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Abstract
Focusing on emerging therapies and those best supported by clinical trials and scientific evidence, Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine describes some of the most prevalent and the fastest-growing CAM therapies in use today. Prominent author Dr. Marc Micozzi provides a complete overview of CAM, creating a solid foundation and context for therapies in current practice. Coverage of systems and therapies includes mind, body, and spirit; traditional Western healing; and traditional ethnomedical systems from around the world. Discussions include homeopathy, massage and manual therapies, chiropractic, a revised chapter on osteopathy, herbal medicine, aromatherapy, naturopathic medicine, and nutrition and hydration. With its wide range of topics, this is the ideal CAM reference for both students and practitioners!
- An evidence-based approach focuses on treatments best supported by clinical trials and scientific evidence.
- Coverage of CAM therapies and systems includes those most commonly encountered or growing in popularity, so you carefully evaluate each treatment.
- Global coverage includes discussions of traditional healing arts from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
- Longevity in the market makes this a classic, trusted text.
- Expert contributors include well-known writers such as Kevin Ergil, Patch Adams, Joseph Pizzorno, Victor Sierpina, and Marc Micozzi himself.
- Suggested readings and references in each chapter list the best resources for further research and study.
- New, expanded organization covers the foundations of CAM, traditional Western healing, and traditional ethnomedical systems from Asia, Africa, and the Americas, putting CAM in perspective and making it easier to understand CAM origins and contexts.
- NEW content includes legal and operational issues in integrative medicine, creative and expressive arts therapies, ecological pharmacology, hydration, mind-body thought and practice in America, osteopathy, reflexology, South American healing, traditional medicines of India, and Unani medicine.
- Revised and updated chapters include aromatherapy, classical acupuncture, energy medicine, biophysical devices (electricity, light, and magnetism), massage and touch therapies, traditional osteopathy, reflexology, vitalism, and yoga.
- New research studies explain how and why CAM therapies work, and also demonstrate that they do work, in areas such as acupuncture, energy healing, and mind-body therapies.
- Expanded content on basic sciences includes biophysics, ecology, ethnomedicine, neurobiology, and pschoneuroimmunology, providing the scientific background needed to learn and practice CAM and integrative medicine.
- Expanded coverage of nutrition and hydration includes practical information on Vitamin D and healthy hydration with fluid and electrolytes.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Fundamentals of COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE Fourth Edition | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Reviewers | xi | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Your “Good Medicine” Guide to CAM | xvii | ||
| Preface | xviii | ||
| Introduction | xx | ||
| About the Author | xxiv | ||
| Table of Contents | xxv | ||
| SECTION ONE: FOUNDATIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE | 1 | ||
| CHAPTER 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE | 1 | ||
| ROLE OF SCIENCE | 1 | ||
| WELLNESS | 3 | ||
| SELF-HEALING ENERGY | 5 | ||
| NUTRITION AND NATURAL PRODUCTS | 6 | ||
| PLANTS | 6 | ||
| INDIVIDUALITY | 6 | ||
| FUNDAMENTALS | 8 | ||
| CHAPTER 2. TRANSLATION FROM CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE | 9 | ||
| HOLISM AND VITALISM | 10 | ||
| MEDICAL ECOLOGY AND THE ADAPTATION MODEL | 11 | ||
| BIOENERGETIC EXPLANATIONS FOR MANUAL THERAPIES | 12 | ||
| AYURVEDA | 12 | ||
| CHINESE MEDICINE | 13 | ||
| HOMEOPATHY | 14 | ||
| NATUROPATHY AND WESTERN HERBALISM | 15 | ||
| GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES | 16 | ||
| CHAPTER 3. ISSUES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE | 17 | ||
| NOMENCLATURE AND PHILOSOPHIES OF CARE | 18 | ||
| MODALITIES OF CARE | 18 | ||
| AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES | 19 | ||
| MODELS OF INTEGRATION | 19 | ||
| EFFECTIVENESS AND COST EFFECTIVENESS | 20 | ||
| PRODUCTS FOR THE PRACTICE OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE | 20 | ||
| REGULATION | 21 | ||
| QUESTIONS ON THE PROPER USE OF HERBAL MEDICINES | 22 | ||
| INTEGRATIVE PRACTICE: SOME SOLUTIONS | 23 | ||
| CHAPTER 4. ECOLOGICAL PHARMACY: FROM GAIA TO PHARMACOLOGY | 27 | ||
| THE GAIA HYPOTHESIS: STARTING WITH THE WHOLE, THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF ORGANISM AND ENVIRONMENT | 27 | ||
| COHERENT COUPLING, EXPANDING THE COEVOLUTION CONSTRUCT: ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT | 29 | ||
| COUPLING OF HUMANS WITH PHYTOCHEMISTRY: PLANT-HUMAN COALITIONS | 30 | ||
| HORMESIS AND XENOHORMESIS—ADAPTATION TO THE PHYTOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT | 32 | ||
| ECOLOGICAL PHARMACY: THE UNDERPINNINGS OF PHARMACOLOGY | 37 | ||
| MOLECULAR MODES OF ACTIVITY | 37 | ||
| CHAPTER 5. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN MEDICINE | 42 | ||
| REALITY, INTERPRETATION, AND RELATIVITY | 43 | ||
| THE BEHAVIORAL FIELD OF HEALTH CARE | 44 | ||
| CULTURAL CONCEPT OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM | 47 | ||
| MODALITIES OF HEALTH CARE | 50 | ||
| EXPLANATORY MODELS | 50 | ||
| CONCEPTS OF SICKNESS, DISEASE, AND IMBALANCE | 52 | ||
| CONCEPTS OF THE PRACTITIONER-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP | 56 | ||
| MAKING SENSE OF ALL THE VARIABILITY | 56 | ||
| ROLE OF SCIENCE | 58 | ||
| IMPORTANCE OF VIEWING HEALTH CARE AS A MATTER OF CULTURAL MODELING | 58 | ||
| SUMMARY | 60 | ||
| CHAPTER 6. VITALISM: FLOW, CONNECTION, AND THE AWARENESS OF BEING ALIVE | 61 | ||
| TIME AND LIFE—THE BASIC QUESTIONS | 61 | ||
| PRECURSORS I: THE LIFE-BREATH | 62 | ||
| PRECURSORS II: THE FIRE OF LIFE | 65 | ||
| PRECURSORS III: ANIMAL SPIRITS | 65 | ||
| RISE AND FALL OF MAINSTREAM VITALISM | 66 | ||
| MESMER’S FLUIDUM | 67 | ||
| ”FLUIDISM” MODERNIZED | 68 | ||
| HEALING ENERGY | 69 | ||
| OSTEOPATHY, CHIROPRACTIC, AND MASSAGE | 69 | ||
| ACUPUNCTURE AND ITS OFFSHOOTS | 71 | ||
| OTHER “ENERGY” TECHNOLOGY | 72 | ||
| LIFE AND GRAVITY | 73 | ||
| THE MIND, TRANCE, AND CHANNELLING | 73 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGICAL ENERGIES | 74 | ||
| HOMEOPATHY AND THE “SPIRIT-LIKE VITAL FORCE” | 76 | ||
| HERBALISM, NATUROPATHY, AND THE VIS MEDICATRIX NATURAE | 77 | ||
| DIALECTICS OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE—THE RETURN OF VITALISM | 78 | ||
| CONCLUSION—VITALISM IN TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE | 79 | ||
| SECTION TWO: MIND, BODY, AND SPIRIT | 81 | ||
| CHAPTER 7. MIND-BODY THOUGHT AND PRACTICE IN EARLY AND LATE AMERICA | 81 | ||
| OVERSEAS BEGINNINGS | 81 | ||
| AMERICAN BEGINNINGS | 82 | ||
| THE WEST WENT A LONG WAY TO FIND WHAT IT LEFT AT HOME | 91 | ||
| CHAPTER 8. NEUROHUMORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY | 97 | ||
| NEUROHUMORAL MECHANISMS | 97 | ||
| PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY | 100 | ||
| SUMMARY | 105 | ||
| CHAPTER 9. MIND-BODY MODALITIES | 106 | ||
| HISTORICAL OVERVIEW | 106 | ||
| ROLE OF CONSCIOUSNESS | 108 | ||
| PSYCHOTHERAPY | 110 | ||
| RELAXATION | 114 | ||
| MEDITATION | 117 | ||
| HYPNOSIS | 120 | ||
| BIOFEEDBACK | 122 | ||
| GUIDED IMAGERY | 123 | ||
| MENTAL HEALING | 126 | ||
| SPIRITUALITY AND HEALING | 127 | ||
| COMBINED APPROACHES | 129 | ||
| CHAPTER 10. ENERGY MEDICINE | 130 | ||
| ENERGY AND ENERGY MEDICINE | 130 | ||
| SUBTLE AND VITAL ENERGY | 131 | ||
| STANDARDS AND QUALITY | 132 | ||
| HOW GOOD IS GOOD ENOUGH? | 133 | ||
| ORTHODOXIES AND PLACEBO | 134 | ||
| MAGNETIC THERAPY | 134 | ||
| DISTANT HEALING | 135 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC TOUCH, HEALING TOUCH, AND ENERGY THERAPIES | 137 | ||
| LIGHT, HEALING, AND BIOPHOTONS | 138 | ||
| THE QUANTUM ENIGMA | 139 | ||
| HOMEOPATHY AS ENERGY MEDICINE | 140 | ||
| PLACEBO AND BIOFIELD | 141 | ||
| CHAPTER 11. BIOPHYSICAL DEVICES: ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, AND MAGNETISM | 143 | ||
| U.S. SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT AND PRACTICE | 144 | ||
| EMPIRICAL ASSUMPTIONS OF BIOPHYSICALLY BASED MODALITIES | 144 | ||
| MAGNETISM | 144 | ||
| LIGHT | 152 | ||
| NONINVASIVE BIOPHYSICAL DEVICES FOR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT | 160 | ||
| CHAPTER 12. THE ARTS IN MEDICINE | 163 | ||
| HISTORY | 163 | ||
| THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION | 165 | ||
| CURRENT PRACTICE AND GOALS | 171 | ||
| MEDICAL ART THERAPY | 173 | ||
| RESEARCH | 173 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 175 | ||
| SUMMARY | 175 | ||
| CHAPTER 13. CREATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE THERAPIES | 177 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND THEORETICAL PREMISES | 177 | ||
| HEALING OR TREATMENT | 178 | ||
| CREATIVE ARTS, EXPRESSIVE THERAPIES, ARTS IN HEALTH CARE | 178 | ||
| AMBIGUITIES IN HEALTH CARE ARTS PRACTICE | 179 | ||
| EDUCATION, CREDENTIALING, AND PROFESSIONAL ISSUES | 179 | ||
| CLINICAL AND RESEARCH LITERATURE | 181 | ||
| SUMMARY | 188 | ||
| CHAPTER 14. HUMOR | 189 | ||
| HUMOR | 192 | ||
| HUMOR THERAPY IN PRACTICE | 196 | ||
| THE GROWING WORLD OF HUMOR | 197 | ||
| LAUGHING SPIRIT LISTENING CIRCLES | 199 | ||
| THREE MYTHS ABOUT LAUGHTER THAT KEEP US FROM LAUGHING | 199 | ||
| A DEFINITION OF HUMOR | 200 | ||
| THE LAUGH MOBILE PROGRAM | 201 | ||
| IT MAY BE SERIOUS, BUT IT NEEDN’T BE SOLEMN | 201 | ||
| HUMOR IN HEALTH CARE | 202 | ||
| HUMOR—ANTIDOTE FOR STRESS | 202 | ||
| SECTION THREE: MANUAL THERAPIES | 204 | ||
| CHAPTER 15. PRINCIPLES OF BODYWORK: MANUAL AND MANIPULATIVE THERAPIES | 204 | ||
| CONCEPTS APPLICABLE TO MANIPULATION AND BODYWORK PRACTICES | 204 | ||
| CHAPTER 16. MASSAGE AND TOUCH THERAPIES | 211 | ||
| MASSAGE APPLICATION | 212 | ||
| ACUPRESSURE AND JIN SHIN DO | 217 | ||
| AYURVEDIC MANIPULATION | 218 | ||
| ENERGY WORK | 219 | ||
| FELDENKRAIS METHOD (AWARENESS THROUGH MOVEMENT, FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION) | 221 | ||
| LYMPH DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES | 221 | ||
| MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE | 222 | ||
| MYOFASCIAL RELEASE | 223 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR THERAPY (NEUROMUSCULAR TECHNIQUES) | 223 | ||
| REFLEXOLOGY | 225 | ||
| ROLFING AND OTHER STRUCTURAL INTEGRATION METHODS | 225 | ||
| SHIATSU (ZEN SHIATSU) | 226 | ||
| SPORTS MASSAGE | 226 | ||
| STRAIN-COUNTERSTRAIN | 227 | ||
| TRAGER WORK (PSYCHOPHYSICAL INTEGRATION AND MENTASTICS) | 227 | ||
| TUI NA | 228 | ||
| VISCERAL MANIPULATION | 229 | ||
| OSSEOUS TECHNIQUES | 229 | ||
| MASSAGE THERAPY PRACTICE SETTINGS | 230 | ||
| SUMMARY | 231 | ||
| CHAPTER 17. OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE | 232 | ||
| HISTORY | 232 | ||
| OFFSHOOTS OF THE OSTEOPATHIC PROFESSION | 236 | ||
| OSTEOPATHIC PHILOSOPHY | 237 | ||
| OSTEOPATHIC TECHNIQUES | 242 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT IN OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE | 244 | ||
| MANIPULATION AS A CRITICAL ASPECT OF OSTEOPATHIC PHILOSOPHY | 245 | ||
| LEVELS OF IMPLEMENTATION | 246 | ||
| CURRENT STATUS | 247 | ||
| SUMMARY | 253 | ||
| CHAPTER 18. CHIROPRACTIC | 255 | ||
| HISTORICAL ROOTS, EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS | 256 | ||
| BEGINNINGS OF A NEW PROFESSION | 257 | ||
| INTELLECTUAL FOUNDATIONS | 259 | ||
| THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS | 261 | ||
| RATIONALE FOR CHIROPRACTIC ADJUSTMENT | 262 | ||
| CLINICAL SETTINGS AND METHODOLOGIES | 263 | ||
| RESEARCH | 266 | ||
| METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN CHIROPRACTIC RESEARCH | 270 | ||
| SAFETY OF ADJUSTMENT/MANIPULATION | 271 | ||
| CHIROPRACTIC IN HEALTH CARE | 273 | ||
| CHAPTER 19. REFLEXOLOGY | 274 | ||
| THEORY | 274 | ||
| INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL BODY | 275 | ||
| ZONE-RELATED REFERRAL AREAS | 275 | ||
| NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP | 275 | ||
| BENEFITS AND SCOPE | 278 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS | 278 | ||
| CREDENTIALING AND TRAINING | 278 | ||
| SUMMARY | 278 | ||
| CHAPTER 20. SHIATSU | 280 | ||
| HISTORY | 280 | ||
| PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY | 282 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 285 | ||
| PRACTICES, TECHNIQUES, AND TREATMENT | 287 | ||
| TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION | 290 | ||
| RESEARCH | 290 | ||
| SECTION FOUR: ALTERNATIVE WESTERN THERAPIES | 292 | ||
| CHAPTER 21. NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE | 292 | ||
| HISTORY OF “REGULAR” MEDICINE AND NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE* | 293 | ||
| PRINCIPLES | 306 | ||
| UNIFYING THEORY: THE HEALING POWER OF NATURE AND THE THERAPEUTIC ORDER | 310 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 311 | ||
| NATUROPATHIC CASE ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT | 311 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES | 312 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC APPROACH | 314 | ||
| ACCOUNTABILITY IN NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE | 316 | ||
| SCOPE OF PRACTICE, LICENSING, AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS | 316 | ||
| INTEGRATION INTO THE MAINSTREAM | 317 | ||
| EDUCATION | 318 | ||
| RESEARCH | 319 | ||
| THE FUTURE | 320 | ||
| CHAPTER 22. WESTERN HERBALISM | 322 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 322 | ||
| CLASSIFICATIONS OF HERBALISTS | 324 | ||
| HERBS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS | 325 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE OF HERBS IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE | 329 | ||
| RESEARCH IN FOOD AND MEDICINAL PLANTS | 330 | ||
| PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES | 331 | ||
| SUMMARY | 331 | ||
| CHAPTER 23. AROMATHERAPY | 332 | ||
| THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS | 332 | ||
| AN EVER-EVOLVING THERAPY | 333 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL | 336 | ||
| EVALUATION | 337 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 337 | ||
| ISSUES CONCERNING SAFE PRACTICE | 340 | ||
| FUTURE POTENTIAL FOR THE THERAPY | 341 | ||
| SUMMARY | 342 | ||
| CHAPTER 24. HOMEOPATHY | 343 | ||
| HISTORY | 343 | ||
| THEORETICAL BASIS | 344 | ||
| THE HOMEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA | 345 | ||
| METHODOLOGY | 348 | ||
| HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT | 349 | ||
| RESEARCH | 351 | ||
| HOMEOPATHY TODAY | 353 | ||
| SUMMARY | 354 | ||
| CHAPTER 25. NUTRITION AND HYDRATION | 355 | ||
| EATING HABITS OF EARLY HUMANS | 355 | ||
| MODERN ERA: FOOLING MOTHER NATURE | 356 | ||
| DISEASES OF AFFLUENCE | 357 | ||
| WHAT SHOULD WE BE EATING? | 357 | ||
| DIET AS THERAPY | 369 | ||
| FOOD OR DRUG? | 370 | ||
| FOOD ALLERGIES | 371 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL FOODS | 371 | ||
| NUTRITION VERSUS NOURISHMENT | 372 | ||
| SECTION FIVE: TRADITIONAL ETHNOMEDICAL SYSTEMS: ASIA | 373 | ||
| CHAPTER 26. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF CHINA | 373 | ||
| CHINA’S TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE | 373 | ||
| HISTORY | 376 | ||
| QI BO EXPLAINS THE ORDERLY LIFE OF TIMES PAST | 376 | ||
| SO-CALLED CHINESE MEDICINE | 379 | ||
| FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS | 380 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC METHODS | 388 | ||
| CHINESE MEDICINE OVERSEAS | 395 | ||
| PRACTICE SETTINGS | 397 | ||
| RESEARCH AND EVALUATION | 397 | ||
| CHAPTER 27. ACUPUNCTURE | 403 | ||
| THE IDEA OF ACUPUNCTURE | 403 | ||
| CORE ACUPUNCTURE THEORY AND PRACTICE | 404 | ||
| TRADITIONS, SCHOOLS, STYLES, AND SYSTEMS | 423 | ||
| ACUPUNCTURE RESEARCH | 426 | ||
| CHAPTER 28. QI GONG | 438 | ||
| DEFINITION | 438 | ||
| HISTORY | 439 | ||
| DAOIST DIALECTIC VIEW OF THE WORLD AND HUMANS | 440 | ||
| DAOIST INFLUENCES ON QI GONG PRACTICE | 443 | ||
| CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF INTERNAL QI GONG | 446 | ||
| CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF EXTERNAL QI GONG | 452 | ||
| SUMMARY | 454 | ||
| CHAPTER 29. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF INDIA: AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA | 455 | ||
| AYURVEDIC MEDICINE | 455 | ||
| SIDDHA MEDICINE | 461 | ||
| SUMMARY | 467 | ||
| CHAPTER 30. UNANI MEDICINE | 468 | ||
| THEORETICAL BASIS OF UNANI MEDICINE | 469 | ||
| PRACTICAL BASIS OF UNANI MEDICINE | 474 | ||
| SUMMARY | 480 | ||
| CHAPTER 31. YOGA | 482 | ||
| BACKGROUND AND HISTORY | 483 | ||
| FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS | 483 | ||
| THE NATURE OF DIVINITY | 484 | ||
| THE NATURE OF THE MANIFEST UNIVERSE (PRAKRITI) | 484 | ||
| THE NATURE OF HUMANITY | 485 | ||
| PATANJALI’S YOGA SUTRAS | 486 | ||
| PATANJALI’S RAJA YOGA | 487 | ||
| OTHER YOGIC PRACTICES | 488 | ||
| STAGES OF THE SPIRITUAL JOURNEY | 490 | ||
| INNER AWAKENINGS | 490 | ||
| IMPORTANCE OF THE GURU | 492 | ||
| APPLICATION OF YOGA | 492 | ||
| THE HEART OF THE MATTER | 494 | ||
| CHAPTER 32. CONTEMPORARY AYURVEDA | 495 | ||
| HISTORY | 495 | ||
| THEORETICAL BASIS: A “CONSCIOUSNESS MODEL” OF MEDICINE | 496 | ||
| APPLICATION OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS MODEL IN MAHARISHI AYURVEDA | 498 | ||
| COLLECTIVE HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT | 507 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 507 | ||
| CHAPTER 33. SUFISM AND RAPID HEALING | 509 | ||
| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 509 | ||
| THE WAY | 511 | ||
| ISLAMIC TRADITIONS AND HEALTH | 512 | ||
| FASTING | 512 | ||
| MEDITATION | 513 | ||
| PRAYER | 513 | ||
| THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SUFISM | 513 | ||
| FAITH | 515 | ||
| PAN-ISLAMIC SUFISM AND HEALING TRADITIONS | 515 | ||
| THE METAPSYCHOLOGY OF SUFISM AND RAPID WOUND HEALING | 516 | ||
| SUMMARY | 521 | ||
| SECTION SIX: TRADITIONAL ETHNOMEDICAL SYSTEMS: AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS | 522 | ||
| CHAPTER 34. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS: SOUTHERN AFRICAN HEALING | 522 | ||
| PROFESSIONALISM AND THE HEALING ARTS | 523 | ||
| EXPLANATORY MODEL UNDERLYING TRADITIONAL HEALING IN SOUTHERN AFRICA | 523 | ||
| EDUCATIONAL PROCESS | 525 | ||
| PROFESSIONAL ACCREDITATION OF PRACTITIONERS | 526 | ||
| PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION: MONITORING STANDARDS OF CARE | 527 | ||
| SOCIAL MANDATE: COMMUNITY INFLUENCE ON PROVISION OF CARE | 527 | ||
| UNIQUE ASPECTS OF TRADITIONAL HEALING | 528 | ||
| SUMMARY | 530 | ||
| CHAPTER 35. NATIVE AMERICAN HEALING | 531 | ||
| OPENING NOTE | 531 | ||
| HISTORY | 532 | ||
| WILLIAM PENN’S ACCOUNT OF TENOUGHAN’S SWEATBATH | 538 | ||
| CULTURE | 539 | ||
| CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIAN PEOPLE TO MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE | 540 | ||
| ORIENTING CONCEPTS TO INDIAN MEDICINE | 541 | ||
| TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY INDIAN MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE | 542 | ||
| QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION | 544 | ||
| SUMMARY | 548 | ||
| CHAPTER 36. SOUTH AMERICAN SPIRITISM | 551 | ||
| SPIRITIST HOSPITALS AND HEALING CENTERS IN BRAZIL | 551 | ||
| HISTORY OF SPIRITISM | 556 | ||
| SUMMARY | 559 | ||
| CHAPTER 37. LATIN AMERICAN CURANDERISMO | 560 | ||
| HISTORY | 560 | ||
| THEORETICAL BASIS | 562 | ||
| SETTINGS FOR THE CURANDERISMO HEALING SYSTEM | 569 | ||
| RESEARCH AND EVALUATION APPROACHES | 570 | ||
| CHAPTER 38. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES | 573 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 574 | ||
| ORGANIZATIONAL RELATION BETWEEN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | 574 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING POLICY DEVELOPMENT | 574 | ||
| WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION POLICY | 578 | ||
| INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY | 579 | ||
| SUMMARY | 580 | ||
| Index | 581 |