BOOK
Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant - E-Book
Catherine C. Goodman | Kenda S. Fuller
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
No other textbook provides coverage of the essential concepts of disease processes and disorders with the specific needs of the physical therapy assistant in mind. Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant provides coverage of disease processes and systemic disorders as well as guidelines, precautions, and contraindications for physical therapy interventions. Catherine Goodman, Kenda Fuller, and Robbie O’Shea share their expertise in a consistent, well-organized approach that defines each disorder, describes the appropriate physical therapy assessment and intervention, and rounds out the discussion with relevant case study examples based on established practice patterns.
- Chapters follow a consistent organization, first defining a disorder and then describing the appropriate physical therapy assessment and intervention.
- Full-color art throughout clearly depicts pathologies and interventions.
- Case studies provide examples of physical therapy applications to help you connect theory and practice and build strong clinical reasoning skills.
- Special boxes highlight Clinical Signs, Interventions, and Case Studies to alert you to important information within the text.
- Terminology and language from the Guide to Physical Therapy Practice is used throughout to familiarize you with standardized terminology used in practice.
- A companion Evolve website provides additional online learning activities including online chapters, references linked to Medline, case studies, and self-test questions.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Book marketing page | ii | ||
| Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS | v | ||
| PREFACE | vii | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | viii | ||
| Table of Contents | ix | ||
| I Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Concepts of Pathology | 1 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Disease | 1 | ||
| Pathology and the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice | 1 | ||
| Concepts of Health, Illness, and Disability | 1 | ||
| Health | 1 | ||
| Illness | 2 | ||
| Definition | 2 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 2 | ||
| Natural History | 2 | ||
| Acute Illness | 3 | ||
| Chronic Illness | 3 | ||
| Psychologic Aspects | 3 | ||
| Disability | 4 | ||
| Classification Models | 4 | ||
| Nagi Disablement Model. | 4 | ||
| International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. | 4 | ||
| ICF—Language. | 5 | ||
| Cognitive Disability | 5 | ||
| 1-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 7 | ||
| Disability Classifications | 7 | ||
| Physical Disability | 7 | ||
| Cognitive Disability | 7 | ||
| Health Promotion and Disease Prevention | 7 | ||
| Health Promotion | 8 | ||
| Disease Prevention | 8 | ||
| 1-2 Special Implications for the PTA | 8 | ||
| Health Promotion and Disease Prevention | 8 | ||
| Role in Prevention and Wellness2 | 9 | ||
| Genetic Aspects of Disease | 9 | ||
| The Human Genome Project | 10 | ||
| Gene Therapy | 10 | ||
| Uses for Gene Therapy | 11 | ||
| Approaches to Gene Therapy | 12 | ||
| Obstacles to Gene Therapy | 13 | ||
| Gene Doping. | 13 | ||
| Gene Testing | 13 | ||
| 1-3 Special Implications for the PTA | 13 | ||
| Genetic Aspects of Disease | 13 | ||
| References | 13 | ||
| References | 13.e1 | ||
| 2 Problems Affecting Multiple Systems | 14 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Pathology | 14 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Acute Inflammation | 14 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Chronic Inflammation | 14 | ||
| Systemic Factors Influencing Healing | 14 | ||
| Consequences of Immunodeficiency | 14 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Neoplasm | 15 | ||
| 2-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 15 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Pathology22,23 | 15 | ||
| Adverse Drug Reactions | 15 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 15 | ||
| Incidence | 16 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 16 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 16 | ||
| Medical Management | 16 | ||
| 2-2 Special Implications for the PTA | 17 | ||
| Adverse Drug Reactions | 17 | ||
| Exercise and Drugs | 17 | ||
| Specific Drug Categories | 18 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 18 | ||
| 2-3 Special Implications for the PTA | 19 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 19 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Agents | 19 | ||
| 2-4 Special Implications for the PTA | 19 | ||
| Immunosuppressants | 19 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 19 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids | 20 | ||
| Effects on Skin and Connective Tissue. | 20 | ||
| Steroid-Induced Myopathy. | 20 | ||
| Effect of Steroids on Growth. | 21 | ||
| Designer Glucocorticoids | 21 | ||
| Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids | 21 | ||
| 2-5 Special Implications for the PTA | 22 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 22 | ||
| Inflammation and Infection | 22 | ||
| Intensive Care Setting | 22 | ||
| Intraarticular Injections | 22 | ||
| Exercise and Steroids | 22 | ||
| Monitoring Vital Signs | 23 | ||
| Steroids, Nutrition, and Stress | 23 | ||
| Psychologic Considerations | 23 | ||
| Anabolic Steroids | 23 | ||
| Radiation Injuries | 23 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 23 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 24 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 24 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Medical Management | 24 | ||
| Radiation Esophagitis and Enterocolitis | 24 | ||
| Radiation Heart Disease | 24 | ||
| Radiation Lung Disease | 24 | ||
| Radiation Dermatitis | 25 | ||
| Effects of Radiation on Connective Tissue | 26 | ||
| Effects of Radiation on the Nervous System | 27 | ||
| Acute Symptoms. | 27 | ||
| Subacute Symptoms. | 27 | ||
| Delayed Complications. | 27 | ||
| Radionecrosis. | 27 | ||
| Myelopathy. | 27 | ||
| Plexopathy. | 27 | ||
| Pregnancy | 27 | ||
| 2-6 Special Implications for the PTA | 28 | ||
| Radiation | 28 | ||
| Radiation Hazard for Health Care Professionals | 28 | ||
| Postradiation Therapy | 28 | ||
| Postradiation Infection | 28 | ||
| Radiation Therapy and Exercise | 28 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 29 | ||
| Characteristics and Categories of Chemotherapeutic Drugs | 29 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy | 29 | ||
| Alopecia | 29 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Toxicity | 29 | ||
| Myelosuppression | 29 | ||
| Fatigue | 30 | ||
| Cardiotoxicity | 30 | ||
| Renal Toxicity | 30 | ||
| Neuropathies | 30 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Stem-Cell Transplantation | 30 | ||
| 2-7 Special Implications for the PTA | 31 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 31 | ||
| Late Effects of Chemotherapy | 31 | ||
| Neuropathy | 31 | ||
| Chemotherapy and Exercise | 31 | ||
| Specific Disorders Affecting Multiple Systems | 32 | ||
| Vasculitic Syndromes | 32 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 32 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 33 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis | 33 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 34 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 34 | ||
| Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome | 34 | ||
| Overview | 34 | ||
| Definition and Etiologic and Risk Factors | 34 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 34 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 34 | ||
| Medical Management | 34 | ||
| Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances | 35 | ||
| Aging and Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 35 | ||
| Fluid Imbalances | 35 | ||
| Overview | 35 | ||
| Etiologic Factors and Pathogenesis | 35 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 36 | ||
| Medical Management | 36 | ||
| 2-8 Special Implications for the PTA | 36 | ||
| Fluid Imbalances | 36 | ||
| Monitoring Fluid Balance | 36 | ||
| Dehydration | 37 | ||
| Skin Care | 37 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalances | 37 | ||
| Overview | 37 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 37 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 38 | ||
| Medical Management | 38 | ||
| 2-9 Special Implications for the PTA | 38 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalances | 38 | ||
| Common Causes of Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances | 38 | ||
| Overview | 38 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 40 | ||
| 2-10 Special Implications for the PTA | 43 | ||
| Assessment of Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance | 43 | ||
| Acid-Base Imbalances | 43 | ||
| Overview | 43 | ||
| Incidence | 43 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 43 | ||
| Medical Management | 43 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 43 | ||
| Treatment. | 43 | ||
| Respiratory Acidosis | 43 | ||
| II Clinical Medicine | 91 | ||
| 4 The Immune System | 91 | ||
| Types of Immunity | 91 | ||
| Innate and Acquired Immunity | 91 | ||
| Acquired Immunity: Active or Passive Immunity | 91 | ||
| The Immune Response | 92 | ||
| Antigens | 92 | ||
| Cell Markers | 92 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 92 | ||
| Exterior Defenses | 92 | ||
| Phagocytes. | 93 | ||
| Inflammatory Mediators | 93 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 94 | ||
| Acquired Immunity | 94 | ||
| Humoral Immunity | 94 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 94 | ||
| Summary of the Immune Response | 94 | ||
| Aging and the Immune System | 96 | ||
| Changes in Innate Immunity | 96 | ||
| Changes in Acquired Immunity | 96 | ||
| Factors Affecting Immunity | 96 | ||
| Interactions between the Immune and Central Nervous Systems | 97 | ||
| Exercise Immunology | 98 | ||
| Effect on Neutrophils and Macrophages | 98 | ||
| Effect on Natural Killer Cells | 98 | ||
| Effect on Lymphocytes | 98 | ||
| Effect on Cytokines | 98 | ||
| Exercise and Infection | 98 | ||
| 4-1 SPECIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PTA | 99 | ||
| Exercise Immunology | 99 | ||
| Immunodeficiency Diseases | 99 | ||
| Primary Immunodeficiency | 99 | ||
| Secondary Immunodeficiency | 99 | ||
| Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency | 99 | ||
| Consequences of Immunodeficiency | 100 | ||
| 4-2 SPECIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PTA | 100 | ||
| Infection Control in Immunodeficiency Disorders | 100 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 100 | ||
| Overview | 100 | ||
| Definition | 101 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 101 | ||
| Etiologic Factors, Transmission, and Risk Factors | 101 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 102 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 104 | ||
| Asymptomatic Stage (CD4 Count of 500 Cells/mm3 or More). | 104 | ||
| Early Symptomatic Stage (CD4 Count of 200 to 500 Cells/mm3). | 104 | ||
| HIV Advanced Disease (AIDS; CD4 Count of 200 Cells/mm3 or Less). | 104 | ||
| Pain Syndromes. | 104 | ||
| Medical Management | 106 | ||
| Prevention. | 106 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 106 | ||
| Treatment. | 107 | ||
| Prognosis. | 107 | ||
| 4-3 SPECIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PTA | 108 | ||
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome | 108 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 108 | ||
| Prevention of Transmission | 108 | ||
| Postexposure Prophylaxis | 109 | ||
| HIV and Rehabilitative Therapy | 110 | ||
| Exercise and HIV/AIDS | 111 | ||
| Early-Stage HIV Disease | 111 | ||
| Advanced Stages or Chronic HIV Disease | 111 | ||
| All Stages | 111 | ||
| Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome | 112 | ||
| Overview | 112 | ||
| Incidence and Risk Factors | 112 | ||
| Etiologic Factors and Pathogenesis | 113 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 113 | ||
| Medical Management | 113 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 113 | ||
| Treatment. | 114 | ||
| Prognosis. | 114 | ||
| 4-4 SPECIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PTA | 114 | ||
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 114 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 114 | ||
| Exercise and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 114 | ||
| Monitoring Vital Signs | 114 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Disorders | 115 | ||
| Type I Hypersensitivity (Immediate Hypersensitivity, Allergic Disorders, Anaphylaxis) | 115 | ||
| Type II Hypersensitivity (Cytotoxic Reactions to Self-Antigens) | 116 | ||
| Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex Disease) | 116 | ||
| Type IV Hypersensitivity (Cell-Mediated Immunity) | 116 | ||
| 4-5 SPECIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PTA | 116 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Disorders | 116 | ||
| Preferred Practice Pattern | 116 | ||
| Autoimmune Diseases | 116 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 116 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 117 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 117 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 117 | ||
| Medical Management | 118 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 118 | ||
| Treatment. | 118 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 118 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 118 | ||
| Incidence | 118 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 118 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 119 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 119 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System. | 119 | ||
| Cutaneous and Membranous Lesions. | 119 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary System. | 120 | ||
| Central Nervous System. | 120 | ||
| Renal System. | 120 | ||
| Other Systems. | 120 | ||
| Medical Management | 120 | ||
| Prevention. | 120 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 120 | ||
| Treatment. | 121 | ||
| Prognosis. | 121 | ||
| 4-6 SPECIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PTA | 121 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 121 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 121 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 122 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 122 | ||
| Incidence | 122 | ||
| Risk Factors | 122 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 122 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 122 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. | 122 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System. | 123 | ||
| The Reproductive Hormone Axis. | 123 | ||
| Immune System. | 123 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 123 | ||
| Medical Management | 123 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 123 | ||
| Treatment. | 124 | ||
| Prognosis. | 124 | ||
| 4-7 SPECIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PTA | 125 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 125 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 125 | ||
| Modalities and Fibromyalgia | 126 | ||
| Exercise and Fibromyalgia | 126 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| References | 127.e1 | ||
| 5 Infectious Disease | 128 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Diseases | 129 | ||
| Aging and Infectious Diseases | 130 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 131 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 131 | ||
| Types of Organisms | 131 | ||
| The Chain of Transmission | 132 | ||
| Pathogens | 133 | ||
| Reservoir | 133 | ||
| Portal of Exit | 133 | ||
| Mode of Transmission | 133 | ||
| Portal of Entry | 134 | ||
| Host Susceptibility | 134 | ||
| Lines of Defense. | 134 | ||
| Control of Transmission | 135 | ||
| 5-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 137 | ||
| Control of Transmission | 137 | ||
| Nosocomial Infections | 137 | ||
| Hydrotherapy and Therapeutic Pool Protocol | 138 | ||
| Home Health Care | 138 | ||
| Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases | 139 | ||
| Specific Infectious Diseases | 140 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 140 | ||
| Clostridium difficile | 140 | ||
| Overview. | 140 | ||
| Incidence. | 140 | ||
| Etiology, Transmission, and Risk Factors. | 140 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 140 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations. | 140 | ||
| Medical Management | 140 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment. | 140 | ||
| Prevention. | 140 | ||
| Staphylococcal Infections | 141 | ||
| Overview and Incidence. | 141 | ||
| Risk Factors. | 141 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 141 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations. | 141 | ||
| Medical Management | 141 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis. | 141 | ||
| Streptococcal Infections | 141 | ||
| Group A Streptococci. | 141 | ||
| 5-2 Special Implications for the PTA | 142 | ||
| Staphylococcal Infections | 142 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 142 | ||
| Streptococcal Pharyngitis. | 143 | ||
| Scarlet Fever. | 143 | ||
| Impetigo. | 143 | ||
| Erysipelas. | 143 | ||
| Streptococcal Cellulitis. | 144 | ||
| Streptococcal Necrotizing Fasciitis. | 144 | ||
| Streptococcal Myositis. | 144 | ||
| Puerperal Sepsis. | 144 | ||
| 5-3 Special Implications for the PTA | 145 | ||
| Streptococcal Infections | 145 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 145 | ||
| Group B Streptococci. | 145 | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 145 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors. | 145 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations. | 145 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. | 145 | ||
| Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis) | 146 | ||
| Definition and Overview. | 146 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 146 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations. | 146 | ||
| Medical Management | 146 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis. | 146 | ||
| 5-4 Special Implications for the PTA | 146 | ||
| Gas Gangrene | 146 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 146 | ||
| Pseudomonas | 146 | ||
| Overview. | 146 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 147 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations. | 147 | ||
| Respiratory Tract Infections. | 147 | ||
| Bacteremia. | 147 | ||
| Central Nervous System Infections. | 147 | ||
| Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. | 148 | ||
| Bone and Joint Infections. | 148 | ||
| Other Pseudomonas Infections. | 148 | ||
| Medical Management | 148 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis. | 148 | ||
| 5-5 Special Implications for the PTA | 148 | ||
| Pseudomonas Infections | 148 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 148 | ||
| Viral Infections | 149 | ||
| III Pathology of the Musculoskeletal System | 553 | ||
| 13 Introduction to Pathology of the Musculoskeletal System | 553 | ||
| Advances in Musculoskeletal Biotechnology | 553 | ||
| Biologic Response to Trauma | 554 | ||
| 13-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 555 | ||
| Biologic Response to Trauma | 555 | ||
| The Musculoskeletal System throughout the Life Span | 555 | ||
| Muscle | 555 | ||
| Sarcopenia | 555 | ||
| Overview and Definition. | 555 | ||
| Etiology. | 555 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 555 | ||
| Effects of Sarcopenia. | 556 | ||
| Exercise and Sarcopenia. | 556 | ||
| Joint and Connective Tissue | 556 | ||
| Increased Stiffness and Decreased Flexibility | 556 | ||
| Changes in Articular Cartilage | 557 | ||
| Tendons | 557 | ||
| Proprioception | 557 | ||
| Bone | 557 | ||
| The Musculoskeletal System and Exercise | 558 | ||
| Muscle | 558 | ||
| Strength Training | 558 | ||
| Endurance Training | 559 | ||
| Joint | 559 | ||
| Bone | 559 | ||
| Specific Exercise Guidelines | 559 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System Disease | 560 | ||
| Cancer | 560 | ||
| Infection | 561 | ||
| References | 561 | ||
| References | 561.e1 | ||
| 14 Genetic and Developmental Disorders | 562 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 562 | ||
| Definition and Incidence | 562 | ||
| Etiologic Factors and Pathogenesis | 562 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 562 | ||
| Medical Management | 563 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 563 | ||
| Treatment. | 563 | ||
| Prognosis. | 563 | ||
| 14-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 564 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 564 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 564 | ||
| Precautions | 564 | ||
| Gross and Fine Motor Development | 564 | ||
| Physical Activity and Exercise | 564 | ||
| Scoliosis | 564 | ||
| Definition | 564 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 565 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 565 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 565 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 565 | ||
| Medical Management | 566 | ||
| Treatment. | 566 | ||
| Prognosis. | 567 | ||
| 14-2 Special Implications for the PTA | 567 | ||
| Scoliosis | 567 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 567 | ||
| Therapeutic Interventions | 567 | ||
| Postoperative | 568 | ||
| Precautions | 568 | ||
| Kyphoscoliosis | 568 | ||
| Overview and Etiologic Factors | 568 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 569 | ||
| Medical Management | 569 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 569 | ||
| Treatment. | 569 | ||
| 14-3 Special Implications for the PTA | 569 | ||
| Kyphoscoliosis | 569 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 569 | ||
| Spina Bifida Occulta, Meningocele, Myelomeningocele | 569 | ||
| Definition | 569 | ||
| Incidence and Etiologic Factors | 569 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 570 | ||
| Medical Management | 573 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 573 | ||
| Treatment. | 574 | ||
| Prognosis. | 576 | ||
| Prognosis for Motor Function. | 576 | ||
| 14-4 Special Implications for the PTA | 576 | ||
| Spina Bifida Occulta, Meningocele, Myelomeningocele | 576 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 576 | ||
| Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | 577 | ||
| Therapeutic Interventions | 577 | ||
| Skin Care | 577 | ||
| Exercise | 577 | ||
| Shunt Care | 577 | ||
| Tethered Cord | 578 | ||
| Latex Sensitivities | 578 | ||
| Adaptive Equipment | 578 | ||
| Neuromuscular Disorders | 578 | ||
| The Muscular Dystrophies | 578 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 578 | ||
| Incidence and Etiologic Factors | 579 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 580 | ||
| Duchenne’s and Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy. | 580 | ||
| Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy. | 580 | ||
| Congenital Muscular Dystrophy. | 581 | ||
| Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy. | 581 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy. | 581 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 581 | ||
| Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy. | 581 | ||
| Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy. | 583 | ||
| Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy. | 583 | ||
| Congenital Muscular Dystrophy. | 583 | ||
| Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy. | 583 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy. | 584 | ||
| Medical Management | 584 | ||
| Treatment. | 584 | ||
| Prognosis. | 584 | ||
| 14-5 Special Implications for the PTA | 584 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy | 584 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 584 | ||
| Precautions | 585 | ||
| Therapy Interventions | 585 | ||
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy | 585 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 585 | ||
| Etiologic Factors and Pathogenesis | 585 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 586 | ||
| Medical Management | 586 | ||
| Diagnosis | 586 | ||
| Treatment | 587 | ||
| Prognosis. | 587 | ||
| 14-6 Special Implications for the PTA | 587 | ||
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy | 587 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 587 | ||
| Precautions | 588 | ||
| Therapy Interventions | 588 | ||
| Torticollis | 589 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 589 | ||
| Incidence and Etiologic Factors | 589 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 589 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 589 | ||
| Medical Management | 590 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 590 | ||
| Treatment. | 590 | ||
| Prognosis. | 591 | ||
| 14-7 Special Implications for the PTA | 592 | ||
| Torticollis | 592 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 592 | ||
| Erb’s Palsy | 592 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 592 | ||
| Incidence | 592 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 592 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 592 | ||
| Medical Management | 592 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 592 | ||
| Treatment. | 593 | ||
| Prognosis. | 594 | ||
| 14-8 Special Implications for the PTA | 594 | ||
| Erb’s Palsy | 594 | ||
| Preferred Practice Pattern | 594 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 595 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 595 | ||
| Etiologic Factors and Pathogenesis | 595 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 596 | ||
| Medical Management | 597 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 597 | ||
| Treatment. | 597 | ||
| Prognosis. | 597 | ||
| 14-9 Special Implications for the PTA | 598 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 598 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 598 | ||
| Precautions | 598 | ||
| Family Education | 598 | ||
| Therapy Interventions | 598 | ||
| Mobility | 598 | ||
| Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita | 599 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 599 | ||
| Incidence and Etiologic Factors | 599 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 599 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 599 | ||
| Medical Management | 600 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 600 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 600 | ||
| 14-10 Special Implications for the PTA | 600 | ||
| Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita | 600 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 600 | ||
| Therapeutic Interventions | 600 | ||
| References | 600 | ||
| References | 600.e1 | ||
| 15 Infectious Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System | 601 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 601 | ||
| Definition | 601 | ||
| Incidence | 601 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 601 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 601 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 602 | ||
| Medical Management | 603 | ||
| Prevention. | 603 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 603 | ||
| Treatment. | 604 | ||
| Prognosis. | 604 | ||
| 15-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 604 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 604 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 604 | ||
| Preventing Complications | 605 | ||
| Infections of Prostheses and Implants | 605 | ||
| Overview | 605 | ||
| Incidence | 605 | ||
| Risk Factors | 605 | ||
| Etiologic Factors and Pathogenesis | 606 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 606 | ||
| Medical Management | 606 | ||
| Prevention. | 606 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 606 | ||
| Treatment. | 607 | ||
| Prognosis. | 607 | ||
| 15-2 Special Implications for the PTA | 607 | ||
| Infections of Prostheses and Implants | 607 | ||
| Breast Implantation | 607 | ||
| Diskitis | 608 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 608 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 608 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 608 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 608 | ||
| Medical Management | 608 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 608 | ||
| Treatment. | 608 | ||
| Prognosis. | 608 | ||
| 15-3 Special Implications for the PTA | 609 | ||
| Diskitis | 609 | ||
| Infectious (Septic) Arthritis | 609 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 609 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 609 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 609 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 610 | ||
| Medical Management | 610 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 610 | ||
| Treatment. | 610 | ||
| Prognosis. | 610 | ||
| 15-4 Special Implications for the PTA | 611 | ||
| Infectious (Septic) Arthritis | 611 | ||
| Infectious (Inflammatory) Muscle Disease | 611 | ||
| Myositis | 611 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 611 | ||
| Incidence | 611 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 611 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 611 | ||
| Medical Management | 611 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 611 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 612 | ||
| 15-5 Special Implications for the PTA | 612 | ||
| Myositis | 612 | ||
| Infections of Bursae and Tendons | 612 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 612 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 612 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 612 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 612 | ||
| Medical Management | 612 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis. | 612 | ||
| 15-6 Special Implications for the PTA | 613 | ||
| Infections of Bursae and Tendons | 613 | ||
| Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis | 613 | ||
| Skeletal Tuberculosis | 613 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 613 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations | 613 | ||
| Medical Management | 613 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 613 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 613 | ||
| 15-7 Special Implications for the PTA | 614 | ||
| Extrapulmonary and Skeletal Tuberculosis | 614 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 614 | ||
| Summary of Special Implications for the PTA | 615 | ||
| References | 615 | ||
| References | 615.e1 | ||
| 16 Musculoskeletal Neoplasms | 616 | ||
| Primary Tumors | 616 | ||
| Overview | 616 | ||
| Description | 616 | ||
| Benign Neoplasm | 616 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasm | 616 | ||
| Incidence | 616 | ||
| Risk Factors | 616 | ||
| Etiologic Factors and Pathogenesis | 617 | ||
| Bone Tumors. | 617 | ||
| Soft Tissue Tumors. | 618 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 619 | ||
| Pain. | 619 | ||
| Fractures. | 619 | ||
| Miscellaneous. | 619 | ||
| Swelling. | 619 | ||
| Mass. | 619 | ||
| Metastases. | 619 | ||
| Medical Management | 619 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 619 | ||
| Physical Examination. | 619 | ||
| Radiographic Examination. | 619 | ||
| Imaging. | 620 | ||
| Biopsy. | 620 | ||
| Laboratory Tests. | 621 | ||
| Staging and Grading. | 621 | ||
| Treatment. | 621 | ||
| Prognosis. | 622 | ||
| Recurrence. | 622 | ||
| 16-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 622 | ||
| Primary Tumors | 622 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 622 | ||
| Screening Assessment | 622 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 622 | ||
| Prescriptive Exercise | 623 | ||
| Primary Benign Bone Tumors | 623 | ||
| Bone Island | 623 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 623 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 623 | ||
| Medical Management | 623 | ||
| 16-2 Special Implications for the PTA | 623 | ||
| Bone Islands | 623 | ||
| Osteoid Osteoma | 623 | ||
| Overview, Incidence, and Etiologic Factors | 623 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 624 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 624 | ||
| Medical Management | 624 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 624 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 624 | ||
| Osteoblastoma | 624 | ||
| Overview | 624 | ||
| Incidence | 625 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 625 | ||
| Medical Management | 625 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 625 | ||
| Treatment. | 625 | ||
| Prognosis. | 625 | ||
| Primary Malignant Bone Tumors | 626 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 626 | ||
| Overview | 626 | ||
| Incidence | 626 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 626 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 626 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 626 | ||
| Medical Management | 626 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 626 | ||
| Treatment. | 627 | ||
| Prognosis. | 629 | ||
| 16-3 Special Implications for the PTA | 629 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 629 | ||
| Postoperative Rehabilitation | 629 | ||
| Chondrosarcoma | 631 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 631 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 631 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 631 | ||
| Medical Management | 631 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 631 | ||
| Treatment. | 631 | ||
| Prognosis. | 631 | ||
| Ewing’s Sarcoma | 632 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 632 | ||
| Risk Factors, Etiologic Factors, and Pathogenesis | 632 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 632 | ||
| Medical Management | 632 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 632 | ||
| Treatment. | 633 | ||
| Prognosis. | 633 | ||
| 16-4 Special Implications for the PTA | 634 | ||
| Ewing’s Sarcoma | 634 | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | 634 | ||
| Primary Soft Tissue Tumors | 634 | ||
| Benign Soft Tissue Tumors | 634 | ||
| Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors | 635 | ||
| Overview and Incidence | 635 | ||
| Types of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. | 635 | ||
| Etiology and Risk Factors | 636 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 636 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 636 | ||
| Medical Management | 636 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 636 | ||
| Treatment. | 636 | ||
| Prognosis. | 636 | ||
| Cartilaginous Tumors | 636 | ||
| Osteochondroma | 637 | ||
| Overview and Incidence. | 637 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 637 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations. | 637 | ||
| Medical Management | 637 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 637 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis. | 638 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors | 638 | ||
| Overview | 638 | ||
| Incidence and Etiology | 639 | ||
| Risk Factors | 639 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 639 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 639 | ||
| Medical Management | 639 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 639 | ||
| Treatment. | 640 | ||
| Prognosis. | 641 | ||
| 16-5 Special Implications for the PTA | 641 | ||
| Metastatic Tumors | 641 | ||
| Early Detection | 641 | ||
| Preoperative Intervention | 641 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 641 | ||
| References | 642 | ||
| References | 642.e1 | ||
| 17 Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Diseases and Disorders | 643 | ||
| Bone | 643 | ||
| Bone Composition | 643 | ||
| Bone Remodeling | 643 | ||
| Metabolic Bone Disease | 644 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 644 | ||
| Bone Demineralization. | 644 | ||
| Guide to Physical Therapy Practice Patterns. | 645 | ||
| Definition and Incidence. | 645 | ||
| Risk Factors. | 646 | ||
| Hormonal Status. | 647 | ||
| Heredity/Genetics. | 647 | ||
| Ethnicity. | 647 | ||
| Physical Inactivity. | 647 | ||
| Tobacco and Alcohol. | 647 | ||
| Medications. | 647 | ||
| Depression. | 647 | ||
| Diet and Nutrition. | 647 | ||
| Structures Involved. | 647 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms. | 648 | ||
| Common Tests and Measures. | 648 | ||
| History. | 648 | ||
| Bone Mineral Density Testing. | 649 | ||
| Radiography. | 649 | ||
| Laboratory Testing. | 649 | ||
| Screening. | 649 | ||
| Common Management. | 650 | ||
| Diet. | 650 | ||
| Medications. | 650 | ||
| Rehabilitation. | 650 | ||
| Exercise. | 652 | ||
| Vibration. | 652 | ||
| The Female Athlete. | 652 | ||
| Aquatic Exercise. | 653 | ||
| Surgery. | 653 | ||
| Prognosis. | 653 | ||
| Precautions and Complications. | 653 | ||
| Osteomalacia | 653 | ||
| Guide to Physical Therapy Practice Pattern. | 653 | ||
| Definition and Incidence. | 653 | ||
| Structures Involved. | 654 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms. | 654 | ||
| Common Tests and Measures. | 655 | ||
| Common Management. | 655 | ||
| Paget’s Disease | 655 | ||
| Guide to Physical Therapy Practice Pattern. | 655 | ||
| Definition and Incidence. | 656 | ||
| Structures Involved. | 656 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms. | 656 | ||
| Common Tests and Measures. | 659 | ||
| Common Management. | 660 | ||
| Exercise Programs. | 660 | ||
| Prognosis. | 660 | ||
| Fracture | 661 | ||
| Guide to Physical Therapist Practice Patterns | 661 | ||
| Definition and Incidence | 661 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 663 | ||
| Common Tests and Measures | 664 | ||
| Common Management | 664 | ||
| Surgery. | 664 | ||
| General Rehabilitation Principles. | 664 | ||
| Rehabilitation in the Acute Care Setting. | 665 | ||
| Rehabilitation for Vertebral Compression Fractures. | 665 | ||
| Modalities and Fractures. | 665 | ||
| Bone Grafting. | 666 | ||
| Complications. | 666 | ||
| Heterotopic Ossification | 666 | ||
| Guide to Physical Therapy Practice Pattern | 666 | ||
| Definition and Incidence | 666 | ||
| Structures Involved | 667 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 667 | ||
| Common Tests and Measures | 667 | ||
| Common Management | 668 | ||
| Prevention. | 668 | ||
| Physical Therapy. | 668 | ||
| Complications. | 668 | ||
| Osteochondroses | 668 | ||
| Osteochondritis Dissecans | 669 | ||
| Guide to Physical Therapist Practice Patterns. | 669 | ||
| IV Pathology of the Nervous System | 715 | ||
| 18 Introduction to Central Nervous System Disorders | 715 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 715 | ||
| Cellular Dysfunction | 715 | ||
| Glial Cells | 716 | ||
| Nerve Cells | 717 | ||
| Neurotransmission | 719 | ||
| Amino Acids. | 720 | ||
| Amines. | 721 | ||
| Neuropeptides. | 721 | ||
| Gaseous Neurotransmitters and Others. | 721 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 722 | ||
| Sensory Disturbances | 722 | ||
| Brainstem Dysfunction | 722 | ||
| Movement Disorders | 724 | ||
| Disorders of Coordinated Movement | 725 | ||
| Deficits of Higher Brain Function | 727 | ||
| Altered States of Consciousness | 729 | ||
| Memory Problems | 730 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System | 733 | ||
| Aging and the Central Nervous System | 735 | ||
| Diagnosis | 736 | ||
| Clinical Localization | 736 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 736 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 736 | ||
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 736 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 736 | ||
| Electroencephalography | 737 | ||
| Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials | 737 | ||
| Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography | 738 | ||
| Near-Infrared Spectroscopy | 738 | ||
| Treatment | 738 | ||
| Methods to Control Central Nervous System Damage | 738 | ||
| Treatment of Nonneural Dysfunction | 740 | ||
| Prognosis | 740 | ||
| Physiologic Basis for the Recovery of Function | 741 | ||
| 18-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 742 | ||
| Motor Learning Strategies | 742 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 742 | ||
| References | 743 | ||
| References | 743.e1 | ||
| 19 Infectious Disorders of the Central Nervous System | 744 | ||
| Meningitis | 744 | ||
| Definition | 744 | ||
| Incidence | 744 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 744 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 745 | ||
| Aseptic (Viral) Meningitis | 745 | ||
| Tuberculous Meningitis | 745 | ||
| Bacterial Meningitis | 746 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 746 | ||
| Medical Management | 746 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 746 | ||
| Treatment. | 746 | ||
| Prognosis. | 747 | ||
| Encephalitis | 747 | ||
| Definition | 747 | ||
| Incidence | 747 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 747 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 748 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 749 | ||
| Medical Management | 750 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 750 | ||
| Treatment. | 751 | ||
| Prognosis. | 751 | ||
| 19-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 752 | ||
| Infectious Disorders of the Central Nervous System | 752 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 752 | ||
| References | 752 | ||
| References | 752.e1 | ||
| 20 Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System | 753 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 753 | ||
| Overview and Definition | 753 | ||
| Incidence | 753 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 754 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 754 | ||
| Medical Management | 755 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 755 | ||
| Treatment. | 757 | ||
| Prognosis. | 758 | ||
| 20-1 Special Implications for Thepta | 758 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 758 | ||
| Preferred Practice Pattern | 758 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Dementia, and Variants | 761 | ||
| Overview and Definition | 761 | ||
| Pick’s Disease | 761 | ||
| Lewy Body Dementia | 761 | ||
| Frontotemporal Dementia | 761 | ||
| Incidence and Etiologic and Risk Factors | 761 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 762 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 762 | ||
| Medical Management | 762 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 762 | ||
| Treatment. | 764 | ||
| Prognosis. | 765 | ||
| 20-2 Special Implications for the PTA | 765 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 765 | ||
| Preferred Practice Pattern | 765 | ||
| Dystonia | 766 | ||
| Definition and Overview | 766 | ||
| Incidence | 766 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 766 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 767 | ||
| Medical Management | 767 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 767 | ||
| Treatment. | 767 | ||
| Prognosis. | 768 | ||
| 20-3 Special Implications for the PTA | 768 | ||
| Dystonia | 768 | ||
| Preferred Practice Pattern | 768 | ||
| Huntington’s Disease | 769 | ||
| Overview and Definition | 769 | ||
| Incidence and Etiologic and Risk Factors | 769 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 769 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 769 | ||
| Movement Disorders | 769 | ||
| Neuropsychologic and Psychiatric Disorders. | 770 | ||
| Medical Management | 770 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 770 | ||
| Treatment. | 771 | ||
| Prognosis. | 771 | ||
| 20-4 Special Implications for the PTA | 771 | ||
| Huntington’s Disease | 771 | ||
| Preferred Practice Pattern | 771 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 772 | ||
| Overview and Definition | 772 | ||
| Incidence | 772 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 772 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 773 | ||
| Medical Management | 775 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 775 | ||
| Treatment. | 779 | ||
| Prognosis. | 780 | ||
| 20-5 Special Implications for the PTA | 781 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 781 | ||
| Preferred Practice Pattern | 781 | ||
| Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease | 782 | ||
| Overview and Definition | 782 | ||
| Incidence | 782 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 782 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 783 | ||
| Medical Management | 785 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 785 | ||
| Treatment. | 786 | ||
| Prognosis. | 788 | ||
| 20-6 Special Implications for the PTA | 788 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 788 | ||
| Preferred Practice Pattern | 788 | ||
| Secondary Parkinson’s Syndrome | 789 | ||
| Disorders with Parkinsonian Characteristics | 790 | ||
| Benign Essential Tremor | 790 | ||
| Progressive Supranuclear Palsy | 790 | ||
| Multiple System Atrophy | 790 | ||
| Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy | 790 | ||
| Wilson’s Disease | 790 | ||
| Restless Leg Syndrome | 790 | ||
| References | 790 | ||
| References | 790.e1 | ||
| 21 Stroke | 791 | ||
| Stroke | 791 | ||
| Overview and Definition | 791 | ||
| Incidence | 791 | ||
| Risk Factors | 791 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 794 | ||
| Prognosis | 794 | ||
| Ischemic Stroke | 794 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 794 | ||
| Occlusion of Major Arteries. | 794 | ||
| Secondary Vascular Responses. | 795 | ||
| Secondary Neuronal Damage. | 795 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 796 | ||
| Syndromes. | 796 | ||
| Middle Cerebral Artery Syndrome. | 796 | ||
| Anterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome. | 796 | ||
| Internal Carotid Artery Syndrome. | 796 | ||
| Posterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome. | 796 | ||
| Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Syndrome. | 797 | ||
| Basilar Artery Syndrome. | 798 | ||
| Superior Cerebellar Artery Syndrome. | 798 | ||
| Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Syndrome. | 799 | ||
| Lacunar Syndrome. | 799 | ||
| Medical Management | 799 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 799 | ||
| Treatment. | 800 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 801 | ||
| Anticoagulation. | 801 | ||
| Lipid-Lowering Agents. | 801 | ||
| Neuroprotection. | 801 | ||
| Nerve Growth. | 802 | ||
| Surgical Intervention. | 802 | ||
| Control of Symptoms. | 802 | ||
| Prognosis. | 803 | ||
| Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 803 | ||
| Overview and Definition | 803 | ||
| Incidence | 803 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 803 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 804 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 804 | ||
| Syndromes. | 804 | ||
| Putamen. | 804 | ||
| Thalamus. | 805 | ||
| Cerebellum. | 805 | ||
| Pons. | 805 | ||
| Caudate. | 805 | ||
| Internal Capsule. | 805 | ||
| Lobar. | 805 | ||
| Medical Management | 805 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 805 | ||
| Treatment. | 806 | ||
| Prognosis. | 806 | ||
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 806 | ||
| Overview and Definition | 806 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | 806 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 807 | ||
| Medical Management | 807 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 807 | ||
| Treatment. | 807 | ||
| Prognosis. | 807 | ||
| Types of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 807 | ||
| Treatment. | 808 | ||
| Subdural Hemorrhage | 808 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma | 808 | ||
| 21-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 808 | ||
| Stroke Rehabilitation | 808 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 808 | ||
| Assessment | 810 | ||
| Intervention | 813 | ||
| References | 813 | ||
| References | 813.e1 | ||
| 22 Traumatic Brain Injury | 814 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 814 | ||
| Overview and Definition | 814 | ||
| Incidence and Risk Factors | 814 | ||
| Etiologic Factors | 815 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 815 | ||
| Vascular Changes | 815 | ||
| Parenchymal Changes | 817 | ||
| Compressive Damage | 817 | ||
| Hypoxia. | 818 | ||
| Hypertension. | 818 | ||
| Cerebral perfusion pressure. | 818 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 818 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 818 | ||
| Concussion. | 818 | ||
| Levels of Consciousness. | 819 | ||
| Respiratory Impairments. | 820 | ||
| Cognitive and Behavioral Impairments. | 820 | ||
| Pain. | 821 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Damage | 821 | ||
| Motor Deficits | 823 | ||
| Heterotopic Ossification | 823 | ||
| Medical Complications | 824 | ||
| Medical Management | 824 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 824 | ||
| Treatment | 825 | ||
| Acute. | 825 | ||
| Subacute. | 827 | ||
| Rehabilitation. | 827 | ||
| Community Reentry. | 827 | ||
| Prognosis. | 827 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury in Children | 829 | ||
| 22-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 829 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 829 | ||
| Acute Management | 830 | ||
| Long-Term Management | 830 | ||
| References | 830 | ||
| References | 830.e1 | ||
| 23 Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury | 831 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 831 | ||
| Incidence and Risk Factors | 831 | ||
| Definition and Etiologic Factors | 831 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 833 | ||
| Blood Flow Changes | 833 | ||
| Edema | 834 | ||
| Demyelination | 834 | ||
| Grey Matter | 834 | ||
| Dural Scarring | 834 | ||
| Neural Function | 834 | ||
| Syringomyelia | 834 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 836 | ||
| Level of Injury | 836 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes | 836 | ||
| Changes in Muscle Tone | 838 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System Changes | 838 | ||
| Skeletal Changes | 839 | ||
| Pain | 839 | ||
| Fatigue | 839 | ||
| Respiratory Complications | 839 | ||
| Cardiovascular Conditions | 840 | ||
| Metabolic Conditions | 840 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers | 840 | ||
| Bowel and Bladder Control | 840 | ||
| Sexuality | 840 | ||
| Sleep Disorders | 841 | ||
| Medical Management | 841 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 841 | ||
| Treatment. | 842 | ||
| Emergent Care. | 842 | ||
| Management of Complications. | 844 | ||
| Pain Management. | 844 | ||
| Strategies for Spinal Cord Repair. | 845 | ||
| Stem Cell Transplantation. | 846 | ||
| Prognosis. | 846 | ||
| 23-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 847 | ||
| Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury | 847 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 847 | ||
| References | 850 | ||
| References | 850.e1 | ||
| 24 Cerebral Palsy | 851 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 851 | ||
| Overview | 851 | ||
| Classification | 851 | ||
| Incidence and Etiologic and Risk Factors | 851 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 854 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 854 | ||
| Medical Management | 857 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 857 | ||
| Treatment. | 857 | ||
| Prognosis. | 857 | ||
| 24-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 858 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 858 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 858 | ||
| Family-Centered Care | 858 | ||
| Early Intervention (IDEA Part C) | 859 | ||
| Postoperative Concerns | 859 | ||
| Assistive Technology | 859 | ||
| Manual Passive Range-of-Motion Exercise | 861 | ||
| Orthoses | 862 | ||
| Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy | 863 | ||
| Adults with Cerebral Palsy | 863 | ||
| References | 864 | ||
| References | 864.e1 | ||
| 25 The Peripheral Nervous System | 865 | ||
| Structure | 865 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System Changes with Aging | 865 | ||
| Response to Injury | 867 | ||
| Classification of Nerve Injury | 867 | ||
| Classification of Neuropathy | 869 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Dysfunction | 869 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Peripheral Dysfunction | 871 | ||
| Hereditary Neuropathies | 871 | ||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease | 872 | ||
| Incidence | 872 | ||
| Etiology | 872 | ||
| Pathology | 872 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 872 | ||
| Medical Management | 873 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 873 | ||
| Treatment. | 873 | ||
| Prognosis. | 874 | ||
| 25-1 Special Implications for the PTA | 874 | ||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease | 874 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 874 | ||
| Mechanical Injuries: Compression and Entrapment Syndromes | 874 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 874 | ||
| Incidence | 874 | ||
| Etiology | 874 | ||
| Risk Factors | 874 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 875 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 875 | ||
| Medical Management | 875 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 875 | ||
| Treatment. | 876 | ||
| Prognosis. | 877 | ||
| 25-2 Special Implications for the PTA | 877 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 877 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 877 | ||
| Sciatica | 877 | ||
| Incidence and Etiology | 877 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 878 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 878 | ||
| Medical Management | 878 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 878 | ||
| Treatment. | 878 | ||
| Prognosis. | 878 | ||
| 25-3 Special Implications for the PTA | 879 | ||
| Sciatica | 879 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 879 | ||
| Idiopathic Facial Paralysis/Bell’s Palsy | 879 | ||
| Incidence | 879 | ||
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 879 | ||
| Risk Factors | 879 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 879 | ||
| Medical Management | 879 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 879 | ||
| Treatment. | 880 | ||
| Prognosis. | 880 | ||
| 25-4 Special Implications for the PTA | 880 | ||
| Bell’s Palsy | 880 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | 880 | ||
| Tardy Ulnar Palsy/Retroepicondylar Palsy | 880 | ||
| Anatomy | 880 | ||
| Etiology | 880 | ||
| Risk Factors | 880 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 880 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 881 | ||
| Medical Management | 881 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 881 | ||
| Treatment. | 881 | ||
| Prognosis. | 881 | ||
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 882 | ||
| Definition | 882 | ||
| Etiology | 882 | ||
| Risk Factors | 882 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 882 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 882 | ||
| Medical Management | 882 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 882 | ||
| Radiographic Tests. | 883 | ||
| Electrophysiologic Studies. | 883 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis. | 884 | ||
| Treatment. | 884 | ||
| Evolve Chapters | e1 | ||
| E1 Behavioral, Social, and Environmental Factors Contributing to Disease and Dysfunction | e1 | ||
| Overview | e1 | ||
| Behavioral, Social, and Environmental Factors | e1 | ||
| Clinical Models of Health | e2 | ||
| Biomedical Model | e2 | ||
| Biopsychosocial Model | e2 | ||
| Social-Ecologic Model | e2 | ||
| Variations in Client Populations | e2 | ||
| Sociodemographics | e2 | ||
| Health Status | e3 | ||
| Chronic Diseases | e3 | ||
| Americans with Disabilities | e3 | ||
| Geographic Variations | e3 | ||
| Race and Ethnicity | e4 | ||
| Health Disparities | e4 | ||
| Disparities in Rehabilitative Services | e5 | ||
| Factors Contributing to Health Disparities | e5 | ||
| Strategies to Eliminate Disparities | e5 | ||
| Beyond Cultural Competence: Transnational Competence | e6 | ||
| Age and Aging | e6 | ||
| Theories of Aging | e6 | ||
| Life Expectancy | e6 | ||
| Centenarians | e6 | ||
| Children and Adolescents | e7 | ||
| Gender | e7 | ||
| Gender-Based Biology | e7 | ||
| Gender Bias and Gender Equity | e7 | ||
| Gender-Based Patterns of Disease | e7 | ||
| Gender Roles in Health | e8 | ||
| Gender and Exercise | e8 | ||
| Lifestyle Factors That Influence Health | e8 | ||
| Overview | e8 | ||
| Cultural Influences | e8 | ||
| Demographics by Generation | e9 | ||
| Socioeconomic Status | e9 | ||
| Adverse Childhood Experiences | e9 | ||
| E1-1 Special Implications for the PTA | e9 | ||
| Variations in Lifestyle: Adapting Treatment Interventions to the Individual | e9 | ||
| Cultural Awareness | e9 | ||
| Disabilities | e10 | ||
| Homelessness | e10 | ||
| Physical Activity | e10 | ||
| Effects of Physical Activity on Morbidity and Mortality | e10 | ||
| Morbidity. | e10 | ||
| Mortality. | e11 | ||
| Occupational versus Leisure Time Physical Activity | e12 | ||
| Aerobic Capacity versus Musculoskeletal Fitness | e12 | ||
| Prevalence of Physical Activity Behaviors | e12 | ||
| Interventions for Increasing Physical Activity | e12 | ||
| E1-2 Special Implications for the PTA | e13 | ||
| Physical Activity | e13 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | e13 | ||
| Promoting Physical Activity | e13 | ||
| Physical Activity Recommendations42 | e13 | ||
| How Can PTAs Estimate Energy Expenditure? | e13 | ||
| Nutrition | e13 | ||
| Obesity | e13 | ||
| Definition | e13 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | e14 | ||
| Etiologic and Risk Factors | e14 | ||
| Pathogenesis | e15 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | e15 | ||
| Medical Management | e16 | ||
| Prevention. | e16 | ||
| Diagnosis. | e16 | ||
| Treatment. | e16 | ||
| Prognosis. | e17 | ||
| E1-3 Special Implications for the PTA | e17 | ||
| Obesity | e17 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | e17 | ||
| Obesity and Back Pain | e18 | ||
| Obesity and Joint Pain | e18 | ||
| Obesity and Physical Activity | e18 | ||
| Obesity and Operative Complications | e18 | ||
| Prevention | e18 | ||
| Exercise | e18 | ||
| Smoking and Tobacco Use | e19 | ||
| Alcohol and Other Drugs | e19 | ||
| Domestic Violence | e19 | ||
| Child Abuse | e20 | ||
| Intimate Partner Violence | e21 | ||
| Elder Abuse | e22 | ||
| E1-4 Special Implications for the PTA | e22 | ||
| Domestic Violence | e22 | ||
| Child Abuse | e23 | ||
| Intimate Partner Violence | e23 | ||
| Elder Abuse | e23 | ||
| Behavioral Influences on Health | e23 | ||
| Stress, Coping, and Self-Efficacy | e24 | ||
| Stress | e24 | ||
| Definition and Overview. | e24 | ||
| Risk Factors. | e24 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | e26 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations. | e26 | ||
| Coping and Self-Efficacy | e27 | ||
| Measuring Coping. | e27 | ||
| Changing Health Behaviors. | e27 | ||
| Models of Health Behavior Change. | e27 | ||
| E1-5 Special Implications for the PTA | e28 | ||
| Stress, Coping, and Self-Efficacy | e28 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | e28 | ||
| Health Behavior Change | e28 | ||
| Stress | e28 | ||
| Social Support, Networks, and Roles That Influence the Effects of Illness | e29 | ||
| E1-6 Special Implications for the PTA | e29 | ||
| Social Support | e29 | ||
| Environmental Barriers to Health Care | e29 | ||
| References | e30 | ||
| E2 The Psychosocial-Spiritual Impact on Health Care | e35 | ||
| Psychologic Considerations in Health Care | e35 | ||
| Incidence of Underlying Psychosocial-Emotional Trauma | e35 | ||
| Torture | e36 | ||
| Combat | e36 | ||
| Perceptions of Pain | e36 | ||
| E2-1 Special Implications for the PTA | e37 | ||
| Psychologic Considerations in Health Care | e37 | ||
| Effects of Trauma on Brain Development | e38 | ||
| A-Type and B-Type Trauma | e38 | ||
| Stress Reactions | e38 | ||
| Signs of Unresolved Trauma | e38 | ||
| Spiritual Development in the Health Care Profession | e39 | ||
| E2-2 Special Implications for the PTA | e40 | ||
| Spiritual Development | e40 | ||
| Spirituality and Stress | e40 | ||
| Special Role of the PTA | e40 | ||
| Specific Psychologic Conditions | e40 | ||
| Substance Abuse | e41 | ||
| Addiction | e42 | ||
| Incidence | e42 | ||
| Tobacco | e43 | ||
| Effects of Tobacco. | e43 | ||
| Aging and Substance Abuse | e43 | ||
| Pathogenesis | e44 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Health Impact | e45 | ||
| Medical Management | e47 | ||
| E2-3 Special Implications for the PTA | e47 | ||
| Substance Abuse | e47 | ||
| Preferred Practice Patterns | e47 | ||
| Interaction of Alcohol with Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs | e48 | ||
| Tobacco | e48 | ||
| Smoking Cessation | e48 | ||
| Depressants | e49 | ||
| Stimulants | e49 | ||
| Injection Drug Use | e50 | ||
| Cannabis | e51 | ||
| Eating Disorders | e51 | ||
| Risk Factors | e51 | ||
| Medical Management | e51 | ||
| Prevention. | e51 | ||
| Diagnosis. | e52 | ||
| Treatment. | e52 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | e52 | ||
| Overview. | e52 | ||
| Etiology and Risk Factors. | e52 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations. | e53 | ||
| Medical Management | e53 | ||
| Diagnosis. | e53 | ||
| Treatment. | e53 | ||
| APPENDIX A Summary of Standard Precautions | APPA1 | ||
| Historical Perspective | APPA1 | ||
| Universal Precautions | APPA1 | ||
| APPENDIX B Guidelines for Activity and Exercise | APPB1 | ||
| Medications and Exercise | APPB1 | ||
| Guidelines for Monitoring Vital Signs | APPB1 | ||
| Temperature | APPB2 | ||
| Heart Rate (Pulse Rate) | APPB3 | ||
| Abnormal Heart Rate Response | APPB4 | ||
| Heart Rhythm | APPB5 | ||
| Respiratory Rate | APPB5 | ||
| Abnormal Respiratory Rate Response | APPB5 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | APPB5 | ||
| Supplemental Oxygen | APPB6 | ||
| Blood Pressure | APPB6 | ||
| Pediatrics | APPB7 | ||
| Abnormal Blood Pressure Response | APPB7 | ||
| Guidelines for Aquatic Physical Therapy | APPB8 | ||
| References | APPB11 | ||
| Index | 907 | ||
| A | 907 | ||
| B | 910 | ||
| C | 912 | ||
| D | 917 | ||
| E | 918 | ||
| F | 920 | ||
| G | 921 | ||
| H | 922 | ||
| I | 925 | ||
| J | 927 | ||
| K | 928 | ||
| L | 928 | ||
| M | 929 | ||
| N | 932 | ||
| O | 933 | ||
| P | 935 | ||
| Q | 938 | ||
| R | 938 | ||
| S | 940 | ||
| T | 943 | ||
| U | 944 | ||
| V | 945 | ||
| W | 946 | ||
| X | 946 | ||
| Y | 946 | ||
| Z | 946 |