BOOK
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice - E-Book
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The leading reference for the diagnosis and management of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances in small animals, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, 4th Edition provides cutting-edge, evidence-based guidelines to enhance your care of dogs and cats. Information is easy to find and easy to use, with comprehensive coverage including fluid and electrolyte physiology and pathophysiology and their clinical applications, as well as the newest advances in fluid therapy and a discussion of a new class of drugs called vaptans. Lead author Stephen DiBartola is a well-known speaker and the "go-to" expert in this field, and his team of contributors represents the most authoritative and respected clinicians and academicians in veterinary medicine.
- Over 30 expert contributors represent the "cream of the crop" in small animal medicine, ensuring that this edition provides the most authoritative and evidence-based guidelines.
- Scientific, evidence-based insights and advances integrate basic physiological principles into practice, covering patient evaluation, differential diagnosis, normal and abnormal clinical features and laboratory test results, approaches to therapy, technical aspects of therapy, patient monitoring, assessing risk, and prediction of outcomes for each disorder.
- Hundreds of tables, algorithms, and schematic drawings demonstrate the best approaches to diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the most important points in an easy-access format.
- Drug and dosage recommendations are included with treatment approaches in the Electrolyte Disorders section.
- Clear formulas in the Fluid Therapy section make it easier to determine the state of dehydration, fluid choice, and administration rate and volume in both healthy and diseased patients.
- Updated chapters cover the latest advances in fluid therapy in patient management, helping you understand and manage a wide range of potentially life-threatening metabolic disturbances.
- Expanded Disorders of Sodium and Water chapter includes information on a new class of drugs called vaptans, vasopressin receptor antagonists that may soon improve the ability to manage patients with chronic hyponatremia.
- Hundreds of new references cover the most up-to-date advances in fluid therapy, including renal failure and shock syndromes.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid- Base Disorders: in Small Animal Practice | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Dedication | ix | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| Section I: Applied Physiology | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Applied Physiology of Body Fluids in Dogs and Cats | 2 | ||
| Distribution of body fluids | 2 | ||
| Distribution of body solutes | 4 | ||
| Units of measure | 5 | ||
| Exchange of water between extracellular and intracellular fluid spaces | 10 | ||
| Exchange of water between plasma and interstitial spaces | 12 | ||
| Electroneutrality and the anion gap | 13 | ||
| The osmolal gap | 14 | ||
| Homeostasis: zero balance | 14 | ||
| Water losses | 15 | ||
| Water intake | 17 | ||
| Water requirements | 21 | ||
| Appendix | 23 | ||
| Section II: Electrolyte Disorders | 44 | ||
| Chapter 3: Disorders of Sodium and Water: Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia | 45 | ||
| Terminology | 45 | ||
| Normal physiology | 47 | ||
| Clinical approach to the patient with hypernatremia | 53 | ||
| Clinical signs of hypernatremia | 60 | ||
| Treatment of hypernatremia | 60 | ||
| Clinical approach to the patient with hyponatremia | 61 | ||
| Clinical signs of hyponatremia | 68 | ||
| Clinical approach to polyuria and polydipsia | 70 | ||
| Laboratory evaluation of polyuria and polydipsia | 70 | ||
| References | 75 | ||
| Chapter 4: Disorders of Chloride: Hyperchloremia and Hypochloremia | 80 | ||
| Chloride metabolism | 80 | ||
| Chloride and acid-base balance | 81 | ||
| Chloride in metabolic alkalosis | 82 | ||
| Role of chloride in adaptation to acid-base disturbances | 83 | ||
| Clinical approach to chloride disorders | 83 | ||
| Clinical disturbances | 84 | ||
| Conclusion | 88 | ||
| References | 88 | ||
| Chapter 5: Disorders of Potassium: Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia | 92 | ||
| The resting cell membrane potential | 92 | ||
| The threshold cell membrane potential | 93 | ||
| Potassium balance | 94 | ||
| Renal handling of potassium | 95 | ||
| Normal serum concentrations | 100 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 101 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 108 | ||
| References | 114 | ||
| Chapter 6: Disorders of Calcium: Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia | 120 | ||
| Normal physiology | 120 | ||
| Parathyroid hormone | 122 | ||
| Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a polyhormone | 127 | ||
| Vitamin D | 128 | ||
| Vitamin D metabolism | 128 | ||
| Calcitonin | 70 | ||
| Normal homeostatic response to hypocalcemia | 70 | ||
| Normal homeostatic response to hypercalcemia | 73 | ||
| Diagnostics | 74 | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 136 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 163 | ||
| Clinical follow-up and potential complications | 177 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| Chapter 2: Applied Renal Physiology | 26 | ||
| Concept of renal clearance | 26 | ||
| Glomerular filtration | 26 | ||
| Renal blood flow and renal plasma flow | 31 | ||
| Renal tubular function | 33 | ||
| The urinary concentrating mechanism | 37 | ||
| Endocrine functions of the kidneys | 40 | ||
| References | 42 | ||
| Chapter 7: Disorders of Phosphorus: Hypophosphatemia and Hyperphosphatemia | 195 | ||
| Physical chemistry | 195 | ||
| Body stores and distribution | 196 | ||
| Normal serum concentrations | 196 | ||
| Dietary intake | 196 | ||
| Intestinal absorption | 196 | ||
| Renal handling | 197 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 197 | ||
| Hyperphosphatemia | 201 | ||
| Appendix | 206 | ||
| References | 206 | ||
| Chapter 8: Disorders of Magnesium: Magnesium Deficit and Excess | 212 | ||
| Magnesium regulation and balance | 212 | ||
| Manifestations of magnesium deficiency | 216 | ||
| Pathogenesis of magnesium deficiency | 219 | ||
| Prevalence of magnesium deficiency | 219 | ||
| Diagnosis of magnesium deficit | 221 | ||
| Pharmacologic uses of magnesium | 222 | ||
| Hypermagnesemia | 224 | ||
| References | 224 | ||
| Section III: Acid-Base Disorders | 230 | ||
| Chapter 9: Introduction to Acid-Base Disorders | 231 | ||
| Concept of acidity | 231 | ||
| Concept of pH | 231 | ||
| Law of mass action | 232 | ||
| Concept of buffering | 232 | ||
| Isohydric principle | 234 | ||
| The bicarbonate-carbonic acid system: physical chemistry | 235 | ||
| Body buffers | 236 | ||
| Physiologic lines of defense in acid-base disturbances | 237 | ||
| Terminology | 237 | ||
| Primary acid-base disturbances | 238 | ||
| Simple and mixed acid-base disorders | 238 | ||
| Compensatory responses for primary acid-base disturbances | 239 | ||
| Measurement of blood gases | 239 | ||
| Anion gap | 243 | ||
| The Nontraditional approach to acid-base evaluation | 245 | ||
| The Concept of external hydrogen ion balance | 245 | ||
| Whole-body regulation of acid-base balance | 246 | ||
| Renal regulation of acid-base balance | 246 | ||
| Potassium and acid-base balance | 250 | ||
| References | 250 | ||
| Chapter 10: Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders | 253 | ||
| Metabolic acidosis | 253 | ||
| Metabolic alkalosis | 271 | ||
| References | 280 | ||
| Chapter 11: Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders | 287 | ||
| Control of alveolar ventilation | 287 | ||
| Gas diffusion and transport during respiration | 289 | ||
| The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient | 290 | ||
| Hypoxemia | 291 | ||
| Respiratory acidosis | 292 | ||
| Respiratory alkalosis | 296 | ||
| Dyspnea | 298 | ||
| Summary | 299 | ||
| References | 299 | ||
| Chapter 12: Mixed Acid-Base Disorders | 302 | ||
| Compensation | 302 | ||
| Clinical approach | 305 | ||
| Mixed acid-base disturbances | 309 | ||
| Treatment | 313 | ||
| References | 314 | ||
| Chapter 13: Strong Ion Approach to Acid-Base Disorders | 316 | ||
| Disorders of Pco2 | 318 | ||
| Disorders of [Atot] | 318 | ||
| Disorders of SID | 320 | ||
| Clinical approach | 324 | ||
| Conclusion | 327 | ||
| References | 328 | ||
| Section IV: Fluid Therapy | 330 | ||
| Chapter 14: Introduction to Fluid Therapy | 331 | ||
| Is the patient suffering from a shock syndrome that requires immediate fluid administration? | 331 | ||
| Is the patient dehydrated? | 332 | ||
| Can the patient consume an adequate volume of water to sustain normal fluid balance? | 336 | ||
| What type of fluid should be given? | 336 | ||
| By what route should fluids be given? | 342 | ||
| How rapidly may fluids be given? | 343 | ||
| How much fluid should be given? | 344 | ||
| Monitoring fluid therapy | 348 | ||
| When should fluid therapy be discontinued? | 349 | ||
| References | 349 | ||
| Chapter 15: Technical Aspects of Fluid Therapy | 351 | ||
| Routes of fluid administration | 351 | ||
| Intravenous catheters | 352 | ||
| Catheter composition | 354 | ||
| Vein selection | 354 | ||
| Catheter placement | 355 | ||
| Percutaneous catheterization | 357 | ||
| Vascular access procedures | 365 | ||
| Bandaging | 372 | ||
| Catheter maintenance | 373 | ||
| Complications of intravenous therapy | 375 | ||
| Fluid administration and monitoring | 378 | ||
| Central venous pressure monitoring | 379 | ||
| References | 382 | ||
| Chapter 16: Monitoring Fluid Therapy and Complications of Fluid Therapy | 386 | ||
| Monitoring | 387 | ||
| Perfusion | 392 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte disturbances | 393 | ||
| Complications | 393 | ||
| References | 402 | ||
| Chapter 17: Perioperative Management of Fluid Therapy | 405 | ||
| Preoperative preparation of the patient | 405 | ||
| Changes in vascular volume | 405 | ||
| Changes in content | 406 | ||
| Changes in distribution | 411 | ||
| Changes in function | 413 | ||
| Endocrine disease | 415 | ||
| Access to the circulation | 415 | ||
| Thermodynamic considerations | 416 | ||
| Effects of anesthesia | 416 | ||
| Monitoring fluid therapy | 417 | ||
| Monitoring changes in volume | 417 | ||
| Monitoring changes in composition | 419 | ||
| Monitoring changes in distribution | 419 | ||
| Monitoring changes in function | 420 | ||
| Intraoperative fluid management | 420 | ||
| Crystalloids | 420 | ||
| Colloids | 423 | ||
| Crystalloids versus colloids | 430 | ||
| Postoperative fluid management | 430 | ||
| References | 430 | ||
| Chapter 18: Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances in Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Disease | 436 | ||
| Normal physiology of the gastrointestinal tract | 436 | ||
| Pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract | 443 | ||
| Management of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract | 445 | ||
| References | 452 | ||
| Chapter 19: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disturbances in Liver Disease | 456 | ||
| Normal physiology of the hepatobiliary system | 456 | ||
| Pathophysiology of the hepatobiliary system | 462 | ||
| Clinical management of patients with liver disease | 479 | ||
| References | 493 | ||
| Chapter 20: Fluid Therapy in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 500 | ||
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 500 | ||
| Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state | 505 | ||
| Hypoadrenocorticism | 506 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 506 | ||
| Myxedema stupor and coma | 509 | ||
| Heatstroke | 510 | ||
| References | 511 | ||
| Chapter 21: Fluid and Diuretic Therapy in Heart Failure | 514 | ||
| The normal circulation | 514 | ||
| The circulation in heart failure | 516 | ||
| Renal function in heart failure | 520 | ||
| Cardiovascular drugs and renal function | 521 | ||
| Serum biochemical abnormalities in congestive heart failure | 526 | ||
| Therapy of heart failure | 528 | ||
| Therapy of fluid and electrolyte imbalances in congestive heart failure | 532 | ||
| References | 538 | ||
| Chapter 22: Managing Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders in Renal Failure | 544 | ||
| Fluid treatment | 544 | ||
| Electrolyte abnormalities | 550 | ||
| Conclusions | 554 | ||
| References | 554 | ||
| Chapter 23: Shock Syndromes | 557 | ||
| Definition of shock | 557 | ||
| Classification of shock syndromes | 557 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 559 | ||
| Clinical management | 564 | ||
| Monitoring | 570 | ||
| Additional therapies | 572 | ||
| Controversial therapies | 574 | ||
| References | 579 | ||
| Section V: Special Therapy | 584 | ||
| Chapter 24: Blood Transfusion and Blood Substitutes | 585 | ||
| Basics of blood components | 586 | ||
| Sources of blood and blood products for transfusion | 588 | ||
| Blood donor selection | 589 | ||
| Blood donor screening for infectious disease | 591 | ||
| Blood donor health maintenance | 591 | ||
| Equipment and supplies for collection of blood | 592 | ||
| Collection of blood | 593 | ||
| Pretransfusion compatibility testing | 593 | ||
| Administration of blood and plasma | 594 | ||
| Adverse effects of transfusion | 595 | ||
| Veterinary hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution (blood substitute) | 600 | ||
| References | 601 | ||
| Chapter 25: Parenteral Nutrition | 605 | ||
| Historical view of parenteral nutrition | 605 | ||
| Rationale for nutritional support in hospitalized animals | 607 | ||
| Patient selection | 607 | ||
| Nutritional assessment | 608 | ||
| Route of nutritional support | 610 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 610 | ||
| References | 621 | ||
| Chapter 26: Enteral Nutrition | 623 | ||
| Nutritional assessment | 623 | ||
| Evidence for early enteral nutrition | 623 | ||
| Nutrient needs | 626 | ||
| Appetite stimulation | 627 | ||
| Syringe feeding | 628 | ||
| Orogastric feeding tubes for neonatal nutrition | 628 | ||
| Nasoenteric feeding tubes | 629 | ||
| Esophagostomy feeding tubes | 632 | ||
| Surgical gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube via gastrostomy tube | 634 | ||
| Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) | 635 | ||
| Percutaneous nonendoscopic gastrostomy | 635 | ||
| Nasojejunal feeding tubes | 636 | ||
| Diets | 638 | ||
| Rate and volume of feeding | 640 | ||
| Enteral nutrition delivery methods | 640 | ||
| Complications of enteral feeding | 643 | ||
| Conclusions | 644 | ||
| References | 644 | ||
| Chapter 27: Fluid Therapy with Macromolecular Plasma Volume Expanders | 647 | ||
| The microvascular barrier | 647 | ||
| Transvascular fluid dynamics | 648 | ||
| Normal starling forces and the tissue safety factors | 649 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of macromolecular plasma volume expanders | 651 | ||
| Colloid therapy in pulmonary disease | 655 | ||
| Treatment complications and adverse effects | 657 | ||
| Laboratory tests and interpretation, clinical evaluation, and monitoring | 658 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 659 | ||
| References | 659 | ||
| Chapter 28: Peritoneal Dialysis | 665 | ||
| Biology of the peritoneal membrane | 665 | ||
| Fluid and solute transport | 666 | ||
| Indications for peritoneal dialysis | 667 | ||
| Contraindications to peritoneal dialysis | 668 | ||
| Protocol for peritoneal dialysis | 669 | ||
| Complications | 676 | ||
| Conclusion | 677 | ||
| References | 678 | ||
| Chapter 29: Hemodialysis and Extracorporeal Blood Purification | 680 | ||
| Physical principles of hemodialysis | 680 | ||
| Uremia Toxins, The Role of Urea, and adequacy of hemodialysis | 682 | ||
| Use of hemodialysis to correct uremia | 688 | ||
| Complications of hemodialysis | 707 | ||
| Future of veterinary hemodialysis | 709 | ||
| References | 709 | ||
| Index | 715 |