Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Combining essential hematology content with the diagnostic features of an atlas, Veterinary Hematology: A Diagnostic Guide and Color Atlas delivers all the information you need to accurately assess and diagnose the blood diseases of common domestic animals — including dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and llamas. This all-in-one resource utilizes a clinically-oriented and user-friendly approach to guide you through the processes of selecting relevant diagnostic tests, collecting and preparing samples, interpreting sample results, and determining their clinical significance. High-resolution photomicrographs, full-color illustrations, and excellent schematic drawings, tables, and quick-reference algorithms help you clearly visualize these concepts and procedures.
- Two books in one gives you the information of a user-friendly, clinical textbook and the diagnostic features of a color atlas in a single reference.
- Practical, clinically-relevant text is comprehensive and yet concise in its delivery of vital information such as:
- Principles and procedures that are employed in recognizing normal, abnormal, and artifactual features of blood and bone marrow samples and developing accurate diagnoses
- Common cytochemical stains and summary charts for interpretation
- Sample collection, staining procedures, and diagnostic techniques
- Differentiating features of malignant and benign hematologic disorders
- Miscellaneous cells and blood parasites and their significance in the evaluation of blood smears
- Hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic neoplasms
- High- resolution photomicrographs and excellent schematic drawings, tables, boxes and quick-reference algorithms aid your understanding of basic clinical concepts and differential diagnostic considerations.
- Over 800 full-color illustrations help you clearly visualize the concepts and clinical features of the blood and bone marrow — from normal cell maturation to the development of various pathologies.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Veterinary Hematology | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Foreword Benefits for the Veterinarian and the Veterinary Clinical Pathologist | iv | ||
| Foreword Benefits for the Veterinary Technician | v | ||
| Preface | vi | ||
| Acknowledgments | vii | ||
| Table Of Contents | viii | ||
| 1 Introduction to Veterinary Hematology | 1 | ||
| Internal Versus External Laboratories | 1 | ||
| Reference Intervals | 2 | ||
| Selection of Reference Animals | 2 | ||
| Determination of Reference Intervals | 2 | ||
| Interpretation of Test Results Relative to Reference Intervals | 3 | ||
| Use of Published Reference Intervals | 3 | ||
| Sensitivity and Specificity of Tests | 3 | ||
| Predictive Values and Disease Prevalence | 4 | ||
| Cutoff Values | 6 | ||
| Accuracy Versus Precision | 6 | ||
| Automated versus Manual Methods | 8 | ||
| Critical Difference | 9 | ||
| References | 10 | ||
| 2 Hematology Procedures | 11 | ||
| Composition of Blood | 11 | ||
| Calculation of Blood Volume | 11 | ||
| Sample Collection and Handling | 11 | ||
| Gross Examination of Blood Samples | 12 | ||
| Methemoglobinemia | 12 | ||
| Erythrocyte Agglutination | 13 | ||
| Microhematocrit Tube Evaluation | 14 | ||
| Packed Cells | 15 | ||
| The Appearance of Plasma | 15 | ||
| Plasma Protein Determination | 15 | ||
| Fibrinogen Determination | 16 | ||
| Blood Cell Counting and Sizing | 16 | ||
| Manual Cell Counting | 16 | ||
| Automated Cell Counting | 17 | ||
| Errors in Blood Cell Counting and Sizing | 17 | ||
| Quality Control | 18 | ||
| Blood-Film Preparation | 18 | ||
| Glass-Slide Blood-Film Method | 18 | ||
| Coverslip Blood-Film Method | 19 | ||
| Blood-Film Staining Procedures | 19 | ||
| Romanowsky-Type Stains | 19 | ||
| Reticulocyte Stains | 21 | ||
| New Methylene Blue “Wet Mounts” | 22 | ||
| Iron Stains | 22 | ||
| Cytochemical Stains | 23 | ||
| Examination of Stained Blood Films | 23 | ||
| Leukocyte Evaluation | 24 | ||
| Erythrocyte Morphology | 26 | ||
| Platelets | 26 | ||
| Degenerative Changes in Blood Samples | 27 | ||
| Infectious Agents or Inclusions of Blood Cells | 27 | ||
| Miscellaneous Cells and Parasites in Blood | 28 | ||
| Mitotic Cells | 28 | ||
| Free Nuclei | 28 | ||
| Endothelial Cells | 28 | ||
| Megakaryocytes | 28 | ||
| Microfilaria | 29 | ||
| Trypanosoma Species | 29 | ||
| Bacteria | 30 | ||
| References | 30 | ||
| 3 Hematopoiesis | 33 | ||
| Overview | 33 | ||
| Sites of Blood Cell Production | 33 | ||
| Organization of Bone Marrow | 33 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells | 34 | ||
| Mesenchymal Stem Cells | 35 | ||
| Homing of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells to the Marrow | 37 | ||
| Hematopoietic Microenvironment | 37 | ||
| Hematopoietic Growth Factors | 38 | ||
| Erythropoiesis | 38 | ||
| Primitive Erythropoiesis | 38 | ||
| Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells and the Bone Marrow Microenvironment | 38 | ||
| Nutrients Needed for Erythropoiesis | 39 | ||
| Maturation of Erythroid Cells | 39 | ||
| Control of Erythropoiesis | 41 | ||
| Leukopoiesis | 42 | ||
| Neutrophil Production | 42 | ||
| Eosinophil, Basophil, and Mast Cell Production | 43 | ||
| Production of Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and Osteoclasts | 43 | ||
| Lymphocyte and NK Cell Production | 44 | ||
| Thrombopoiesis | 45 | ||
| References | 45 | ||
| 4 Evaluation of Erythrocytes | 49 | ||
| Normal Erythrocytes | 49 | ||
| Erythrocyte Morphology | 49 | ||
| Erythrocyte Functions | 49 | ||
| Erythrocyte Biochemistry | 50 | ||
| Membrane Structure and Function | 50 | ||
| ATP Generation | 51 | ||
| 2,3DPG Pathway | 52 | ||
| Oxidant Injury | 52 | ||
| Protection against Oxidant Injury. | 52 | ||
| Methemoglobin Formation and Reduction | 54 | ||
| Iron Metabolism | 54 | ||
| Iron Absorption. | 54 | ||
| Systemic Control of Iron Metabolism. | 56 | ||
| Plasma Iron. | 56 | ||
| Iron Uptake by Erythroid Cells. | 56 | ||
| Macrophage Iron Metabolism. | 56 | ||
| Erythrocyte Destruction | 57 | ||
| Normal Removal of Aged Erythrocytes | 57 | ||
| Pathologic Destruction of Erythrocytes | 58 | ||
| Abnormal Erythrocyte Morphology | 59 | ||
| Rouleaux | 59 | ||
| Agglutination | 59 | ||
| Polychromasia | 59 | ||
| Anisocytosis | 61 | ||
| Hypochromasia | 62 | ||
| Poikilocytosis | 63 | ||
| Echinocytes (Crenated Erythrocytes) | 65 | ||
| Acanthocytes | 66 | ||
| Keratocytes | 67 | ||
| Stomatocytes | 67 | ||
| Spherocytes | 68 | ||
| Schistocytes | 69 | ||
| Leptocytes | 70 | ||
| Eccentrocytes | 70 | ||
| Pyknocytes | 71 | ||
| Elliptocytes (Ovalocytes) | 71 | ||
| Dacryocytes | 73 | ||
| Drepanocytes (Sickle Cells) | 73 | ||
| Crystallized Hemoglobin | 75 | ||
| Lysed Erythrocytes | 76 | ||
| Erythroid Loops | 76 | ||
| Erythrocyte Vesicles | 76 | ||
| Nucleated Erythrocytes | 78 | ||
| Inclusions of Erythrocytes | 79 | ||
| Howell-Jolly Bodies (Micronuclei) | 79 | ||
| Heinz Bodies | 79 | ||
| Basophilic Stippling | 80 | ||
| Siderotic Inclusions | 80 | ||
| Cabot Rings | 82 | ||
| Infectious Agents of Erythrocytes | 82 | ||
| Babesia Species | 82 | ||
| Theileria Species | 86 | ||
| Cytauxzoon felis | 86 | ||
| Anaplasma Species | 86 | ||
| Distemper Inclusions | 86 | ||
| Hemotropic Mycoplasmas (Hemoplasmas) | 87 | ||
| Bartonella Species | 90 | ||
| Artifacts Resembling Infectious Agents | 90 | ||
| Erythrocyte Assays | 90 | ||
| Erythrocyte Counts, Hematocrit, and Hemoglobin Content | 90 | ||
| Reticulocyte Counts | 91 | ||
| Erythrocyte Indices | 93 | ||
| Mean Cell Volume | 93 | ||
| Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration | 94 | ||
| Mean Cell Hemoglobin | 95 | ||
| Red Cell Distribution Width | 95 | ||
| Erythrocyte Volume Histograms and Erythrocyte Cytograms | 96 | ||
| Direct Antiglobulin Test | 96 | ||
| Methemoglobin Determination | 96 | ||
| Toxic Methemoglobinemia | 97 | ||
| Cytochrome-b5 Reductase Deficiency | 97 | ||
| Serum Iron Assays | 97 | ||
| Serum Iron | 97 | ||
| Total Iron-Binding Capacity | 98 | ||
| Serum Ferritin | 98 | ||
| Erythropoietin Assay | 98 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Anemia | 98 | ||
| Regenerative Versus Nonregenerative Anemia | 99 | ||
| Classification of Anemia Using Erythrocyte Indices | 99 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemias | 99 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia | 101 | ||
| Primary IMHA | 101 | ||
| Neonatal Isoerythrolysis | 101 | ||
| Transfusion Reactions | 101 | ||
| Erythrocyte Parasites | 102 | ||
| Babesia Species | 102 | ||
| Theileria Species | 102 | ||
| Cytauxzoon felis | 102 | ||
| Anaplasma Species | 103 | ||
| Hemotropic Mycoplasmas (Hemoplasmas) | 103 | ||
| Other Infectious Agents | 103 | ||
| Chemicals and Plants | 104 | ||
| Oxidants | 104 | ||
| Venoms | 104 | ||
| Drugs Causing Immune-Mediated Anemia | 104 | ||
| Fragmentation | 104 | ||
| Hypo-osmolality | 104 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 104 | ||
| Hereditary Erythrocyte Defects | 105 | ||
| Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency in Dogs and Cats | 105 | ||
| Phosphofructokinase Deficiency in Dogs | 105 | ||
| Increased Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Cats | 105 | ||
| Hereditary Spherocytosis in Cattle | 105 | ||
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in a Horse | 105 | ||
| Erythrocyte Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Deficiency in Horses | 106 | ||
| Hereditary Stomatocytosis in Dogs | 106 | ||
| Additional Hereditary Defects | 106 | ||
| Miscellaneous Causes of Hemolytic Anemia | 106 | ||
| Splenic Disorders | 106 | ||
| Liver Failure in Horses | 106 | ||
| Postparturient Hemoglobinuria in Dairy Cattle | 106 | ||
| Blood-Loss Anemias | 106 | ||
| Anemias Resulting from Decreased Erythrocyte Production | 107 | ||
| Nonregenerative Anemias without Leukopenia or Thrombocytopenia | 108 | ||
| Hormone Deficiencies | 108 | ||
| Anemia of Inflammatory Disease (Anemia of Chronic Disease) | 108 | ||
| Disorders of Nucleic Acid Synthesis | 108 | ||
| Abnormalities in Heme Synthesis | 108 | ||
| Nonregenerative Immune-Mediated Anemia | 109 | ||
| Selective Erythroid Aplasia | 109 | ||
| Dyserythropoiesis | 109 | ||
| Nonregenerative Anemias with Leukopenia and/or Thrombocytopenia | 109 | ||
| Hypocellular/Aplastic Bone Marrow | 109 | ||
| Myelophthisic Disorders | 110 | ||
| Physiologic Anemia of Neonatal Animals | 110 | ||
| Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia) | 111 | ||
| Relative Erythrocytosis | 111 | ||
| Absolute Erythrocytosis | 112 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Erythrocytosis | 112 | ||
| References | 112 | ||
| 5 Evaluation of Leukocytic Disorders | 122 | ||
| Leukocyte Types and Numbers in Blood | 122 | ||
| Leukocyte Kinetics | 122 | ||
| Neutrophils | 122 | ||
| Eosinophils and Basophils | 124 | ||
| Monocytes | 124 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 124 | ||
| Leukocyte Functions | 125 | ||
| Neutrophil Functions | 125 | ||
| Eosinophil Functions | 127 | ||
| Basophil Functions | 128 | ||
| Monocyte/Macrophage/Dendritic-Cell Functions | 129 | ||
| Monocyte Functions | 129 | ||
| Macrophage Functions | 129 | ||
| Dendritic-Cell Functions | 129 | ||
| Lymphocyte and NK Cell Functions | 130 | ||
| CD4+ T Lymphocyte Functions | 130 | ||
| CD8+ T Lymphocyte Functions | 130 | ||
| B Lymphocyte Functions | 131 | ||
| NK Cell Functions | 132 | ||
| Neutrophils | 132 | ||
| Normal Neutrophil Morphology | 132 | ||
| Morphology of Left Shifts | 133 | ||
| Myeloblasts | 133 | ||
| Promyelocytes | 133 | ||
| Myelocytes | 133 | ||
| Metamyelocytes | 133 | ||
| Band Neutrophils | 133 | ||
| Disorders with Left Shifts | 134 | ||
| Inflammation | 134 | ||
| Chronic Myeloid Leukemia | 134 | ||
| Pelger-Huët Anomaly (Hyposegmentation) | 134 | ||
| Hypersegmentation | 135 | ||
| Toxic Cytoplasm | 136 | ||
| Foamy Basophilia | 137 | ||
| Döhle Bodies | 137 | ||
| Toxic Granulation | 137 | ||
| Granules and Inclusions | 137 | ||
| Normal Foals | 137 | ||
| Lipemia in a Horse | 137 | ||
| Lysosomal Storage Diseases | 137 | ||
| Birman Cats | 137 | ||
| Reddish Granulation in Cats | 137 | ||
| Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome | 137 | ||
| May-Hegglin Anomaly | 140 | ||
| Siderotic Inclusions | 140 | ||
| Infectious Agents | 140 | ||
| Distemper Inclusions | 140 | ||
| Rickettsial Species | 140 | ||
| Hepatozoon Species | 142 | ||
| Miscellaneous Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa | 143 | ||
| Miscellaneous Neutrophil Morphologic Abnormalities | 143 | ||
| Giant Neutrophils | 143 | ||
| Karyolysis | 144 | ||
| Pyknosis and Karyorrhexis | 144 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Vacuoles | 144 | ||
| Phagocytized Eosinophil Granules | 144 | ||
| Stain Precipitation | 144 | ||
| Neutrophilia | 144 | ||
| Neutropenia | 146 | ||
| Inherited Neutrophil Defects | 147 | ||
| Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome | 147 | ||
| β2 Integrin Adhesion Molecule Deficiencies | 148 | ||
| Kindlin-3 Deficiency | 148 | ||
| Unknown Neutrophil Function Defects | 148 | ||
| Cyclic Hematopoiesis | 148 | ||
| Eosinophils | 148 | ||
| Eosinophil Morphology | 148 | ||
| Eosinophilia | 150 | ||
| Eosinopenia | 150 | ||
| Basophils | 151 | ||
| Basophil Morphology | 151 | ||
| Basophilia | 151 | ||
| Mast Cells | 151 | ||
| Mast Cell Morphology | 151 | ||
| Mastocytemia | 152 | ||
| Monocytes | 153 | ||
| Monocyte Morphology | 153 | ||
| Monocytosis | 155 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 156 | ||
| Lymphocyte Morphology | 156 | ||
| Normal Lymphocyte Morphology | 156 | ||
| Reactive Lymphocytes | 157 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Granules, Vacuoles, and Inclusions | 158 | ||
| Neoplastic Large Granular Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells, and Mott Cells | 158 | ||
| Lymphocytosis | 160 | ||
| Lymphopenia | 162 | ||
| Blast Cells or Poorly Differentiated Cells | 163 | ||
| Lymphoblasts | 163 | ||
| Myeloblasts | 165 | ||
| Monoblasts | 165 | ||
| Rubriblasts | 166 | ||
| Megakaryoblasts | 166 | ||
| Neoplastic Dendritic Cells | 167 | ||
| Unclassified Blast Cells | 167 | ||
| Metastatic Blast Cells | 167 | ||
| References | 168 | ||
| 6 Immunohematology | 177 | ||
| Immune System | 177 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 177 | ||
| Acquired Immunity | 177 | ||
| Tests for Immune-Mediated Disorders | 177 | ||
| Tests for Antierythrocyte Antibodies | 177 | ||
| Direct Antiglobulin Test or Coombs’ Test | 177 | ||
| Direct Immunofluorescence Flow Cytometry Assay | 178 | ||
| Direct Enzyme-Linked Antiglobulin Test | 178 | ||
| Blood Typing | 178 | ||
| Blood Cross-Match Tests | 179 | ||
| Tests for Antinuclear Antibodies | 179 | ||
| ANA Test | 179 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus Cell Test | 180 | ||
| Tests for Antiplatelet Antibodies | 180 | ||
| Primary Immune-Mediated Disorders | 180 | ||
| Transfusion Reactions | 181 | ||
| Neonatal Isoerythrolysis | 181 | ||
| Primary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia | 181 | ||
| Primary Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia | 182 | ||
| Primary Immune-Mediated Neutropenia | 183 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 183 | ||
| Tests for Immune Deficiency Disorders | 184 | ||
| Neutrophil Function Tests | 184 | ||
| Lymphocyte Assays | 184 | ||
| Serum Immunoglobulin Assays | 184 | ||
| Immunodeficiency Disorders | 185 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 185 | ||
| Inherited Neutrophil Defects | 185 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency | 185 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Arabian Foals | 185 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Jack Russell Terriers | 185 | ||
| X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Dogs | 185 | ||
| Serum Immunoglobulin Deficiencies | 186 | ||
| Common Variable Immunodeficiency | 186 | ||
| Fell Pony Syndrome | 186 | ||
| Selective Immunoglobulin Deficiencies | 186 | ||
| Immunodeficiency in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels | 186 | ||
| X-linked Agammaglobulinemia in Foals | 186 | ||
| Immunodeficiency in Weimaraner Dogs | 186 | ||
| Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia in Neonates | 186 | ||
| T Lymphocyte Immunodeficiency | 186 | ||
| T Lymphocyte Immunodeficiency in Growth Hormone-Deficient Dogs | 186 | ||
| Hypotrichosis with Thymic Aplasia in Cats | 186 | ||
| Lethal Acrodermatitis in English Bull Terriers | 187 | ||
| Complement Deficiency in Brittany Spaniel Dogs | 187 | ||
| Viral Immune Deficiency Disorders | 187 | ||
| Failure of Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulins | 187 | ||
| References | 187 | ||
| 7 Evaluation of Hemostasis: | 191 | ||
| Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes) | 191 | ||
| Normal Morphology | 191 | ||
| Platelet Life Span and Counts in Blood | 191 | ||
| Platelet Metabolism | 192 | ||
| Primary Hemostasis | 194 | ||
| Vascular Phase | 194 | ||
| Platelet Phase | 194 | ||
| Platelet Adhesion | 194 | ||
| Platelet Activation | 195 | ||
| Change in Platelet Shape | 196 | ||
| Platelet Secretion | 196 | ||
| Platelet Aggregation | 196 | ||
| Platelet Procoagulant Activity | 197 | ||
| Secondary Hemostasis | 198 | ||
| Overview | 198 | ||
| Initiation of Coagulation (Activation of the Extrinsic Pathway or Tissue Factor Pathway) | 198 | ||
| Amplification of Coagulation | 199 | ||
| Propagation of Coagulation (Activity of the Intrinsic Pathway) | 199 | ||
| Factor XII Activation of Factor XI | 199 | ||
| Thrombin Activation of FXI | 200 | ||
| Stabilization of the Thrombus | 200 | ||
| Inhibitors of Thrombus Formation | 201 | ||
| Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation | 201 | ||
| Antithrombin | 201 | ||
| Protein C Anticoagulant Pathway | 201 | ||
| Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor | 201 | ||
| Platelet-Secreted Inhibitors | 201 | ||
| Additional Coagulation Inhibitors | 201 | ||
| Fibrinolysis | 202 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 202 | ||
| Screening Tests For Hemostatic Disorders | 203 | ||
| Platelet Count | 203 | ||
| Mean Platelet Volume | 203 | ||
| Bleeding Time | 204 | ||
| Activated Clotting Time | 204 | ||
| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time | 204 | ||
| Prothrombin Time | 205 | ||
| Thrombin Clotting Time | 205 | ||
| Fibrinogen | 205 | ||
| Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products and D-Dimer Assays | 205 | ||
| FDP Assays | 205 | ||
| D-Dimer Assays | 206 | ||
| Thromboelastography | 206 | ||
| Specialized Tests for Hemostatic Disorders | 207 | ||
| von Willebrand Factor | 207 | ||
| Antithrombin | 207 | ||
| PIVKA (Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonism) | 207 | ||
| Reticulated Platelet Count | 207 | ||
| Platelet Function | 208 | ||
| Flow Cytometry | 208 | ||
| Platelet Function Analyzer | 208 | ||
| Platelet Aggregation | 208 | ||
| Platelet Secretion | 208 | ||
| Antiplatelet Antibody | 208 | ||
| Specific Coagulation Factors | 209 | ||
| Clinical Signs Of Hemostatic Disorders | 209 | ||
| Platelet Disorders | 209 | ||
| Abnormal Platelet Morphology | 209 | ||
| Macrothrombocytes | 209 | ||
| Activated Platelets | 209 | ||
| Hypogranular Platelets | 210 | ||
| Anaplasma platys Infection | 210 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 211 | ||
| Decreased Platelet Production | 213 | ||
| Increased Platelet Utilization | 213 | ||
| Increased Platelet Destruction | 214 | ||
| Sequestration of Platelets | 214 | ||
| Massive External Hemorrhage | 214 | ||
| Infections and Thrombocytopenia | 215 | ||
| Drug- and Chemical-Induced Thrombocytopenia | 215 | ||
| Neoplasia and Thrombocytopenia | 216 | ||
| Inherited Thrombocytopenia | 216 | ||
| Pseudothrombocytopenia | 216 | ||
| Abnormalities in Platelet Function Acquired Defects in Platelet Function | 216 | ||
| Inherited Platelet Function Defects | 217 | ||
| von Willebrand Disease | 217 | ||
| Thrombocytosis | 218 | ||
| Coagulation Disorders | 219 | ||
| Acquired Coagulation Disorders | 219 | ||
| Hypercoagulable State | 219 | ||
| Thromboembolism (Localized Thrombosis) | 219 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 220 | ||
| Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome | 221 | ||
| Antiphospholipid Antibody | 221 | ||
| Liver Disease | 222 | ||
| Vitamin K Deficiency | 222 | ||
| Snake Venoms | 222 | ||
| Hereditary Coagulation Disorders | 223 | ||
| Factor XII and Prekallikrein Deficiencies | 223 | ||
| Factor XI Deficiency | 223 | ||
| Factor IX and Factor VIII Deficiencies | 223 | ||
| Factor VII Deficiency | 223 | ||
| Defects in the Common Coagulation Pathway | 223 | ||
| Vitamin K-Dependent Coagulopathies | 223 | ||
| Interpretation Of Hemostatic Test Profiles | 224 | ||
| References | 224 | ||
| 8 Bone Marrow Examination | 234 | ||
| Reasons to Examine Bone Marrow | 234 | ||
| Sites for Bone Marrow Biopsy | 234 | ||
| Ilium | 234 | ||
| Proximal Femur | 234 | ||
| Proximal Humerus | 235 | ||
| Sternum | 235 | ||
| Proximal Ribs | 235 | ||
| Other Sites | 235 | ||
| Technique of Bone Marrow Aspiration | 235 | ||
| Technique of Bone Marrow Core Biopsy | 238 | ||
| Morphologic Identification of Cells | 240 | ||
| Megakaryocytic Series | 240 | ||
| Erythrocytic Series | 240 | ||
| Rubriblasts | 240 | ||
| Prorubricytes | 242 | ||
| Basophilic Rubricytes | 242 | ||
| Polychromatophilic Rubricytes | 242 | ||
| Metarubricytes | 242 | ||
| Polychromatophilic Erythrocytes (Reticulocytes) | 242 | ||
| Granulocytic Series | 242 | ||
| Myeloblasts | 242 | ||
| Promyelocytes (Progranulocytes) | 242 | ||
| Myelocytes | 242 | ||
| Metamyelocytes | 243 | ||
| Band Cells | 243 | ||
| Segmented Granulocytes | 243 | ||
| Monocytic Series | 243 | ||
| Macrophages | 244 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 245 | ||
| Plasma Cells | 245 | ||
| Osteoclasts | 247 | ||
| Osteoblasts | 247 | ||
| Mitotic Figures | 247 | ||
| Miscellaneous Cells and Free Nuclei | 248 | ||
| Organized Approach to Bone Marrow Evaluation | 250 | ||
| Cellularity | 251 | ||
| Megakaryocytes | 251 | ||
| Erythroid Cells | 254 | ||
| Granulocytic Cells | 254 | ||
| Myeloid-to-Erythroid Ratio | 254 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 254 | ||
| Plasma Cells | 255 | ||
| Mononuclear Phagocytes | 255 | ||
| Other Cell Types | 255 | ||
| Stainable Iron | 256 | ||
| Interpretation | 258 | ||
| References | 258 | ||
| 9 Disorders of Bone Marrow | 260 | ||
| Generalized Increases in Hematopoietic Cells | 260 | ||
| Generalized Decreases In Hematopoietic Cells | 260 | ||
| Hypocellular/Aplastic Bone Marrow | 260 | ||
| Acute Bone Marrow Injury and Necrosis | 263 | ||
| Gelatinous Transformation of Bone Marrow | 264 | ||
| Myelofibrosis | 265 | ||
| Generalized Osteosclerosis/Hyperostosis | 268 | ||
| Abnormalities of The Erythroid Series | 268 | ||
| Erythroid Hyperplasia | 268 | ||
| Selective Erythroid Hypoplasia or Aplasia | 270 | ||
| Dyserythropoiesis | 273 | ||
| Abnormalities of The Granulocytic Series | 275 | ||
| Granulocytic Hyperplasia | 275 | ||
| Neutrophilic Hyperplasia | 275 | ||
| Eosinophilic Hyperplasia | 277 | ||
| Basophilic Hyperplasia | 278 | ||
| Granulocytic Hypoplasia | 278 | ||
| Selective Neutrophilic Hypoplasia or Aplasia | 279 | ||
| Dysgranulopoiesis | 280 | ||
| Abnormalities of Megakaryocytes | 283 | ||
| Megakaryocytic Hyperplasia | 283 | ||
| Selective Megakaryocytic Hypoplasia or Aplasia | 284 | ||
| Dysmegakaryocytopoiesis | 284 | ||
| Emperipolesis | 285 | ||
| Abnormalities of Mononuclear Phagocytes | 286 | ||
| Monocytic Hyperplasia | 286 | ||
| Reactive Macrophage Hyperplasia | 286 | ||
| Phagocytosis of Blood Cells and Their Precursors | 286 | ||
| Histiocytic Sarcoma | 293 | ||
| Inflammatory Disorders of Bone Marrow | 293 | ||
| Acute Inflammation | 293 | ||
| Fibrinous Inflammation | 293 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation/Hyperplasia | 294 | ||
| Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation | 294 | ||
| Hematopoietic Neoplasms | 296 | ||
| Lymphoid Neoplasms | 298 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 298 | ||
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | 300 | ||
| Lymphomas | 301 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma and Other Immunoproliferative Neoplasms | 302 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | 302 | ||
| Extramedullary Plasmacytoma | 305 | ||
| Other B Lymphocyte Neoplasms | 305 | ||
| Myeloid Neoplasms | 306 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes | 307 | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemias | 309 | ||
| AML-M1 | 309 | ||
| AML-M2 | 309 | ||
| AML-M3 | 311 | ||
| AML-M4 | 311 | ||
| AML-M5 | 311 | ||
| AML-M6 | 312 | ||
| AML-M7 | 312 | ||
| Acute Undifferentiated Leukemia | 313 | ||
| Peripheral Blood Findings | 313 | ||
| Frequency in Animal Species | 313 | ||
| Myeloproliferative Neoplasms | 314 | ||
| Chronic Myeloid Leukemia | 314 | ||
| Eosinophilic Leukemia | 315 | ||
| Basophilic Leukemia | 315 | ||
| Primary Erythrocytosis | 315 | ||
| Essential Thrombocythemia | 315 | ||
| Nonhematopoietic Neoplasms | 315 | ||
| Mast Cell Tumors | 316 | ||
| Metastatic Neoplasms | 316 | ||
| Sarcomas of Bone | 317 | ||
| References | 318 | ||
| Appendix I Tables | 328 | ||
| Example of Bone Marrow Evaluation and Interpretation | 328 | ||
| Appendix II Algorithms | 336 | ||
| Appendix III Case Studies | 343 | ||
| Case 1: Estrogen-Induced Aplastic Anemia | 343 | ||
| Notable Laboratory Findings | 343 | ||
| Assessment | 343 | ||
| Comment | 343 | ||
| References | 343 | ||
| Case 2: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 344 | ||
| Notable Laboratory Findings | 344 | ||
| Assessment | 344 | ||
| Comment | 344 | ||
| Reference | 344 | ||
| Case 3: Iron-Deficiency Anemia | 345 | ||
| Notable Laboratory Findings | 345 | ||
| Assessment | 345 | ||
| Comment | 345 | ||
| Reference | 345 | ||
| Case 4: Mycoplasma Haemofelis Infection | 346 | ||
| Notable Laboratory Findings | 346 | ||
| Assessment | 346 | ||
| Comment | 346 | ||
| Reference | 346 | ||
| Case 5: Vaginal Tear | 347 | ||
| Notable Laboratory Findings (Day 1) | 347 | ||
| Index | 351 | ||
| A | 351 | ||
| B | 352 | ||
| C | 352 | ||
| D | 353 | ||
| E | 353 | ||
| F | 354 | ||
| G | 354 | ||
| H | 355 | ||
| I | 355 | ||
| J | 356 | ||
| K | 356 | ||
| L | 356 | ||
| M | 356 | ||
| N | 357 | ||
| O | 358 | ||
| P | 358 | ||
| Q | 359 | ||
| R | 359 | ||
| S | 359 | ||
| T | 359 | ||
| U | 360 | ||
| V | 360 | ||
| W | 360 | ||
| X | 360 |