Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The only complete resource on immunology for veterinary students and practitioners, Veterinary Immunology: An Introduction features a straightforward presentation of basic immunologic principles with comprehensive information on the most significant immunological diseases and responses seen in domestic animals. This meticulously updated new edition explores the latest advances in the field and provides a wealth of clinical examples that illustrate and clarify important concepts.
- Comprehensive coverage of vaccines and vaccine usage, allergies and allergic diseases, and autoimmunity and immunodeficiencies, prepare you for the multiple immunologic issues you will encounter in practice.
- A wealth of clinical examples clearly illustrate key concepts and offer practical strategies for diagnosing and treating immunologic disorders in the clinical setting.
- More than 500 full-color diagrams and illustrations visually demonstrate and clarify complex issues.
- Completely updated section on innate immunity includes new chapters on natural killer (NK) cells and systemic responses to infection to ensure you have the most up-to-date information.
- New information on genomics and molecular diagnostic techniques explores how the emerging field of genomics impacts disease resistance and immunology in general, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of immunological and infectious diseases.
- Updated content provides new information on well-recognized older diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as current information on new diseases such as devil facial tumor disease and bovine neonatal pancytopenia.
- Expanded coverage brings you the latest knowledge on resistance to infection, such as vaccine usage, especially with respect to duration of immunity, the effects of key vitamins and lipids on immune responses, the effects of old age on immunity, and both antiviral and parasitic immunity.
- Diagnostic tests described throughout the text include a new section on the analysis of ELISA test data, as well as a brief summary of molecular diagnostic techniques.
- Coverage reflecting a significant change in the overall view of immunology provides you with the foundational knowledge needed to grasp the broad pattern of immunologic reactions and understand how the immune system functions as an interconnected network, rather than a series of independent pathways.
- New discussions of the critical importance of commensal bacteria and intestinal flora explain help you understand the importance of this normal flora with respect to antibacterial immunity, allergies, and autoimmunity, while at the same time providing a broader view of the animal body and its microflora as a "superorganism."
- A discussion of the importance of adipose tissue in immunity and inflammation addresses the epidemic of obesity in domestic pets and the extraordinary growth rates expected of domestic livestock.
- The section on inflammatory mechanisms has been divided into separate chapters focusing on the detection of invaders and the mediators of inflammation to incorporate the vast amount of new information on pattern recognition receptors and the ways in which they warn the body of microbial invasion.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Evolve page | IFC1 | ||
| Inside front cover | i | ||
| Veterinary Immunology | iii | ||
| Copyright page | vi | ||
| Dedication | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Significant Changes in This Edition | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Table of Content | xiii | ||
| 1 The Defense of the Body | 1 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 1 | ||
| Key Points | 1 | ||
| A Brief History of Veterinary Immunology | 2 | ||
| Microbial Invasion | 3 | ||
| The Body’s Defenses | 4 | ||
| Physical Barriers | 4 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 4 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 5 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses | 6 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immune Responses | 8 | ||
| Mechanisms of Adaptive Immunity | 8 | ||
| Where to Go for Additional Information | 10 | ||
| 2 Innate Immunity: | 11 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 11 | ||
| Key Points | 11 | ||
| How Invaders Are Recognized | 12 | ||
| Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns | 12 | ||
| Toll-like Receptors | 12 | ||
| RIG-1-like Receptors | 15 | ||
| NOD-like Receptors | 15 | ||
| C-type Lectin Receptors | 16 | ||
| Microbial Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns | 16 | ||
| Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides | 17 | ||
| Bacterial Peptidoglycans | 17 | ||
| Bacterial DNA | 17 | ||
| Viral Nucleic Acids | 17 | ||
| Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns | 17 | ||
| Soluble Pattern-Recognition Receptors | 19 | ||
| Sentinel Cells | 19 | ||
| Macrophages | 19 | ||
| Dendritic Cells | 20 | ||
| Mast Cells | 20 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 20.e1 | ||
| 3 Innate Immunity: | 21 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 21 | ||
| Key Points | 21 | ||
| Products of Sentinel Cells | 21 | ||
| Cytokines | 22 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-α | 22 | ||
| Interleukin-1 | 23 | ||
| Interleukin-6 | 24 | ||
| Chemokines | 24 | ||
| Inflammatory Mediators | 25 | ||
| Vasoactive Amines | 26 | ||
| Vasoactive Peptides | 27 | ||
| Vasoactive Lipids | 27 | ||
| The Coagulation System | 28 | ||
| Antimicrobial Molecules | 28 | ||
| Peptides | 28 | ||
| Lysozyme | 29 | ||
| Complement | 29 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 29.e1 | ||
| 4 Innate Immunity: | 30 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 30 | ||
| Key Points | 30 | ||
| Leukocyte Classification | 31 | ||
| Neutrophils | 32 | ||
| Structure | 33 | ||
| Emigration from the Bloodstream | 33 | ||
| Changes in Endothelial Cells | 33 | ||
| Changes in Neutrophils | 34 | ||
| Integrins | 34 | ||
| Emigration | 35 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 35 | ||
| Activation | 35 | ||
| Chemotaxis | 35 | ||
| Adherence and Opsonization | 36 | ||
| Ingestion | 37 | ||
| Destruction | 37 | ||
| The Respiratory Burst | 37 | ||
| Lytic Enzymes | 38 | ||
| Cytokines | 39 | ||
| Surface Receptors | 39 | ||
| Fate | 40 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 40.e1 | ||
| 5 Innate Immunity: | 41 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 41 | ||
| Key Points | 41 | ||
| Macrophages | 42 | ||
| Structure | 42 | ||
| Life History | 42 | ||
| Functions | 43 | ||
| Sentinel Cells | 43 | ||
| Inflammation | 43 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 43 | ||
| Generation of Nitric Oxide | 44 | ||
| Activation | 46 | ||
| Receptors | 46 | ||
| Fate of Foreign Material | 47 | ||
| Soluble Proteins Given Intravenously | 48 | ||
| Fate of Material Administered by Other Routes | 49 | ||
| Digestive Tract | 49 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 49 | ||
| Recovery from Inflammation | 49 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 51.e1 | ||
| 6 Systemic Responses to Inflammation | 52 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 52 | ||
| Key Points | 52 | ||
| Systemic Innate Responses | 52 | ||
| Sickness Behavior | 53 | ||
| Metabolic Changes | 54 | ||
| Acute-Phase Proteins | 54 | ||
| Soluble Pattern-Recognition Receptors | 54 | ||
| Iron-Binding Molecules | 55 | ||
| Protease Inhibitors | 56 | ||
| Other Acute-Phase Proteins | 56 | ||
| Acute-Phase Proteins as “Biomarkers” of Disease | 56 | ||
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome | 57 | ||
| Bacterial Septic Shock | 57 | ||
| Bacterial Toxic Shock | 58 | ||
| Graft-versus-Host Disease | 58 | ||
| Protein Misfolding Diseases | 58 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 60.e1 | ||
| 7 Innate Immunity: | 61 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 61 | ||
| Key Points | 61 | ||
| Complement Proteins | 63 | ||
| Activation Pathways | 63 | ||
| The Alternative Pathway | 63 | ||
| The Lectin Pathway | 65 | ||
| The Classical Pathway | 66 | ||
| The Amplification Pathway | 67 | ||
| Regulation of Complement Activation | 69 | ||
| Complement Receptors | 69 | ||
| Other Consequences of Complement Activation | 70 | ||
| Opsonization | 70 | ||
| Removal of Apoptotic Cells | 70 | ||
| Inflammation | 70 | ||
| Blood Coagulation | 70 | ||
| Chemotaxis | 70 | ||
| Immune Regulation | 71 | ||
| Complement Genes | 71 | ||
| Complement Deficiencies | 71 | ||
| Canine C3 Deficiency | 71 | ||
| Porcine Factor H Deficiency | 72 | ||
| Other Complement Deficiencies | 73 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 73.e1 | ||
| 8 Cell Signaling: | 74 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 74 | ||
| Key Points | 74 | ||
| Cytokine Nomenclature | 75 | ||
| Cytokine Functions | 75 | ||
| Cytokine Structure | 76 | ||
| Cytokine Receptors | 76 | ||
| Receptor Families | 78 | ||
| Cytokine Regulation | 79 | ||
| Signal Transduction | 79 | ||
| Transduction Pathways | 79 | ||
| NF-κB Pathway | 80 | ||
| NF-AT Pathway | 81 | ||
| JAK-STAT Pathway | 82 | ||
| Gene Transcription | 83 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 83.e1 | ||
| 9 Antigens: | 84 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 84 | ||
| Key Points | 84 | ||
| Antigens | 85 | ||
| Microbial Antigens | 85 | ||
| Bacterial Antigens | 85 | ||
| Viral Antigens | 85 | ||
| Other Microbial Antigens | 86 | ||
| Nonmicrobial Antigens | 86 | ||
| Cell Surface Antigens | 86 | ||
| Autoantigens | 86 | ||
| What Makes a Good Antigen? | 87 | ||
| Foreignness | 88 | ||
| Epitopes | 88 | ||
| Haptens | 88 | ||
| Some Examples of Haptens | 89 | ||
| Cross-Reactions | 90 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 90.e1 | ||
| 10 Dendritic Cells and Antigen Processing | 91 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 91 | ||
| Key Points | 91 | ||
| Dendritic Cells | 92 | ||
| Origin | 92 | ||
| Structure | 92 | ||
| Subpopulations | 93 | ||
| Myeloid Dendritic Cells | 93 | ||
| Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells | 93 | ||
| Langerhans Cells | 94 | ||
| Follicular Dendritic Cells | 94 | ||
| Dendritic Cell Maturation | 94 | ||
| Immature Dendritic Cells | 94 | ||
| Mature Dendritic Cells | 95 | ||
| Tolerance Induction | 96 | ||
| DC1 and DC2 Cells | 96 | ||
| Interleukin-12 | 97 | ||
| Dendritic Cells in Domestic Animals | 97 | ||
| Other Antigen- Processing Cells | 97 | ||
| Macrophages | 98 | ||
| B Cells | 98 | ||
| Other Cells | 98 | ||
| Antigen Processing | 98 | ||
| MHC Class II Pathway | 98 | ||
| MHC Class I Pathway | 99 | ||
| Cross-Priming | 100 | ||
| Histiocytosis and Histiocytomas | 100 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 101.e1 | ||
| 11 The Major Histocompatibility Complex | 102 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 102 | ||
| Key Points | 102 | ||
| Major Histocompatibility Complex | 103 | ||
| MHC Class Ia Molecules | 104 | ||
| Structure | 104 | ||
| Gene Arrangement | 104 | ||
| Polymorphism | 104 | ||
| Nonpolymorphic MHC Class I Molecules | 105 | ||
| MHC Class II Molecules | 106 | ||
| Structure | 106 | ||
| Gene Arrangement | 106 | ||
| Polymorphism | 106 | ||
| MHC Class III Molecules | 106 | ||
| MHC of Domestic Animals | 106 | ||
| Horses | 106 | ||
| Cattle | 107 | ||
| Sheep | 108 | ||
| Pigs | 108 | ||
| Dogs | 108 | ||
| Cats | 109 | ||
| Primates | 109 | ||
| MHC Molecules and Disease | 109 | ||
| MHC and Body Odors | 112 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 112.e1 | ||
| 12 Organs of the Immune System | 113 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 113 | ||
| Key Points | 113 | ||
| Sources of Lymphocytes | 114 | ||
| Primary Lymphoid Organs | 115 | ||
| Thymus | 115 | ||
| Structure | 115 | ||
| Function | 115 | ||
| Thymic Hormones | 116 | ||
| Bursa of Fabricius | 116 | ||
| 13 Lymphocytes | 127 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 127 | ||
| Key Points | 127 | ||
| Lymphocyte Structure | 127 | ||
| Lymphocyte Populations | 128 | ||
| Lymphocyte Surface Molecules | 129 | ||
| Antigen Receptor Complex | 130 | ||
| Molecules That Regulate Lymphocyte Function | 131 | ||
| Cytokine Receptors | 131 | ||
| Antibody Receptors | 133 | ||
| Complement Receptors | 133 | ||
| Adherence Molecules | 134 | ||
| Integrins | 134 | ||
| Selectins | 134 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Superfamily | 134 | ||
| CD58 and CD2 | 134 | ||
| Other Major Surface Molecules | 134 | ||
| WC1 | 134 | ||
| Changes in Immunophenotype | 135 | ||
| Species Differences | 135 | ||
| Horses | 135 | ||
| Bovine | 135 | ||
| Sheep | 135 | ||
| Pigs | 135 | ||
| Dogs and Cats | 135 | ||
| Lymphocyte Mitogens | 135 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 136.e1 | ||
| 14 Helper T Cells and Their Response to Antigen | 137 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 137 | ||
| Key Points | 137 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Superfamily | 138 | ||
| T Cell Antigen Receptor | 138 | ||
| Antigen-Binding Component | 138 | ||
| Signal Transduction Component | 140 | ||
| CD3 Complex | 140 | ||
| CD4 and CD8 | 140 | ||
| Co-stimulators | 140 | ||
| Co-stimulatory Receptors | 141 | ||
| CD40-CD154 Signaling | 141 | ||
| CD28-CD80/CD86 Signaling | 141 | ||
| Co-stimulatory Cytokines | 142 | ||
| Adherence Molecules | 142 | ||
| Immunological Synapse Formation | 142 | ||
| Signal Transduction | 143 | ||
| Overall Considerations | 143 | ||
| Superantigens | 144 | ||
| Helper T Cell Subpopulations | 144 | ||
| Th1 Cells | 145 | ||
| Interferon-γ | 145 | ||
| Interleukin-2 | 145 | ||
| Th2 Cells | 145 | ||
| Interleukin-4 | 145 | ||
| Th0 Cells | 146 | ||
| Th17 Cells | 146 | ||
| Species Differences | 147 | ||
| γ/δ T Cells | 147 | ||
| Memory T Cells | 149 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 149.e1 | ||
| 15 B Cells and Their Response to Antigen | 150 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 150 | ||
| Key Points | 150 | ||
| B Cell Antigen Receptors | 151 | ||
| Antigen-Binding Component | 151 | ||
| Light Chains | 151 | ||
| Heavy Chains | 151 | ||
| Variable Regions | 152 | ||
| Constant Regions | 152 | ||
| Hinge Region | 153 | ||
| Signal Transducing Component | 153 | ||
| Co-stimulation of B Cells | 153 | ||
| Antigen Presentation by B Cells | 153 | ||
| Cytokine Secretion | 153 | ||
| CD40 and CD154 | 155 | ||
| CD21/CD19 Complex | 155 | ||
| Toll-like Receptors and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns | 155 | ||
| B Cell Response | 156 | ||
| Differential Signaling | 156 | ||
| Cellular Responses | 157 | ||
| Plasma Cells | 157 | ||
| Memory B Cells | 158 | ||
| Germinal Centers | 160 | ||
| B Cell Subpopulations | 160 | ||
| Myelomas | 160 | ||
| Polyclonal Gammopathies | 162 | ||
| Hybridomas | 163 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 164.e1 | ||
| 16 Antibodies: | 165 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 165 | ||
| Key Points | 165 | ||
| Immunoglobulins | 166 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Classes | 167 | ||
| Immunoglobulin G | 167 | ||
| Immunoglobulin M | 167 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A | 168 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E | 169 | ||
| Immunoglobulin D | 169 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Structure of Immunoglobulins | 170 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Variants | 170 | ||
| Subclasses | 170 | ||
| Allotypes | 171 | ||
| Idiotypes | 171 | ||
| Production of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains | 171 | ||
| Class Switch Recombination | 172 | ||
| B Cell Antigen Receptors and Soluble Immunoglobulins | 172 | ||
| Immunoglobulins of Domestic Mammals | 172 | ||
| Horses | 173 | ||
| Cattle | 173 | ||
| Sheep | 174 | ||
| Pigs | 174 | ||
| Dogs and Cats | 174 | ||
| Primates | 174 | ||
| Other Mammals | 174 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 174.e1 | ||
| 17 How Antigen-Binding Receptors Are Made | 175 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 175 | ||
| Key Points | 175 | ||
| Receptor-Antigen Binding | 176 | ||
| Antigen Receptor Genes | 177 | ||
| Immunoglobulin/B Cell Receptor Diversity | 178 | ||
| Gene Recombination | 178 | ||
| IGL Locus | 178 | ||
| IGK Locus | 178 | ||
| IGH Locus | 178 | ||
| Generation of Junctional Diversity | 178 | ||
| Gene Rearrangement | 178 | ||
| Base Deletion | 180 | ||
| Base Insertion | 180 | ||
| Receptor Editing | 181 | ||
| Somatic Mutation | 181 | ||
| Gene Conversion | 182 | ||
| Receptor Assembly | 182 | ||
| Potential Immunoglobulin Diversity | 183 | ||
| Species Differences | 184 | ||
| Horses | 184 | ||
| Cattle | 184 | ||
| Sheep | 184 | ||
| Pigs | 185 | ||
| Rabbits | 185 | ||
| Humans and Mice | 185 | ||
| Intestinal Bacteria and Expansion of the B Cell Repertoire | 185 | ||
| T Cell Receptor Diversity | 186 | ||
| T Cell Receptor Gene Structure | 186 | ||
| α Chain | 186 | ||
| β Chain | 187 | ||
| δ Chain | 187 | ||
| γ Chain | 187 | ||
| Generation of T Cell Receptor V-Region Diversity | 187 | ||
| Gene Rearrangement | 187 | ||
| Base Insertion and Deletion | 187 | ||
| Somatic Mutation | 188 | ||
| Where Does This Happen? | 188 | ||
| T Cell Receptor Diversity | 188 | ||
| γ/δ T Cell Diversity | 189 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 189.e1 | ||
| 18 T Cell Function and the Destruction of Cell-Associated Invaders | 190 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 190 | ||
| Key Points | 190 | ||
| Endogenous Antigens | 191 | ||
| Apoptosis | 191 | ||
| Cell Cooperation | 192 | ||
| Cytotoxic T Cell Responses | 193 | ||
| Perforin Pathway | 194 | ||
| Adhesion Phase | 194 | ||
| Lethal Hit | 195 | ||
| CD95 Pathway | 195 | ||
| Cytotoxic T Cell Subsets | 196 | ||
| Other Mechanisms of Cellular Cytotoxicity | 196 | ||
| Macrophage Activation | 197 | ||
| Classical Macrophage Activation | 198 | ||
| Alternative Macrophage Activation | 199 | ||
| Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions | 200 | ||
| Effector T Cell Memory | 200 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 200.e1 | ||
| 19 The Third Lymphocyte Population: | 201 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 201 | ||
| Key Points | 201 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 202 | ||
| Morphology | 202 | ||
| Origins and Location | 202 | ||
| Target Cell Recognition | 202 | ||
| Receptors | 203 | ||
| KIR receptors | 203 | ||
| Ly49 Receptors | 204 | ||
| NKG2 receptors | 204 | ||
| Fc Receptors | 204 | ||
| Effector Mechanisms | 204 | ||
| Function | 205 | ||
| Memory NK cells | 205 | ||
| Regulation | 206 | ||
| Species Differences | 206 | ||
| Horses | 206 | ||
| Cattle | 206 | ||
| Sheep | 207 | ||
| Pigs | 207 | ||
| Dogs | 207 | ||
| Cats | 207 | ||
| Natural Killer T Cells | 207 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 208.e1 | ||
| 20 Regulation of Adaptive Immunity | 209 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 209 | ||
| Key Points | 209 | ||
| Tolerance | 210 | ||
| T Cell Tolerance | 211 | ||
| Central T Cell Tolerance | 211 | ||
| Negative Selection. | 211 | ||
| Receptor Editing. | 212 | ||
| Peripheral T Cell Tolerance | 212 | ||
| Clonal Anergy. | 212 | ||
| B Cell Tolerance | 213 | ||
| Peripheral B Cell Tolerance | 213 | ||
| Duration of Tolerance | 213 | ||
| Control of Immune Responses | 214 | ||
| Antigen Regulation of Immune Responses | 214 | ||
| Antigen Processing and Immune Regulation | 214 | ||
| Antibody Regulation of Immune Responses | 215 | ||
| Inhibitory Receptors | 215 | ||
| Regulatory Cells | 216 | ||
| Regulatory T Cells | 216 | ||
| Interleukin-10. | 217 | ||
| Transforming Growth Factor-β. | 217 | ||
| Regulation by the Innate Immune System | 218 | ||
| Th17 Cells | 219 | ||
| Interleukin-17 | 219 | ||
| Regulatory Macrophages | 220 | ||
| Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tolerance | 220 | ||
| Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells | 220 | ||
| Natural Suppressor Cells | 220 | ||
| When Do Regulatory Cells Work? | 221 | ||
| Regulation of Apoptosis | 221 | ||
| Neural Regulation of Immunity | 222 | ||
| Stress | 222 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System | 223 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical Axis | 223 | ||
| Neuropeptides and Lymphocytes | 223 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 224.e1 | ||
| 21 Immunity in the Fetus and Newborn | 225 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 225 | ||
| Key Points | 225 | ||
| Development of the Immune System | 226 | ||
| Specific Animal Immune Systems | 226 | ||
| Foal | 226 | ||
| Calf | 226 | ||
| Lamb | 227 | ||
| Piglet | 227 | ||
| Puppy | 227 | ||
| Kitten | 228 | ||
| Chick | 228 | ||
| The Immune System and Intrauterine Infection | 228 | ||
| Immune Response of Newborn Mammals | 229 | ||
| Role of the Intestinal Microflora | 229 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 230 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 230 | ||
| Transfer of Immunity from Mother to Offspring | 231 | ||
| Secretion and Composition of Colostrum and Milk | 231 | ||
| Absorption of Colostrum | 231 | ||
| Failure of Passive Transfer | 233 | ||
| Production Failure | 233 | ||
| Ingestion Failure | 233 | ||
| Absorption Failure | 234 | ||
| Diagnosis of Failure of Passive Transfer | 234 | ||
| Management of Failure of Passive Transfer | 235 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity and Colostrum | 236 | ||
| Development of Adaptive Immunity in Neonatal Mammals | 236 | ||
| Local Immunity | 236 | ||
| Systemic Immunity | 236 | ||
| Vaccination of Young Animals | 237 | ||
| Passive Immunity in the Chick | 238 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 239.e1 | ||
| 22 Immunity at Body Surfaces | 240 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 240 | ||
| Key Points | 240 | ||
| The Body’s Microflora | 241 | ||
| The Superorganism | 241 | ||
| Controlling the Microflora | 242 | ||
| Exclusion of Commensals | 242 | ||
| Suppression of Inflammation | 243 | ||
| Benefits of the Microflora | 243 | ||
| Exclusion of Pathogens | 243 | ||
| Development of Lymphoid Organs | 244 | ||
| Regulation of B Cell Function | 244 | ||
| Regulation of T Cell Function | 245 | ||
| Dysbiosis and the Hygiene Hypothesis | 245 | ||
| Mucosal Lymphoid Tissues | 245 | ||
| Inductive Sites | 245 | ||
| Effector Sites | 247 | ||
| B Cells | 247 | ||
| T Cells | 247 | ||
| Adaptive Protective Mechanisms | 248 | ||
| Immune Exclusion | 248 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A | 248 | ||
| Immunoglobulin M | 250 | ||
| Immune Elimination | 251 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E | 251 | ||
| Immunoglobulin G | 252 | ||
| Immunity on Specific Surfaces | 252 | ||
| Immunity in the Gastrointestinal Tract | 252 | ||
| Immunity to Food | 252 | ||
| Intestinal Inflammatory Disease | 253 | ||
| Immunity in the Respiratory Tract | 253 | ||
| Immunity in the Urogenital Tract | 255 | ||
| Immunity on the Skin | 255 | ||
| Immunity in the Mammary Gland | 256 | ||
| Vaccination on Body Surfaces | 257 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 257.e1 | ||
| 23 Vaccines and Their Production | 258 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 258 | ||
| Key Points | 258 | ||
| Types of Immunization Procedures | 259 | ||
| Passive Immunization | 259 | ||
| Active Immunization | 260 | ||
| Living and Killed Vaccines | 261 | ||
| Inactivation | 262 | ||
| Attenuation | 262 | ||
| Modern Vaccine Technology | 262 | ||
| Antigens Generated by Gene Cloning (Category I) | 263 | ||
| Genetically Attenuated Organisms (Category II) | 264 | ||
| Live Recombinant Organisms (Category III) | 265 | ||
| Polynucleotide Vaccines (Category IV) | 266 | ||
| Prime-Boost Strategies | 267 | ||
| Reverse Vaccinology | 268 | ||
| Adjuvants | 268 | ||
| Depot Adjuvants | 268 | ||
| Particulate Adjuvants | 269 | ||
| Immunostimulatory Adjuvants | 269 | ||
| Combined Adjuvants | 270 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 271.e1 | ||
| 24 The Use of Vaccines | 272 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 272 | ||
| Key Points | 272 | ||
| Administration of Vaccines | 273 | ||
| Multiple-Antigen Vaccines | 274 | ||
| Vaccination Schedules | 274 | ||
| Initial Series | 274 | ||
| Revaccination and Duration of Immunity | 274 | ||
| Vaccination Strategies | 275 | ||
| Vaccine Assessment | 276 | ||
| Failures in Vaccination | 276 | ||
| Incorrect Administration | 276 | ||
| Failure to Respond | 276 | ||
| Correct Administration and Response | 278 | ||
| Adverse Consequences of Vaccination | 278 | ||
| “Normal” Toxicity | 279 | ||
| Inappropriate Responses | 279 | ||
| Errors in Manufacture or Administration | 280 | ||
| Vaccine-Associated Autoimmune Disease | 281 | ||
| Vaccine-Induced Osteodystrophy | 281 | ||
| Injection Site–Associated Sarcomas | 281 | ||
| Adverse Effect Principles | 281 | ||
| Production, Presentation, and Control of Vaccines | 281 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 282.e1 | ||
| 25 Immunity to Bacteria and Fungi | 283 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 283 | ||
| Key Points | 283 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 284 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 284 | ||
| Immunity to Toxigenic Bacteria | 285 | ||
| Immunity to Invasive Bacteria | 285 | ||
| Heat-Shock Protein Response | 286 | ||
| Immunity to Intracellular Bacteria | 286 | ||
| Modification of Bacterial Disease by Immune Responses | 287 | ||
| Evasion of the Immune Response | 288 | ||
| Evasion of Innate Immunity | 288 | ||
| Evasion of Adaptive Immunity | 291 | ||
| Some Antibacterial Vaccines | 292 | ||
| Toxoids | 292 | ||
| Bacterins | 292 | ||
| Living Bacterial Vaccines | 292 | ||
| Adverse Consequences of the Immune Responses | 293 | ||
| Serology of Bacterial Infections | 293 | ||
| Immunity to Fungal Infections | 294 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 295.e1 | ||
| 26 Immunity to Viruses | 296 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 296 | ||
| Key Points | 296 | ||
| Virus Structure and Antigens | 297 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Virus Infections | 297 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 298 | ||
| Pattern-Recognition Receptors: Antiviral Sensors | 299 | ||
| Interferons | 299 | ||
| Antiviral Activities | 299 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 301 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 301 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 301 | ||
| Evasion of the Immune Response By Viruses | 302 | ||
| Negative Cytokine Regulation | 303 | ||
| Alterations in Antigen Processing Pathways | 303 | ||
| Evasion of Natural Killer Cells | 303 | ||
| Alterations in the B Cell System | 303 | ||
| Alterations in the T Cell System | 304 | ||
| Viral Evasion Through Latency | 304 | ||
| Inhibition of Apoptosis | 305 | ||
| Adverse Consequences of Immunity to Viruses | 305 | ||
| Antibody-Dependent Enhancement | 305 | ||
| Some Selected Viral Diseases | 306 | ||
| Aleutian Disease of Mink | 306 | ||
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis | 307 | ||
| Equine Infectious Anemia | 307 | ||
| Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome | 308 | ||
| Canine Distemper | 308 | ||
| Some Antiviral Vaccines | 309 | ||
| Serology of Viral Diseases | 309 | ||
| Tests to Detect and Identify Viruses | 309 | ||
| Tests to Detect and Identify Antiviral Antibodies | 310 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 310.e1 | ||
| 27 Immunity to Parasites | 311 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 311 | ||
| Key Points | 311 | ||
| Immunity to Protozoa | 312 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 312 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 312 | ||
| Leishmaniasis | 314 | ||
| Evasion of the Immune Response | 315 | ||
| Adverse Consequences | 316 | ||
| Vaccination | 316 | ||
| Immunity to Helminths | 317 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 317 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 318 | ||
| Humoral Immunity | 318 | ||
| Immunity to Tissue Helminths | 318 | ||
| Eosinophils and Parasite Destruction | 319 | ||
| Immunity to Adult Helminths | 320 | ||
| Variations Among Worms | 321 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 321 | ||
| Evasion of the Immune Response | 322 | ||
| Evasion of Innate Responses | 322 | ||
| Evasion of Acquired Responses | 323 | ||
| Vaccination | 323 | ||
| Immunity to Arthropods | 324 | ||
| Demodectic Mange | 324 | ||
| Flea Bite Dermatitis | 324 | ||
| Tick Infestation | 325 | ||
| Hypoderma Infestation | 325 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 325.e1 | ||
| 28 Type I Hypersensitivity | 326 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 326 | ||
| Key Points | 326 | ||
| Induction of Type I Hypersensitivity | 327 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E | 328 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E Production | 328 | ||
| Immunoglobulin E Receptors | 328 | ||
| Mast Cells | 329 | ||
| Structure and Location | 329 | ||
| Life History | 330 | ||
| Response of Mast Cells to Antigen | 330 | ||
| Mast Cell–Derived Mediators | 332 | ||
| Interleukin-33 | 333 | ||
| Regulation of Mast Cell Degranulation | 334 | ||
| Regulation of the Response to Mast Cell Mediators | 334 | ||
| Mast Cells in Infections | 334 | ||
| Late-Phase Reaction | 334 | ||
| Basophils | 334 | ||
| Eosinophils | 335 | ||
| Eosinophil Activation | 335 | ||
| Eosinophil Degranulation and Mediators | 336 | ||
| Other Cells | 337 | ||
| Clinical Type I Hypersensitivity | 338 | ||
| Allergic Anaphylaxis | 338 | ||
| Specific Allergic Conditions | 339 | ||
| Hygiene Hypothesis | 339 | ||
| Milk Allergy | 339 | ||
| Food Allergy | 340 | ||
| Allergic Inhalant Dermatitis and Atopic Dermatitis | 340 | ||
| Allergies to Vaccines and Drugs | 342 | ||
| Allergies to Parasites | 342 | ||
| Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex | 343 | ||
| Diagnosis of Type I Hypersensitivity | 343 | ||
| Treatment of Type I Hypersensitivity | 344 | ||
| Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy | 344 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 345.e1 | ||
| 29 Red Cell Antigens and Type II Hypersensitivity | 346 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 346 | ||
| Key Points | 346 | ||
| Blood Groups | 347 | ||
| Blood Transfusion and Incompatible Transfusions | 347 | ||
| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | 347 | ||
| Blood Groups, Blood Transfusion, and Hemolytic Disease in Domestic Animals | 348 | ||
| Horses | 348 | ||
| 30 Immune Complexes and Type III Hypersensitivity | 355 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 355 | ||
| Key Points | 355 | ||
| Classification of Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions | 356 | ||
| Local Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions | 356 | ||
| Blue Eye | 357 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | 357 | ||
| Equine Respiratory Disease | 358 | ||
| Staphylococcal Hypersensitivity | 359 | ||
| Generalized Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions | 359 | ||
| Serum Sickness | 359 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 359 | ||
| Type I Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 359 | ||
| Type II Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 361 | ||
| Type III Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 362 | ||
| Clinical Features of Glomerulonephritis | 362 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy | 363 | ||
| Swine Glomerulopathy | 363 | ||
| Dirofilariasis | 363 | ||
| Finnish-Landrace Glomerulopathy | 363 | ||
| Canine Glomerulopathy | 364 | ||
| Other Immune Complex–Mediated Lesions | 364 | ||
| Purpura Hemorrhagica | 364 | ||
| Dietary Hypersensitivity | 364 | ||
| Polyarthritis | 364 | ||
| Drug Hypersensitivities | 364 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 364.e1 | ||
| 31 Type IV Hypersensitivity: | 365 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 365 | ||
| p Key Points | 365 | ||
| The Tuberculin Reaction | 365 | ||
| Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity | 366 | ||
| Tuberculin Reactions in Cattle | 367 | ||
| Tuberculin Reactions in Other Animals | 368 | ||
| Johnin Reactions | 369 | ||
| Other Skin Tests | 369 | ||
| Pathological Consequences of Type IV Hypersensitivity | 369 | ||
| Tubercle Formation | 369 | ||
| Allergic Contact Dermatitis | 370 | ||
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome | 371 | ||
| Measurement of Cell-Mediated Immunity | 372 | ||
| In Vivo Techniques | 372 | ||
| In Vitro Techniques | 372 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 375.e1 | ||
| 32 Organ Graft Rejection | 376 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 376 | ||
| p Key Points | 376 | ||
| Grafting of Organs | 376 | ||
| Allograft Rejection | 377 | ||
| Histocompatibility Antigens | 377 | ||
| Renal Allografts | 379 | ||
| Clinical Allograft Rejection | 379 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Allograft Rejection | 379 | ||
| Innate Mechanisms | 379 | ||
| Adaptive Mechanisms | 379 | ||
| Graft Destruction | 380 | ||
| Prevention of Allograft Rejection | 381 | ||
| Skin Allografts | 381 | ||
| Liver Allografts | 381 | ||
| Cardiac Allografts | 381 | ||
| Corneal Allografts | 382 | ||
| Bone Allografts | 382 | ||
| Bone Marrow Allografts | 382 | ||
| Graft-Versus-Host Disease | 383 | ||
| Xenografts | 383 | ||
| Allografts and the Reproductive System | 384 | ||
| Sperm | 384 | ||
| Pregnancy | 384 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 386.e1 | ||
| 33 Resistance to Tumors | 387 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 387 | ||
| p Key Points | 387 | ||
| Tumors as Allografts | 388 | ||
| Tumor Antigens | 389 | ||
| Immunity to Tumors | 390 | ||
| Inflammation and Tumors | 390 | ||
| Cellular Defenses | 391 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 391 | ||
| Cytotoxic T Cells | 391 | ||
| Macrophage-Mediated Immunity | 391 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 391 | ||
| Failure of Immunity to Tumor Cells | 391 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 391 | ||
| CD95 Ligand Expression | 392 | ||
| Regulatory Cells | 392 | ||
| Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells | 392 | ||
| Blocking Antibodies | 392 | ||
| Tumor Cell Selection | 392 | ||
| Tumor Immunotherapy | 393 | ||
| Active Immunotherapy | 393 | ||
| Passive Immunotherapy | 393 | ||
| Cytokine Therapy | 393 | ||
| T Cell Therapy | 394 | ||
| Antibody Therapy | 394 | ||
| Immunoprevention | 394 | ||
| Some Specific Tumors | 395 | ||
| Injection Site–Associated Sarcomas | 395 | ||
| Transmissible Venereal Sarcoma | 396 | ||
| Devil Facial Tumor Disease | 397 | ||
| Papillomas | 397 | ||
| Equine Sarcoids | 397 | ||
| Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 397 | ||
| Swine Melanoma | 397 | ||
| Lymphoid Tumors | 397 | ||
| Bovine Lymphosarcoma | 398 | ||
| Lymphomas in Other Species | 398 | ||
| Avian Lymphoid Tumors | 399 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 399.e1 | ||
| 34 Autoimmunity: | 400 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 400 | ||
| p Key Points | 400 | ||
| Induction of Autoimmunity | 401 | ||
| Normal Immune Responses | 402 | ||
| Antigens Hidden in Cells or Tissues (Cryptic Antigens) | 402 | ||
| Antigens Generated by Molecular Changes | 402 | ||
| Receptor Editing | 402 | ||
| Abnormal Immune Responses | 402 | ||
| Failure of Regulatory Control | 402 | ||
| Infection-Induced Autoimmunity | 403 | ||
| Molecular Mimicry | 403 | ||
| Epitope Spreading | 404 | ||
| Bystander Activation | 404 | ||
| Microchimerism | 405 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 405 | ||
| Genetic Predisposition | 405 | ||
| Breed Predispositions | 406 | ||
| Intestinal Microflora | 406 | ||
| Mechanisms of Tissue Damage in Autoimmunity | 407 | ||
| Type I Hypersensitivity | 407 | ||
| Type II Hypersensitivity | 407 | ||
| Type III Hypersensitivity | 407 | ||
| Type IV Hypersensitivity | 407 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 407.e1 | ||
| 35 Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases | 408 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 408 | ||
| p Key Points | 408 | ||
| Autoimmune Endocrine Disease | 409 | ||
| Lymphocytic Thyroiditis | 409 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 410 | ||
| Lymphocytic Parathyroiditis | 410 | ||
| Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus | 410 | ||
| Atrophic Lymphocytic Pancreatitis | 410 | ||
| Autoimmune Adrenalitis | 411 | ||
| Autoimmune Neurological Disease | 411 | ||
| Equine Polyneuritis | 411 | ||
| Canine Polyneuritis | 411 | ||
| Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis | 411 | ||
| Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis | 412 | ||
| Degenerative Myelopathy | 413 | ||
| Cerebellar Degeneration | 413 | ||
| Autoimmune Eye Disease | 413 | ||
| Equine Recurrent Uveitis | 413 | ||
| Uveodermatological Syndrome | 413 | ||
| Autoimmune Reproductive Diseases | 414 | ||
| Autoimmune Skin Diseases | 414 | ||
| Hair Follicle Diseases | 415 | ||
| Alopecia Areata | 415 | ||
| Blistering Diseases | 415 | ||
| Skin Basement Membrane Diseases | 416 | ||
| Bullous Pemphigoid | 416 | ||
| Linear Immunoglobulin A Dermatosis | 416 | ||
| Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita | 416 | ||
| Relapsing Polychondritis | 417 | ||
| Autoimmune Nephritis | 417 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia | 417 | ||
| Diagnosis | 418 | ||
| Immune Suppression of Hematopoiesis | 419 | ||
| Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia | 419 | ||
| Autoimmune Muscle Disease | 420 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 420 | ||
| Polymyositis | 421 | ||
| Autoimmune Masticatory Myositis | 421 | ||
| Canine Cardiomyopathy | 421 | ||
| Chronic Active Hepatitis | 421 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 422.e1 | ||
| 36 Systemic Immunological Diseases | 423 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 423 | ||
| p Key Points | 423 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 424 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 425 | ||
| Equine Lupus | 426 | ||
| Canine Lupus | 426 | ||
| Feline Lupus | 427 | ||
| Diagnosis | 427 | ||
| Treatment | 428 | ||
| Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | 428 | ||
| Sjögren’s Syndrome | 429 | ||
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | 429 | ||
| Chronic Superficial Keratitis | 429 | ||
| Autoimmune Polyarthritis | 429 | ||
| Erosive Polyarthritis | 429 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 429 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 429 | ||
| Diagnosis | 432 | ||
| Treatment | 432 | ||
| Nonerosive Polyarthritis | 432 | ||
| Equine Polyarthritis/Polysynovitis | 432 | ||
| Canine Polyarthritis | 432 | ||
| Lupus Polyarthritis | 432 | ||
| Polyarthritis with Polymyositis | 433 | ||
| Idiopathic Polyarthritis | 433 | ||
| Feline Polyarthritis | 433 | ||
| Cruciate Ligament Rupture | 433 | ||
| Dermatomyositis | 434 | ||
| Immune Vasculitis | 434 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 435.e1 | ||
| 37 Primary Immunodeficiencies | 436 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 436 | ||
| p Key Points | 436 | ||
| Inherited Defects in Innate Immunity | 437 | ||
| Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome | 437 | ||
| Pelger-Huët Anomaly | 438 | ||
| Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency | 438 | ||
| Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency | 439 | ||
| Canine Cyclical Neutropenia | 440 | ||
| Other Examples of Defective Neutrophil Function | 440 | ||
| Inherited Defects in the Adaptive Immune System | 441 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Horses | 441 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency | 441 | ||
| Molecular Basis of Equine Severe Combined Immunodeficiency | 442 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Deficiencies | 442 | ||
| Common Variable Immunodeficiency | 443 | ||
| Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 444 | ||
| Incidence of Immunodeficiencies | 445 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Cattle | 445 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency | 445 | ||
| Selective Immunoglobulin G2 Deficiency | 445 | ||
| Hereditary Parakeratosis | 445 | ||
| Other Immunodeficiencies | 445 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Dogs | 445 | ||
| Combined Immunodeficiencies | 445 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Deficiencies | 447 | ||
| T Cell Deficiencies | 447 | ||
| Uncharacterized Immunodeficiencies | 448 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Cats | 448 | ||
| Hypotrichosis with Thymic Aplasia | 448 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Mice | 448 | ||
| Nude Mice | 448 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice | 449 | ||
| Moth-Eaten Mice | 449 | ||
| X-Linked Immunodeficiency | 449 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Humans | 449 | ||
| T Cell Deficiencies | 449 | ||
| B Cell Deficiencies | 449 | ||
| Immunodeficiencies of Chickens | 450 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 450.e1 | ||
| 38 Secondary Immunological Defects | 451 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 451 | ||
| p Key Points | 451 | ||
| Virus-Induced Immunosuppression | 452 | ||
| Retrovirus Infections in Primates | 453 | ||
| Type D Simian Retroviruses | 453 | ||
| Retrovirus Infections in Cats | 454 | ||
| Feline Leukemia | 454 | ||
| FOCMA | 454 | ||
| Transmission | 454 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 454 | ||
| Tumors | 454 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 455 | ||
| T Cell Defects | 455 | ||
| B Cell Defects | 455 | ||
| FeLV-AIDS | 455 | ||
| Immunity | 455 | ||
| Diagnosis | 455 | ||
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus | 456 | ||
| Transmission | 456 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 456 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 457 | ||
| Immunity and Diagnosis | 458 | ||
| Treatment | 458 | ||
| Retrovirus Infections in Cattle | 459 | ||
| Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus | 459 | ||
| Retrovirus Infections in Dogs | 459 | ||
| Circovirus Infections | 459 | ||
| Juvenile Llama Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 459 | ||
| Other Causes of Secondary Immunodeficiency | 460 | ||
| Microbial and Parasite Infections | 460 | ||
| Toxin-Induced Immunosuppression | 460 | ||
| Malnutrition and Immunity | 460 | ||
| Adipose Tissue | 460 | ||
| Exercise and Immunity | 463 | ||
| Posttraumatic Immune Deficiency | 464 | ||
| Age and Immunity | 464 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 464 | ||
| Lymphoid Organs | 465 | ||
| B Cell Responses | 465 | ||
| T Cell Responses | 465 | ||
| Other Secondary Immunodeficiencies | 466 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 466.e1 | ||
| 39 Drugs and Other Agents That Affect the Immune System | 467 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 467 | ||
| p Key Points | 467 | ||
| Suppression of the Immune System | 468 | ||
| Nonspecific Immunosuppression | 468 | ||
| Radiation | 468 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 468 | ||
| Cytotoxic Drugs | 469 | ||
| Alkylating Agents | 469 | ||
| Folic Acid Antagonists | 470 | ||
| DNA Synthesis Inhibitors | 470 | ||
| Selective Immunosuppression | 471 | ||
| Calcineurin Inhibitors | 471 | ||
| Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors | 472 | ||
| Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors | 473 | ||
| Leflunomide | 473 | ||
| Depletion of Lymphocytes | 473 | ||
| Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy | 473 | ||
| Stimulation of the Immune System | 474 | ||
| Bacteria and Bacterial Products | 474 | ||
| Complex Carbohydrates | 474 | ||
| Immunoenhancing Drugs | 474 | ||
| Vitamins | 475 | ||
| Cytokines | 475 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 476.e1 | ||
| 40 Evolution of the Immune System | 477 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 477 | ||
| p Key Points | 477 | ||
| Immunity in Invertebrates | 478 | ||
| Physical Barriers | 478 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 478 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 478 | ||
| Prophenoloxidase (proPO)-Activating System | 479 | ||
| Antimicrobial Peptides | 479 | ||
| RNA Interference | 479 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 479 | ||
| Graft Rejection | 480 | ||
| Immunity in Vertebrates | 480 | ||
| Immunity in Cyclostomes | 481 | ||
| Immunological “Big Bang” | 482 | ||
| Immunity in Jawed Fish | 482 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 482 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 483 | ||
| Immunoglobulins | 483 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 484 | ||
| Immunity in Amphibians | 485 | ||
| Urodele Amphibians | 485 | ||
| Anuran Amphibians | 486 | ||
| Immunity in Reptiles | 487 | ||
| Immunity in Birds | 488 | ||
| Avian Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules | 488 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Classes | 489 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Y | 489 | ||
| Immunoglobulin M | 490 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A | 490 | ||
| Generation of Antibody Diversity | 490 | ||
| Immunity in Monotremes and Marsupials | 491 | ||
| Mammalian Phylogeny | 491 | ||
| Fever | 491 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 493.e1 | ||
| 41 Immunodiagnostic Techniques | 494 | ||
| p Chapter Outline | 494 | ||
| p Key Points | 494 | ||
| Reagents Used in Serological Tests | 495 | ||
| Serum | 495 | ||
| Antiglobulins | 495 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibodies | 495 | ||
| Specific Antibodies | 495 | ||
| Primary Binding Tests | 496 | ||
| Radioimmunoassays | 496 | ||
| Radioimmunoassays for Antibody | 496 | ||
| Radioimmunoassays for Antigen | 496 | ||
| Immunofluorescence Assays | 496 | ||
| Direct Fluorescent Antibody Tests | 496 | ||
| Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Tests | 497 | ||
| Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immunoassays | 497 | ||
| Immunoenzyme Assays | 498 | ||
| Microwell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Tests | 498 | ||
| Western Blotting | 499 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 501 | ||
| Disposable Immunoassay Devices | 502 | ||
| Immunofiltration | 502 | ||
| Immunochromatography | 502 | ||
| Antibody Labels | 503 | ||
| The Flow Cytometer | 503 | ||
| Secondary Binding Tests | 503 | ||
| Precipitation Tests | 504 | ||
| Immunodiffusion | 506 | ||
| Radial Immunodiffusion | 507 | ||
| Immunoelectrophoresis and Related Techniques | 508 | ||
| Titration of Antibodies | 508 | ||
| Agglutination | 508 | ||
| Antiglobulin Tests | 509 | ||
| Passive Agglutination | 509 | ||
| Viral Hemagglutination and Its Inhibition | 510 | ||
| Complement Fixation | 510 | ||
| Cytotoxicity Tests | 510 | ||
| Assays in Living Systems | 510 | ||
| Neutralization Tests | 511 | ||
| Protection Tests | 512 | ||
| Molecular Methods | 512 | ||
| Diagnostic Applications of Immunological Tests | 513 | ||
| Sources of Additional Information | 514.e1 | ||
| Appendices | 515 | ||
| Appendix 1 Annotated List of Selected CD Molecules | 515 | ||
| Appendix 2 Some Selected Cytokines | 519 | ||
| Glossary | 522 | ||
| Index | 533 | ||
| A | 533 | ||
| B | 535 | ||
| C | 535 | ||
| D | 537 | ||
| E | 538 | ||
| F | 539 | ||
| G | 539 | ||
| H | 540 | ||
| I | 541 | ||
| J | 543 | ||
| K | 543 | ||
| L | 543 | ||
| M | 544 | ||
| N | 545 | ||
| O | 546 | ||
| P | 546 | ||
| Q | 547 | ||
| R | 547 | ||
| S | 548 | ||
| T | 549 | ||
| U | 551 | ||
| V | 551 | ||
| W | 551 | ||
| X | 551 | ||
| Y | 551 | ||
| Z | 551 | ||
| Abbreviations | 552 | ||
| Inside back cover | 553 |