Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Providing essential coverage of dental radiography principles and complete technical instruction, Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 4th Edition, is your key to the safe, effective use of radiation in the dental office. The first ever full-color dental radiography resource, this combination of a textbook and a training manual guides you step-by-step through common procedures, with accompanying illustrations, case studies, and interactive exercises to help you apply what you've learned to practice.
- A concise, straightforward writing style makes complex concepts more accessible and helps you easily identify the most important information.
- Step-by-step procedures combine clear instructions with anatomical drawings, positioning photos, and corresponding radiographs to help you confidently and accurately perform specific techniques, thus minimizing radiation exposure to the patient.
- Helpful Hints detail common problems you may encounter in practice and provide a checklist to guide you through the do's and don'ts of imaging procedures.
- Quiz Questions at the end of each chapter assess your understanding of important content.
- Key terms, learning objectives, and chapter summaries highlight essential information to help you study more efficiently.
- Interactive exercises, terminology games, and case studies modeled on the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (NBDHE) on Evolve reinforce your understanding and help you prepare for examinations.
- New chapter on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) familiarizes you with emerging practices in dental radiography.
- Updated chapter discussions and new radiographs keep you up to date on the latest information in digital imaging.
- UNIQUE! Full-color design and new illustrations and photographs clarify difficult concepts and help you master proper positioning techniques.
- UNIQUE! A comprehensive appendix provides quick, easy access to all mathematical formulas used in dental radiography.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Evolve page | ifc1 | ||
| Dental Radiography, 4/e | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| About This Edition | vii | ||
| New to This Edition | vii | ||
| About EVOLVE | vii | ||
| For the Student | vii | ||
| For the Instructor | viii | ||
| From the Authors | viii | ||
| Acknowledgements | ix | ||
| Table of Contents | xi | ||
| I Radiation Basics | 1 | ||
| 1 Radiation History | 2 | ||
| Outline | 2 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 2 | ||
| Key terms | 2 | ||
| Dentistry and X-Radiation | 2 | ||
| Basic Terminology | 2 | ||
| Importance of Dental Radiographs | 3 | ||
| Discovery of X-Radiation | 3 | ||
| Roentgen and the Discovery of X-rays | 3 | ||
| Earlier Experimentation | 4 | ||
| Pioneers in Dental X-Radiation | 4 | ||
| History of Dental X-Ray Equipment | 5 | ||
| History of Dental X-Ray Film | 5 | ||
| History of Dental Radiographic Techniques | 6 | ||
| Summary | 6 | ||
| Bibliography | 6 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 7 | ||
| Matching | 7 | ||
| Essay | 7 | ||
| 2 Radiation Physics | 8 | ||
| Outline | 8 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 8 | ||
| Key Terms | 8 | ||
| Fundamental Concepts | 9 | ||
| Atomic and Molecular Structure | 9 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 9 | ||
| Nucleus. | 9 | ||
| Electrons. | 9 | ||
| Molecular Structure | 11 | ||
| Ionization, Radiation, and Radioactivity | 11 | ||
| Ionization | 11 | ||
| Radiation and Radioactivity | 12 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation | 12 | ||
| Particulate Radiation | 12 | ||
| Electromagnetic Radiation | 12 | ||
| Particle Concept. | 12 | ||
| Wave Concept. | 12 | ||
| X-Radiation | 13 | ||
| X-Ray Machine | 14 | ||
| Component Parts | 14 | ||
| Control Panel | 14 | ||
| Extension Arm | 14 | ||
| Tubehead | 14 | ||
| X-Ray Tube | 15 | ||
| Leaded-Glass Housing | 16 | ||
| Cathode | 16 | ||
| Anode | 16 | ||
| X-Ray Generating Apparatus | 16 | ||
| Electricity and Electrical Currents | 16 | ||
| Circuits | 17 | ||
| Transformers | 17 | ||
| Production of X-Radiation | 17 | ||
| Production of Dental X-Rays | 17 | ||
| Types of X-Rays Produced | 18 | ||
| General Radiation | 18 | ||
| Characteristic Radiation | 19 | ||
| Definitions of X-Radiation | 19 | ||
| Interactions of X-Radiation | 19 | ||
| No Interaction | 20 | ||
| Absorption of Energy and Photoelectric Effect | 20 | ||
| Compton Scatter | 20 | ||
| Coherent Scatter | 20 | ||
| Summary | 20 | ||
| Bibliography | 21 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 21 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 21 | ||
| Identification | 22 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 22 | ||
| Identification | 24 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 24 | ||
| 3 Radiation Characteristics | 26 | ||
| Outline | 26 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 26 | ||
| Key Terms | 26 | ||
| X-Ray Beam Quality | 27 | ||
| Voltage and Kilovoltage | 27 | ||
| Kilovoltage Peak | 27 | ||
| Density and Kilovoltage Peak | 27 | ||
| Contrast and Kilovoltage Peak | 28 | ||
| Exposure Time and Kilovoltage Peak | 29 | ||
| X-Ray Beam Quantity | 29 | ||
| Amperage and Milliamperage | 29 | ||
| Milliampere-Seconds | 29 | ||
| Density and Milliamperage | 30 | ||
| Exposure Time and Milliamperage | 30 | ||
| X-Ray Beam Intensity | 30 | ||
| Kilovoltage Peak | 30 | ||
| Milliamperage | 30 | ||
| Exposure Time | 30 | ||
| Distance | 30 | ||
| Inverse Square Law | 31 | ||
| Half-Value Layer | 32 | ||
| Summary | 32 | ||
| Bibliography | 32 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 32 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 32 | ||
| 4 Radiation Biology | 34 | ||
| Outline | 34 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 34 | ||
| Key Terms | 34 | ||
| Radiation Injury | 35 | ||
| Mechanisms of Injury | 35 | ||
| Ionization | 35 | ||
| Free Radical Formation | 35 | ||
| Theories of Radiation Injury | 35 | ||
| Direct Theory | 36 | ||
| Indirect Theory | 36 | ||
| Dose–Response Curve | 36 | ||
| Stochastic and Nonstochastic Radiation Effects | 36 | ||
| Sequence of Radiation Injury | 37 | ||
| Determining Factors for Radiation Injury | 37 | ||
| Radiation Effects | 37 | ||
| Short-Term and Long-Term Effects | 37 | ||
| Somatic and Genetic Effects | 37 | ||
| Radiation Effects on Cells | 38 | ||
| Radiation Effects on Tissues and Organs | 38 | ||
| Radiation Measurements | 39 | ||
| Units of Measurement | 39 | ||
| Exposure Measurement | 39 | ||
| Dose Measurement | 40 | ||
| Dose Equivalent Measurement | 40 | ||
| Measurements Used in Dental Radiography | 40 | ||
| Radiation Risks | 40 | ||
| Sources of Radiation Exposure | 40 | ||
| Risk and Risk Estimates | 41 | ||
| Dental Radiation and Exposure Risks | 41 | ||
| Risk Elements | 41 | ||
| Thyroid Gland. | 41 | ||
| Bone Marrow. | 41 | ||
| Skin. | 41 | ||
| Eyes. | 41 | ||
| Patient Exposure and Dose | 41 | ||
| Risk Versus Benefit of Dental Radiographs | 42 | ||
| Summary | 42 | ||
| Bibliography | 42 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 43 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 43 | ||
| 5 Radiation Protection | 45 | ||
| Outline | 45 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 45 | ||
| Key Terms | 45 | ||
| Patient Protection | 46 | ||
| Before Exposure | 46 | ||
| Prescribing Dental Radiographs | 46 | ||
| Proper Equipment | 46 | ||
| Filtration. | 46 | ||
| Inherent Filtration. | 46 | ||
| Added Filtration. | 46 | ||
| Total Filtration. | 46 | ||
| Collimation. | 46 | ||
| Position-Indicating Device. | 48 | ||
| During Exposure | 48 | ||
| Thyroid Collar | 48 | ||
| Lead Apron | 50 | ||
| Fast Film | 50 | ||
| Beam Alignment Devices | 50 | ||
| Exposure Factor Selection | 51 | ||
| Proper Technique | 51 | ||
| After Exposure | 51 | ||
| Proper Film/Sensor Handling | 51 | ||
| Proper Film Processing/Image Retrieval | 51 | ||
| Operator Protection | 51 | ||
| Protection Guidelines | 51 | ||
| Distance Recommendations | 51 | ||
| Position Recommendations | 51 | ||
| Shielding Recommendations | 52 | ||
| Radiation Monitoring | 52 | ||
| Equipment Monitoring | 52 | ||
| Personnel Monitoring | 52 | ||
| Radiation Exposure Guidelines | 52 | ||
| Radiation Safety Legislation | 52 | ||
| Maximum Permissible Dose | 53 | ||
| Maximum Accumulated Dose | 53 | ||
| ALARA Concept | 53 | ||
| Radiation Protection and Patient Education | 53 | ||
| Summary | 53 | ||
| Bibliography | 54 | ||
| Useful Websites | 54 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 54 | ||
| True or False | 54 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 54 | ||
| Fill in the Blank | 55 | ||
| II Equipment, Film, and Processing Basics | 56 | ||
| 6 Dental X-Ray Equipment | 57 | ||
| Outline | 57 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 57 | ||
| Key Terms | 57 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Machines | 57 | ||
| Performance Standards | 57 | ||
| Types of Machines | 58 | ||
| Component Parts | 58 | ||
| Tubehead | 58 | ||
| Extension Arm | 58 | ||
| Control Panel | 58 | ||
| On-Off Switch. | 59 | ||
| Exposure Button. | 59 | ||
| Control Devices. | 59 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Film Holders and Beam Alignment Devices | 59 | ||
| Types of Film Holders | 59 | ||
| Types of Beam Alignment Devices | 60 | ||
| Summary | 61 | ||
| Bibliography | 61 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 61 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 61 | ||
| 7 Dental X-Ray Film | 63 | ||
| Outline | 63 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 63 | ||
| Key Terms | 63 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Film Composition and Latent Image | 64 | ||
| Film Composition | 64 | ||
| Film Base | 64 | ||
| Adhesive Layer | 64 | ||
| Film Emulsion | 64 | ||
| Gelatin. | 64 | ||
| Halide Crystals. | 64 | ||
| Protective Layer | 64 | ||
| Latent Image Formation | 64 | ||
| Types of Dental X-Ray Film | 65 | ||
| Intraoral Film | 65 | ||
| Intraoral Film Packaging | 65 | ||
| X-Ray Film. | 65 | ||
| Paper Film Wrapper. | 66 | ||
| Lead Foil Sheet. | 66 | ||
| Outer Package Wrapping. | 66 | ||
| Tube Side. | 67 | ||
| Label Side. | 67 | ||
| Intraoral Film Types | 67 | ||
| Periapical Film. | 67 | ||
| Bite-Wing Film. | 67 | ||
| III Dental Radiographer Basics | 120 | ||
| 11 Dental Radiographs and the Dental Radiographer | 121 | ||
| Outline | 121 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 121 | ||
| Key Terms | 121 | ||
| Dental Radiographs | 121 | ||
| Importance of Dental Radiographs | 121 | ||
| Uses of Dental Radiographs | 122 | ||
| Benefits of Dental Radiographs | 122 | ||
| Information Found on Dental Radiographs | 122 | ||
| The Dental Radiographer | 122 | ||
| Knowledge and Skill Requirements | 122 | ||
| Duties and Responsibilities | 122 | ||
| Professional Goals | 123 | ||
| Patient Protection | 123 | ||
| Operator Protection | 123 | ||
| Patient Education | 123 | ||
| Operator Competence | 123 | ||
| Operator Efficiency | 123 | ||
| Production of Quality Radiographs | 123 | ||
| Quality Care | 123 | ||
| Summary | 123 | ||
| Bibliography | 124 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 124 | ||
| True or False | 124 | ||
| 12 Patient Relations and the Dental Radiographer | 125 | ||
| Outline | 125 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 125 | ||
| Key Terms | 125 | ||
| Interpersonal Skills | 125 | ||
| Communication Skills | 125 | ||
| Verbal Communication Skills | 125 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication Skills | 126 | ||
| Listening Skills | 126 | ||
| Facilitation Skills | 126 | ||
| Patient Relations | 127 | ||
| First Impressions and Patient Relations | 127 | ||
| Chairside Manner and Patient Relations | 127 | ||
| Attitude and Patient Relations | 128 | ||
| Summary | 128 | ||
| Bibliography | 128 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 128 | ||
| True or False | 128 | ||
| 13 Patient Education and the Dental Radiographer | 130 | ||
| Outline | 130 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 130 | ||
| Importance of Patient Education | 130 | ||
| Methods of Patient Education | 131 | ||
| Common Questions and Answers | 131 | ||
| Necessity Questions | 131 | ||
| Exposure Questions | 132 | ||
| Safety Questions | 133 | ||
| Digital Imaging Questions | 133 | ||
| Miscellaneous Questions | 133 | ||
| Summary | 133 | ||
| Bibliography | 133 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 134 | ||
| Essay | 134 | ||
| Short Answer | 134 | ||
| 14 Legal Issues and the Dental Radiographer | 135 | ||
| Outline | 135 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 135 | ||
| Key Terms | 135 | ||
| Legal Issues and Dental Radiography | 135 | ||
| Federal and State Regulations | 135 | ||
| Licensure Requirements | 136 | ||
| Legal Issues and the Dental Patient | 136 | ||
| Risk Management | 136 | ||
| Informed Consent | 136 | ||
| Liability | 137 | ||
| Malpractice Issues | 137 | ||
| Patient Records | 137 | ||
| Documentation | 137 | ||
| Confidentiality | 137 | ||
| Ownership and Retention of Dental Radiographs | 137 | ||
| Patients Who Refuse Dental Radiographs | 138 | ||
| Summary | 138 | ||
| Bibliography | 138 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 138 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 138 | ||
| 15 Infection Control and the Dental Radiographer | 140 | ||
| Outline | 140 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 140 | ||
| Key Terms | 140 | ||
| Infection Control Basics | 141 | ||
| Rationale for Infection Control | 141 | ||
| Infection Control Terminology | 141 | ||
| Guidelines for Infection Control Practices | 141 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 142 | ||
| Protective Clothing | 142 | ||
| Gloves | 142 | ||
| Masks and Protective Eyewear | 142 | ||
| Hand Hygiene and Care of Hands | 142 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 142 | ||
| Care of Hands | 142 | ||
| Sterilization and Disinfection of Instruments | 142 | ||
| Cleaning and Disinfection of Dental Unit and Environmental Surfaces | 143 | ||
| Infection Control in Dental Radiography | 143 | ||
| Infection Control Procedures Used Before Exposure | 143 | ||
| Preparation of Treatment Area | 143 | ||
| X-Ray Machine. | 143 | ||
| Dental Chair. | 143 | ||
| Work Area. | 143 | ||
| Lead Apron. | 143 | ||
| Preparation of Supplies and Equipment | 143 | ||
| Film. | 143 | ||
| Digital Sensors. | 145 | ||
| Beam Alignment Devices. | 145 | ||
| Miscellaneous Items. | 145 | ||
| Preparation of the Patient | 145 | ||
| Chair Adjustment. | 145 | ||
| Headrest Adjustment. | 145 | ||
| Lead Apron. | 145 | ||
| Miscellaneous Objects. | 145 | ||
| Preparation of the Dental Radiographer | 145 | ||
| IV Technique Basics | 151 | ||
| 16 Introduction to Radiographic Examinations | 152 | ||
| Outline | 152 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 152 | ||
| Key Terms | 152 | ||
| Intraoral Radiographic Examination | 152 | ||
| Types of Intraoral Radiographic Examinations | 152 | ||
| Periapical Examination | 153 | ||
| V Digital Imaging Basics | 300 | ||
| 25 Digital Imaging | 301 | ||
| Outline | 301 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 301 | ||
| Key Terms | 301 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 302 | ||
| Terminology | 302 | ||
| Purpose and Use | 302 | ||
| Fundamentals | 302 | ||
| Radiation Exposure | 303 | ||
| Equipment | 303 | ||
| X-Radiation Source | 303 | ||
| Intraoral Sensor | 304 | ||
| Charge-Coupled Device. | 304 | ||
| Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor/Active Pixel Sensor. | 304 | ||
| Computer | 305 | ||
| Types of Digital Imaging | 305 | ||
| Direct Digital Imaging | 306 | ||
| Indirect Digital Imaging | 306 | ||
| Scanning Traditional Radiographs | 306 | ||
| Storage Phosphor Imaging | 306 | ||
| Step-By-Step Procedures | 307 | ||
| Sensor Preparation | 307 | ||
| Sensor Placement | 307 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 307 | ||
| Advantages of Digital Imaging | 307 | ||
| Disadvantages of Digital Imaging | 309 | ||
| Summary | 310 | ||
| Bibliography | 310 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 311 | ||
| Matching | 311 | ||
| True or False | 311 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 311 | ||
| 26 Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging | 312 | ||
| Outline | 312 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 312 | ||
| Key Terms | 312 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 312 | ||
| Terminology | 313 | ||
| Fundamentals | 313 | ||
| Equipment | 314 | ||
| Cbct Machine | 315 | ||
| Computer | 315 | ||
| Viewing Software | 315 | ||
| Common Uses | 317 | ||
| Step-by-Step Procedures | 319 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 319 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 319 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 319 | ||
| Advantages of Three-Dimensional Imaging | 319 | ||
| Disadvantages of Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging | 321 | ||
| Summary | 322 | ||
| Bibliography | 322 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 322 | ||
| Matching | 322 | ||
| True or False | 322 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 323 | ||
| Short Answers | 323 | ||
| VI Normal Anatomy and Film Mounting Basics | 324 | ||
| 27 Normal Anatomy: Intraoral Images | 325 | ||
| Outline | 325 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 325 | ||
| Key Terms | 325 | ||
| Definitions of General Terms | 326 | ||
| Types of Bone | 326 | ||
| Cortical Bone | 326 | ||
| Cancellous Bone | 326 | ||
| Prominences of Bone | 326 | ||
| Spaces and Depressions in Bone | 328 | ||
| Miscellaneous Terms | 328 | ||
| Normal Anatomic Landmarks | 328 | ||
| Bony Landmarks of the Maxilla | 328 | ||
| Incisive Foramen | 329 | ||
| VII Image Interpretation Basics | 368 | ||
| 30 Introduction to Image Interpretation | 369 | ||
| Outline | 369 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 369 | ||
| Key Terms | 369 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 369 | ||
| Interpretation Terminology | 369 | ||
| Importance of Interpretation | 369 | ||
| Guidelines | 370 | ||
| Who Interprets Images? | 370 | ||
| Interpretation versus Diagnosis | 370 | ||
| When and Where Are Images Interpreted? | 370 | ||
| Interpretation and Patient Education | 370 | ||
| Summary | 370 | ||
| Bibliography | 371 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 371 | ||
| Short Answer | 371 | ||
| True or False | 371 | ||
| 31 Descriptive Terminology | 372 | ||
| Outline | 372 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 372 | ||
| Key Terms | 372 | ||
| Definition and Uses | 372 | ||
| What Is Descriptive Terminology? | 372 | ||
| Why Use Descriptive Terminology? | 373 | ||
| Descriptive Terminology versus Diagnosis | 373 | ||
| Review of Basic Terms | 373 | ||
| Radiograph/Dental Image versus X-ray | 373 | ||
| Radiolucent versus Radiopaque | 373 | ||
| Terms Used to Describe Radiolucent Lesions | 374 | ||
| Appearance | 374 | ||
| Unilocular Radiolucent Lesions. | 374 | ||
| Unilocular Lesion—Corticated Borders. | 374 | ||
| Unilocular Lesion—Noncorticated Borders. | 374 | ||
| Multilocular Radiolucent Lesions. | 374 | ||
| Location | 375 | ||
| Periapical Location. | 375 | ||
| Inter-Radicular Location. | 376 | ||
| Edentulous Zone. | 376 | ||
| Pericoronal Location. | 377 | ||
| Alveolar Bone Loss. | 377 | ||
| Size | 377 | ||
| Terms Used to Describe Radiopaque Lesions | 377 | ||
| Appearance | 377 | ||
| Focal Opacity. | 377 | ||
| Target Lesion. | 378 | ||
| Multifocal Confluent Pattern. | 378 | ||
| Irregular/Ill-Defined Opacity. | 378 | ||
| Ground-Glass Opacity. | 379 | ||
| Mixed Lucent–Opaque Lesion. | 379 | ||
| Soft Tissue Opacity. | 379 | ||
| Location | 379 | ||
| Periapical Location. | 380 | ||
| Inter-Radicular Location. | 380 | ||
| Edentulous Zone. | 380 | ||
| Pericoronal Location. | 380 | ||
| Size | 381 | ||
| Summary | 381 | ||
| Bibliography | 381 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 381 | ||
| Short Answer | 381 | ||
| Matching | 381 | ||
| 32 Identification of Restorations, Dental Materials, and Foreign Objects | 383 | ||
| Outline | 383 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 383 | ||
| Key Terms | 383 | ||
| Identification of Restorations | 384 | ||
| Amalgam Restorations | 384 | ||
| One-Surface Amalgam Restorations | 384 | ||
| Amalgam Overhangs | 384 | ||
| Amalgam Fragments | 385 | ||
| Gold Restorations | 385 | ||
| Gold Crowns and Bridges | 386 | ||
| Gold Foil Restorations | 386 | ||
| Stainless Steel and Chrome Crowns | 386 | ||
| Post and Core Restorations | 387 | ||
| Porcelain Restorations | 388 | ||
| All-Porcelain Crowns | 388 | ||
| Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Crown | 389 | ||
| Composite Restorations | 389 | ||
| Acrylic Restorations | 390 | ||
| Identification of Materials used in Dentistry | 390 | ||
| Materials Used in Restorative Dentistry | 390 | ||
| Base Materials | 390 | ||
| Metallic Pins | 391 | ||
| Materials Used in Endodontics | 391 | ||
| Gutta Percha | 391 | ||
| Silver Points | 391 | ||
| Materials Used in Prosthodontics | 391 | ||
| Complete Dentures | 391 | ||
| Removable Partial Dentures | 392 | ||
| Materials Used in Orthodontics | 393 | ||
| Materials Used in Oral Surgery | 393 | ||
| Identification of Miscellaneous Objects | 393 | ||
| Jewelry | 395 | ||
| Eyeglasses and Napkin Chain | 397 | ||
| Summary | 397 | ||
| Bibliography | 398 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 399 | ||
| Identification | 399 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 400 | ||
| Short Answer | 401 | ||
| 33 Interpretation of Dental Caries | 402 | ||
| Outline | 402 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 402 | ||
| Key Terms | 402 | ||
| Description of Caries | 403 | ||
| Detection of Caries | 403 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 403 | ||
| Dental Image Examination | 403 | ||
| Interpretation of Caries on Dental Images | 403 | ||
| Interpretation Tips | 404 | ||
| Factors Influencing Caries Interpretation | 404 | ||
| Classification of Caries on Dental Images | 404 | ||
| Interproximal Caries | 404 | ||
| Incipient Interproximal Caries | 405 | ||
| Moderate Interproximal Caries | 405 | ||
| Advanced Interproximal Caries | 405 | ||
| Severe Interproximal Caries | 406 | ||
| Occlusal Caries | 406 | ||
| Incipient Occlusal Caries | 406 | ||
| Moderate Occlusal Caries | 406 | ||
| Severe Occlusal Caries | 406 | ||
| Buccal and Lingual Caries | 407 | ||
| Root Surface Caries | 407 | ||
| Recurrent Caries | 408 | ||
| Rampant Caries | 408 | ||
| Summary | 408 | ||
| Bibliography | 409 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 409 | ||
| Identification | 409 | ||
| Matching | 409 | ||
| Short Answer | 411 | ||
| 34 Interpretation of Periodontal Disease | 412 | ||
| Outline | 412 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 412 | ||
| Key Terms | 412 | ||
| Description of the Periodontium | 412 | ||
| Description of Periodontal Disease | 413 | ||
| Detection of Periodontal Disease | 414 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 414 | ||
| Dental Image Examination | 414 | ||
| Interpretation of Periodontal Disease on Dental Images | 415 | ||
| Bone Loss | 415 | ||
| Pattern | 415 | ||
| Distribution | 415 | ||
| Severity | 415 | ||
| Classification of Periodontal Disease | 416 | ||
| ADA Case Type I | 416 | ||
| ADA Case Type II | 417 | ||
| ADA Case Type III | 417 | ||
| ADA Case Type IV | 419 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 419 | ||
| Calculus | 419 | ||
| Defective Restorations | 419 | ||
| Summary | 419 | ||
| Bibliography | 424 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 424 | ||
| Identification | 424 | ||
| Matching | 424 | ||
| Fill in the Blank | 424 | ||
| 35 Interpretation of Trauma, and Pulpal and Periapical Lesions | 426 | ||
| Outline | 426 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 426 | ||
| Key Terms | 426 | ||
| Trauma Viewed on Dental Images | 426 | ||
| Fractures | 427 | ||
| Crown Fractures | 427 | ||
| Root Fractures | 427 | ||
| Jaw Fractures | 427 | ||
| Injuries | 427 | ||
| Luxation | 428 | ||
| Avulsion | 428 | ||
| Resorption Viewed on Dental Images | 428 | ||
| External Resorption | 429 | ||
| Internal Resorption | 429 | ||
| Pulpal Lesions Viewed on Dental Images | 429 | ||
| Pulpal Sclerosis | 429 | ||
| Pulpal Obliteration | 430 | ||
| Pulp Stones | 430 | ||
| Periapical Lesions Viewed on Dental Images | 430 | ||
| Periapical Radiolucencies | 431 | ||
| Periapical Granuloma | 431 | ||
| Periapical Cyst | 432 | ||
| Periapical Abscess | 432 | ||
| Periapical Radiopacities | 433 | ||
| Condensing Osteitis | 433 | ||
| Sclerotic Bone | 433 | ||
| Hypercementosis | 433 | ||
| Summary | 434 | ||
| Bibliography | 434 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 435 | ||
| Matching | 435 | ||
| Identification | 435 | ||
| Glossary | 437 | ||
| Index | 453 | ||
| A | 453 | ||
| B | 454 | ||
| C | 454 | ||
| D | 455 | ||
| E | 456 | ||
| F | 457 | ||
| G | 458 | ||
| H | 458 | ||
| I | 459 | ||
| J | 460 | ||
| K | 460 | ||
| L | 460 | ||
| M | 460 | ||
| N | 461 | ||
| O | 461 | ||
| P | 462 | ||
| Q | 463 | ||
| R | 463 | ||
| S | 464 | ||
| T | 465 | ||
| U | 466 | ||
| V | 466 | ||
| W | 466 | ||
| X | 466 | ||
| Y | 466 | ||
| Z | 466 |