BOOK
Small Animal Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods - E-Book
Michael D. Willard | Harold Tvedten
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A quick guide to appropriately selecting and interpreting laboratory tests, Small Animal Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods, 5th Edition helps you utilize your in-house lab or your specialty reference lab to efficiently make accurate diagnoses without running a plethora of unnecessary and low-yield tests. It provides answers to commonly asked questions relating to laboratory tests, and solutions to frequently encountered problems in small animal diagnosis. For easy reference, information is provided by clinical presentation and abnormalities, and includes hundreds of tables, boxes, key points, and algorithms. This edition, now in full color, is updated with the latest advances in laboratory testing methods and diagnostic problem solving. Written by noted educators Dr. Michael Willard and Dr. Harold Tvedten, this book may be used as an on-the-spot guide to specific problems or conditions as well as a reference for more detailed research on difficult cases.
- Concise discussions address laboratory approaches to various disorders, possible conclusions from various test results, artifacts and errors in diagnoses, and interpretations leading to various diagnoses.
- Hundreds of tables, boxes, algorithms, and key points offer at-a-glance information including cautions, common pitfalls, and helpful "pearls," and lead to proper differential and clinical diagnostic decision making.
- Note boxes identify key considerations in correlating clinical signs with test data for accurate diagnoses, highlight safety precautions, and offer helpful tips for sample preparation and interpretation.
- Chapters on laboratory diagnostic toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring help in handling potentially fatal poisonings and other special situations.
- Expert editors and contributors provide clinical knowledge and successful diagnostic problem-solving solutions.
- A practical appendix lists referral laboratories that may be contacted for certain diseases, and reference values with the normal or expected range for coagulation, hematology, and more.
- Updated coverage integrates the newest advances in testing methods and diagnostic problem solving.
- Full-color photos and schematic drawings are placed adjacent to related text, and accurately depict diagnostic features on microscopic slide preparations as well as test procedures and techniques.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Pageburst Ad | ifc_1 | ||
| Small Animal Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Dedication | ix | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| 1 General Laboratory Concepts | 1 | ||
| Test Selection and Asking the Right Question | 1 | ||
| Simple Statistics and Practical Interpretations | 1 | ||
| Reference Values | 3 | ||
| International System of Units | 4 | ||
| Sources of Laboratory Error | 4 | ||
| Preanalytical Errors | 4 | ||
| Hemolysis | 4 | ||
| Lipemia | 5 | ||
| Analytical Errors | 5 | ||
| Sample Collection: Right and Wrong | 5 | ||
| Profiles Versus Individual Test Selection | 6 | ||
| Stat Tests | 6 | ||
| Send It out or Do It Yourself? | 7 | ||
| In-Clinic Laboratory Testing | 7 | ||
| Veterinary Referral Laboratories | 7 | ||
| Use of Human Laboratories | 8 | ||
| Point-of-Care Chemistry Analyzers | 8 | ||
| Cost Analysis for In-Clinic Analyzers | 10 | ||
| Quality Control | 11 | ||
| References and Suggested Readings | 11 | ||
| 2 The Complete Blood Count, Bone Marrow Examination, and Blood Banking | 12 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 12 | ||
| Magnitude of Hematologic Abnormalities | 13 | ||
| Frequency of Abnormalities | 14 | ||
| Quantitation Techniques | 15 | ||
| Sample Submission | 15 | ||
| Microhematocrit | 15 | ||
| Hemoglobin Concentration | 16 | ||
| Total Cell Counts | 16 | ||
| Hemocytometer | 17 | ||
| Corrected White Blood Cell Count | 18 | ||
| Absolute Nucleated Red Blood Cell Count | 18 | ||
| Erythrocyte Indices | 18 | ||
| Automated Hematology Cell Counters | 18 | ||
| Impedance Counters | 18 | ||
| Laser Light Scatter Cell Counters | 19 | ||
| Quantitative Buffy Coat VetAutoread | 22 | ||
| Feline Platelet Counts | 22 | ||
| Blood Smear Analysis | 23 | ||
| Making the Smear | 24 | ||
| Stains | 25 | ||
| Evaluating Blood Smears | 25 | ||
| Platelet Estimation | 25 | ||
| Platelet Morphology | 25 | ||
| Leukocyte Estimation | 26 | ||
| Leukocyte Aggregation | 26 | ||
| Leukocyte Differential Count | 26 | ||
| Leukocyte Morphology | 26 | ||
| Left Shift • | 26 | ||
| Toxic Neutrophils • | 26 | ||
| Reactive Lymphocytes • | 28 | ||
| Leukemia • | 28 | ||
| Erythrocyte Estimation | 28 | ||
| Erythrocyte Morphology | 28 | ||
| Polychromasia • | 28 | ||
| Spherocytes • | 29 | ||
| Autoagglutination • | 29 | ||
| Poikilocytosis • | 31 | ||
| Acanthocytes • | 31 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Fragmentation • | 31 | ||
| Leptocytes • | 31 | ||
| Other RBC Morphologic Changes • | 31 | ||
| Other Determinations | 31 | ||
| Plasma Protein Determination | 31 | ||
| Acute Phase Proteins | 31 | ||
| Lipemia, Hemolysis, and Icterus | 32 | ||
| Color of Blood | 32 | ||
| Bone Marrow Examination | 32 | ||
| Hypoplasia and Aplasia | 33 | ||
| Hyperplasia and Neoplasia | 33 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes | 33 | ||
| Acute Leukemia | 33 | ||
| Bone Marrow Histopathology | 34 | ||
| Bone Marrow Biopsy and Aspirate | 34 | ||
| Evaluation of Bone Marrow Aspiration Smears | 34 | ||
| Cellularity | 35 | ||
| Myeloid/Erythroid Ratio | 35 | ||
| Maturation of Myeloid and Erythroid Lines | 35 | ||
| Hemosiderin | 35 | ||
| Cellular Morphology | 35 | ||
| Summary of Bone Marrow Smear Evaluation Procedure | 35 | ||
| Blood Banking | 36 | ||
| Crossmatching | 36 | ||
| Blood Typing | 36 | ||
| References and Suggested Readings | 36 | ||
| 3 Erythrocyte Disorders | 38 | ||
| Anemia Diagnosis | 38 | ||
| Determining Erythroid Regeneration | 41 | ||
| Reticulocyte Evaluation | 41 | ||
| Manual Reticulocyte Counting | 41 | ||
| Automated Reticulocyte Counting | 42 | ||
| Absolute Reticulocyte Count | 42 | ||
| Reticulocyte Index and Corrected Reticulocyte Percentage | 43 | ||
| Canine Reticulocyte Response | 43 | ||
| Feline Reticulocyte Response | 44 | ||
| Polychromasia | 44 | ||
| Macrocytosis | 44 | ||
| Anisocytosis, Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, Hemoglobin Distribution Width | 45 | ||
| Nucleated Red Blood Cells, Basophilic Stippling, Howell-Jolly Bodies | 45 | ||
| Siderocytes, Sideroblasts | 45 | ||
| Morphologic Classification of Anemia | 45 | ||
| Classification of Anemia by Use of Erythrocyte Volume and Hemoglobin Concentration | 45 | ||
| Normocytic Normochromic Anemia | 46 | ||
| Macrocytic Hypochromic Anemia | 46 | ||
| Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia | 46 | ||
| Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia | 46 | ||
| Classification of Anemia by Regenerative Response | 46 | ||
| Regenerative Anemia | 46 | ||
| Blood Loss Anemia | 47 | ||
| External Blood Loss | 47 | ||
| Internal Blood Loss | 48 | ||
| Hemolytic Anemia | 48 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia | 48 | ||
| Direct Coombs Test • | 49 | ||
| Canine Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia • | 49 | ||
| Feline Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia • | 51 | ||
| Cold Hemagglutinin Disease • | 51 | ||
| Heinz Body Anemia | 52 | ||
| Eccentrocytes • | 52 | ||
| Canine Heinz Body Anemia • | 52 | ||
| Feline Heinz Body Anemia • | 52 | ||
| Methemoglobinemia | 53 | ||
| Blood Parasites | 53 | ||
| Hemoplasmas • | 53 | ||
| Mycoplasma haemocanis • | 53 | ||
| Babesia spp. • | 53 | ||
| Cytauxzoon felis • | 54 | ||
| Zinc or Copper Toxicity | 54 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 54 | ||
| Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency | 54 | ||
| Phosphofructokinase Deficiency | 55 | ||
| Other Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias | 55 | ||
| Nonregenerative Anemia | 55 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 55 | ||
| Secondary Anemias | 55 | ||
| Anemia of Inflammatory Diseases | 55 | ||
| Anemia of Chronic Renal Disease | 56 | ||
| Anemia of Chronic Hepatic Disease | 56 | ||
| Hypothyroidism and Hypoadrenocorticism | 56 | ||
| Severe Nonregenerative Anemia | 56 | ||
| Nonregenerative Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia | 56 | ||
| Pure Red Cell Aplasia | 56 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes | 57 | ||
| Congenital Dyserythropoiesis Syndromes | 57 | ||
| Sideroblastic Anemia | 57 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 57 | ||
| Feline Leukemia and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 58 | ||
| Pancytopenia or Bicytopenia | 58 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 58 | ||
| Bone Marrow Necrosis/Inflammation | 58 | ||
| Myelofibrosis | 59 | ||
| Drug-Induced Hematologic Dyscrasia | 59 | ||
| Estrogen Toxicity • | 59 | ||
| Sulfadiazine Toxicity • | 59 | ||
| Phenylbutazone Toxicity • | 59 | ||
| Ehrlichiosis | 59 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus | 60 | ||
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus | 60 | ||
| Parvovirus | 60 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Leukemias | 60 | ||
| Macrophage Proliferative Disorders | 60 | ||
| Blood Transfusion and Blood Typing | 60 | ||
| Polycythemia | 60 | ||
| Relative Polycythemia | 61 | ||
| Absolute Polycythemia | 61 | ||
| Primary Absolute Polycythemia | 61 | ||
| Secondary Absolute Polycythemia | 62 | ||
| References and Suggested Readings | 62 | ||
| 4 Leukocyte Disorders | 63 | ||
| Basic Leukocyte Concepts | 63 | ||
| Leukogram | 63 | ||
| Automated Versus Manual Differential Leukocyte Counts | 63 | ||
| Absolute Versus Relative Differential Leukocyte Counts | 64 | ||
| Leukocyte Production, Circulation, and Emigration | 64 | ||
| Leukocyte Production | 64 | ||
| Neutrophil Circulation | 66 | ||
| Neutrophil Emigration into Tissues | 66 | ||
| Leukocytosis And Neutrophilia | 66 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Neutrophilic Leukocytosis | 66 | ||
| Inflammation | 67 | ||
| Left Shift | 67 | ||
| Leukogram Changes in Inflammation | 68 | ||
| Bone Marrow Response During Inflammation | 69 | ||
| Prognosis | 69 | ||
| Toxic Neutrophils | 70 | ||
| Stress and Corticosteroid Response | 70 | ||
| Exercise and Epinephrine Response | 71 | ||
| Leukopenia And Neutropenia | 71 | ||
| Bone Marrow Problems Causing Neutropenia | 72 | ||
| Parvovirus Infection | 73 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infections | 73 | ||
| Cyclic Hematopoiesis | 73 | ||
| Monocytosis And Monocytopenia | 73 | ||
| Lymphocytosis | 73 | ||
| Reactive Lymphocytes and Blast-Transformed Lymphocytes | 74 | ||
| Lymphopenia And Eosinopenia | 74 | ||
| Eosinophilia | 74 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 75 | ||
| Basophilia | 76 | ||
| Abnormal Nuclear Morphology And Cytoplasmic Inclusions | 77 | ||
| Pelger-Huët Anomaly | 77 | ||
| Genetic Diseases with Cytoplasmic Inclusions | 78 | ||
| Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome | 78 | ||
| Birman Cat Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly | 79 | ||
| Lysosomal Storage Diseases | 79 | ||
| Leukocyte Function Defects | 79 | ||
| Canine CD11/CD18 Adhesion Protein Deficiency | 79 | ||
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease in Doberman Pinschers | 79 | ||
| Myeloperoxidase Deficiency | 79 | ||
| Recurrent Infections in Weimaraners | 80 | ||
| Acquired Neutrophil Dysfunction | 80 | ||
| Dysplastic And Neoplastic Conditions Of Blood Cells | 80 | ||
| Non-Neoplastic Myelodysplasia | 80 | ||
| Congenital Myelodysplasia | 81 | ||
| Secondary Myelodysplastic Syndrome | 81 | ||
| Leukemia | 81 | ||
| General Laboratory Findings | 81 | ||
| Advanced Diagnostic Testing | 82 | ||
| Classification Schemes | 82 | ||
| Lymphoid Neoplasia | 83 | ||
| Precursor Lymphoid Neoplasms | 85 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia • | 85 | ||
| Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms | 85 | ||
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia • | 85 | ||
| Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia/Lymphoma • | 86 | ||
| Plasma Cell Neoplasms • | 86 | ||
| Nodal Lymphoma • | 86 | ||
| Extranodal Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides) • | 87 | ||
| Myeloid Neoplasms | 87 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes | 87 | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia | 87 | ||
| Myeloproliferative Neoplasms | 88 | ||
| Histiocytic Neoplasms | 89 | ||
| Histiocytic Sarcoma | 89 | ||
| Hemophagocytic Histiocytic Sarcoma | 89 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 90 | ||
| References and Suggested Readings | 90 | ||
| 5 Hemostatic Abnormalities | 92 | ||
| Goals of Hemostasis Testing | 92 | ||
| Hemostasis and Diagnosis of Disorders | 92 | ||
| Components of Normal Hemostasis | 94 | ||
| Vascular Endothelium and Wall | 94 | ||
| Platelets and Primary Hemostasis | 94 | ||
| Coagulation Factors | 95 | ||
| Fibrinolysis | 96 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 96 | ||
| Blood Collection for Hemostatic Testing | 96 | ||
| Blood Vessel Evaluation | 97 | ||
| Platelet Enumeration | 97 | ||
| Platelet Morphology | 98 | ||
| Platelet Function Testing | 100 | ||
| Buccal Mucosal and Capillary Bleeding Time | 100 | ||
| Platelet Function Analyzer | 100 | ||
| Platelet Aggregation | 100 | ||
| Tests of Coagulation | 100 | ||
| Activated Coagulation Time | 100 | ||
| Prothrombin Time | 101 | ||
| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time | 101 | ||
| Thrombin Time | 101 | ||
| Specific Factor Analysis | 102 | ||
| D-dimer | 102 | ||
| Thromboelastography | 102 | ||
| Disorders Of Hemostasis | 102 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation • | 102 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia • | 104 | ||
| von Willebrand Disease • | 105 | ||
| Disorders of Vascular Endothelium | 106 | ||
| Inherited Vascular Wall Disease | 106 | ||
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome • | 106 | ||
| Familial Vasculopathy • | 106 | ||
| Acquired Vascular Wall Disease | 106 | ||
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever • | 106 | ||
| Heartworm Disease • | 106 | ||
| Leishmaniasis • | 106 | ||
| Acquired Hemostatic Disease • | 106 | ||
| Thrombocytosis • | 106 | ||
| Inherited Disorders of Primary Hemostasis | 107 | ||
| Acquired Disorders of Primary Hemostasis | 107 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia • | 107 | ||
| Ehrlichiosis • | 107 | ||
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum • | 108 | ||
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome • | 108 | ||
| Retroviral Disease • | 108 | ||
| Hyperthermia • | 108 | ||
| Drug-Associated Platelet Dysfunction • | 108 | ||
| Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis | 108 | ||
| Inherited Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis | 109 | ||
| Acquired Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis | 109 | ||
| Vitamin K Antagonism • | 109 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 109 | ||
| References and Suggested Readings | 109 | ||
| 6 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders | 112 | ||
| Serum Potassium Concentration | 112 | ||
| Commonly Indicated • | 112 | ||
| Analysis • | 112 | ||
| Normal Values • | 112 | ||
| Danger Values • | 112 | ||
| Artifacts • | 112 | ||
| Drugs That May Alter Serum Potassium Concentration • | 112 | ||
| Causes of Hypokalemia • | 113 | ||
| Causes of Hyperkalemia • | 113 | ||
| Urinary Fractional Excretion Of Potassium | 115 | ||
| Seldom Indicated • | 115 | ||
| Normal Values • | 115 | ||
| Abnormalities • | 115 | ||
| Serum Sodium Concentration | 115 | ||
| Commonly Indicated • | 115 | ||
| Analysis • | 116 | ||
| Normal Values • | 116 | ||
| Danger Values • | 116 | ||
| Artifacts • | 116 | ||
| Drugs That May Alter Serum Sodium Concentration • | 117 | ||
| Abnormal Serum Sodium Concentrations • | 117 | ||
| Causes of Hyponatremia • | 117 | ||
| Causes of Hypernatremia • | 118 | ||
| Urinary Fractional Excretion Of Sodium | 118 | ||
| Seldom Indicated • | 118 | ||
| Normal Values • | 118 | ||
| Abnormalities • | 118 | ||
| Serum Chloride Concentration | 119 | ||
| Commonly Indicated • | 119 | ||
| Analysis • | 119 | ||
| Normal Values • | 119 | ||
| Danger Values • | 119 | ||
| Artifacts • | 119 | ||
| Drugs That May Alter Serum Chloride Concentration • | 119 | ||
| Causes of Hypochloremia • | 120 | ||
| Causes of Hyperchloremia • | 120 | ||
| Osmolality And Osmolal Gap | 120 | ||
| Occasionally Indicated • | 120 | ||
| Disadvantage • | 120 | ||
| Analysis • | 120 | ||
| Normal Values • | 120 | ||
| Danger Values • | 120 | ||
| Normal Values (Osmolal gap) • | 120 | ||
| Danger Values (Osmolal gap) • | 120 | ||
| Causes of Serum or Plasma Hypo-osmolality • | 121 | ||
| Causes of Serum or Plasma Hyperosmolality • | 121 | ||
| Causes of Increased Osmolal Gap • | 121 | ||
| Blood Gas Analysis | 121 | ||
| Occasionally Indicated • | 121 | ||
| Advantages • | 121 | ||
| Disadvantages • | 121 | ||
| Analysis • | 121 | ||
| Normal Values • | 121 | ||
| Danger Values • | 121 | ||
| Artifacts • | 121 | ||
| Drugs That May Alter Blood Gas Results • | 121 | ||
| Analysis of Blood Gas Results • | 122 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis • | 122 | ||
| Respiratory Acidosis • | 122 | ||
| Metabolic Alkalosis • | 123 | ||
| Respiratory Alkalosis • | 123 | ||
| Total Carbon Dioxide For Acid-Base Evaluation | 124 | ||
| Frequently Indicated • | 124 | ||
| 7 Urinary Disorders | 126 | ||
| Differentiation Of Polyuria-Polydipsia, Dysuria, And Incontinence | 126 | ||
| Polyuria-Polydipsia | 126 | ||
| Dysuria | 129 | ||
| Incontinence | 129 | ||
| Urinalysis | 131 | ||
| Commonly Indicated • | 131 | ||
| Advantages • | 131 | ||
| Analysis • | 131 | ||
| Color and Turbidity | 132 | ||
| 8 Endocrine, Metabolic, and Lipid Disorders | 156 | ||
| Calcium | 156 | ||
| Commonly Indicated • | 156 | ||
| Analysis • | 156 | ||
| Normal Values for Total and Ionized Serum Calcium • | 156 | ||
| Danger Values • | 157 | ||
| Artifacts • | 157 | ||
| Drug Therapy That May Alter Serum Calcium Concentration • | 157 | ||
| Causes of Hypercalcemia • | 157 | ||
| Causes of Hypocalcemia • | 160 | ||
| Phosphorus | 161 | ||
| Commonly Indicated • | 161 | ||
| Analysis • | 161 | ||
| Normal Values • | 161 | ||
| Danger Values • | 162 | ||
| Artifacts • | 162 | ||
| Drug Treatments That May Alter Phosphorus Values • | 162 | ||
| Causes of Hyperphosphatemia • | 162 | ||
| Causes of Hypophosphatemia • | 162 | ||
| Magnesium | 163 | ||
| Occasionally Indicated • | 163 | ||
| Analysis • | 163 | ||
| Normal Values • | 163 | ||
| Danger Values • | 163 | ||
| Artifacts • | 163 | ||
| Drug Therapy That May Alter Serum Magnesium Concentration • | 163 | ||
| Causes of Hypomagnesemia • | 163 | ||
| Causes of Hypermagnesemia • | 164 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 164 | ||
| Occasionally Indicated • | 164 | ||
| Advantages • | 164 | ||
| Disadvantages • | 164 | ||
| Analysis • | 164 | ||
| Normal Values • | 164 | ||
| Danger Values • | 164 | ||
| Artifacts • | 164 | ||
| Drug Treatment That May Alter PTH Concentrations • | 164 | ||
| Causes of Increased Serum PTH Concentration • | 164 | ||
| Causes of Decreased Serum PTH Concentration • | 164 | ||
| Glucose | 165 | ||
| Commonly Indicated • | 165 | ||
| Advantages • | 165 | ||
| Disadvantages • | 165 | ||
| Analysis • | 165 | ||
| Normal Values • | 165 | ||
| Danger Values • | 165 | ||
| Artifacts • | 165 | ||
| Drug Therapy That May Alter Blood Glucose Concentration • | 165 | ||
| Causes of Hypoglycemia • | 165 | ||
| Causes of Hyperglycemia • | 166 | ||
| Insulin | 168 | ||
| Occasionally Indicated • | 168 | ||
| Advantages • | 168 | ||
| 9 Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Hepatic Disorders | 191 | ||
| Differentiation of Expectoration, Regurgitation, and Vomiting | 191 | ||
| Expectoration | 191 | ||
| Regurgitation | 191 | ||
| Vomiting | 193 | ||
| Diet and Parasites | 193 | ||
| Obstruction | 193 | ||
| Extra–alimentary Tract Disease | 194 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 194 | ||
| Gastritis, Enteritis, and Colitis | 196 | ||
| Hematemesis | 196 | ||
| Abdominal Inflammation | 196 | ||
| Amylase | 196 | ||
| 10 Fluid Accumulation Disorders | 226 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 226 | ||
| Fluid Collection Techniques | 226 | ||
| Collection of Fluid • | 226 | ||
| Abdominocentesis • | 226 | ||
| Abdominal Lavage • | 226 | ||
| Thoracocentesis • | 227 | ||
| Pericardiocentesis • | 227 | ||
| Collection of Edema Fluid • | 227 | ||
| Characterization of Fluid | 228 | ||
| Fluid Analysis • | 228 | ||
| Physical Assessment of an Effusion • | 228 | ||
| Cell Counts and Cytology • | 230 | ||
| Determining Fluid Protein Concentration • | 231 | ||
| Distinguishing Different Types of Effusions | 231 | ||
| Transudates | 231 | ||
| Pure Transudates | 231 | ||
| Modified Transudates | 231 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Effusions | 231 | ||
| Exudates | 231 | ||
| Bilious Effusions | 234 | ||
| Chylous Effusions | 234 | ||
| Pseudochylous Effusions | 235 | ||
| Malignant Effusions | 235 | ||
| Eosinophilic Effusions | 236 | ||
| Specific Body Cavity Effusions: Diagnostic Considerations | 236 | ||
| Abdominal Effusions | 236 | ||
| Pleural Effusions | 243 | ||
| Bicavity Effusions | 246 | ||
| Pericardial Effusions | 246 | ||
| Joint Effusions | 249 | ||
| Volume | 249 | ||
| Gross Appearance | 250 | ||
| Viscosity | 251 | ||
| pH | 251 | ||
| Total Protein | 251 | ||
| Fluid Analysis | 251 | ||
| Total Nucleated Cell Count | 251 | ||
| Cytologic Features | 251 | ||
| Inflammatory Arthropathies | 253 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Arthropathies | 253 | ||
| Infectious Arthropathies | 253 | ||
| Exudative Joint Disease | 254 | ||
| Noninflammatory/Degenerative Arthropathies | 254 | ||
| Edema and Anasarca | 255 | ||
| Scrotal Effusions | 258 | ||
| References and Suggested Readings | 258 | ||
| 11 Respiratory and Cardiac Disorders | 260 | ||
| Respiratory Problems | 260 | ||
| Dyspnea | 260 | ||
| Useful Tests | 260 | ||
| Coughing, Including Hemoptysis | 263 | ||
| Nasal Discharge, Sneezing, and Epistaxis | 264 | ||
| Nasal Radiography | 264 | ||
| 12 Immunologic and Plasma Protein Disorders | 278 | ||
| Serum Total Protein and Albumin | 278 | ||
| Commonly Indicated • | 278 | ||
| Advantages • | 278 | ||
| Disadvantages • | 278 | ||
| Analysis • | 278 | ||
| Normal Values • | 278 | ||
| Danger Values • | 278 | ||
| Artifacts • | 278 | ||
| Drug Therapy That May Alter Protein Values • | 278 | ||
| Causes of Alteration in Plasma and Serum Protein • | 278 | ||
| Causes of Hyperalbuminemia • | 278 | ||
| Causes of Hypoalbuminemia • | 278 | ||
| Causes of Altered Globulins • | 281 | ||
| Acute Phase Proteins | 281 | ||
| Occasionally Indicated • | 281 | ||
| Advantages • | 281 | ||
| Disadvantages • | 281 | ||
| Analysis • | 281 | ||
| Normal Values • | 281 | ||
| Danger Values • | 281 | ||
| Artifacts • | 281 | ||
| Causes of Increased Acute Phase Proteins • | 281 | ||
| Causes of Decreased Acute Phase Proteins • | 281 | ||
| Protein Electrophoresis | 282 | ||
| Occasionally Indicated • | 282 | ||
| Advantages • | 282 | ||
| Disadvantages • | 282 | ||
| 13 Reproductive Disorders | 294 | ||
| General Diagnostic Approach | 294 | ||
| Vaginal Cytology | 294 | ||
| Hemorrhage | 294 | ||
| Purulent or Septic Discharge | 295 | ||
| Neoplastic Cells | 295 | ||
| Mucus | 295 | ||
| Uteroverdin | 295 | ||
| Vaginal Epithelial Cells | 296 | ||
| Canine Breeding and Whelping Management | 296 | ||
| Mismating | 297 | ||
| Mammary Glands | 297 | ||
| Mastitis | 297 | ||
| Mammary Hyperplasia | 297 | ||
| Mammary Neoplasia | 298 | ||
| Semen Evaluation | 298 | ||
| Technique | 298 | ||
| Volume | 298 | ||
| Color | 298 | ||
| Concentration | 298 | ||
| Motility | 298 | ||
| Morphology | 300 | ||
| Seminal Alkaline Phosphatase | 300 | ||
| Interpretation of Semen Evaluation | 300 | ||
| Prostate | 300 | ||
| Testes and Epididymides | 300 | ||
| Endocrine Evaluation | 301 | ||
| Luteinizing Hormone | 301 | ||
| Progesterone | 301 | ||
| Testosterone | 301 | ||
| Estradiol | 301 | ||
| Relaxin | 303 | ||
| Ancillary Tests | 303 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 303 | ||
| Urinalysis | 303 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 303 | ||
| 14 Neurologic Disorders | 304 | ||
| Neuroanatomic Localization | 304 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 305 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 305 | ||
| Vertebral Column Indications • | 305 | ||
| Intracranial Indications • | 305 | ||
| Electrodiagnostics | 305 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis | 308 | ||
| Common Indications • | 308 | ||
| Contraindications • | 308 | ||
| Procedure for CSF Collection • | 308 | ||
| CSF Handling • | 308 | ||
| Analysis • | 308 | ||
| CSF Appearance • | 308 | ||
| CSF Protein Concentration • | 309 | ||
| CSF Red Blood Cell Count • | 309 | ||
| CSF Nucleated Cell Count • | 309 | ||
| CSF Cytology • | 309 | ||
| CSF Biomarkers • | 309 | ||
| Antibody-Based Infectious Disease Testing | 309 | ||
| Occasional Indications • | 309 | ||
| Analysis and Interpretation of Specific Tests • | 312 | ||
| Infectious Disease Polymerase Chain Reaction | 312 | ||
| 15 Microbiology and Infectious Disease | 315 | ||
| When to Suspect Bacterial/Fungal/Rickettsial Viral Agents | 315 | ||
| Cytology | 315 | ||
| Common Indications • | 315 | ||
| Advantages • | 316 | ||
| Disadvantages • | 316 | ||
| Specimen Procurement and Analysis | 316 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 316 | ||
| Cutaneous Parasitic Diseases | 316 | ||
| Fungal Diseases | 316 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 317 | ||
| Culture and Antimicrobial Susceptibility | 317 | ||
| Common Indications • | 317 | ||
| Advantages • | 317 | ||
| Disadvantages • | 317 | ||
| Bacterial Culture | 317 | ||
| Specimen Procurement | 317 | ||
| Body Cavities • | 317 | ||
| Cardiovascular System • | 317 | ||
| Central Nervous System • | 318 | ||
| Eye • | 318 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract • | 318 | ||
| Genitourinary Tract • | 320 | ||
| Integument and Ear • | 320 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System • | 320 | ||
| Respiratory System • | 320 | ||
| Specimen Transport | 320 | ||
| Analysis • | 321 | ||
| Sensitivity Testing • | 321 | ||
| Dilution Test • | 321 | ||
| 16 Cytology of Inflammatory or Neoplastic Masses | 337 | ||
| Role of Cytology in Diagnosis | 337 | ||
| Cytologic Techniques | 337 | ||
| Sample Collection and Slide Preparation | 337 | ||
| Stains | 339 | ||
| Microscopes | 342 | ||
| Cytologic Conclusions | 342 | ||
| Slide Reading Approach | 343 | ||
| Inflammatory Masses | 344 | ||
| Neutrophilic Inflammation | 344 | ||
| Bacterial Sepsis • | 344 | ||
| Degenerative Neutrophils • | 345 | ||
| Necrosis • | 346 | ||
| Pathologic Bleeding • | 346 | ||
| Granulomatous and Pyogranulomatous Inflammation | 346 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation | 347 | ||
| Eosinophilic Inflammation | 347 | ||
| Lymphocytic Inflammation or Hyperplasia | 347 | ||
| Selected Causative Agents | 347 | ||
| Fungal Characteristics | 348 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 349 | ||
| Sporotrichosis | 349 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 349 | ||
| Rhinosporidiosis | 349 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 350 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 350 | ||
| Candidiasis | 350 | ||
| Malassezia | 350 | ||
| Protothecosis | 350 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 350 | ||
| Mycetoma | 351 | ||
| Mucormycosis | 351 | ||
| Alternaria | 351 | ||
| Dermatophytes | 351 | ||
| Higher Bacteria | 351 | ||
| Mycobacteriosis | 352 | ||
| Salmon Disease | 352 | ||
| Ehrlichiosis | 352 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 353 | ||
| Leishmania | 353 | ||
| Cytauxzoonosis | 353 | ||
| Parasitic Infestations | 353 | ||
| Ocular Cytology | 353 | ||
| Proliferative Masses (Neoplasia) | 354 | ||
| Initial Decisions | 354 | ||
| Cell Typing | 355 | ||
| Malignant Criteria | 357 | ||
| Selected Cytologic Diagnoses | 359 | ||
| Mammary Neoplasms | 359 | ||
| Perianal Gland Tumor | 360 | ||
| Lipoma | 360 | ||
| Mast Cell Neoplasms | 360 | ||
| Histiocytoma | 361 | ||
| Transmissible Venereal Tumor | 361 | ||
| Follicle or Epidermal Inclusion Cyst | 361 | ||
| Hematoma and Seroma | 361 | ||
| Hepatic Cytology | 361 | ||
| Lymph Node Cytology and Lymphoma | 362 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 363 | ||
| References and Suggested Readings | 363 | ||
| 17 Laboratory Diagnostic Toxicology | 364 | ||
| Principles of Toxicologic Diagnosis | 364 | ||
| Clinical Laboratory Tests | 364 | ||
| Obtaining and Shipping Specimens | 373 | ||
| Selecting An Analytical Laboratory | 373 | ||
| Thin-Layer Chromatography | 374 | ||
| Gas Chromatography | 374 | ||
| High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography | 374 | ||
| Mass Spectrometry | 374 | ||
| Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy | 374 | ||
| Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy | 374 | ||
| Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry | 374 | ||
| Diagnosis of Specific Toxicants By Laboratory Analysis | 374 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 375 | ||
| 18 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | 385 | ||
| Indications | 385 | ||
| Analysis And Laboratory Availability | 385 | ||
| Artifacts | 386 | ||
| Implementing Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | 386 | ||
| Handling Procedures and Decisions | 386 | ||
| Steady State | 386 | ||
| Loading Dose | 389 | ||
| Number of Samples | 390 | ||
| Timing of Sample Collection | 390 | ||
| Modifying Dose Regimens | 390 | ||
| Therapeutic Monitoring Of Selected Drugs | 391 | ||
| Aminoglycosides (Amikacin, Gentamicin) | 391 | ||
| Appendix I: Listing of Selected Referral and Commerical Laboratories | 395 | ||
| Listing of Selected Referral and Commercial Laboratories | 395 | ||
| Full-Service Laboratories as per the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) | 395 | ||
| Listing of National Animal Health Laboratories | 395 | ||
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 395 | ||
| Appendix II: Listing of Selected Reference Values | 399 | ||
| Listing of Selected Reference Values | 399 | ||
| Reference | 399 | ||
| Index | 403 | ||
| A | 403 | ||
| B | 405 | ||
| C | 405 | ||
| D | 407 | ||
| E | 407 | ||
| F | 408 | ||
| G | 409 | ||
| H | 409 | ||
| I | 410 | ||
| J | 411 | ||
| K | 411 | ||
| L | 411 | ||
| M | 412 | ||
| N | 413 | ||
| O | 413 | ||
| P | 413 | ||
| Q | 414 | ||
| R | 414 | ||
| S | 415 | ||
| T | 416 | ||
| U | 417 | ||
| V | 417 | ||
| W | 418 | ||
| X | 418 | ||
| Y | 418 | ||
| Z | 418 |