Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This outstanding clinical reference provides valuable insights into solving clinical dilemmas, formulating diagnoses, developing therapeutic plans, and verifying drug dosages for both reptiles and amphibians. The information is outlined in an easy-to-use format for quick access that is essential for emergency and clinical situations.
- Discusses veterinary medicine and surgery for both reptiles and amphibians
- Features complete biology of snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodilians
- Provides step-by-step guidelines for performing special techniques and procedures such as anesthesia, clinical pathology, diagnostic imaging, euthanasia and necropsy, fracture management, soft tissue surgery, and therapeutics
- Covers specific diseases and conditions such as anorexia, aural abscesses, and digit abnormalities in a separate alphabetically organized section
- 53 expert authors contribute crucial information to the study of reptiles and offer their unique perspectives on particular areas of study
- The expansive appendix includes a reptile and amphibian formulary
- A new full-color format features a wealth of vivid images and features that highlight important concepts and bring key procedures to life
- 29 new chapters covering diverse topics such as stress in captive reptiles, emergency and critical care, ultrasound, endoscopy, and working with venomous species
- Many new expert contributors that share valuable knowledge and insights from their experiences in practicing reptile medicine and surgery
- Unique coverage of cutting-edge imaging techniques, including CT and MRI
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Reptile Medicine and Surgery | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents\r | xix | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| Acknowledgments | xvii | ||
| Section I: INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1. BUILDING A SUCCESSFUL REPTILE PRACTICE | 1 | ||
| THE INTEGRATED PRACTICE | 1 | ||
| EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES | 1 | ||
| CLIENT SERVICES | 2 | ||
| MARKETING | 4 | ||
| REVENUE | 5 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 8 | ||
| Chapter 2. REFERENCE SOURCES FOR REPTILE CLINICIANS | 9 | ||
| ASSOCIATIONS AND SOCIETIES | 9 | ||
| JOURNALS | 10 | ||
| REFERENCE SOURCES AND TEXTBOOKS | 10 | ||
| HERPETOLOGY ONLINE | 12 | ||
| CONFERENCES | 13 | ||
| Chapter 3. UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN-REPTILE RELATIONSHIP | 14 | ||
| THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND | 14 | ||
| THE PET REPTILE | 14 | ||
| THE COMMERCIAL ANIMAL | 15 | ||
| LARGE COLLECTIONS | 15 | ||
| EUTHANASIA | 16 | ||
| COMMON REACTIONS TO LOSS | 17 | ||
| COMPASSIONATE EUTHANASIA GUIDELINES | 19 | ||
| COMMON CONCERNS FOR THE CLINICIAN AND THE CLIENT REGARDING ANIMAL LOSS | 20 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 22 | ||
| SUGGESTED READING | 22 | ||
| RESOURCES AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 23 | ||
| Section II: BIOLOGY AND HUSBANDRY | 25 | ||
| Chapter 4. GENERAL HUSBANDRY AND MANAGEMENT | 25 | ||
| BASIC BIOLOGY | 25 | ||
| BASIC HUSBANDRY REQUIREMENTS | 27 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 39 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 40 | ||
| REFERENCES | 40 | ||
| Chapter 5. SNAKES | 42 | ||
| SNAKE TAXONOMY | 42 | ||
| ANATOMY | 46 | ||
| ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE | 53 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL CAPTIVITY REQUIREMENTS | 54 | ||
| BEHAVIOR | 55 | ||
| BRUMATION | 56 | ||
| LONGEVITY | 56 | ||
| GIANT SNAKES | 57 | ||
| REFERENCES | 57 | ||
| Chapter 6. LIZARDS | 59 | ||
| EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION | 59 | ||
| ANATOMY | 60 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL CAPTIVITY REQUIREMENTS | 68 | ||
| BEHAVIOR | 75 | ||
| RESTRAINT | 75 | ||
| LONGEVITY | 75 | ||
| REFERENCES | 76 | ||
| Chapter 7. TURTLES, TORTOISES, AND TERRAPINS | 78 | ||
| TAXONOMY | 78 | ||
| CLINICAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 81 | ||
| CAPTIVE CARE | 87 | ||
| SPECIES INTERACTIONS | 98 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 98 | ||
| REFERENCES | 98 | ||
| Chapter 8. CROCODILIANS | 100 | ||
| EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION | 100 | ||
| CROCODILIAN LIFE SPAN | 102 | ||
| SKELETAL SYSTEM | 105 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 105 | ||
| CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | 106 | ||
| NERVOUS SYSTEM | 106 | ||
| DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | 107 | ||
| INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM | 108 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 108 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY | 109 | ||
| LOCOMOTION | 112 | ||
| IDENTIFICATION | 112 | ||
| BEHAVIORS | 113 | ||
| THERMOREGULATION IN CROCODILES | 114 | ||
| OSMOREGULATION | 114 | ||
| FEEDING AND NUTRITION | 115 | ||
| RESTRAINT OF CROCODILIANS | 116 | ||
| REFERENCES | 117 | ||
| Section III: ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR | 119 | ||
| Chapter 9. STRESS IN CAPTIVE REPTILES | 119 | ||
| WHAT IS STRESS? | 119 | ||
| WHY HAVE A STRESS RESPONSE? | 120 | ||
| HOW IS THE STRESS RESPONSE REGULATED? | 120 | ||
| EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE VARIOUS BODY SYSTEMS | 120 | ||
| WHEN DOES THE STRESS RESPONSE BECOME NONADAPTIVE? | 121 | ||
| THE STRESS OF CAPTIVITY | 121 | ||
| HOW IS STRESS IMPORTANT TO REPTILE MEDICINE? | 122 | ||
| SUMMARY | 122 | ||
| REFERENCES | 122 | ||
| Chapter 10. CARDIOPULMONARY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 124 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY | 124 | ||
| NONCROCODILIAN REPTILES | 124 | ||
| CROCODILIANS | 126 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY | 127 | ||
| RESPIRATORY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 129 | ||
| REFERENCES | 134 | ||
| Chapter 11. RENAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 135 | ||
| GROSS ANATOMY | 135 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY | 138 | ||
| RENAL PHYSIOLOGY | 140 | ||
| REFERENCES | 144 | ||
| Chapter 12. GASTROINTESTINAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 145 | ||
| MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 145 | ||
| FEEDING ECOLOGY | 149 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL MICROFLORA | 149 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DISEASE: DIAGNOSTICS | 150 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 151 | ||
| COMMON GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES | 152 | ||
| REFERENCES | 160 | ||
| Chapter 13. BEHAVIORAL AND MORPHOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS | 163 | ||
| REPTILES | 163 | ||
| AMPHIBIANS | 175 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 178 | ||
| REFERENCES | 178 | ||
| Section IV: MEDICINE | 181 | ||
| Chapter 14. CARDIOLOGY | 181 | ||
| CLINICAL CARDIAC DISEASE | 181 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL DISEASES | 182 | ||
| INFECTIOUS DISEASE | 183 | ||
| PARASITIC DISEASE | 184 | ||
| OTHER CARDIAC DISEASES | 185 | ||
| RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM | 185 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES | 186 | ||
| CARDIOCENTESIS | 194 | ||
| SUMMARY | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES | 194 | ||
| Chapter 15. DERMATOLOGY | 196 | ||
| NORMAL REPTILE SKIN | 196 | ||
| ECDYSIS AND OTHER FORMS OF REGENERATION AND HEALING | 198 | ||
| THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT | 199 | ||
| CLINICAL TECHNIQUES: OBSERVATION AND EXAMINATION | 199 | ||
| SAMPLE COLLECTION | 199 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 201 | ||
| SPECIFIC DISEASES | 201 | ||
| TREATMENT | 213 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 214 | ||
| REFERENCES | 214 | ||
| Chapter 16. MICROBIOLOGY: FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL DISEASES OF REPTILES | 217 | ||
| FUNGAL DISEASES | 217 | ||
| THE FUNGUS-REPTILE INTERACTION | 218 | ||
| CUTANEOUS AND SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | 219 | ||
| SYSTEMIC MYCOSES | 221 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 223 | ||
| THERAPY | 225 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 226 | ||
| BACTERIAL DISEASES | 227 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES | 227 | ||
| INITIAL THERAPEUTICS: WHAT TO DO WHILE CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY DATA ARE PENDING | 230 | ||
| MICROORGANISMS | 231 | ||
| SUMMARY | 235 | ||
| REFERENCES | 235 | ||
| Chapter 17. NEUROLOGY | 239 | ||
| NEUROANATOMY | 239 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION | 239 | ||
| ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 241 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL NEUROPATHIES | 243 | ||
| TRAUMA-INDUCED NEUROPATHIES | 244 | ||
| METABOLIC NEUROPATHIES | 245 | ||
| CONGENITAL NEUROPATHIES | 246 | ||
| TOXIC NEUROPATHIES | 246 | ||
| INFECTIOUS NEUROPATHIES | 248 | ||
| SUMMARY | 249 | ||
| REFERENCES | 249 | ||
| Chapter 18. NUTRITION | 251 | ||
| NUTRITION AND METABOLISM | 251 | ||
| FOODS | 261 | ||
| FEEDING MANAGEMENT | 273 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL DISEASES | 280 | ||
| REFERENCES | 294 | ||
| Chapter 19. ONCOLOGY | 299 | ||
| PRINCIPLES, DIAGNOSTICS, AND STAGING | 299 | ||
| TREATMENT OPTIONS | 299 | ||
| TEXT REFERENCES | 320 | ||
| TABLE REFERENCES | 320 | ||
| Chapter 20. REPTILIAN OPHTHALMOLOGY | 323 | ||
| EXAMINATION | 323 | ||
| PARIETAL EYE | 324 | ||
| EYELIDS | 325 | ||
| SPECTACLES | 327 | ||
| LACRIMAL SYSTEM | 332 | ||
| GLOBE | 333 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVA | 334 | ||
| CORNEA | 336 | ||
| ANTERIOR CHAMBER AND UVEAL TRACT | 338 | ||
| LENS | 339 | ||
| RETINA | 340 | ||
| REFERENCES | 341 | ||
| Chapter 21. PARASITOLOGY | 343 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF PARASITES | 344 | ||
| ECTOPARASITES | 346 | ||
| ENDOPARASITES | 347 | ||
| HEMOPARASITES OF REPTILES | 349 | ||
| GUT-INHABITING FLAGELLATED PROTOZOA | 349 | ||
| CILIATED PROTOZOA | 350 | ||
| MICROSPORIDIOSIS | 350 | ||
| TREMATODES | 351 | ||
| TAPEWORMS | 352 | ||
| ACANTHOCEPHALA | 353 | ||
| NEMATODES | 354 | ||
| PENTASTOMIDS | 360 | ||
| PARASITE TREATMENT | 362 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 363 | ||
| REFERENCES | 363 | ||
| Chapter 22. PERINATOLOGY | 365 | ||
| EMBRYONIC/FETAL DEVELOPMENT | 365 | ||
| PARENTAL CARE | 366 | ||
| EGG MANAGEMENT | 367 | ||
| HOUSING THE NEONATE | 370 | ||
| FEEDING THE NEONATE | 371 | ||
| CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE NEONATE | 372 | ||
| MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF NEONATES | 373 | ||
| QUARANTINE AND HYGIENE | 375 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 375 | ||
| REFERENCES | 375 | ||
| Chapter 23. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY | 376 | ||
| CLINICAL REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY | 376 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES OF REPTILES | 376 | ||
| SEX DETERMINATION IN REPTILES | 379 | ||
| GENOTYPING | 384 | ||
| CAPTIVE BREEDING | 384 | ||
| COMMON REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS | 389 | ||
| REFERENCES | 390 | ||
| Chapter 24. VIROLOGY | 391 | ||
| HERPESVIRUS | 392 | ||
| ADENOVIRUS | 397 | ||
| PARAMYXOVIRIDAE | 401 | ||
| OTHER PARAMYXOVIRUSES | 404 | ||
| RETROVIRIDAE | 404 | ||
| REOVIRIDAE | 407 | ||
| POXVIRIDAE | 408 | ||
| IRIDOVIRUS | 409 | ||
| PARVOVIRIDAE | 410 | ||
| TOGAVIRUSES AND FLAVIVIRUSES | 410 | ||
| CALICIVIRUS | 411 | ||
| PAPOVAVIRIDAE | 411 | ||
| OTHER VIRUSES | 412 | ||
| DISEASE OF PROBABLY VIRAL ETIOLOGY | 412 | ||
| SUMMARY | 414 | ||
| REFERENCES | 414 | ||
| Section V: CLINICAL TECHNIQUES/ PROCEDURES | 419 | ||
| Chapter 25. ALLOMETRIC SCALING | 419 | ||
| CONTROVERSIES RELATING TO ALLOMETRY | 420 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 423 | ||
| REFERENCES | 426 | ||
| Chapter 26. ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY VETERINARY THERAPIES | 428 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY CONSIDERATIONS | 428 | ||
| HERBAL MEDICINE | 429 | ||
| HOMEOPATHY | 431 | ||
| MANUAL THERAPIES | 432 | ||
| NUTRACEUTICALS AND ORTHOMOLECULAR MEDICINE | 438 | ||
| RESOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION AND STUDY | 439 | ||
| REFERENCES | 440 | ||
| ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED READINGS | 441 | ||
| Chapter 27. ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA | 442 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 442 | ||
| PREANESTHETIC EVALUATION | 443 | ||
| PREMEDICATION | 443 | ||
| INJECTABLE ANESTHETIC AGENTS | 444 | ||
| LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENTS | 445 | ||
| INHALATIONAL AGENTS | 445 | ||
| INDUCTION OF ANESTHESIA | 446 | ||
| MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING | 448 | ||
| RECOVERY AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 449 | ||
| ANALGESIA | 450 | ||
| REFERENCES | 451 | ||
| Chapter 28. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY OF REPTILES | 453 | ||
| REPTILE HEMATOLOGY | 453 | ||
| CLINICAL CHEMISTRIES OF REPTILES | 460 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE REPTILIAN CYTOLOGIC SAMPLE | 465 | ||
| REFERENCES | 468 | ||
| Chapter 29. DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING | 471 | ||
| RADIOLOGY | 472 | ||
| ANCILLARY DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES | 484 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 489 | ||
| Chapter 30. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES | 490 | ||
| PHYSICAL RESTRAINT AND EXAMINATION | 490 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 490 | ||
| SNAKES | 495 | ||
| LIZARDS | 501 | ||
| TORTOISES, TURTLES, AND TERRAPINS | 504 | ||
| CROCODILIANS | 512 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLE COLLECTION | 513 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 519 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM | 521 | ||
| MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM | 523 | ||
| URINARY SYSTEM | 525 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 528 | ||
| NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SPECIAL SENSES | 529 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 531 | ||
| REFERENCES | 531 | ||
| Chapter 31. EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE | 533 | ||
| EMERGENCY DIAGNOSTICS | 533 | ||
| THERAPEUTICS FOR THE CRITICAL REPTILE PATIENT | 534 | ||
| FLUID THERAPY | 535 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS CUT-DOWN TECHNIQUES | 536 | ||
| ORAL GAVAGE | 539 | ||
| FLUID CHOICES | 539 | ||
| COMMON REPTILIAN \"EMERGENCIES | 546 | ||
| REFERENCES | 547 | ||
| Chapter 32. ENDOSCOPY | 549 | ||
| EVOLUTION OF THE TECHNIQUE | 549 | ||
| RIGID VERSUS FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPY | 550 | ||
| GETTING STARTED: THE TOOLS NEEDED | 551 | ||
| INSTRUMENT CARE AND STERILIZATION | 553 | ||
| ANESTHESIA | 554 | ||
| COELIOSCOPY | 554 | ||
| SPECIAL TECHNIQUES | 556 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 562 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 562 | ||
| PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF SMALL BIOPSIES | 562 | ||
| SUMMARY | 563 | ||
| REFERENCES | 563 | ||
| Chapter 33. EUTHANASIA | 564 | ||
| EUTHANASIA PROTOCOLS | 564 | ||
| TECHNIQUES AND METHODS | 565 | ||
| DISPOSITION OF CARCASS | 566 | ||
| REFERENCES | 568 | ||
| Chapter 34. OVERVIEW OF BIOPSY AND NECROPSY TECHNIQUES | 569 | ||
| SAMPLE PROCUREMENT | 569 | ||
| GROSS PHOTOGRAPHY | 579 | ||
| Chapter 35. SURGERY | 581 | ||
| SOFT TISSUE, ORTHOPEDICS, AND FRACTURE REPAIR | 581 | ||
| SOFT TISSUE SURGERY | 581 | ||
| WOUND HEALING | 581 | ||
| SUTURE MATERIALS | 581 | ||
| INSTRUMENTATION | 582 | ||
| PATIENT PREPARATION | 584 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 586 | ||
| CELIOTOMY | 586 | ||
| ORCHIDECTOMY | 595 | ||
| CYSTOTOMY | 597 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL PROCEDURES | 597 | ||
| CLOACAL PROLAPSE | 598 | ||
| TRACHEAL RESECTION | 599 | ||
| ORTHOPEDICS AND FRACTURE REPAIR | 599 | ||
| EXTERNAL COAPTATION | 601 | ||
| INTERNAL FIXATION | 604 | ||
| BONE GRAFTS AND ADVANCED FRACTURE TREATMENT | 605 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FIXATION | 606 | ||
| SKULL AND FACIAL BONE FRACTURES | 606 | ||
| JOINT SURGERY AND ARTHRODESIS | 607 | ||
| LIMB AMPUTATION | 609 | ||
| TAIL AMPUTATIONS | 610 | ||
| PHYSICAL THERAPY | 612 | ||
| VENEMOID SURGERY | 612 | ||
| SNAKES | 612 | ||
| GILA MONSTER VENEMOID SURGERY | 613 | ||
| BIOTELEMETRY IN REPTILES | 613 | ||
| TRANSMITTERS, POWER SOURCES, ANTENNAS, AND RECEIVERS | 614 | ||
| SURGICAL IMPLANTATION | 615 | ||
| SUMMARY | 617 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 617 | ||
| LASER AND RADIOSURGERY | 617 | ||
| LASER PHYSICS | 618 | ||
| CO2 LASER EQUIPMENT | 620 | ||
| DIODE LASER EQUIPMENT | 620 | ||
| RADIOSURGERY EQUIPMENT | 622 | ||
| TISSUE EFFECTS AND HEALING | 623 | ||
| LASER AND RADIOFREQUENCY SAFETY | 624 | ||
| LASERS IN HERPETOLOGIC SURGERY | 624 | ||
| RADIOFREQUENCY IN HERPETOLOGIC SURGERY | 626 | ||
| SUMMARY | 626 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 626 | ||
| REFERENCES | 628 | ||
| Chapter 36. THERAPEUTICS | 631 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF A THERAPEUTIC PLAN | 631 | ||
| REFERENCES | 660 | ||
| Chapter 37. ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 665 | ||
| ULTRASOUND EQUIPMENT | 665 | ||
| ANIMAL RESTRAINT | 666 | ||
| PATIENT POSITIONING | 666 | ||
| PATIENT EXAMINATION | 666 | ||
| REFERENCES | 674 | ||
| Section VI: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES BY SYMPTOMS | 675 | ||
| Chapter 38. SNAKES | 675 | ||
| SIGNS RELATING TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 675 | ||
| INTEGUMENTARY SIGNS | 677 | ||
| MUSCULOSKELETAL SIGNS | 678 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR SIGNS | 679 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SIGNS | 679 | ||
| NERVOUS SYSTEM SIGNS | 679 | ||
| EYES | 680 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE SIGNS | 681 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL CHANGES | 681 | ||
| LUMPS AND BUMPS | 681 | ||
| WEIGHT LOSS | 681 | ||
| SUGGESTED READING | 682 | ||
| Chapter 39. LIZARDS | 683 | ||
| MUSCULOSKELETAL SIGNS | 683 | ||
| INTEGUMENT | 684 | ||
| ORAL CAVITY | 686 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL SIGNS | 688 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE SIGNS | 689 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SIGNS | 690 | ||
| EYES | 691 | ||
| NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIORS | 691 | ||
| SYSTEMIC SIGNS | 692 | ||
| REFERENCES | 694 | ||
| Chapter 40. TURTLES, TORTOISES, AND TERRAPINS | 696 | ||
| CUTANEOUS SIGNS | 696 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL SIGNS | 699 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SIGNS | 701 | ||
| REPRODUCTIVE SIGNS | 702 | ||
| MUSCULOSKELETAL SIGNS | 703 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC SIGNS | 703 | ||
| OPHTHALMOLOGIC SIGNS | 703 | ||
| REFERENCES | 704 | ||
| Chapter 41. CROCODILIAN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 705 | ||
| CAPTIVE HUSBANDRY | 705 | ||
| STRESS AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION | 705 | ||
| NONSPECIFIC CLINICAL SIGNS: ANOREXIA, LETHARGY, AND DEATH | 706 | ||
| INTEGUMENTARY DISEASE | 706 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC DISEASE | 709 | ||
| MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE | 711 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE | 712 | ||
| REFERENCES | 713 | ||
| Section VII: SPECIFIC DISEASES AND CLINICAL CONDITIONS | 715 | ||
| Chapter 42. ABSCESSES | 715 | ||
| INCITING CAUSES | 715 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 716 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 716 | ||
| TREATMENT | 717 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP | 717 | ||
| Chapter 43. ACARIASIS | 720 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS AND PARASITE NATURAL HISTORY | 720 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 723 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 726 | ||
| TREATMENT | 727 | ||
| ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL AND IMPLICATIONS FOR OTHER SPECIES | 733 | ||
| PREVENTION | 735 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 735 | ||
| SUMMARY | 736 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 737 | ||
| REFERENCES | 737 | ||
| Chapter 44. ANOREXIA | 739 | ||
| ANOREXIA IS A SYMPTOM, A DISEASE | 739 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 740 | ||
| REFERENCES | 741 | ||
| Chapter 45. AURAL ABSCESSES | 742 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE REPTILE EAR | 742 | ||
| ETIOPATHOGENESIS | 742 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC PLAN | 744 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC PLAN | 744 | ||
| REFERENCES | 746 | ||
| Chapter 46. BITES FROM PREY | 747 | ||
| TREATMENT | 747 | ||
| REFERENCES | 750 | ||
| Chapter 47. CLOACAL PROLAPSE | 751 | ||
| ANATOMY | 751 | ||
| CLOACAL ORGAN PROLAPSE | 751 | ||
| REFERENCES | 755 | ||
| Chapter 48. CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS | 756 | ||
| LIFE CYCLE | 756 | ||
| TRANSMISSION | 756 | ||
| TRANSMISSION STUDIES AND ZOONOTIC IMPLICATIONS | 756 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 757 | ||
| GROSS PATHOLOGY | 757 | ||
| HISTOLOGY | 757 | ||
| DIAGNOSTICS | 758 | ||
| TREATMENT | 760 | ||
| CONTROL | 761 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 761 | ||
| REFERENCES | 761 | ||
| Chapter 49. CALCULI: URINARY | 763 | ||
| ETIOLOGY OF CALCULI FORMATION | 763 | ||
| EFFECTS OF URINARY CALCULI | 765 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS OF CALCULI | 765 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 765 | ||
| TREATMENT | 769 | ||
| SUMMARY | 770 | ||
| REFERENCES | 771 | ||
| Chapter 50. DIARRHEA | 772 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 773 | ||
| TREATMENT | 773 | ||
| SUMMARY | 773 | ||
| REFERENCES | 773 | ||
| Chapter 51. DIGIT ABNORMALITIES | 774 | ||
| HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 774 | ||
| MISSING TOES OR TOENAILS | 774 | ||
| SWOLLEN TOES OR JOINTS | 774 | ||
| FRACTURES | 775 | ||
| TWITCHING TOES | 776 | ||
| ABNORMAL SKIN | 776 | ||
| IATROGENIC | 776 | ||
| TREATMENT | 776 | ||
| SUMMARY | 777 | ||
| Chapter 52. DYSECDYSIS | 778 | ||
| THE SHEDDING COMPLEX | 778 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 779 | ||
| TREATMENT | 781 | ||
| DYSECDYSIS-RETAINED SPECTACLES | 783 | ||
| PREVENTION | 784 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 785 | ||
| PEARLS OF PRACTICE | 785 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 785 | ||
| REFERENCES | 785 | ||
| Chapter 53. DYSTOCIAS | 787 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 787 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 788 | ||
| TREATMENT | 789 | ||
| VIABILITY OF RETAINED EGGS OR FETUSES | 791 | ||
| FUTURE REPRODUCTION AND RECURRENCE | 792 | ||
| PREVENTION OF FUTURE REPRODUCTION | 792 | ||
| REFERENCES | 792 | ||
| Chapter 54. GOUT | 793 | ||
| CAUSES | 793 | ||
| TYPES | 795 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 796 | ||
| TREATMENT | 796 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 798 | ||
| REFERENCES | 799 | ||
| Chapter 55. HEMOPARASITES | 801 | ||
| HEMOGREGARINES (HAEMOGREGARINIDS) | 801 | ||
| PIROPLASMS | 802 | ||
| SCHELLACKIA | 802 | ||
| MALARIA-CAUSING PARASITES | 803 | ||
| TRYPANOSOMATIDS | 804 | ||
| PIRHEMOCYTON | 804 | ||
| MICROFILARIA | 804 | ||
| ARTIFACTS (PSEUDOPARASITES) | 805 | ||
| REFERENCES | 805 | ||
| Chapter 56. HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS | 806 | ||
| THE REPTILE LIVER | 806 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS | 806 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC FEATURES | 810 | ||
| TREATMENT | 811 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 812 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 812 | ||
| REFERENCES | 812 | ||
| Chapter 57. HERPESVIRUS IN TORTOISES | 814 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 814 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 814 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 816 | ||
| THERAPY, PREVENTION, AND MANAGEMENT | 818 | ||
| CONSERVATION | 819 | ||
| REFERENCES | 820 | ||
| Chapter 58. HYPERGLYCEMIA IN REPTILES | 822 | ||
| HYPERGLYCEMIA VERSUS DIABETES MELLITUS | 822 | ||
| ENDOCRINE PANCREAS | 822 | ||
| FACTORS THAT AFFECT BLOOD GLUCOSE IN REPTILES | 823 | ||
| APPROACH TO THE HYPERGLYCEMIC REPTILE PATIENT | 825 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA | 826 | ||
| SUMMARY | 829 | ||
| REFERENCES | 829 | ||
| Chapter 59. HYPOVITAMINOSIS A AND HYPERVITAMINOSIS A | 831 | ||
| HYPOVITAMINOSIS A | 831 | ||
| IATROGENIC HYPERVITAMINOSIS A | 833 | ||
| REFERENCES | 834 | ||
| Chapter 60. INCLUSION BODY DISEASE VIRUS | 836 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 836 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 837 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 838 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT | 839 | ||
| PREVENTION AND CONTROL | 839 | ||
| REFERENCES | 840 | ||
| Chapter 61. METABOLIC BONE DISEASES | 841 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM | 841 | ||
| METABOLIC BONE DISEASES OF NON-NUTRITIONAL ORIGIN | 847 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 850 | ||
| REFERENCES | 850 | ||
| Chapter 62. NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS | 852 | ||
| CHELONIANS | 852 | ||
| CROCODILIANS | 854 | ||
| LIZARDS | 854 | ||
| SNAKES | 855 | ||
| REFERENCES | 856 | ||
| Chapter 63. PARAMYXOVIRUS | 858 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 858 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 859 | ||
| PREVENTION AND CONTROL | 860 | ||
| REFERENCES | 861 | ||
| Chapter 64. PENILE PROLAPSE | 862 | ||
| REFERENCES | 864 | ||
| Chapter 65. PNEUMONIA AND LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE | 865 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC PLAN | 865 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 872 | ||
| NONINFECTIOUS CAUSES | 874 | ||
| TREATMENT | 875 | ||
| REFERENCES | 876 | ||
| Chapter 66. RENAL DISEASE IN REPTILES: DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT | 878 | ||
| RENAL PHYSIOLOGY | 878 | ||
| RENAL DISEASES | 879 | ||
| CLINICAL INVESTIGATION | 880 | ||
| URINE DIPSTICK EVALUATION | 882 | ||
| LEUKOCYTES AND NITRITE | 884 | ||
| URINE SEDIMENT EVALUATION | 884 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 889 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 890 | ||
| REFERENCES | 890 | ||
| Chapter 67. SHELL DAMAGE | 893 | ||
| ANATOMY | 893 | ||
| SUPERFICIAL SHELL ABSCESSES AND EROSIONS | 893 | ||
| DEEP SHELL ABSCESSES | 894 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC ENDPOINT | 896 | ||
| EXPOSED DERMAL BONE | 896 | ||
| SEPTICEMIC CUTANEOUS ULCERATIVE DISEASE | 896 | ||
| SHELL FRACTURES | 896 | ||
| TREATMENT | 897 | ||
| VACUUM-ASSISTED CLOSURE | 899 | ||
| CABLE TIE SHELL REPAIR | 899 | ||
| REFERENCES | 899 | ||
| Chapter 68. SALMONELLA: DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR REPTILES | 900 | ||
| SALMONELLA NOMENCLATURE | 900 | ||
| SALMONELLA DIAGNOSTIC METHODS | 900 | ||
| MICROBIOLOGIC ISOLATION METHODS | 900 | ||
| NONCULTURE DIAGNOSTIC METHODS | 901 | ||
| ESTIMATING TEST SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY FOR MICROBIOLOGIC CULTURE, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, AND POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY FOR REPTILES | 902 | ||
| INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS | 904 | ||
| REFERENCES | 904 | ||
| Chapter 69. SPINAL OSTEOPATHY | 906 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 906 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS | 909 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 910 | ||
| TREATMENT | 910 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 911 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 911 | ||
| REFERENCES | 911 | ||
| Chapter 70. TAIL DAMAGE | 913 | ||
| REFERENCES | 915 | ||
| Chapter 71. THERMAL BURNS | 916 | ||
| THERMODYNAMICS | 916 | ||
| HEAT AND TISSUE INJURY | 917 | ||
| TYPES OF BURNS | 918 | ||
| BURN TREATMENT | 919 | ||
| SUMMARY | 923 | ||
| Chapter 72. UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT DISEASE | 924 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE ORAL CAVITY, TEETH, AND BEAK | 924 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 929 | ||
| REFERENCES | 929 | ||
| Chapter 73. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE (MYCOPLASMOSIS) IN TORTOISES | 931 | ||
| TRANSMISSION | 931 | ||
| CLINICAL DISEASE | 932 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 933 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 933 | ||
| TREATMENT | 934 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 935 | ||
| REFERENCES | 936 | ||
| Chapter 74. VOMITING AND REGURGITATION | 939 | ||
| DIFFERENTIALS AND DIAGNOSIS | 939 | ||
| TREATMENT | 940 | ||
| REFERENCES | 940 | ||
| Section VIII: SPECIAL TOPICS | 941 | ||
| Chapter 75. OVERVIEW OF AMPHIBIAN MEDICINE | 941 | ||
| AMPHIBIAN DIVERSITY | 941 | ||
| VIVARIUM DESIGN | 942 | ||
| WATER QUALITY | 943 | ||
| AMPHIBIAN BODY PLAN | 944 | ||
| EXAMINATION AND RESTRAINT | 946 | ||
| CLINICAL TECHNIQUES | 949 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL DISEASES | 953 | ||
| INFECTIOUS DISEASES | 955 | ||
| PROTOZOAL DISEASES | 959 | ||
| TOXICITIES | 962 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS | 963 | ||
| SYNDROMES OF UNCERTAIN ETIOLOGY | 965 | ||
| NEOPLASTIC DISEASES | 966 | ||
| FORMULARY | 967 | ||
| SOURCES OF MATERIALS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT | 968 | ||
| REFERENCES | 968 | ||
| Chapter 76. MEDICAL CARE OF SEATURTLES | 972 | ||
| SPECIES IDENTIFICATION AND BIOLOGY | 972 | ||
| MEDICINE AND SURGERY | 977 | ||
| THERAPEUTICS | 996 | ||
| MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF COLD-STUNNED SEATURTLES | 1001 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1004 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1004 | ||
| Chapter 77. BIOLOGY, CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT, AND MEDICAL CARE OF TUATARA | 1008 | ||
| BIOLOGY | 1008 | ||
| CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT | 1008 | ||
| MEDICAL CARE | 1009 | ||
| DISEASES | 1010 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1012 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1012 | ||
| Chapter 78. LARGE COLLECTIONS: SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 1013 | ||
| ZOOLOGIC PARKS | 1013 | ||
| PRIVATE BREEDER COLLECTIONS | 1014 | ||
| PET SHOPS | 1015 | ||
| Chapter 79. REPTILE ZOONOSES AND THREATS TO PUBLIC HEALTH | 1017 | ||
| BACTERIAL ZOONOSES | 1018 | ||
| OTHER ENTERIC BACTERIA | 1022 | ||
| FUNGAL INFECTIONS | 1023 | ||
| VIRAL AGENTS | 1024 | ||
| PROTOZOA | 1024 | ||
| PENTASTOMIASIS (ARMILLIFERIASIS) | 1025 | ||
| HELMINTHS | 1026 | ||
| ARTHROPODA | 1026 | ||
| HAZARDS OF KEEPING VENOMOUS REPTILES | 1027 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1029 | ||
| Chapter 80. LAWS AND REGULATIONS: EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN | 1031 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1031 | ||
| THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES) | 1031 | ||
| EUROPEAN LEGISLATION REGARDING REPTILES | 1033 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1033 | ||
| REPTILES IN THE WILD | 1033 | ||
| REPTILES IN CAPTIVITY | 1040 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1044 | ||
| SUGGESTED READING | 1044 | ||
| UNITED STATES FEDERAL REGULATIONS | 1045 | ||
| NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE REGULATIONS | 1045 | ||
| DESIGNATED UNITED STATES PORTS OF ENTRY | 1045 | ||
| SPECIAL TURTLE REGULATIONS | 1045 | ||
| STATE LAWS | 1045 | ||
| THE LACEY ACT | 1049 | ||
| CASE EXAMPLES | 1049 | ||
| SUGGESTED READING | 1050 | ||
| Chapter 81. WORKING WITH VENOMOUS SPECIES: EMERGENCY PROTOCOLS | 1051 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY PROTOCOLS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF VENOMOUS ANIMAL BITES | 1051 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS | 1060 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1060 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1060 | ||
| SUGGESTED READING | 1061 | ||
| Chapter 82. UNDERSTANDING DIAGNOSTIC TESTING | 1062 | ||
| PATHOGEN ISOLATION | 1062 | ||
| POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION | 1063 | ||
| IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND DNA IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION | 1064 | ||
| SERUM NEUTRALIZATION | 1064 | ||
| ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY | 1065 | ||
| HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION | 1066 | ||
| AGAROSE GEL IMMUNODIFFUSION | 1066 | ||
| INDIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY | 1066 | ||
| T CELL PROLIFERATION ASSAYS | 1066 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1067 | ||
| Chapter 83. REPORTED TOXICITIES IN REPTILES | 1068 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1068 | ||
| IVERMECTIN | 1068 | ||
| ORGANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBAMATES | 1068 | ||
| VITAMIN A TOXICITY | 1069 | ||
| VITAMIN D TOXICITY | 1069 | ||
| ZINC TOXICOSIS | 1069 | ||
| CHLORHEXIDINE TOXICITY | 1070 | ||
| FIREFLY TOXICOSIS | 1070 | ||
| FENBENDAZOLE | 1070 | ||
| METRONIDAZOLE | 1071 | ||
| PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS | 1071 | ||
| BLEACH | 1072 | ||
| ANTIFUNGAL TOXICITY | 1072 | ||
| RODENTICIDES | 1072 | ||
| METALDEHYDE | 1073 | ||
| ANTIMICROBIAL TOXICITY | 1074 | ||
| VENOMOUS AND POISONOUS ANIMALS | 1074 | ||
| PLANT POISONINGS | 1076 | ||
| DIOCTYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE | 1078 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1079 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1079 | ||
| Chapter 84. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING | 1081 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1084 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1084 | ||
| Chapter 85. DISINFECTANTS FOR THE VIVARIUM | 1085 | ||
| Chapter 86. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ANATOMY OF REPTILES | 1088 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 1088 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 1088 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1093 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1094 | ||
| RECOMMENDED READING | 1096 | ||
| Chapter 87. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY | 1097 | ||
| Chapter 88. HEMATOLOGIC AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY VALUES IN REPTILES | 1103 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1118 | ||
| WEBSITE LISTINGS | 1118 | ||
| Chapter 89. REPTILE FORMULARY | 1119 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1135 | ||
| WEBSITE LISTINGS | 1139 | ||
| Chapter 90. AMPHIBIAN FORMULARY | 1140 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1146 | ||
| Appendixes | 1147 | ||
| APPENDIX A: REPTILE VIRAL DISEASES—SUMMARY TABLE | 1147 | ||
| APPENDIX B: REPTILE PARASITES—SUMMARY TABLE | 1159 | ||
| APPENDIX C: ENVIRONMENTAL, DIETARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF REPTILES | 1171 | ||
| APPENDIX D: SELECTED SOURCES OF REPTILIAN PRODUCTS | 1173 | ||
| APPENDIX E: UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AND ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES | 1174 | ||
| APPENDIX F: WEIGHTS AND MEASURES CONVERSIONS | 1176 | ||
| APPENDIX G: CELSIUS VERSUS FAHRENHEIT CONVERSIONS | 1177 | ||
| APPENDIX H: US-IU (BLOOD VALUES) CONVERSION | 1178 | ||
| APPENDIX I: PHARMACOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS | 1179 | ||
| GLOSSARY | 1181 | ||
| Index | 1189 |