667 | ||
| W | 667 | ||
| Y | 667 | ||
| Z | 667 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc1 | ||
| Comprehensive Posttest | e1 | ||
| Comprehensive Posttest Answer Key | e37 | ||
| Answer Key | e41 | ||
| Chapter 1 | e41 |