Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Quick and convenient, this resource provides a clinical overview of a wide variety of diseases and disorders that affect the cardiovascular system and lungs and the physical therapy management of patients with them. It integrates key concepts of pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and laboratory information and findings with clinically important medical and surgical interventions and pharmacologic therapies — then applies the material to physical therapy evaluation and treatment. This edition adds an introductory chapter on the oxygen transport pathway, the effects of dysfunction along the pathway, and the implications for physical therapy.
- Offers a complete overview including basic cardiopulmonary anatomy and physiology, the pathophysiology of commonly encountered cardiac and pulmonary disorders, diagnostic tests and procedures, therapeutic interventions, pharmacology, physical therapy evaluation and treatment, and clinical laboratory values and profiles.
- Uses a bulleted format to make finding information quick and easy.
- Lists the latest drugs used for the treatment of cardiopulmonary disorders.
- Includes information on laboratory medicine and pediatrics to help you apply cardiopulmonary principles to practice.
- Follows the oxygen transport pathway — the delivery, uptake and, extrication of oxygen as it actually functions in a clinical setting — providing a logical framework for understanding cardiopulmonary concepts.
- Explains the implications of defects in the pathway — essential considerations for clinical practice.
- Includes a comprehensive listing of common cardiopulmonary diseases, as well as a number of other diseases that are associated with cardiopulmonary dysfunction.
- Provides new and updated illustrations that depict common pathologies such as the pathophysiology of left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction, volume versus pressure overload, and dilated versus hypertrophies versus restrictive cardiomyophathies.
- Includes descriptions of important interventions such as lung volume reduction surgery and lung transplantation.
- Adds a new section on simple anthropometric measurements for determining obesity, with information on this demographic trend and how it impacts assessment.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iii | ||
| Dedication Page | iii | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Chapter 1: The Oxygen Transport System: Why the Heart and Lungs Are Important to Physical Therapists | 1 | ||
| References | 2 | ||
| Chapter 2: Pulmonology | 3 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTION | 3 | ||
| Anatomy of the Respiratory System | 3 | ||
| Muscles of Respiration | 3 | ||
| Nervous Control | 3 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Lungs | 3 | ||
| Defense of the Lungs | 4 | ||
| Respiratory Physiology | 4 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM | 9 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease | 9 | ||
| Cytologic and Hematologic Tests | 9 | ||
| Chest Radiography | 11 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Tests | 11 | ||
| Arterial Blood Gases | 17 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 18 | ||
| Ambulatory Oximetry | 18 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 18 | ||
| Exercise Testing | 18 | ||
| Pulmonary Imaging Studies | 19 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine/Scintigraphic Imaging Studies | 22 | ||
| Invasive Diagnostic Techniques | 23 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS IN PULMONARY MEDICINE | 26 | ||
| Medical Management | 26 | ||
| Surgical Interventions | 32 | ||
| References | 36 | ||
| Additional Readings | 37 | ||
| Chapter 3: Cardiovascular Medicine | 38 | ||
| THE HEART AND CIRCULATION | 38 | ||
| Anatomy | 38 | ||
| Physiology | 40 | ||
| EVALUATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION | 45 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease | 45 | ||
| Physician's Physical Examination | 45 | ||
| Blood Pressure Measurement | 45 | ||
| Chest X-Ray | 46 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 47 | ||
| Rhythm Strips | 47 | ||
| Twelve-lead ECG | 47 | ||
| Ambulatory/Holter Monitoring | 48 | ||
| Signal-averaged ECG | 48 | ||
| Spatial Vectorcardiography | 49 | ||
| Exercise and Stress Testing | 49 | ||
| Exercise Testing | 49 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing | 51 | ||
| Walk Tests | 51 | ||
| Pharmacologic Stress Testing | 51 | ||
| Echocardiography | 51 | ||
| M-mode Echocardiography | 51 | ||
| Two-dimensional Echocardiography/Sector Scanning | 51 | ||
| Three-dimensional Echocardiography | 52 | ||
| Doppler Echocardiography | 52 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography | 53 | ||
| Contrast Echocardiography | 53 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasound | 53 | ||
| Stress Echocardiography | 53 | ||
| Duplex Ultrasound | 53 | ||
| Cardiac Imaging Techniques | 54 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 54 | ||
| Myocardial Perfusion Imaging | 54 | ||
| Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography | 54 | ||
| Infarct-avid Imaging | 55 | ||
| Radionuclide Angiography and Ventriculography | 55 | ||
| First-pass Technique | 55 | ||
| Gated Equilibrium Technique | 55 | ||
| Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 55 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 57 | ||
| Invasive Monitoring | 57 | ||
| Intraarterial Catheterization | 57 | ||
| Pulmonary Artery Catheter | 57 | ||
| Thermodilution Catheter | 57 | ||
| Combination Catheters | 57 | ||
| Central Venous Pressure Line | 57 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 58 | ||
| Right Heart Catheterization | 58 | ||
| Left Heart Catheterization | 58 | ||
| Endomyocardial Biopsy | 59 | ||
| Electrophysiological Studies | 59 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS | 59 | ||
| Medical Management | 59 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 59 | ||
| Diet Modification | 59 | ||
| Risk Factor Reduction | 59 | ||
| Cardiac Rehabilitation | 59 | ||
| Enhanced Extracorporeal Counterpulsation | 60 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 60 | ||
| Cough CPR | 60 | ||
| Cardioversion and Defibrillation | 60 | ||
| Surgical Interventions | 60 | ||
| Myocardial Revascularization | 60 | ||
| Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty | 60 | ||
| Intracoronary Stents | 61 | ||
| Atherectomy | 61 | ||
| Laser Angioplasty | 61 | ||
| Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery | 61 | ||
| Hybrid Revascularization | 62 | ||
| Transmyocardial Revascularization | 62 | ||
| Treatment of Arrhythmias | 62 | ||
| Cardiac Ablation | 62 | ||
| Pacemaker Insertion | 62 | ||
| Automatic Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator | 64 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Tachyarrhythmias | 64 | ||
| Maze Surgery | 64 | ||
| Valve Repairs and Replacement | 64 | ||
| Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty | 65 | ||
| Open Valvotomy and Commissurotomy | 65 | ||
| Valvectomy | 65 | ||
| Annuloplasty | 65 | ||
| Valve Replacement | 65 | ||
| Ross Procedure | 66 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of the Failed Heart | 66 | ||
| Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation | 66 | ||
| Extracorporeal Life Support | 66 | ||
| Ventricular Assist Devices | 67 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 68 | ||
| Mitral Valve Annuloplasty | 68 | ||
| Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation | 68 | ||
| Endoventricular Patch Plasty | 69 | ||
| Cardiomyoplasty | 69 | ||
| Left Ventricular Reduction: The Batista Procedure | 69 | ||
| New Devices to Improve Mechanical Efficiency | 69 | ||
| Artificial Hearts | 70 | ||
| Other Surgical Interventions | 70 | ||
| Aneurysectomy/Myectomy | 70 | ||
| Septal Myectomy | 70 | ||
| References | 70 | ||
| Additional Readings | 71 | ||
| Chapter 4: Cardiopulmonary Pathology | 72 | ||
| PULMONARY DISEASES AND DISORDERS | 72 | ||
| Obstructive Lung Diseases | 72 | ||
| Restrictive Lung Dysfunction | 81 | ||
| Combined Restrictive and Obstructive Defects | 91 | ||
| Other Pulmonary Abnormalities | 93 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DISORDERS | 97 | ||
| Hypertension | 97 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 102 | ||
| Heart Failure | 108 | ||
| Cardiac Arrhythmias | 112 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | 115 | ||
| Cardiomyopathies | 118 | ||
| Vascular Diseases | 121 | ||
| Other Cardiovascular Disorders | 127 | ||
| CARDIOPULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF OTHER DISEASES AND DISORDERS | 128 | ||
| Obesity and Overweight | 128 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 130 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 130 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease and Failure | 135 | ||
| Other Specific Diseases and Disorders | 138 | ||
| References | 149 | ||
| Additional Readings | 155 | ||
| Chapter 5: Pharmacology | 156 | ||
| RESPIRATORY DRUGS | 156 | ||
| Bronchodilators | 160 | ||
| beta-Adrenergic Agonists | 160 | ||
| Anticholinergic Agents | 161 | ||
| Methylxanthines | 161 | ||
| Antiinflammatory Agents | 161 | ||
| Mucoactive Agents | 162 | ||
| Mucoregulatory Agents | 164 | ||
| Summary of Asthma and COPD Treatment | 164 | ||
| Other Pulmonary Medications | 164 | ||
| Drugs Used to Control Airway Irritation and Secretions | 166 | ||
| Smoking Cessation | 167 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICATIONS | 168 | ||
| Medications That Treat Multiple Disorders | 168 | ||
| Antihypertensive Agents | 168 | ||
| Antianginal Agents | 177 | ||
| Drugs Used to Treat Chronic Heart Failure | 181 | ||
| Drugs Used After Myocardial Infarction | 186 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic Agents | 187 | ||
| Dyslipidemic Medications | 194 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents and Anticoagulants | 197 | ||
| VASOPRESSORS USED IN SHOCK | 202 | ||
| Sympathomimetic Agents | 203 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 203 | ||
| Vasopressin | 203 | ||
| Nitroprusside | 205 | ||
| DRUGS USED WITH ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION | 205 | ||
| Induction Therapy | 205 | ||
| Calcineurin-inhibiting Therapy | 206 | ||
| Antiproliferative Agents | 207 | ||
| Proliferation Signal Inhibitors | 207 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 207 | ||
| Other Medications | 207 | ||
| DRUGS USED TO TREAT DIABETES MELLITUS | 208 | ||
| Insulin | 208 | ||
| Other Antidiabetic Agents | 212 | ||
| MEDICATIONS AND EXERCISE RESPONSES | 214 | ||
| References | 219 | ||
| Additional Readings | 221 | ||
| Chapter 6: Cardiopulmonary Assessment | 222 | ||
| Medical Chart Review | 222 | ||
| Admission Notes | 222 | ||
| Progress Notes | 224 | ||
| Physician Orders | 227 | ||
| Other Reports | 227 | ||
| Patient/Family Interview | 233 | ||
| Red Flags | 238 | ||
| Risk Stratification for Cardiac Events During Exercise Participation | 238 | ||
| Physical Therapy Examination | 240 | ||
| Inspection | 240 | ||
| Auscultation | 244 | ||
| Palpation | 247 | ||
| Percussion | 254 | ||
| Exercise Assessment | 255 | ||
| Exercise Stress Testing | 255 | ||
| Activity and Endurance Evaluation | 257 | ||
| 6-Minute Walk Test | 257 | ||
| Clinical Monitoring | 261 | ||
| Other Assessment Tools | 283 | ||
| Body Composition | 283 | ||
| Respiratory Muscle Strength and Endurance | 287 | ||
| Autonomic Dysfunction | 289 | ||
| Questionnaires and Surveys | 290 | ||
| Assessment of Findings | 293 | ||
| Chest Assessment | 293 | ||
| Activity and Endurance Evaluation | 294 | ||
| Defining the Physical Therapy Problems | 295 | ||
| References | 295 | ||
| Additional Readings | 296 | ||
| Chapter 7: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy Treatment | 298 | ||
| Elevated Cardiovascular Risk | 298 | ||
| Impaired Exercise Tolerance | 298 | ||
| Principles of Exercise Training | 298 | ||
| Compliance | 301 | ||
| Components of an Exercise Training Session | 301 | ||
| Aerobic Exercise Training | 301 | ||
| Resistance Exercise Training | 308 | ||
| Flexibility Exercise | 308 | ||
| Cardiac and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs | 309 | ||
| Abnormal Physiological Responses To Exertion | 310 | ||
| Inability To Meet The Demands Of Daily Living Activities | 310 | ||
| Functional Training | 311 | ||
| Exercise Training | 311 | ||
| Energy Conservation/Work Simplification Techniques | 311 | ||
| Other Interventions | 311 | ||
| Impaired Ventilation And Gas Exchange | 311 | ||
| Functional Mobility Training | 314 | ||
| Aerobic Exercise | 314 | ||
| Breathing Exercises | 314 | ||
| Thoracic Mobilization | 319 | ||
| Positioning | 322 | ||
| Impaired Secretion Clearance | 323 | ||
| Coughing | 323 | ||
| Exercise for Airway Clearance | 328 | ||
| Airway Clearance Techniques | 328 | ||
| Impaired Ability To Protect Airway | 337 | ||
| Increased Work Of Breathing | 337 | ||
| Breathing Pattern Control | 337 | ||
| Positioning to Relieve Dyspnea | 337 | ||
| Energy Conservation/Work Simplification Techniques | 338 | ||
| Relaxation Techniques | 338 | ||
| Summary | 339 | ||
| References | 339 | ||
| Additional Readings | 341 | ||
| Chapter 8: Pediatrics | 342 | ||
| Normal Development of the Cardiopulmonary System | 342 | ||
| Development of the Heart | 342 | ||
| Development of the Lungs | 342 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Adjustments at Birth | 343 | ||
| Effects of Prematurity | 344 | ||
| Changes During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence | 344 | ||
| Pediatric Pulmonary Disease | 347 | ||
| Neonatal Respiratory Disorders | 347 | ||
| Clinical Implications for Physical Therapy in Neonatal Respiratory Disorders | 351 | ||
| Pediatric Pulmonary Disorders | 352 | ||
| Clinical Implications for Physical Therapy | 355 | ||
| Pediatric Cardiovascular Disease | 355 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease | 355 | ||
| Other Cardiac Disorders Seen in Childhood | 373 | ||
| Clinical Implications for Physical Therapy | 375 | ||
| Secondary Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction in Pediatric Diseases | 376 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 376 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 376 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophies | 377 | ||
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy | 377 | ||
| Spina Bifida | 377 | ||
| Kyphoscoliosis | 377 | ||
| Obesity | 378 | ||
| Clinical Implications for Physical Therapy | 378 | ||
| Assessment of the Pediatric Patient | 379 | ||
| General Considerations | 379 | ||
| Medical Chart Review | 379 | ||
| Communication With the Nurse, Physician, and Parent/Caregiver | 380 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 380 | ||
| Additional Considerations for Pediatric Assessment | 381 | ||
| Physiological Response to Exercise in Children | 381 | ||
| Pediatric Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy Treatment | 382 | ||
| General Considerations | 382 | ||
| Elevated Cardiovascular Risk in Children | 383 | ||
| Impaired Exercise Tolerance | 383 | ||
| Impaired Ability to Meet Demands of Activities of Daily Living | 384 | ||
| Impaired Ventilation and Gas Exchange | 384 | ||
| Impaired Clearance of Secretions | 385 | ||
| Impaired Ability to Protect Airway | 387 | ||
| Increased Work of Breathing | 387 | ||
| Wellness and Prevention in the Pediatric Population | 389 | ||
| References | 390 | ||
| Additional References | 392 | ||
| Chapter 9: Laboratory Medicine | 393 | ||
| Serum Chemistry | 393 | ||
| Hematology | 393 | ||
| Coagulation Studies | 393 | ||
| Selected Immunologic Studies | 393 | ||
| Other Laboratory Disciplines | 394 | ||
| Urinalysis | 394 | ||
| Immunohematology | 394 | ||
| Microbiology | 394 | ||
| Abnormalities Seen in Specific Disease States | 394 | ||
| References | 410 | ||
| Appendix | 411 | ||
| Glossary | 415 |