Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Prepare for a successful career as a dental assistant! Modern Dental Assisting is the leading text in dental assisting -- the most trusted, the most comprehensive, and the most current. Using an easy-to-understand approach, this resource offers a complete foundation in the basic and advanced clinical skills you must master to achieve clinical competency. It describes dental assisting procedures with photographs and clear, step-by-step instructions. Written by Doni Bird and Debbie Robinson, two well-known and well-respected dental assisting educators.
- Comprehensive coverage takes students through a dental assisting program from start to finish.
- A highly approachable writing style presents the latest information and procedures in a way that ensures students can easily grasp and learn to apply the material.
- Concise chapters presented within short parts move from profession basics and sciences to infection control, safety, clinical dentistry, radiography, materials, specialty dental practice, and dental office administration.
- Superb, full-color illustrations and photographs show procedures, equipment, and instruments.
- Illustrated, step-by-step procedures show the skills that dental assistants must master, detailing for each the goal, equipment and supplies needed, chronological steps, and rationales.
- Expanded Functions procedures boxes describe special dental assisting procedures allowed only in certain states.
- Procedure icons alert students to issues relating to core procedures, e.g., that they should make notes in the patient's record, don personal protective equipment, or watch for moisture contamination.
- Key terms are accompanied by phonetic pronunciations, highlighted within the text, and defined in boxes on the same or facing page.
- Critical thinking questions end each chapter with mini-case scenarios and application-style questions.
- Learning and performance outcomes in each chapter set goals for what students will accomplish and also serve as checkpoints for comprehension, skills mastery, and study tools for exam preparation.
- Summary tables and boxes make it easy to review key concepts and procedures.
- Recall boxes appear after sections of text and include questions to ensure that students understand the material.
- CDC boxes cite the latest recommendations for infection control and summarize regulations.
- Eye to the Future boxes introduce cutting-edge research, future trends, and topics.
- Legal and Ethical Implications boxes focus on the behaviors that dental assistants will need to practice to protect themselves, their patients, and the practices for which they work.
- Patient Education boxes summarize content within the context of patient education take-away points.
- A glossary provides a quick and handy way to look up terminology, with chapter references indicating where terms are introduced and discussed within chapters.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc_i | ||
| Evolve page | ifc_iii | ||
| Modern Dental Assisting | i | ||
| Copyright page | ii | ||
| Reviewers | iii | ||
| About the Founding Authors | vi | ||
| About the Authors | vii | ||
| Dedication | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Who Will Benefit from This Book? | ix | ||
| Organization | ix | ||
| The Learning Package | ix | ||
| The student package includes: | ix | ||
| The faculty package includes all student resources, plus: | ix | ||
| New to This Edition | ix | ||
| Textbook | ix | ||
| Multimedia Procedures DVD | x | ||
| Evolve Web Site | x | ||
| For Instructors | x | ||
| For Students | x | ||
| Student Workbook | x | ||
| NEW! Dental Assisting Online | x | ||
| Support | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| The Learning Package | xii | ||
| Textbook | xii | ||
| Multimedia Procedures DVD | xii | ||
| Additional Features | xii | ||
| Evolve Web Site | xii | ||
| Student Site | xii | ||
| Plus The Interactive Dental Office Online! | xiii | ||
| Faculty Site | xiii | ||
| Plus TEACH Instructor Resources | xiii | ||
| Student Workbook | xiii | ||
| Dental Assisting Online for Modern Dental Assisting | xiii | ||
| How to Use Modern Dental Assisting | xiv | ||
| Icon Key | xvii | ||
| How to Use the Multimedia Procedures DVD | xviii | ||
| Table of Contents | xxiii | ||
| One The Dental Assisting Profession | 1 | ||
| Part 1 text | 1 | ||
| 1 History of Dentistry | 2 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 2 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 2 | ||
| Key Terms | 2 | ||
| Early Times | 3 | ||
| The Egyptians | 3 | ||
| The Greeks | 3 | ||
| The Chinese | 4 | ||
| The Romans | 4 | ||
| The Renaissance | 5 | ||
| Early America | 5 | ||
| Educational and Professional Development in the United States | 6 | ||
| Women in Dental History | 7 | ||
| African Americans in Dental History | 8 | ||
| History of Dental Assisting | 9 | ||
| History of Dental Hygiene | 10 | ||
| Dental Accreditation | 10 | ||
| National Museum of Dentistry | 10 | ||
| 2 The Professional Dental Assistant | 13 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 13 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 13 | ||
| Key Terms | 13 | ||
| Characteristics of a Professional Dental Assistant | 14 | ||
| Professional Appearance | 14 | ||
| Knowledge and Skills | 15 | ||
| Teamwork | 15 | ||
| Attitude | 15 | ||
| Dedication | 15 | ||
| Responsibility and Initiative | 15 | ||
| Confidentiality | 15 | ||
| Personal Qualities | 15 | ||
| Educational Requirements | 16 | ||
| Types of Programs | 16 | ||
| Career Opportunities | 16 | ||
| Employment Settings | 16 | ||
| Other Career Opportunities | 16 | ||
| Salaries | 16 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 16 | ||
| American Dental Assistants Association | 16 | ||
| Benefits of Membership | 16 | ||
| Dental Assisting National Board | 18 | ||
| Certified Dental Assistant | 18 | ||
| Certified Dental Assistant (CDA) Examination. | 18 | ||
| Certified Orthodontic Assistant (COA) Examination. | 19 | ||
| 3 The Dental Healthcare Team | 20 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 20 | ||
| Key Terms | 20 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 21 | ||
| Dentist | 21 | ||
| Dental Specialist | 22 | ||
| Registered Dental Hygienist | 22 | ||
| Dental Assistant | 23 | ||
| Clinical Dental Assistant | 23 | ||
| Chairside Assistant | 23 | ||
| Circulating Assistant | 23 | ||
| Community Work | 24 | ||
| Sterilization Assistant | 24 | ||
| Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant | 24 | ||
| Business Assistant | 24 | ||
| Dental Laboratory Technician | 25 | ||
| Supporting Services | 25 | ||
| 4 Dental Ethics | 27 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 27 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 27 | ||
| Key Terms | 27 | ||
| Sources for Ethics | 28 | ||
| Basic Principles of Ethics | 28 | ||
| Regard for Self-Determination (Autonomy) | 28 | ||
| To “Do No Harm” (Nonmaleficence) | 28 | ||
| Promotion of Well-Being (Beneficence) | 28 | ||
| Regard for Justice | 28 | ||
| Veracity | 29 | ||
| Confidentiality | 29 | ||
| Privacy | 29 | ||
| Continuing Education | 29 | ||
| Professional Code of Ethics | 29 | ||
| Applying Ethical Principles | 29 | ||
| Ethical Dilemmas | 30 | ||
| Case Example | 30 | ||
| Steps for Solving Ethical Dilemmas | 30 | ||
| 5 Dentistry and the Law | 32 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 32 | ||
| Key Terms | 32 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 33 | ||
| Statutory Law | 33 | ||
| Criminal Law | 34 | ||
| Civil Law | 34 | ||
| Contract Law | 34 | ||
| Tort Law | 34 | ||
| State Dental Practice Act | 34 | ||
| Board of Dentistry | 35 | ||
| Expanded Functions and Supervision | 35 | ||
| Unlicensed Practice of Dentistry | 36 | ||
| Dentist-Patient Relationship | 36 | ||
| Duty of Care/Standard of Care | 36 | ||
| Abandonment | 37 | ||
| Patient Responsibilities | 37 | ||
| Due Care | 37 | ||
| Malpractice | 37 | ||
| Acts of Omission and Commission | 37 | ||
| Doctrine of res ipsa loquitur | 37 | ||
| Risk Management | 37 | ||
| Avoiding Malpractice Lawsuits | 38 | ||
| “Silence Is Golden” | 38 | ||
| Guidelines for Informed Consent | 38 | ||
| Informed Patient Consent | 38 | ||
| Informed Refusal | 38 | ||
| Exceptions to Disclosure | 39 | ||
| Informed Consent for Minors | 39 | ||
| Documenting Informed Consent | 39 | ||
| Content of Informed Consent Forms | 39 | ||
| Patient Referral | 39 | ||
| Failure to Refer | 39 | ||
| Guarantees | 40 | ||
| Contributory Negligence | 40 | ||
| Patient Records | 40 | ||
| Ownership of Dental Records and Radiographs | 40 | ||
| Reporting Abuse and Neglect | 41 | ||
| Child Abuse | 41 | ||
| Domestic Violence | 41 | ||
| Elder Abuse | 41 | ||
| Dental Neglect | 41 | ||
| Immunity | 42 | ||
| HIPAA | 42 | ||
| Two Sciences in Dentistry | 45 | ||
| Part 2 text | 45 | ||
| 6 General Anatomy | 46 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 46 | ||
| Key Terms | 46 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 47 | ||
| Planes and Body Directions | 47 | ||
| Structural Units | 47 | ||
| Cells | 49 | ||
| Stem Cells | 49 | ||
| Cell Membrane | 50 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 50 | ||
| Nucleus | 51 | ||
| Tissues | 51 | ||
| Organs | 51 | ||
| Body Systems | 51 | ||
| Body Cavities | 55 | ||
| Body Regions | 55 | ||
| 7 General Physiology | 56 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 56 | ||
| Key Terms | 56 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 57 | ||
| Skeletal System | 57 | ||
| Bone | 57 | ||
| Cartilage | 59 | ||
| Joints | 60 | ||
| Muscular System | 60 | ||
| Striated Muscle | 60 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 62 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 63 | ||
| Muscle Function | 63 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 64 | ||
| Circulatory System | 64 | ||
| Heart | 64 | ||
| Heart Chambers | 65 | ||
| Heart Valves | 65 | ||
| Blood Flow Through the Heart | 66 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 66 | ||
| Blood and Blood Cells | 66 | ||
| Blood Typing and Rh Factor | 67 | ||
| Lymphatic System | 67 | ||
| Lymph Vessels | 67 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 67 | ||
| Lymph Fluid | 67 | ||
| Lymphoid Organs | 67 | ||
| Tonsils. | 67 | ||
| Spleen. | 68 | ||
| Nervous System | 68 | ||
| Neurons | 70 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 70 | ||
| Brain | 70 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 70 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System | 70 | ||
| Respiratory System | 71 | ||
| Structures | 71 | ||
| Nose | 71 | ||
| Pharynx | 71 | ||
| Epiglottis | 72 | ||
| Larynx | 73 | ||
| Trachea | 73 | ||
| Lungs | 73 | ||
| Digestive System | 73 | ||
| Digestive Process | 73 | ||
| Structures | 73 | ||
| Mouth | 74 | ||
| Pharynx | 74 | ||
| Esophagus | 74 | ||
| Stomach | 74 | ||
| Small Intestine | 74 | ||
| Large Intestine | 74 | ||
| Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas | 74 | ||
| Endocrine System | 74 | ||
| Urinary System | 75 | ||
| Integumentary System | 76 | ||
| Skin Structures | 76 | ||
| Epidermis | 76 | ||
| Dermis | 76 | ||
| Subcutaneous Fat | 76 | ||
| Skin Appendages | 76 | ||
| Hair | 77 | ||
| Nails | 77 | ||
| Glands | 77 | ||
| Reproductive System | 77 | ||
| Female | 77 | ||
| Male | 77 | ||
| Interaction Among the Ten Body Systems | 78 | ||
| 8 Oral Embryology and Histology | 80 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 80 | ||
| Key Terms | 80 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 81 | ||
| Oral Embryology | 82 | ||
| Prenatal Development | 82 | ||
| Embryonic Development of the Face and Oral Cavity | 83 | ||
| Primary Embryonic Layers | 85 | ||
| Early Development of the Mouth | 85 | ||
| Branchial Arches | 85 | ||
| Hard and Soft Palates | 85 | ||
| Facial Development | 86 | ||
| Tooth Development | 86 | ||
| Developmental Disturbances | 86 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 86 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 87 | ||
| Facial Development After Birth | 87 | ||
| Tooth Movement | 90 | ||
| Life Cycle of a Tooth | 90 | ||
| Growth Periods | 90 | ||
| Bud Stage. | 90 | ||
| Cap Stage. | 91 | ||
| Bell Stage. | 91 | ||
| Calcification | 91 | ||
| Pits and Fissures. | 91 | ||
| Eruption of Primary Teeth | 91 | ||
| Shedding of Primary Teeth | 91 | ||
| Eruption of Permanent Teeth | 91 | ||
| Oral Histology | 92 | ||
| Crown | 93 | ||
| Root | 95 | ||
| Enamel | 96 | ||
| Dentin | 97 | ||
| Cementum | 98 | ||
| Pulp | 98 | ||
| Periodontium | 99 | ||
| Attachment Apparatus | 99 | ||
| Alveolar Process. | 99 | ||
| Periodontal Ligament. | 101 | ||
| Supportive and Protective Functions. | 101 | ||
| Sensory Function. | 101 | ||
| Nutritive Function. | 101 | ||
| Formative and Resorptive Functions. | 101 | ||
| Periodontal Ligament Fiber Groups. | 101 | ||
| Periodontal Fiber Groups. | 102 | ||
| Transseptal Fiber Groups. | 102 | ||
| Gingival Fiber Groups. | 102 | ||
| Gingival Unit | 102 | ||
| Lining Mucosa. | 103 | ||
| Masticatory Mucosa. | 103 | ||
| Specialized Mucosa. | 103 | ||
| 9 Head and Neck Anatomy | 104 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 104 | ||
| Key Terms | 104 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 105 | ||
| Regions of the Head | 106 | ||
| Bones of the Skull | 106 | ||
| Bones of the Cranium | 106 | ||
| Parietal Bones | 106 | ||
| Frontal Bone | 106 | ||
| Occipital Bone | 106 | ||
| Temporal Bones | 106 | ||
| Sphenoid Bone | 107 | ||
| Ethmoid Bone | 107 | ||
| Auditory Ossicles | 107 | ||
| Bones of the Face | 107 | ||
| Zygomatic Bones | 107 | ||
| Maxillary Bones | 108 | ||
| Palatine Bones | 108 | ||
| Nasal Bones | 110 | ||
| Lacrimal Bones | 110 | ||
| Vomer | 110 | ||
| Nasal Conchae | 112 | ||
| Mandible | 112 | ||
| Hyoid Bone | 112 | ||
| Postnatal Development | 113 | ||
| Fusion of Bones | 113 | ||
| Development of the Facial Bones | 113 | ||
| Mandible. | 113 | ||
| Maxilla. | 113 | ||
| Differences Between Male and Female Skulls | 113 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joints | 115 | ||
| Capsular Ligament | 116 | ||
| Articular Space | 116 | ||
| Jaw Movement | 116 | ||
| Hinge Action | 116 | ||
| Gliding Movement | 116 | ||
| Temporomandibular Disorders | 117 | ||
| Symptoms | 117 | ||
| Pain. | 117 | ||
| Joint Sounds. | 117 | ||
| Limitations in Movement. | 117 | ||
| Causes | 118 | ||
| Muscles of the Head and Neck | 118 | ||
| Major Muscles of the Neck | 118 | ||
| Major Muscles of Facial Expression | 118 | ||
| Major Muscles of Mastication | 118 | ||
| Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth | 119 | ||
| Muscles of the Tongue | 119 | ||
| Muscles of the Soft Palate | 120 | ||
| Salivary Glands | 121 | ||
| Minor Salivary Glands | 121 | ||
| Major Salivary Glands | 121 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Head and Neck | 122 | ||
| Major Arteries of the Face and Oral Cavity | 122 | ||
| External Carotid Artery | 122 | ||
| Facial Artery | 122 | ||
| Lingual Artery | 123 | ||
| Maxillary Artery | 123 | ||
| Mandibular Artery | 123 | ||
| Major Veins of the Face and Mouth | 124 | ||
| Nerves of the Head and Neck | 124 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 124 | ||
| Innervation of the Oral Cavity | 126 | ||
| Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve | 126 | ||
| Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve | 127 | ||
| Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck | 127 | ||
| Structure and Function | 127 | ||
| Superficial Lymph Nodes of the Head | 127 | ||
| Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes | 127 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 127 | ||
| Paranasal Sinuses | 129 | ||
| 10 Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity | 130 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 130 | ||
| Key Terms | 130 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 131 | ||
| Landmarks of the Face | 131 | ||
| Regions of the Face | 131 | ||
| Features of the Face | 131 | ||
| Skin | 132 | ||
| Lips | 132 | ||
| The Oral Cavity | 133 | ||
| The Vestibule | 134 | ||
| Labial and Other Frenula | 134 | ||
| Gingiva | 135 | ||
| Unattached Gingiva | 135 | ||
| Interdental Gingiva | 135 | ||
| Gingival Groove | 135 | ||
| Attached Gingiva | 135 | ||
| The Oral Cavity Proper | 136 | ||
| Hard Palate | 136 | ||
| Soft Palate | 136 | ||
| Tongue | 137 | ||
| Taste Buds | 138 | ||
| Teeth | 138 | ||
| 11 Overview of the Dentitions | 139 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 139 | ||
| Key Terms | 139 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 140 | ||
| Dentition Periods | 140 | ||
| Primary Dentition | 141 | ||
| Mixed Dentition | 141 | ||
| Permanent Dentition | 142 | ||
| Dental Arches | 142 | ||
| Quadrants | 142 | ||
| Sextants | 143 | ||
| Anterior and Posterior Teeth | 143 | ||
| Types and Functions of Teeth | 143 | ||
| Incisors | 143 | ||
| Canines | 143 | ||
| Premolars | 143 | ||
| Molars | 143 | ||
| Tooth Surfaces | 145 | ||
| Anatomic Features of Teeth | 145 | ||
| Contours | 146 | ||
| Facial and Lingual Contours | 146 | ||
| Mesial and Distal Contours | 146 | ||
| Contacts | 147 | ||
| Height of Contour | 147 | ||
| Embrasures | 147 | ||
| Angles and Divisions of Teeth | 147 | ||
| Line and Point Angles | 148 | ||
| Divisions into Thirds | 148 | ||
| Occlusion and Malocclusion | 149 | ||
| Angle’s Classification | 149 | ||
| Class I | 149 | ||
| Class II | 149 | ||
| Division 1. | 149 | ||
| Division 2. | 149 | ||
| Class III | 150 | ||
| Stabilization of the Arches | 150 | ||
| Closure | 151 | ||
| Curve of Spee | 151 | ||
| Curve of Wilson | 151 | ||
| Tooth-Numbering Systems | 151 | ||
| Universal/National System | 153 | ||
| International Standards Organization System | 153 | ||
| Palmer Notation System | 153 | ||
| 12 Tooth Morphology | 155 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 155 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 155 | ||
| Key Terms | 155 | ||
| Anterior Permanent Dentition | 156 | ||
| Permanent Incisors | 156 | ||
| Maxillary Central Incisors | 156 | ||
| Maxillary Lateral Incisors | 157 | ||
| Mandibular Incisors | 158 | ||
| Mandibular Central Incisors. | 158 | ||
| Mandibular Lateral Incisors. | 158 | ||
| Permanent Canines | 159 | ||
| Maxillary Canines | 160 | ||
| Mandibular Canines | 160 | ||
| Posterior Permanent Dentition | 161 | ||
| Permanent Premolars | 161 | ||
| Maxillary First Premolars | 162 | ||
| Maxillary Second Premolars | 162 | ||
| Mandibular First Premolars | 162 | ||
| Mandibular Second Premolars | 163 | ||
| Permanent Molars | 164 | ||
| Maxillary Molars | 164 | ||
| Maxillary First Molars. | 164 | ||
| Maxillary Second Molars. | 164 | ||
| Maxillary Third Molars. | 165 | ||
| Mandibular Molars | 166 | ||
| Mandibular First Molars. | 166 | ||
| Mandibular Second Molars. | 166 | ||
| Mandibular Third Molars. | 167 | ||
| Primary Dentition | 167 | ||
| Primary Incisors | 168 | ||
| Maxillary Central Incisors | 168 | ||
| Maxillary Lateral Incisors | 168 | ||
| Mandibular Central Incisors | 169 | ||
| Mandibular Lateral Incisors | 169 | ||
| Primary Canines | 169 | ||
| Maxillary Canines | 169 | ||
| Mandibular Canines | 169 | ||
| Primary Molars | 170 | ||
| Maxillary First Molars | 170 | ||
| Maxillary Second Molars | 171 | ||
| Mandibular First Molars | 171 | ||
| Mandibular Second Molars | 171 | ||
| Three Oral Health and Prevention of Dental Disease | 173 | ||
| Part 3 text | 173 | ||
| 13 Dental Caries | 174 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 174 | ||
| Key Terms | 174 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 175 | ||
| Bacterial Infection | 175 | ||
| Dental Plaque | 176 | ||
| Enamel Structure | 176 | ||
| The Caries Process | 176 | ||
| Stages of Caries Development | 177 | ||
| Root Caries | 178 | ||
| Secondary (Recurrent) Caries | 178 | ||
| Early Childhood Caries | 178 | ||
| Risk Factors | 179 | ||
| How Children Get Early Childhood Caries | 179 | ||
| The Importance of Saliva | 179 | ||
| Caries Diagnosis | 180 | ||
| Dental Explorer | 180 | ||
| Radiographs | 181 | ||
| Visual Appearance | 181 | ||
| Indicator Dyes | 181 | ||
| Caries Detection Devices | 181 | ||
| Laser Caries Detector | 181 | ||
| Calibration of the Tip | 182 | ||
| CAMBRA | 182 | ||
| Methods of Caries Intervention | 182 | ||
| Caries Risk Assessment Tests | 184 | ||
| 14 Periodontal Disease | 188 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 188 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 188 | ||
| Key Terms | 188 | ||
| Prevalence | 189 | ||
| Periodontal Disease and Systemic Health | 189 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 189 | ||
| Preterm Low Birth Weight | 189 | ||
| Respiratory Disease | 190 | ||
| Causes of Periodontal Disease | 190 | ||
| Dental Plaque | 190 | ||
| Calculus | 191 | ||
| Supragingival Calculus | 191 | ||
| Subgingival Calculus | 191 | ||
| Other Risk Factors | 191 | ||
| Types of Periodontal Disease | 191 | ||
| Gingivitis | 191 | ||
| Periodontitis | 192 | ||
| Description of Periodontal Disease | 192 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 195 | ||
| 15 Preventive Dentistry | 198 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 198 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 198 | ||
| Key Terms | 198 | ||
| Partners in Prevention | 199 | ||
| Early Dental Care | 201 | ||
| Pregnancy and Dental Care | 201 | ||
| Dental Care for 0 to 5 Years | 201 | ||
| Dental Sealants | 201 | ||
| Fluoride | 202 | ||
| How Fluoride Works | 202 | ||
| Preeruptive Development | 202 | ||
| Posteruptive Development | 202 | ||
| Safe and Toxic Levels | 202 | ||
| Precautions | 202 | ||
| Fluoride Needs Assessment | 203 | ||
| Sources of Fluoride | 203 | ||
| Fluoridated Water | 203 | ||
| Bottled Water | 204 | ||
| Sources of Systemic Fluoride | 204 | ||
| Foods and Beverages | 204 | ||
| Prescribed Dietary Supplements | 204 | ||
| Sources of Topical Fluoride | 204 | ||
| Toothpastes | 204 | ||
| Mouth Rinses | 205 | ||
| Gels | 207 | ||
| Varnish | 207 | ||
| Professional Applications | 207 | ||
| Nutrition and Dental Caries | 207 | ||
| Sugar Substitutes | 207 | ||
| Xylitol | 207 | ||
| Dietary Analysis | 207 | ||
| Steps for Analyzing a Food Diary | 212 | ||
| Plaque Control Program | 212 | ||
| Toothbrushes and Toothbrushing | 212 | ||
| Baby Toothbrushes | 212 | ||
| Manual Toothbrushes | 212 | ||
| Automatic Toothbrushes | 213 | ||
| Toothbrushing | 213 | ||
| Toothbrushing Precautions | 216 | ||
| Toothbrushing for Unusual Conditions | 217 | ||
| Dental Floss or Tape | 217 | ||
| When to Floss | 217 | ||
| Interdental Aids | 217 | ||
| End-Tuft Brushes | 217 | ||
| Bridge Threaders | 217 | ||
| Automatic Flossers | 219 | ||
| Perio-Aid | 219 | ||
| Dentures | 219 | ||
| Toothpaste | 220 | ||
| Mouth Rinses | 220 | ||
| Oral Irrigation Devices | 221 | ||
| General Guidelines for Home Care Products | 222 | ||
| 16 Nutrition | 223 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 223 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 223 | ||
| Key Terms | 223 | ||
| Healthy People 2020 Report | 225 | ||
| Nutrient Recommendations | 225 | ||
| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) | 225 | ||
| Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) | 225 | ||
| Dietary Guidelines for Americans | 225 | ||
| MyPyramid | 225 | ||
| Canada’s Food Guide | 226 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 229 | ||
| Foods That Cause Tooth Decay | 230 | ||
| Proteins | 230 | ||
| Fats (Lipids) | 231 | ||
| Cholesterol | 231 | ||
| Antioxidants | 232 | ||
| Vitamins | 232 | ||
| Minerals | 232 | ||
| Water | 232 | ||
| Diet Modification | 235 | ||
| Dietary Analysis | 235 | ||
| Reading Food Labels | 235 | ||
| Product Label Information | 235 | ||
| Labeling Ingredients | 236 | ||
| Label Claims | 236 | ||
| Organic Foods | 236 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 237 | ||
| Bulimia | 237 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 238 | ||
| Female Athlete Triad | 239 | ||
| Management of Eating Disorders | 239 | ||
| Healthy Habits | 239 | ||
| 17 Oral Pathology | 241 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 241 | ||
| Key Terms | 241 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 242 | ||
| Making a Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Historical Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Radiographic Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Microscopic Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Therapeutic Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Surgical Diagnosis | 245 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 245 | ||
| Acute/Chronic Inflammation | 246 | ||
| Oral Lesions | 246 | ||
| Lesions Extending Below Mucosal Surface | 246 | ||
| Lesions Extending Above Mucosal Surface | 246 | ||
| Lesions Even With Mucosal Surface | 246 | ||
| Raised or Flat Lesions | 247 | ||
| Diseases of the Oral Soft Tissues | 247 | ||
| Leukoplakia | 247 | ||
| Lichen Planus | 247 | ||
| Candidiasis | 247 | ||
| Pseudomembranous Candidiasis | 247 | ||
| Hyperplastic Candidiasis | 248 | ||
| Atrophic Candidiasis | 248 | ||
| Aphthous Ulcers | 248 | ||
| Cellulitis | 249 | ||
| Conditions of the Tongue | 249 | ||
| Oral Cancer | 250 | ||
| Leukemia | 251 | ||
| Smokeless Tobacco | 251 | ||
| Therapy for Oral Cancer | 252 | ||
| Dental Implications of Radiation Therapy | 252 | ||
| Xerostomia | 252 | ||
| Radiation Caries | 252 | ||
| Osteoradionecrosis | 252 | ||
| Dental Implications of Chemotherapy | 252 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 253 | ||
| Oral Manifestations | 253 | ||
| HIV Gingivitis | 253 | ||
| HIV Periodontitis | 253 | ||
| Cervical Lymphadenopathy | 253 | ||
| Candidiasis | 254 | ||
| Lymphoma | 254 | ||
| Hairy Leukoplakia | 254 | ||
| Kaposi’s Sarcoma | 255 | ||
| Herpes Simplex | 255 | ||
| Herpes Zoster | 255 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus | 255 | ||
| Developmental Disorders | 256 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 256 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 256 | ||
| Disturbances in Jaw Development | 257 | ||
| Disturbances in Lip, Palate, and Tongue Development | 258 | ||
| Disturbances in Tooth Development and Eruption | 258 | ||
| Disturbances in Enamel Formation | 260 | ||
| Disturbances in Dentin Formation | 260 | ||
| Abnormal Eruption of the Teeth | 260 | ||
| Premature Eruption | 260 | ||
| Ankylosis | 260 | ||
| Impaction | 260 | ||
| Miscellaneous Disorders | 261 | ||
| Abrasion | 261 | ||
| Attrition | 261 | ||
| Bruxism | 261 | ||
| Bulimia | 262 | ||
| Orofacial Piercings | 262 | ||
| Meth Mouth | 262 | ||
| Four Infection Prevention in Dentistry | 265 | ||
| Part 4 text | 265 | ||
| 18 Microbiology | 266 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 266 | ||
| Key Terms | 266 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 267 | ||
| Pioneers in Microbiology | 267 | ||
| Koch’s Postulates | 268 | ||
| Major Groups of Microorganisms | 268 | ||
| Bacteria | 269 | ||
| Shape | 269 | ||
| Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria | 269 | ||
| Need for Oxygen | 270 | ||
| Capsules | 271 | ||
| Spores | 271 | ||
| Rickettsiae | 271 | ||
| Algae | 271 | ||
| Protozoa | 271 | ||
| Fungi | 271 | ||
| Prions | 272 | ||
| Prion Diseases | 272 | ||
| Future Research | 272 | ||
| Viruses | 272 | ||
| Specificity | 273 | ||
| Latency | 273 | ||
| Treatment of Viral Diseases | 273 | ||
| Transmission of Viral Diseases | 273 | ||
| Viruses in the Environment | 273 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 273 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 273 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 273 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 274 | ||
| Hepatitis B Immunization. | 274 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 274 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 275 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 275 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 275 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 275 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 | 276 | ||
| Primary Herpes. | 276 | ||
| Recurrent Herpes Labialis. | 276 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 | 276 | ||
| Herpes Zoster Virus | 276 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 276 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus | 276 | ||
| Herpes Transmission | 276 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 277 | ||
| H1N1 Flu Virus (Swine Flu) | 277 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 277 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 277 | ||
| Legionnaires’ Disease | 278 | ||
| Tetanus | 278 | ||
| Syphilis | 278 | ||
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | 278 | ||
| Pandemic Diseases | 280 | ||
| 19 Disease Transmission and Infection Prevention | 281 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 281 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 282 | ||
| Key Terms | 282 | ||
| The Chain of Infection | 283 | ||
| Virulence | 284 | ||
| Number of Microorganisms | 284 | ||
| Susceptible Host | 284 | ||
| Portal of Entry | 284 | ||
| Types of Infections | 284 | ||
| Acute Infection | 284 | ||
| Chronic Infection | 284 | ||
| Latent Infection | 284 | ||
| Opportunistic Infection | 284 | ||
| Modes of Disease Transmission | 284 | ||
| Direct Transmission | 285 | ||
| Indirect Transmission | 285 | ||
| Airborne Transmission | 285 | ||
| Aerosol, Spray, or Spatter | 285 | ||
| Parenteral Transmission | 286 | ||
| Blood-Borne Transmission | 286 | ||
| Food and Water Transmission | 286 | ||
| Fecal-Oral Transmission | 286 | ||
| The Immune System | 286 | ||
| Naturally Acquired Immunity | 286 | ||
| Artificially Acquired Immunity | 287 | ||
| Disease Transmission in the Dental Office | 287 | ||
| Patient to Dental Team | 287 | ||
| Dental Team to Patient | 288 | ||
| Patient to Patient | 288 | ||
| Dental Office to Community | 288 | ||
| Community to Dental Office to Patient | 288 | ||
| Roles and Responsibilities of the CDC and OSHA in Infection Control | 288 | ||
| Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Healthcare Settings (CDC) | 289 | ||
| OSHA Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard | 289 | ||
| Exposure Control Plan | 290 | ||
| Standard and Universal Precautions | 290 | ||
| Categories of Employees | 291 | ||
| Postexposure Management | 291 | ||
| Employee Training | 291 | ||
| Hepatitis B Immunization | 292 | ||
| Employee Medical Records | 292 | ||
| Managing Contaminated Sharps | 293 | ||
| Preventing Needle Sticks | 293 | ||
| Infection Control Practices | 294 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 294 | ||
| Handwashing Guidelines | 294 | ||
| Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs | 294 | ||
| Hand Care Recommendations | 296 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 296 | ||
| Protective Clothing | 299 | ||
| Protective Clothing Requirements | 302 | ||
| Handling Contaminated Laundry | 302 | ||
| Protective Masks | 303 | ||
| Protective Eyewear | 303 | ||
| Face Shields | 304 | ||
| Patient Eyewear | 305 | ||
| Gloves | 305 | ||
| Examination Gloves | 305 | ||
| Gloves Damaged During Treatment | 306 | ||
| Gloves Damaged by Dental Materials | 306 | ||
| Overgloves | 307 | ||
| Sterile Surgical Gloves | 307 | ||
| Utility Gloves | 307 | ||
| Non–Latex-Containing Gloves | 307 | ||
| Maintaining Infection Control While Gloved | 307 | ||
| Opening Drawers and Cabinets | 308 | ||
| Opening Containers | 308 | ||
| High-Tech Equipment | 308 | ||
| Latex Allergies | 309 | ||
| Irritant Dermatitis | 309 | ||
| Type IV Allergic Reaction | 309 | ||
| Type I Allergic Reaction | 310 | ||
| Treatment | 310 | ||
| Latex-Sensitive Patients | 310 | ||
| Waste Management in the Dental Office | 310 | ||
| Classification of Waste | 310 | ||
| General Waste | 311 | ||
| Contaminated Waste | 311 | ||
| Hazardous Waste | 311 | ||
| Infectious or Regulated Waste (Biohazard) | 311 | ||
| Handling Extracted Teeth | 312 | ||
| Handling Contaminated Waste | 312 | ||
| Handling Medical Waste | 312 | ||
| Infectious Waste | 312 | ||
| Disposal of Medical Waste | 312 | ||
| Additional Infection Control Practices | 312 | ||
| OSHA Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard | 312 | ||
| CDC Guidelines: Special Considerations | 313 | ||
| Saliva Ejectors | 313 | ||
| Dental Laboratory | 313 | ||
| Preprocedural Mouth Rinses | 314 | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 314 | ||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Other Prion Diseases | 315 | ||
| Laser/Electrosurgery Plumes or Surgical Smoke | 315 | ||
| 20 Principles and Techniques of Disinfection | 317 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 317 | ||
| Key Terms | 317 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 318 | ||
| Environmental Infection Control | 318 | ||
| Clinical Contact Surfaces | 319 | ||
| Surface Contamination | 320 | ||
| Surface Barriers | 320 | ||
| Single-Use (Disposable) Items | 321 | ||
| Precleaning and Disinfection | 323 | ||
| Precleaning. | 324 | ||
| Disinfection. | 324 | ||
| Disinfectants | 324 | ||
| Ideal Surface Disinfectant. | 325 | ||
| Disinfectant Precautions | 325 | ||
| Iodophors. | 325 | ||
| Synthetic Phenol Compounds. | 328 | ||
| Sodium Hypochlorite. | 328 | ||
| Alcohol. | 328 | ||
| Immersion Disinfectants. | 328 | ||
| Glutaraldehyde | 328 | ||
| Chlorine Dioxide | 329 | ||
| Ortho-Phthalaldehyde | 330 | ||
| Housekeeping Surfaces | 330 | ||
| Carpeting and Cloth Furnishings | 331 | ||
| Spills of Blood and Body Substances | 331 | ||
| Greener Infection Control | 331 | ||
| Paper | 331 | ||
| Radiology | 331 | ||
| Personal Protective Attire | 331 | ||
| Surface Barriers and Precleaning/Disinfection | 331 | ||
| 21 Principles and Techniques of Instrument Processing and Sterilization | 333 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 333 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 334 | ||
| Key Terms | 334 | ||
| Classification of Patient Care Items | 335 | ||
| Critical Instruments | 336 | ||
| Semicritical Instruments | 336 | ||
| Noncritical Instruments | 336 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 337 | ||
| Transporting and Processing Contaminated Patient Care Items | 337 | ||
| Instrument-Processing Area | 337 | ||
| Workflow Pattern | 338 | ||
| Contaminated Area | 338 | ||
| Preparation and Packaging Area | 338 | ||
| Precleaning and Packaging Instruments | 339 | ||
| Holding Solution | 339 | ||
| Hand Scrubbing | 339 | ||
| Ultrasonic Cleaning | 340 | ||
| Ultrasonic Cleaning Solutions | 340 | ||
| Care of the Ultrasonic Cleaner | 341 | ||
| Testing the Ultrasonic Cleaner | 341 | ||
| Automated Washers/Disinfectors | 342 | ||
| Drying, Lubrication, and Corrosion Control | 342 | ||
| Packaging Instruments | 343 | ||
| Packaging Materials | 343 | ||
| Sterilization of Unwrapped Instruments | 343 | ||
| Methods of Sterilization | 344 | ||
| Steam Autoclave | 344 | ||
| Packaging Instruments | 346 | ||
| Flash Sterilization | 346 | ||
| Unsaturated Chemical Vapor Sterilization | 348 | ||
| Advantages | 348 | ||
| Disadvantages | 348 | ||
| Filtration and Monitoring of Chemical Vapors | 348 | ||
| Packaging | 349 | ||
| Pressure, Temperature, and Time | 349 | ||
| Dry Heat Sterilization | 349 | ||
| Static Air Sterilizers | 349 | ||
| Forced Air Sterilizers | 349 | ||
| Ethylene Oxide Sterilization | 350 | ||
| Liquid Chemical Sterilants | 350 | ||
| Sterilization Failures | 351 | ||
| Sterilization Monitoring | 352 | ||
| Physical Monitoring | 353 | ||
| Chemical Monitoring | 353 | ||
| Process Indicators | 353 | ||
| Process Integrators | 353 | ||
| Limitations | 353 | ||
| Biologic Monitoring | 354 | ||
| Handpiece Sterilization | 355 | ||
| Flushing Techniques | 355 | ||
| Sterilizing Techniques | 355 | ||
| Five Occupational Health and Safety | 359 | ||
| Part 5 text | 359 | ||
| 22 Regulatory and Advisory Agencies | 360 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 360 | ||
| Key Terms | 360 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 361 | ||
| Associations and Organizations | 361 | ||
| American Dental Association | 361 | ||
| American Dental Assistants Association | 361 | ||
| American Dental Hygienists’ Association | 363 | ||
| Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention | 363 | ||
| State and Local Dental Societies | 363 | ||
| Government Agencies | 363 | ||
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | 363 | ||
| Food and Drug Administration | 365 | ||
| Environmental Protection Agency | 365 | ||
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration | 365 | ||
| National Institutes of Health | 366 | ||
| National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research | 366 | ||
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health | 366 | ||
| Public Health Agency of Canada | 366 | ||
| 23 Chemical and Waste Management | 368 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 368 | ||
| Key Terms | 368 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 369 | ||
| Hazardous Chemicals | 369 | ||
| Exposure to Chemicals | 369 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Chemical Toxicity | 370 | ||
| Hand Protection | 370 | ||
| Eye Protection | 370 | ||
| Protective Clothing | 370 | ||
| Inhalation Protection | 371 | ||
| Control of Chemical Spills | 371 | ||
| Eyewash Units | 372 | ||
| Ventilation | 372 | ||
| General Precautions for Storing Chemicals | 372 | ||
| Follow Instructions | 373 | ||
| Avoid Exposure to Light | 373 | ||
| Check Expiration Date | 373 | ||
| Rotate Inventory | 373 | ||
| Disposal of Empty Containers | 373 | ||
| Hazardous Waste Disposal | 373 | ||
| Hazard Communication Program | 373 | ||
| Written Program | 373 | ||
| Chemical Inventory | 374 | ||
| Material Safety Data Sheets | 374 | ||
| Employee Training | 374 | ||
| Labeling of Chemical Containers | 377 | ||
| National Fire Protection Association Labels | 377 | ||
| Exemptions to Labeling Requirements | 377 | ||
| Dental Office Waste Management | 378 | ||
| Classification of Waste | 380 | ||
| Extracted Teeth | 380 | ||
| Sharps | 380 | ||
| Scrap Amalgam | 380 | ||
| Photochemical Waste | 381 | ||
| Radiographic Fixer | 381 | ||
| Radiographic Developer | 381 | ||
| Lead Contamination | 381 | ||
| Lead Foil | 381 | ||
| Disinfectants | 381 | ||
| Nonhazardous Waste Management | 381 | ||
| Waste Disposal | 381 | ||
| 24 Dental Unit Waterlines | 383 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 383 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 383 | ||
| Key Terms | 383 | ||
| Background | 384 | ||
| Microorganisms in Dental Unit Water | 385 | ||
| Biofilm | 385 | ||
| Biofilm in Dental Waterlines | 385 | ||
| Growth-Promoting Factors | 386 | ||
| Bacterial Characteristics | 386 | ||
| Methods for Reducing Bacterial Contamination | 386 | ||
| Self-Contained Water Reservoirs | 387 | ||
| Microfiltration Cartridges | 387 | ||
| Chemical Agents | 387 | ||
| Infection Control and Dental Unit Water | 388 | ||
| Using the Proper Water | 388 | ||
| Flushing Waterlines | 388 | ||
| Minimizing Aerosol | 388 | ||
| Using Protective Barriers | 389 | ||
| Monitoring Water Quality | 389 | ||
| Use of Saliva Ejectors | 389 | ||
| 25 Ergonomics | 392 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 392 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 392 | ||
| Key Terms | 392 | ||
| Ergonomics in the Dental Office | 393 | ||
| Posture | 394 | ||
| Neutral Position | 394 | ||
| Deviations and Problems | 394 | ||
| Reaching Movements | 395 | ||
| Repetition and Force | 395 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 395 | ||
| Gloves | 395 | ||
| Muscle-Strengthening Exercises | 396 | ||
| Six Patient Information and Assessment | 399 | ||
| Part 6 text | 399 | ||
| 26 The Patient Record | 400 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 400 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 400 | ||
| Key Terms | 400 | ||
| Patient Compliance | 402 | ||
| Permanent Record | 402 | ||
| Privacy | 402 | ||
| Quality Assurance | 402 | ||
| Risk Management | 402 | ||
| Research | 402 | ||
| Patient Record Forms | 403 | ||
| Patient Registration | 404 | ||
| Medical-Dental Health History | 405 | ||
| Medical History | 405 | ||
| Dental History | 407 | ||
| Medical Alert | 407 | ||
| Medical-Dental Health History Update | 408 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 409 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 410 | ||
| Informed Consent | 411 | ||
| Progress Notes | 412 | ||
| Entering Data in a Patient Record | 413 | ||
| 27 Vital Signs | 416 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 416 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 416 | ||
| Key Terms | 416 | ||
| Factors that Affect Vital Signs | 417 | ||
| Temperature | 418 | ||
| Temperature Readings | 418 | ||
| Types of Thermometers | 418 | ||
| Digital | 418 | ||
| Tympanic | 418 | ||
| Glass | 418 | ||
| Pulse | 419 | ||
| Radial Artery | 419 | ||
| Brachial Artery | 419 | ||
| Carotid Artery | 420 | ||
| Pulse Characteristics | 420 | ||
| Pulse Readings | 420 | ||
| Respiration | 420 | ||
| Respiration Characteristics | 420 | ||
| Respiration Readings | 420 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 421 | ||
| Blood Pressure Equipment | 421 | ||
| Blood Pressure Readings | 423 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 423 | ||
| Advanced Monitoring Procedures | 424 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 424 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 424 | ||
| 28 Oral Diagnosis and Treatment Planning | 429 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 429 | ||
| Key Terms | 429 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 430 | ||
| Examination and Diagnostic Techniques | 430 | ||
| Visual Evaluation | 430 | ||
| Palpation | 431 | ||
| Instrumentation | 431 | ||
| Detection | 431 | ||
| Probing | 431 | ||
| Radiography | 431 | ||
| Intraoral Imaging | 431 | ||
| Photography | 432 | ||
| Recording the Dental Examination | 432 | ||
| Black’s Classification of Cavities | 432 | ||
| Tooth Diagrams | 435 | ||
| Tooth-Numbering Systems | 435 | ||
| Universal Numbering System | 435 | ||
| International Standards Organization System/Fédération Dentaire Internationale System | 435 | ||
| Palmer Notation System | 435 | ||
| Color Coding | 435 | ||
| Abbreviations | 435 | ||
| Charting | 438 | ||
| Symbols | 439 | ||
| Clinical Examination of the Patient | 439 | ||
| Soft Tissue Examination | 439 | ||
| Examination and Charting of the Teeth | 439 | ||
| Examination and Charting of the Periodontium | 446 | ||
| The Treatment Plan | 446 | ||
| Types of Treatment Plans | 448 | ||
| Level I: Emergency Care | 448 | ||
| Level II: Standard Care | 448 | ||
| Level III: Optimum Care | 448 | ||
| Treatment Plan Presentation | 448 | ||
| 29 The Special Needs and Medically Compromised Patient | 451 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 451 | ||
| Key Terms | 451 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 452 | ||
| Role of the Dental Assistant | 452 | ||
| The Aging Population | 453 | ||
| Stages of Aging | 453 | ||
| Oral Health of the Aging | 453 | ||
| Oral Health Conditions | 453 | ||
| Xerostomia | 453 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 453 | ||
| Tooth Decay | 454 | ||
| Dark and Brittle Teeth | 454 | ||
| Bone Resorption | 454 | ||
| The Special Needs Patient | 455 | ||
| Specific Disorders of the Medically Compromised Patient | 455 | ||
| Developmental Disorders | 455 | ||
| Mental Retardation | 455 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 456 | ||
| Autism | 456 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 456 | ||
| Physical Disorders | 456 | ||
| Vision Impaired | 456 | ||
| Hearing Impaired | 456 | ||
| The Patient in a Wheelchair | 457 | ||
| Neurologic Disorders | 457 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 457 | ||
| Seizures | 457 | ||
| Petit Mal Seizures. | 457 | ||
| Grand Mal Seizures. | 457 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 459 | ||
| Stroke | 459 | ||
| Neuromuscular Disorders | 459 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy | 459 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 460 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 460 | ||
| Arthritis | 461 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disorders | 461 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 461 | ||
| Hypertension | 461 | ||
| Angina | 461 | ||
| Endocarditis | 462 | ||
| Pulmonary Disorders | 462 | ||
| Allergies | 462 | ||
| Bronchial Asthma | 464 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 464 | ||
| Blood Disorders | 464 | ||
| Endocrine Disorders | 465 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 465 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 465 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 465 | ||
| Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders | 465 | ||
| Assistance from Organizations | 466 | ||
| 30 Principles of Pharmacology | 467 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 467 | ||
| Key Terms | 467 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 468 | ||
| Overview of Drugs | 468 | ||
| Dispensing of Drugs | 468 | ||
| Controlled Substance Act | 469 | ||
| Schedule I Drugs | 469 | ||
| Schedule II Drugs | 469 | ||
| Schedule III Drugs | 469 | ||
| Schedule IV Drugs | 469 | ||
| Schedule V Drugs | 469 | ||
| Prescriptions | 469 | ||
| Prescription Terminology | 469 | ||
| Recording Prescriptions | 469 | ||
| Telephone Guidelines | 469 | ||
| Drug Reference Materials | 470 | ||
| Package Inserts | 470 | ||
| Drug Dosage | 471 | ||
| Administration of Medications | 471 | ||
| Stages of Drug Action in the Body | 471 | ||
| Drugs Commonly Prescribed in Dentistry | 471 | ||
| Analgesics | 471 | ||
| Antibiotics | 473 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 473 | ||
| Antifungal Agents | 473 | ||
| Antiviral Agents | 473 | ||
| Antianxiety Agents | 473 | ||
| Drugs Commonly Prescribed in Medicine | 474 | ||
| Cardiovascular Drugs | 474 | ||
| Respiratory Drugs | 475 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Drugs | 475 | ||
| Neurologic Drugs | 475 | ||
| Psychoactive Drugs | 475 | ||
| Endocrine/Hormonal Drugs | 475 | ||
| Adverse Drug Effects | 476 | ||
| Common Adverse Effects of Medications | 476 | ||
| Drug Complications | 476 | ||
| 31 Assisting in a Medical Emergency | 478 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 478 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 479 | ||
| Key Terms | 479 | ||
| Preventing a Medical Emergency | 479 | ||
| Emergency Preparedness | 480 | ||
| Assigned Roles | 480 | ||
| Routine Drills | 480 | ||
| Emergency Telephone Numbers | 481 | ||
| Recognizing a Medical Emergency | 481 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 481 | ||
| Emergency Care Standards | 482 | ||
| Basic Life Support | 482 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 482 | ||
| Choking | 484 | ||
| Automated External Defibrillator | 485 | ||
| Emergency Equipment and Supplies | 487 | ||
| Oxygen | 487 | ||
| Emergency Responses | 490 | ||
| Common Medical Emergencies Experienced in the Dental Office | 490 | ||
| Syncope | 490 | ||
| Postural Hypotension | 490 | ||
| The Pregnant Patient | 490 | ||
| Cardiac Emergencies | 491 | ||
| Angina | 491 | ||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 492 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accident | 492 | ||
| Hyperventilation | 493 | ||
| Asthma Attack | 493 | ||
| Allergic Reaction | 494 | ||
| Epileptic Seizure | 494 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 495 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 495 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 495 | ||
| Documentation of an Emergency | 496 | ||
| Seven Foundation of Clinical Dentistry | 499 | ||
| Part 7 text | 499 | ||
| 32 The Dental Office | 500 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 500 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 500 | ||
| Key Terms | 500 | ||
| Design of the Dental Office | 501 | ||
| Reception Area | 501 | ||
| Administrative Area | 501 | ||
| Treatment Area | 501 | ||
| Central Sterilization | 501 | ||
| Dental Laboratory | 503 | ||
| Dentist’s Private Office | 503 | ||
| Dental Staff Lounge | 503 | ||
| Office Environment | 503 | ||
| Temperature and Air Exchange | 503 | ||
| Lighting | 505 | ||
| Wall and Floor Coverings | 505 | ||
| Traffic Control | 505 | ||
| Sound Control | 505 | ||
| Privacy | 505 | ||
| Clinical Equipment | 505 | ||
| Patient Dental Chair | 505 | ||
| Operator’s Stool | 507 | ||
| Dental Assistant’s Stool | 507 | ||
| Dental Unit | 507 | ||
| Delivery Systems | 508 | ||
| Rheostat | 508 | ||
| Waterlines | 508 | ||
| Air-Water Syringe | 508 | ||
| Operating Light | 509 | ||
| Oral Evacuation System | 509 | ||
| Curing Light | 509 | ||
| Amalgamator | 510 | ||
| Dental Radiography Unit | 510 | ||
| View Box for Radiographs | 511 | ||
| Care of Dental Equipment | 511 | ||
| Central Vacuum Compressor | 511 | ||
| Central Air Compressor | 511 | ||
| Morning and Evening Routines for Dental Assistants | 511 | ||
| 33 Delivering Dental Care | 513 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 513 | ||
| Key Terms | 513 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 514 | ||
| Knowing Your Patients | 514 | ||
| Reviewing the Patient Record | 514 | ||
| Preparing the Treatment Area | 515 | ||
| Greeting and Seating the Patient | 515 | ||
| Team Dentistry | 515 | ||
| Principles of Team Positioning | 516 | ||
| Positioning the Patient | 516 | ||
| Positioning the Operator | 517 | ||
| Positioning the Dental Assistant | 517 | ||
| Motion Economy | 518 | ||
| Classification of Motions | 518 | ||
| Operating Zones | 518 | ||
| Operator’s Zone | 518 | ||
| Transfer Zone | 519 | ||
| Assistant’s Zone | 519 | ||
| Static Zone | 519 | ||
| Instrument Transfer | 519 | ||
| Objectives of Efficient Instrument Transfer | 519 | ||
| Grasping an Instrument | 520 | ||
| Transfer Technique | 520 | ||
| Variations in Instrument Exchange | 520 | ||
| Mirror and Explorer | 520 | ||
| Cotton Pliers | 520 | ||
| Handpiece | 520 | ||
| Instruments With Hinges | 522 | ||
| The Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant | 522 | ||
| Dental Supervision | 522 | ||
| Working as the Operator | 523 | ||
| Operator Positioning | 523 | ||
| Developing Mirror Skills | 523 | ||
| Establish a Working Position | 523 | ||
| Establish Preferred Mirror-to-Tooth Position | 524 | ||
| Using a Fulcrum | 524 | ||
| Understanding Dental Anatomy | 525 | ||
| Understanding Cavity Preparations | 526 | ||
| Adapting Instrumentation | 526 | ||
| Applying Dental Materials | 526 | ||
| Evaluation of Expanded Functions | 526 | ||
| 34 Dental Hand Instruments | 528 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 528 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 528 | ||
| Key Terms | 528 | ||
| Identifying Hand Instruments | 529 | ||
| Instrument Number | 529 | ||
| Instrument Design | 529 | ||
| Handle | 529 | ||
| Shank | 529 | ||
| Working End | 530 | ||
| Black’s Instrument Formula | 530 | ||
| Instrument Classification | 530 | ||
| Instrument Sequence | 530 | ||
| Examination Instruments | 530 | ||
| Basic Setup | 532 | ||
| Hand Cutting Instruments | 532 | ||
| Restorative Instruments | 533 | ||
| Accessory Instruments and Items | 537 | ||
| Preset Cassettes (Trays) | 537 | ||
| Storage Tubs | 537 | ||
| Color-Coding Systems | 537 | ||
| 35 Dental Handpieces and Accessories | 540 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 540 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 540 | ||
| Key Terms | 540 | ||
| Evolution of Rotary Equipment | 541 | ||
| Dental Handpieces | 541 | ||
| Low-Speed Handpiece | 541 | ||
| Uses of the Low-Speed Handpiece | 541 | ||
| Clinical | 541 | ||
| Laboratory | 542 | ||
| Straight Attachment | 542 | ||
| Contra-Angle Attachment | 542 | ||
| Prophylaxis Angle | 542 | ||
| High-Speed Handpiece | 543 | ||
| Uses of the High-Speed Handpiece | 543 | ||
| Water Coolant System | 543 | ||
| Bur Adaptation | 543 | ||
| Fiberoptic Lighting | 543 | ||
| Ultrasonic Handpiece | 544 | ||
| Laser Handpiece | 544 | ||
| Precautions in the Care and Handling of Laser Handpieces | 544 | ||
| Air Abrasion Handpiece | 545 | ||
| Laboratory Handpiece | 545 | ||
| Handpiece Maintenance | 545 | ||
| Handpiece Sterilization | 547 | ||
| General Considerations for Handpiece Sterilization | 547 | ||
| Sterilization Procedure Sheets. | 547 | ||
| Rotary Cutting Instruments | 547 | ||
| Shank Types | 547 | ||
| Neck | 547 | ||
| Head | 547 | ||
| Dental Burs | 547 | ||
| Bur Shapes | 548 | ||
| Diamond Rotary Instruments | 548 | ||
| Finishing Rotary Instruments | 548 | ||
| Abrasive Rotary Instruments | 551 | ||
| Accessories | 552 | ||
| Laboratory Rotary Instruments | 552 | ||
| 36 Moisture Control | 554 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 554 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 554 | ||
| Key Terms | 554 | ||
| Oral Evacuation Systems | 555 | ||
| Saliva Ejector | 555 | ||
| High-Volume Evacuator | 556 | ||
| Suction Tips | 556 | ||
| Grasping the Evacuator | 556 | ||
| Positioning the Evacuator | 556 | ||
| Daily Maintenance of the Evacuation System | 557 | ||
| Rinsing the Oral Cavity | 558 | ||
| Limited-Area Rinsing | 558 | ||
| Full-Mouth Rinsing | 558 | ||
| Air-Water Syringe | 558 | ||
| Isolation of Teeth | 559 | ||
| Cotton Roll Isolation | 559 | ||
| Advantages | 560 | ||
| Disadvantages | 560 | ||
| Cotton Roll Holders | 560 | ||
| Dry-Angle Isolation | 560 | ||
| The Dental Dam | 562 | ||
| Dental Dam Equipment | 562 | ||
| Dental Dam Material | 562 | ||
| Size | 563 | ||
| Color | 563 | ||
| Thickness | 563 | ||
| Dental Dam Frame | 563 | ||
| Dental Dam Napkin | 563 | ||
| Lubricants | 563 | ||
| Dental Dam Punch | 563 | ||
| Size of Holes on the Punch Plate. | 564 | ||
| Dental Dam Stamp and Template | 564 | ||
| Dental Dam Forceps | 564 | ||
| Dental Dam Clamps | 565 | ||
| Parts of the Dental Dam Clamp. | 565 | ||
| Fitting the Dental Dam Clamp. | 565 | ||
| Ligatures on Clamps. | 566 | ||
| Dental Dam Stabilizing Cord | 566 | ||
| Dental Dam Preparation | 566 | ||
| Maxillary Arch Application | 566 | ||
| Mandibular Arch Application | 566 | ||
| Curve of the Arch | 567 | ||
| Malaligned Teeth | 567 | ||
| Teeth to Be Isolated | 567 | ||
| Keypunch Hole | 567 | ||
| Hole Sizing and Spacing | 568 | ||
| Troubleshooting Hole Sizing and Spacing | 568 | ||
| Dental Dam Placement and Removal | 568 | ||
| Special Applications for the Dental Dam | 568 | ||
| Anterior Teeth | 568 | ||
| Stabilizing the Cervical Clamp | 568 | ||
| Fixed Bridge | 572 | ||
| 37 Anesthesia and Pain Control | 574 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 574 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 575 | ||
| Key Terms | 575 | ||
| Topical Anesthesia | 575 | ||
| Local Anesthesia | 577 | ||
| Characteristics of Local Anesthetics | 577 | ||
| Method of Action | 577 | ||
| Chemical Composition of Anesthetics | 577 | ||
| Time Span of Anesthetics | 577 | ||
| Vasoconstrictors in Anesthetics | 578 | ||
| Contraindications to Vasoconstrictors | 578 | ||
| Injection Techniques | 578 | ||
| Maxillary Anesthesia | 578 | ||
| Palatal Anesthesia | 579 | ||
| Mandibular Anesthesia | 579 | ||
| Periodontal Ligament Injection | 579 | ||
| Local Anesthesia Setup | 580 | ||
| Anesthetic Syringe | 580 | ||
| Anesthetic Cartridges | 581 | ||
| Color-Coding of Local Anesthetic Cartridges | 581 | ||
| Guidelines for Handling Anesthetic Cartridges | 582 | ||
| Disposable Needle | 582 | ||
| Complications and Precautions | 582 | ||
| Injection Into a Blood Vessel | 582 | ||
| Infected Areas | 584 | ||
| Toxic Reactions | 584 | ||
| Localized Reactions | 584 | ||
| Systemic Reactions | 584 | ||
| Temporary Numbness | 584 | ||
| Paresthesia | 584 | ||
| Electronic Anesthesia | 586 | ||
| Inhalation Sedation | 586 | ||
| Advantages of N2O Use | 586 | ||
| Disadvantages of N2O Use | 586 | ||
| Contraindications to N2O Use | 586 | ||
| Pregnancy | 586 | ||
| Nasal Obstruction | 586 | ||
| Emphysema and Multiple Sclerosis | 586 | ||
| Emotional Instability | 586 | ||
| Chemical Makeup | 587 | ||
| Equipment | 587 | ||
| Scavenger System | 587 | ||
| Reducing Exposure to N2O | 588 | ||
| Patient Assessment and Monitoring | 588 | ||
| Patient Education | 589 | ||
| Administration | 589 | ||
| Antianxiety Agents | 589 | ||
| Intravenous Sedation | 589 | ||
| General Anesthesia | 592 | ||
| Four Stages of Anesthesia | 592 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 592 | ||
| Patient Education | 592 | ||
| Patient Recovery | 592 | ||
| Documentation of Anesthesia and Pain Control | 592 | ||
| Eight Radiographic Imaging | 38-1 | ||
| Part 8 text | 595 | ||
| 38 Foundations of Radiography, Radiographic Equipment, and Radiation Safety | 596 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 596 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 597 | ||
| Key Terms | 597 | ||
| Discovery of X-Radiation | 598 | ||
| Pioneers in Dental Radiography | 598 | ||
| Radiation Physics | 599 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 599 | ||
| Nucleus | 600 | ||
| Electrons | 600 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung Radiation | 600 | ||
| Ionization | 600 | ||
| Properties of X-Rays | 601 | ||
| The Dental X-Ray Machine | 602 | ||
| Tubehead | 602 | ||
| X-Ray Tube | 603 | ||
| Cathode | 603 | ||
| Anode | 603 | ||
| Position Indicator Device | 604 | ||
| Extension Arm | 604 | ||
| Control Panel | 604 | ||
| Master Switch and Indicator Lights | 604 | ||
| Exposure Button | 605 | ||
| Milliamperage Selector | 605 | ||
| Kilovoltage Selector | 605 | ||
| X-Ray Production | 605 | ||
| Types of Radiation | 607 | ||
| Characteristics of X-Ray Beam | 607 | ||
| Radiolucent and Radiopaque Characteristics | 607 | ||
| Contrast | 608 | ||
| Density | 608 | ||
| Geometric Characteristics | 608 | ||
| Radiation Effects | 609 | ||
| Tissue Damage | 609 | ||
| Ionization | 609 | ||
| Biologic Effects | 609 | ||
| Cumulative Effects | 609 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Radiation Exposure | 609 | ||
| Genetic and Somatic Effects | 610 | ||
| Critical Organs | 610 | ||
| Radiation Measurement | 611 | ||
| Maximum Permissible Dose | 611 | ||
| Radiation Safety | 611 | ||
| Protective Devices | 612 | ||
| Aluminum Filtration | 612 | ||
| Collimator | 612 | ||
| Position Indicator Device | 612 | ||
| Patient Protection | 612 | ||
| Lead Apron and Thyroid Collar | 612 | ||
| Fast-Speed Film | 613 | ||
| Image Receptor-Holding Devices | 613 | ||
| Exposure Factor | 613 | ||
| Proper Technique | 613 | ||
| Pregnancy | 614 | ||
| Operator Protection and Monitoring | 614 | ||
| Radiation Monitoring | 614 | ||
| Equipment Monitoring | 615 | ||
| Pediatric Patients | 615 | ||
| ALARA Concept | 615 | ||
| 39 Digital Imaging, Dental Film, and Processing Radiographs | 617 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 617 | ||
| Key Terms | 617 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 618 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 619 | ||
| Types of Digital Imaging Systems | 619 | ||
| Direct Digital Imaging | 619 | ||
| Indirect Digital Imaging | 621 | ||
| Phosphor Storage Imaging | 621 | ||
| Digitizing Images | 621 | ||
| Digital Imaging Software Programs | 621 | ||
| X-Ray Film and Film Processing | 622 | ||
| Positioning Instruments | 622 | ||
| Beam Alignment Devices | 624 | ||
| Dental Film | 624 | ||
| Film Composition | 626 | ||
| Latent Image | 626 | ||
| Film Speed | 626 | ||
| Types of Film | 627 | ||
| Intraoral Film | 627 | ||
| Film Packet | 627 | ||
| PACKET INFORMATION. | 627 | ||
| WRAPPER AND LEAD SHEET. | 627 | ||
| PACKAGE POSITIONING. | 627 | ||
| PACKAGE DISPOSAL. | 628 | ||
| Outer Packet | 628 | ||
| TUBE SIDE. | 628 | ||
| LABEL SIDE. | 628 | ||
| Film Sizes | 628 | ||
| Extraoral Film | 628 | ||
| Film Packaging | 629 | ||
| Film Cassette | 629 | ||
| Intensifying Screen | 629 | ||
| Film Types | 630 | ||
| Duplicating Film | 630 | ||
| Film Storage | 630 | ||
| Film Processing | 631 | ||
| Five Steps in Processing | 631 | ||
| Processing Solutions | 631 | ||
| The Darkroom | 632 | ||
| Lighting | 633 | ||
| Room Lighting. | 633 | ||
| Safelighting. | 633 | ||
| Processing Tanks | 633 | ||
| Automatic Processor | 633 | ||
| Components | 634 | ||
| Processing Solutions | 637 | ||
| Processing Errors | 637 | ||
| 40 Legal Issues, Quality Assurance, and Infection Prevention | 641 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 641 | ||
| Key Terms | 641 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 642 | ||
| Legal Considerations | 642 | ||
| Federal and State Regulations | 642 | ||
| Licensure Requirements | 643 | ||
| Risk Management | 643 | ||
| Informed Consent | 643 | ||
| Liability | 643 | ||
| Patient Records | 643 | ||
| Ownership of Dental Images | 643 | ||
| Digital Files Security | 644 | ||
| Patient Refusal | 644 | ||
| Patient Education | 644 | ||
| Quality Assurance in the Dental Office | 644 | ||
| Quality Control Tests | 645 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Machines | 645 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Film | 645 | ||
| Phosphor Storage Plates | 645 | ||
| Screens and Cassettes | 645 | ||
| View Boxes | 646 | ||
| Darkroom Lighting | 646 | ||
| Safelight Test. | 646 | ||
| Film Processing | 647 | ||
| Manual Processing. | 647 | ||
| Automatic Processing. | 647 | ||
| Processing Solutions. | 647 | ||
| Developer Strength. | 647 | ||
| Reference Radiograph. | 647 | ||
| Stepwedge Radiograph. | 647 | ||
| Fixer Strength. | 647 | ||
| Quality Administration Procedures | 648 | ||
| Description | 648 | ||
| Monitoring | 648 | ||
| Maintenance | 648 | ||
| Evaluation | 648 | ||
| Training | 648 | ||
| Infection Control | 648 | ||
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines | 649 | ||
| The Radiography Operatory | 649 | ||
| X-Ray Machine | 650 | ||
| Lead Apron | 650 | ||
| Dental Chair | 650 | ||
| Work Area | 650 | ||
| Equipment and Supplies | 650 | ||
| Film and Phosphor Storage Plates | 650 | ||
| Film. | 650 | ||
| PSPs. | 651 | ||
| Digital Sensors | 651 | ||
| Image Receptor Positioning Instruments | 651 | ||
| Procedures During and After X-Ray Exposure | 652 | ||
| Operator Preparation | 652 | ||
| Drying of Exposed Film or PSP | 652 | ||
| Collection of Contaminated Films and PSPs | 652 | ||
| Positioning Instruments | 652 | ||
| Disposal of Contaminated Items | 652 | ||
| Handwashing | 654 | ||
| Surface Disinfection | 654 | ||
| Procedures During X-Ray Film Processing | 654 | ||
| Transporting Film | 654 | ||
| 41 Intraoral Imaging | 662 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 662 | ||
| Key Terms | 662 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 663 | ||
| Full-Mouth Survey | 664 | ||
| Intraoral Imaging Techniques | 664 | ||
| Paralleling Technique | 664 | ||
| Five Basic Rules | 665 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 665 | ||
| Exposure Sequence for Image Receptor Placement | 665 | ||
| Anterior Exposure Sequence | 665 | ||
| Posterior Exposure Sequence | 668 | ||
| Film Placement | 669 | ||
| Bisecting Technique | 669 | ||
| Image Receptor Holders | 669 | ||
| Angulation of Position Indicator Device | 669 | ||
| Horizontal Angulation | 670 | ||
| Correct Horizontal Angulation. | 670 | ||
| Incorrect Horizontal Angulation. | 670 | ||
| Vertical Angulation | 671 | ||
| Correct Vertical Angulation. | 671 | ||
| Incorrect Vertical Angulation. | 671 | ||
| Foreshortened Images. | 671 | ||
| Elongated Images. | 672 | ||
| Image Receptor Size and Placement | 672 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 672 | ||
| Beam Alignment | 673 | ||
| Bitewing Technique | 673 | ||
| Image Receptor Holder and Bitewing Tab | 673 | ||
| Angulation of Position Indicator Device | 673 | ||
| Exposure for Image Receptor Placement | 673 | ||
| Occlusal Technique | 674 | ||
| Patients With Special Medical Needs | 674 | ||
| Vision Impairment | 674 | ||
| Hearing Impairment | 674 | ||
| Mobility Impairment | 674 | ||
| Developmental Disabilities | 675 | ||
| Patients With Special Dental Needs | 675 | ||
| Edentulous Patient | 675 | ||
| Pediatric Patient | 675 | ||
| Endodontic Patient | 676 | ||
| Gagging Patient | 677 | ||
| Exposure Sequencing | 677 | ||
| Image Receptor Placement | 677 | ||
| Avoid The Palate. | 677 | ||
| Demonstrate Image Receptor Placement. | 677 | ||
| Extreme Cases | 678 | ||
| Dental Imaging Technique Errors | 678 | ||
| Mounting Dental Radiographs | 678 | ||
| Recognizing Anatomical Landmarks | 678 | ||
| Selecting the Mount | 678 | ||
| Methods of Mounting | 678 | ||
| 42 Extraoral Imaging | 708 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 708 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 708 | ||
| Key Terms | 708 | ||
| Panoramic Imaging | 709 | ||
| Types of Panoramic Units | 709 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 709 | ||
| Focal Trough | 709 | ||
| Equipment | 710 | ||
| Tubehead | 710 | ||
| Head Positioner | 710 | ||
| Exposure Controls | 712 | ||
| Film and Intensifying Screens | 712 | ||
| Common Errors | 712 | ||
| Patient Preparation Errors | 712 | ||
| Ghost Images. | 712 | ||
| Ten Assisting in Comprehensive Dental Care | 823 | ||
| Part 10 text | 823 | ||
| 48 General Dentistry | 824 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 824 | ||
| Key Terms | 824 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 825 | ||
| Cavity Preparation | 825 | ||
| Terminology | 825 | ||
| Initial Preparation | 826 | ||
| Final Preparation | 826 | ||
| Standardized Plan for a Restorative Procedure | 827 | ||
| Dental Assistant’s Role in a Restorative Procedure | 827 | ||
| Permanent Restorations | 827 | ||
| Class I Restorations | 827 | ||
| Eleven Dental Administration and Communication Skills | 1055 | ||
| Part 11 text | 1055 | ||
| 61 Communication in the Dental Office | 1056 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1056 | ||
| Key Terms | 1056 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1057 | ||
| Understanding Human Behavior | 1057 | ||
| Significant People in Psychology | 1057 | ||
| Social Attitudes | 1057 | ||
| Peer Pressure | 1057 | ||
| Cultural Diversity | 1058 | ||
| Communication Pathways | 1058 | ||
| Verbal Communication | 1059 | ||
| Words Are Important | 1059 | ||
| Voice Quality | 1059 | ||
| Asking Questions | 1059 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication | 1059 | ||
| Listening Skills | 1059 | ||
| Communicating With Colleagues | 1060 | ||
| Being a Team Member | 1060 | ||
| Stress in the Dental Office | 1060 | ||
| Causes | 1060 | ||
| Methods of Stress Reduction | 1061 | ||
| Conflict Among Coworkers | 1061 | ||
| Communicating With Patients | 1061 | ||
| Patient Needs | 1061 | ||
| Psychological Needs | 1061 | ||
| Anxiety and Fear of Pain | 1062 | ||
| Dental-Phobic Patients | 1062 | ||
| Patient’s Responses | 1062 | ||
| Physical and Mental Needs | 1062 | ||
| Financial Needs | 1063 | ||
| Meeting Patient Needs | 1063 | ||
| Positive Atmosphere | 1063 | ||
| Sincerity | 1063 | ||
| Showing Respect | 1063 | ||
| Respecting the Patient’s Time | 1063 | ||
| Resolving Complaints and Misunderstandings | 1063 | ||
| Remaining Approachable | 1063 | ||
| Respecting Patient Confidentiality | 1063 | ||
| Phone Skills | 1064 | ||
| Courtesy | 1064 | ||
| Incoming Calls | 1064 | ||
| Placing a Caller on Hold | 1064 | ||
| On-Hold Message Systems | 1064 | ||
| Callers Wanting to Speak to the Dentist | 1064 | ||
| Taking Messages | 1064 | ||
| Phone Message Systems | 1065 | ||
| Answering Service | 1065 | ||
| Answering Machine | 1065 | ||
| Voice Mail | 1066 | ||
| Phone Equipment | 1066 | ||
| Headsets | 1066 | ||
| Pager | 1066 | ||
| Facsimile (“Fax”) Machine | 1066 | ||
| Written Communications | 1067 | ||
| Equipment | 1067 | ||
| Business Letters | 1067 | ||
| Format of a Business Letter | 1068 | ||
| Parts of a Letter | 1068 | ||
| Types of Business Letters | 1069 | ||
| Letters to Colleagues | 1070 | ||
| Letters to Insurance Carriers | 1070 | ||
| Marketing Your Dental Practice | 1070 | ||
| Goals of Practice Marketing | 1070 | ||
| Logistics of Marketing | 1070 | ||
| The Plan | 1071 | ||
| Marketing Budget | 1071 | ||
| Tracking Responses | 1071 | ||
| Types of Practice Marketing | 1071 | ||
| Practice Newsletter | 1072 | ||
| Patient Education Materials | 1072 | ||
| 62 Business Operating Systems | 1073 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1073 | ||
| Key Terms | 1073 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1074 | ||
| Operating Procedure Manual | 1074 | ||
| HIPAA Compliance | 1075 | ||
| HIPAA Privacy Compliance List | 1075 | ||
| Personnel Manual | 1075 | ||
| Computer Applications in the Dental Office | 1075 | ||
| Characteristics of the Computer | 1076 | ||
| Record Keeping | 1076 | ||
| Types of Records and Files | 1076 | ||
| Patient Dental Records | 1076 | ||
| Patient Financial Records | 1076 | ||
| Practice Business Records | 1076 | ||
| Guidelines to Efficient Filing | 1077 | ||
| Basic Filing Systems | 1078 | ||
| Alphabetic | 1078 | ||
| Color Coding | 1078 | ||
| Numeric | 1078 | ||
| Chronologic | 1078 | ||
| Electronic | 1079 | ||
| Active and Inactive Files | 1079 | ||
| Purge Tabs | 1079 | ||
| Record Protection and Confidentiality | 1080 | ||
| HIPAA Electronic Safeguards | 1080 | ||
| Protecting Electronic Files | 1080 | ||
| Protecting Paper Files | 1080 | ||
| Appointment Scheduling | 1080 | ||
| Goals of Efficient Appointment Scheduling | 1080 | ||
| Computerized or Manual Scheduling | 1080 | ||
| The Appointment Book | 1080 | ||
| Guidelines for Scheduling | 1081 | ||
| Units of Time | 1081 | ||
| Columns per Day | 1081 | ||
| Outlining the Appointment Schedule | 1082 | ||
| Office Hours | 1082 | ||
| Buffer Time | 1082 | ||
| Meetings | 1082 | ||
| Holidays | 1082 | ||
| Making Appointment Book and Appointment Card Entries | 1082 | ||
| Special Considerations for Scheduling | 1082 | ||
| Daily Scheduling Rules | 1083 | ||
| New Patients | 1083 | ||
| Scheduling for the Dental Hygienist | 1083 | ||
| Recall Patients | 1083 | ||
| Children | 1083 | ||
| Emergency Patients | 1083 | ||
| Scheduling an Appointment Series | 1084 | ||
| Scheduling for the Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant | 1084 | ||
| Confirmation of Appointments | 1084 | ||
| Patient Circumstances | 1084 | ||
| Late Patients | 1084 | ||
| Canceled Appointments | 1084 | ||
| Short-Notice Appointments | 1084 | ||
| Daily Treatment Area Schedule | 1085 | ||
| Appointment Preparations | 1085 | ||
| Daily Meeting | 1085 | ||
| Preventive Recall Programs | 1085 | ||
| Types of Recall Systems | 1085 | ||
| Continuing Appointment System | 1085 | ||
| Written Recall Notification | 1086 | ||
| Recall by Telephone | 1086 | ||
| Inventory Management | 1086 | ||
| Computerized Inventory System | 1087 | ||
| Guidelines for Ordering Dental Supplies | 1088 | ||
| When Ordering Supplies | 1088 | ||
| Reorder Point | 1088 | ||
| Marking the Reorder Point | 1088 | ||
| Automatic Shipments | 1088 | ||
| Quantity Purchase Rate | 1088 | ||
| Reorder Quantity | 1088 | ||
| Backorders | 1088 | ||
| Order Exchange, Return, or Replacement | 1089 | ||
| Requisitions and Purchase Orders | 1089 | ||
| Dental Supply Budget | 1089 | ||
| Consumables and Disposables | 1089 | ||
| Expendables | 1089 | ||
| Nonexpendables | 1089 | ||
| Major Equipment | 1089 | ||
| Equipment Repairs | 1090 | ||
| Equipment Records | 1090 | ||
| Service Contracts | 1090 | ||
| Service Call | 1090 | ||
| 63 Financial Management in the Dental Office | 1091 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1091 | ||
| Key Terms | 1091 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1092 | ||
| Accounting | 1092 | ||
| Preventive Account Management | 1092 | ||
| Gathering Financial Information | 1093 | ||
| Credit Reports | 1093 | ||
| Fee Presentation | 1094 | ||
| Making Financial Arrangements | 1094 | ||
| Accounts Receivable | 1094 | ||
| Types of Accounts Receivable Systems | 1094 | ||
| Pegboard Accounts Receivable Management | 1094 | ||
| Computerized Accounts Receivable Management | 1094 | ||
| Accounts Receivable Management Basics | 1094 | ||
| Charge Slips | 1095 | ||
| Daily Journal Page | 1095 | ||
| Receipts and Walkout Statements | 1096 | ||
| Recording Payments | 1096 | ||
| Patient Account Records | 1096 | ||
| Payment | 1096 | ||
| Payment at the Time of Treatment | 1096 | ||
| Cash | 1097 | ||
| Check | 1097 | ||
| Credit Cards | 1097 | ||
| Professional Courtesy and Discounts | 1097 | ||
| Daily Proof of Posting | 1097 | ||
| Bank Deposits | 1097 | ||
| Monthly Statement | 1097 | ||
| Cycle Billing | 1098 | ||
| Divided Payment Plans | 1098 | ||
| Collections | 1099 | ||
| Accounts Receivable Report | 1099 | ||
| Management of Collection Efforts | 1099 | ||
| Collection Letters | 1099 | ||
| Collection Telephone Calls | 1099 | ||
| Final Collection Options | 1099 | ||
| Collection Agency | 1099 | ||
| Small Claims Court | 1099 | ||
| Accounts Payable Management | 1101 | ||
| Dental Office Overhead | 1101 | ||
| Fixed Overhead | 1101 | ||
| Variable Overhead | 1101 | ||
| Gross Versus Net Income | 1101 | ||
| Disbursements | 1102 | ||
| Packing Slips, Invoices, and Statements | 1102 | ||
| Organizing Expenditure Records | 1102 | ||
| Payment of Accounts | 1103 | ||
| Cash on Delivery | 1103 | ||
| Petty Cash | 1103 | ||
| Replenishing Petty Cash Funds. | 1103 | ||
| Writing Checks | 1104 | ||
| Check Terminology | 1104 | ||
| Check Endorsement | 1104 | ||
| Stop Payment Order | 1104 | ||
| Nonsufficient Funds | 1104 | ||
| Business Summaries | 1105 | ||
| Payroll | 1105 | ||
| Payroll Deductions | 1106 | ||
| Income Tax Withholding | 1106 | ||
| Federal Insurance Contributions Act | 1106 | ||
| Other Deductions | 1107 | ||
| Government Remittance | 1107 | ||
| Dental Insurance | 1107 | ||
| Parties Involved in Dental Insurance | 1107 | ||
| Types of Dental Insurance Programs | 1107 | ||
| Usual, Customary, and Reasonable Fees | 1107 | ||
| Schedule of Benefits | 1108 | ||
| Fixed Fee Schedule | 1108 | ||
| Alternative Payment Plans | 1108 | ||
| Capitation Programs | 1108 | ||
| Direct Reimbursement Plans | 1108 | ||
| Individual Practice Associations | 1108 | ||
| Preferred Provider Organizations | 1108 | ||
| Managed Care | 1108 | ||
| Determining Eligibility | 1108 | ||
| Determining Benefits | 1110 | ||
| Limitations | 1110 | ||
| Least Expensive Alternative Treatment. | 1110 | ||
| Dual Coverage. | 1110 | ||
| Determining Primary and Secondary Carriers | 1110 | ||
| Birthday Rule | 1110 | ||
| Coordination of Benefits | 1110 | ||
| Nonduplication of Benefits | 1110 | ||
| Dental Procedure Codes | 1110 | ||
| Claim Forms | 1112 | ||
| Claim Form Preparation | 1112 | ||
| Paper Claim | 1112 | ||
| Signature on File. | 1112 | ||
| Electronic Claim | 1112 | ||
| HIPAA and Electronic Transactions | 1116 | ||
| Claim Form Processing | 1116 | ||
| Tracking Claims in Process | 1116 | ||
| Payments from Insurance Carriers | 1116 | ||
| Handling Overpayments | 1117 | ||
| Insurance Fraud | 1117 | ||
| 64 Marketing Your Skills | 1118 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1118 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1118 | ||
| Key Terms | 1118 | ||
| Your Professional Career | 1119 | ||
| Goals and Philosophy | 1119 | ||
| Career Opportunities | 1119 | ||
| Private Practice | 1119 | ||
| Insurance | 1119 | ||
| Sales | 1119 | ||
| Research | 1119 | ||
| Management Consulting | 1119 | ||
| Teaching | 1120 | ||
| Dental Schools | 1120 | ||
| Hospitals | 1120 | ||
| Public Health and Government Programs | 1120 | ||
| Locating Employment Opportunities | 1120 | ||
| Newspaper Advertisements | 1120 | ||
| Campus Placement | 1120 | ||
| Employment Agencies | 1120 | ||
| Temporary Agencies | 1120 | ||
| Dental Supply Companies | 1121 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 1121 | ||
| Internet | 1121 | ||
| Seeking Employment | 1121 | ||
| Telephone Contact | 1121 | ||
| Cover Letter | 1121 | ||
| Résumé | 1121 | ||
| Electronic Résumé | 1122 | ||
| Completing a Job Application Form | 1122 | ||
| The Interview | 1124 | ||
| Appearance | 1124 | ||
| Presenting Yourself Professionally | 1124 | ||
| Interviewing Professionally | 1124 | ||
| Concluding the Interview | 1124 | ||
| Follow-up Letter | 1124 | ||
| Salary Negotiations | 1124 | ||
| Employment Agreement | 1125 | ||
| Americans With Disabilities Act | 1127 | ||
| Job Termination | 1127 | ||
| Achieving Career Objectives | 1127 | ||
| Positive Attitude | 1127 | ||
| Professional Responsibilities | 1127 | ||
| Physical Well-Being | 1128 | ||
| Bibliography | 1129 | ||
| Glossary | 1131 | ||
| Index | 1155 | ||
| A | 1155 | ||
| B | 1157 | ||
| C | 1158 | ||
| D | 1161 | ||
| E | 1164 | ||
| F | 1165 | ||
| G | 1167 | ||
| H | 1168 | ||
| I | 1169 | ||
| J | 1170 | ||
| K | 1170 | ||
| L | 1170 | ||
| M | 1171 | ||
| N | 1173 | ||
| O | 1174 | ||
| P | 1175 | ||
| Q | 1179 | ||
| R | 1179 | ||
| S | 1180 | ||
| T | 1182 | ||
| U | 1183 | ||
| V | 1184 | ||
| W | 1184 | ||
| X | 1184 | ||
| Y | 1184 | ||
| Z | 1184 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc_i |