Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Comprehensive in scope and exclusively devoted to feline medical care, Dr. Susan Little's The Cat: Clinical Medicine and Management is an essential resource for anyone who provides complete, state-of-the-art care to cats. In one convenient volume, you'll find authoritative, clinically-focused information enhanced by full-color illustrations, tables, boxes, algorithms, key points, and much more — all in a format designed for quick access. Dr. Little and her expert contributors address the unique concerns and challenges facing the feline practitioner, including the latest advances in feline medical diagnosis and management and their clinical applications to everyday practice. User-friendly and complete, The Cat is also available as an e-book, giving you easy access to the complete, fully-searchable contents online.
- Covers the latest advances in feline medicine from a systemic and adjunctive care perspective. It's the most comprehensive feline medical reference available with a strong clinical focus.
- Helps you meet the increasing demand for state-of-the-art medical care by cat owners — including advanced diagnostic services and treatments designed to extend and improve quality of life for feline companions.
- Features a full-color design with hundreds of schematic drawings, tables, boxes, key points, algorithms, and photographs for quick and easy access to information.
- Addresses key topics unique to feline medicine and not currently covered in other books, including: insights and clinical advances attributable to the mapping of the feline genome; medical conditions associated with behavioral problems; managing the feline patient with co-existing and chronic disease; special medical problems and care considerations for the geriatric cat; environmental enrichment for the indoor cat; feline zoonotic agents and implications for human health; and shelter medicine and overpopulation solutions.
- Provides in-depth information on indoor cats and senior cats, including timely guidance on meeting owners' expectations for longer, healthier lives for their cats.
- Addresses the challenges of pet overpopulation, particularly the impact of millions of feral cats on public health and the environment.
- Presents information written in the manner of expanded conference proceedings, delivering the latest insights and most current approaches to management of feline medical disorders.
- Includes contributions from approximately 60 contributors, drawing on the valuable expertise of those most knowledgeable in the field of feline medical care.
- Bears the full endorsement of the Winn Feline Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports studies about cat health and funds feline research projects worldwide, and is internationally regarded as a major contributor to the health and wellbeing of all cats.
- The complete contents also are available online through Veterinary Consult.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Endsheet 2 | IFC2 | ||
| The Cat | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Section Editors | iii | ||
| Contributors | iv | ||
| Dedication | xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xv | ||
| Foreword | xvii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xix | ||
| I Fundamentals of Feline Practice | 1 | ||
| 1 Understanding the Cat and Feline-Friendly Handling | 2 | ||
| Outline | 2 | ||
| The Client’s Perspective | 2 | ||
| The Veterinary Team’s Perspective | 3 | ||
| The Cat’s Perspective | 3 | ||
| A Better Way | 3 | ||
| Understanding the Cat | 4 | ||
| The History of the Cat | 4 | ||
| The Cat’s Senses: How Cats Perceive the World | 4 | ||
| Cat Communication | 5 | ||
| Visual Communication | 5 | ||
| Olfactory Communication | 6 | ||
| Vocal and Tactile Communication | 6 | ||
| Causes of Misbehavior and Aggression at Veterinary Visits | 7 | ||
| Fear Responses | 8 | ||
| Learning in Cats | 8 | ||
| Sensitive Period of Socialization | 9 | ||
| Feline-Friendly Veterinary Visits | 9 | ||
| The Situation Today | 9 | ||
| Client Education | 9 | ||
| Getting the Cat to the Veterinary Hospital | 9 | ||
| Receiving the Cat and Client | 10 | ||
| First Veterinary Visits and Kitten Classes | 10 | ||
| Getting the Cat Out of the Carrier | 10 | ||
| Handling During Examination | 11 | ||
| Handling for Laboratory Sample Collection | 15 | ||
| Measuring Blood Pressure | 15 | ||
| Collecting Blood Samples | 15 | ||
| Collecting Urine Samples | 15 | ||
| Hospitalization | 16 | ||
| Returning Home | 17 | ||
| Conclusion | 18 | ||
| References | 18 | ||
| 2 The Cat-Friendly Practice | 20 | ||
| Outline | 20 | ||
| Feline Veterinarians | 21 | ||
| Foundations of A Cat-Friendly Practice | 21 | ||
| Physical Features of A Cat-Friendly Practice | 21 | ||
| Public Areas | 21 | ||
| Examination Rooms | 21 | ||
| Treatment Areas | 22 | ||
| Equipment | 23 | ||
| Housing | 23 | ||
| Conclusion | 24 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| 3 Deciphering the Cat: | 26 | ||
| Outline | 26 | ||
| Establishing Relationship-Centered Care | 26 | ||
| The Medical History | 26 | ||
| Initial Information Phase | 26 | ||
| Routine History | 28 | ||
| Prior and Existing Complaints | 29 | ||
| The Physical Examination | 31 | ||
| Initial Steps | 31 | ||
| The Head | 33 | ||
| The Neck and Forelimbs | 34 | ||
| The Thorax and Trunk | 34 | ||
| The Abdomen | 35 | ||
| The Hindquarters and Tail | 36 | ||
| Final General Assessment | 36 | ||
| References | 39 | ||
| 4 Guidelines and Precautions for Drug Therapy in Cats | 40 | ||
| Outline | 40 | ||
| Differences in Drug Metabolism in Cats | 40 | ||
| Dosage Adjustments for Renal Insufficiency | 40 | ||
| Drug Therapy Considerations in Hepatic Insufficiency | 44 | ||
| Therapeutic Considerations in Neonates and Kittens | 44 | ||
| Therapeutic Considerations in Senior and Geriatric Cats | 45 | ||
| Drug Compounding for Cats | 46 | ||
| Alternative Formulations/Routes for Medicating Cats | 47 | ||
| Conclusion | 49 | ||
| References | 49 | ||
| 5 Fluid Therapy | 52 | ||
| Outline | 52 | ||
| Body Fluid Balance | 52 | ||
| Steady State and the Concept of Maintenance | 52 | ||
| Body Fluid Compartments | 53 | ||
| Fluid Movement in the Extracellular Fluid Compartment | 54 | ||
| Fluid Movement Between the Intracellular Fluid and Extracellular Fluid Compartments | 54 | ||
| Perfusion | 55 | ||
| Salt Balance: Disorders of ECF Volume | 55 | ||
| Sodium Content | 55 | ||
| Regulation of Sodium Balance | 55 | ||
| Water Balance: Disorders of Sodium Concentration | 56 | ||
| Permeant and Impermeant Solutes | 56 | ||
| Tonicity | 56 | ||
| Regulation of Water Balance | 57 | ||
| Understanding Fluid Losses | 57 | ||
| Sensible and Insensible Fluid Losses | 57 | ||
| Body Weight and Fluid Losses | 57 | ||
| Relationship to Lean Body Mass | 58 | ||
| Terminology of Body Fluid Balance | 58 | ||
| Assessment of Fluid loss | 58 | ||
| Assessment of Fluid Excess | 58 | ||
| Body Response to Hypovolemia | 59 | ||
| General Considerations for Fluid Therapy | 59 | ||
| Fluid Types | 59 | ||
| Crystalloids | 60 | ||
| Isotonic High-Sodium Crystalloids | 60 | ||
| General Characteristics and Indications for Isotonic High-Sodium Crystalloids | 60 | ||
| Acidifying and Alkalinizing Fluids | 62 | ||
| Supplements | 62 | ||
| Potassium | 62 | ||
| Phosphate | 63 | ||
| Magnesium | 64 | ||
| Calcium | 64 | ||
| Electrolyte Infusions | 64 | ||
| Glucose | 64 | ||
| Hypotonic Low-Sodium Crystalloids | 64 | ||
| Maintenance | 64 | ||
| Subcutaneous Administration | 65 | ||
| Other Uses | 65 | ||
| Infusion Vehicle | 65 | ||
| Hypertonic Dehydration | 65 | ||
| Combinations of High- and Low-Sodium Crystalloids | 65 | ||
| Hypertonic Saline Solutions | 66 | ||
| Colloids | 66 | ||
| General Characteristics of Colloids | 66 | ||
| Natural Colloids and Blood Products | 66 | ||
| Synthetic Colloids | 68 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 69 | ||
| Subcutaneous Fluid Therapy | 69 | ||
| Intravenous Fluid Therapy | 69 | ||
| Venous Access | 69 | ||
| How to Place an Intravenous Catheter | 70 | ||
| Fluid Therapy Plans and Monitoring | 73 | ||
| Management of Hypovolemia | 73 | ||
| Assessment of Hypovolemia | 73 | ||
| Therapy Options for Hypovolemia | 73 | ||
| Monitoring Response to Therapy in Patients with Hypovolemia | 74 | ||
| Blood Volume Status Parameters | 74 | ||
| Parameters Related to Large Arteries | 75 | ||
| The Hemodynamically Stable Patient | 77 | ||
| Development of a Fluid Therapy Plan | 77 | ||
| Hydration Status Versus Hypovolemia | 77 | ||
| Creating a Fluid Plan | 78 | ||
| Correction of Extracellular Fluid Volume Depletion | 78 | ||
| Correction of Intracellular Fluid Volume Depletion | 78 | ||
| Maintenance | 80 | ||
| Ongoing Losses | 80 | ||
| Acid–Base | 80 | ||
| Dextrose | 80 | ||
| A Case Example | 81 | ||
| Patient-Monitoring Recommendations | 81 | ||
| Intravenous Fluids During Anesthesia and Surgery | 82 | ||
| Specific Disease Conditions | 82 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 82 | ||
| Azotemia and Renal Disease | 82 | ||
| Localization of Azotemia | 82 | ||
| Electrolyte Disorders | 83 | ||
| Diuresis After Resolution of Obstruction and in the Healing Phase of Acute Renal Failure | 83 | ||
| Proteinuric Renal Disease | 84 | ||
| Oliguric Renal Disease | 84 | ||
| Chronic Renal Disease | 84 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 84 | ||
| Concurrent Cardiac and Renal Disease | 85 | ||
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | 86 | ||
| Correction of Volume and Hydration Deficits | 86 | ||
| Correction and Monitoring of Electrolyte and Phosphorus Abnormalities | 86 | ||
| Potassium | 86 | ||
| Phosphorus | 86 | ||
| Magnesium | 87 | ||
| Resolution of Ketosis with Insulin and Dextrose Therapy | 87 | ||
| Acidosis | 87 | ||
| Monitoring | 87 | ||
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome | 87 | ||
| Liver Disease | 88 | ||
| References | 89 | ||
| 6 Analgesia | 90 | ||
| Outline | 90 | ||
| Pain Recognition and Assessment | 90 | ||
| Routes and Methods of Drug Administration | 94 | ||
| Parenteral Administration (Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous) | 94 | ||
| Sustained-Release Formulations | 94 | ||
| Constant-Rate Infusions | 94 | ||
| Transdermal Administration | 94 | ||
| Topical Administration | 94 | ||
| Oral Administration | 94 | ||
| Oral Transmucosal Administration | 94 | ||
| Epidural | 95 | ||
| Analgesic Drugs | 96 | ||
| Opioids | 96 | ||
| Side Effects of Opioids | 96 | ||
| Potential Drug Interactions | 97 | ||
| Specific Opioid Drugs | 97 | ||
| OP3 Opioid Agonists | 98 | ||
| Combinations of Opioids | 100 | ||
| Epidural Administration of Opioids | 100 | ||
| Tramadol | 100 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 100 | ||
| Side Effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 100 | ||
| Specific Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 101 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Agents | 102 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Blocks | 103 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Block | 103 | ||
| Dental Blocks | 103 | ||
| Distal Paw Block | 103 | ||
| Intercostal Nerve Block | 104 | ||
| Wound Infusion Catheters | 104 | ||
| Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonist Agents | 104 | ||
| N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists | 105 | ||
| Other Analgesic Drugs | 105 | ||
| Multimodal Analgesia | 105 | ||
| “Send Home” Medications | 105 | ||
| Individual Variation in Response to Analgesic Drugs | 106 | ||
| Special Populations | 106 | ||
| Other Analgesic Modalities | 106 | ||
| Conclusion | 107 | ||
| References | 107 | ||
| 7 Anesthesia and Perioperative Care | 112 | ||
| Outline | 112 | ||
| Assessment of Risk | 112 | ||
| Sedation and Premedication | 112 | ||
| Tranquilizers and Sedatives | 113 | ||
| Acepromazine | 113 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 114 | ||
| Alpha2-Adrenoceptor Agonists | 115 | ||
| Dissociative Anesthetics | 116 | ||
| Opioids | 116 | ||
| Anticholinergics | 117 | ||
| Induction Agents | 118 | ||
| Thiopental | 118 | ||
| Clinical Use | 118 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Effects | 118 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Effects | 119 | ||
| Ketamine | 119 | ||
| Clinical Use | 119 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Effects | 120 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Effects | 121 | ||
| Telazol | 121 | ||
| Clinical Use | 121 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Effects | 121 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Effects | 122 | ||
| Propofol | 122 | ||
| Clinical Use | 122 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Effects | 123 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Effects | 123 | ||
| Etomidate | 123 | ||
| Clinical Use | 123 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Effects | 124 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Effects | 125 | ||
| Steroid Anesthetics | 125 | ||
| Clinical Use | 125 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Effects | 125 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Effects | 126 | ||
| Induction with Inhalant Anesthetics | 126 | ||
| Clinical Use | 126 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects | 127 | ||
| Intubation | 127 | ||
| Maintenance | 127 | ||
| Inhalant Anesthetics | 127 | ||
| Isoflurane | 128 | ||
| Sevoflurane | 128 | ||
| Desflurane | 129 | ||
| Balanced Anesthetic Techniques | 129 | ||
| Nitrous Oxide | 129 | ||
| Opioid Infusion | 130 | ||
| Epidural/Spinal Opioid | 130 | ||
| Transdermal Opioid/Inhalant Anesthesia | 131 | ||
| Lidocaine | 131 | ||
| Ketamine | 131 | ||
| Dexmedetomidine | 131 | ||
| Total Intravenous Anesthesia | 132 | ||
| Propofol | 132 | ||
| Ketamine | 132 | ||
| Thiopental | 132 | ||
| Alphaxalone | 132 | ||
| Anesthetic Options for Feral Cats | 133 | ||
| Equipment, Monitoring, and Fluid Therapy | 133 | ||
| Anesthetic Considerations for Special Conditions | 137 | ||
| Neonatal Patients | 137 | ||
| Physiologic Changes | 137 | ||
| Anesthetic Management | 137 | ||
| Geriatric Patients | 138 | ||
| Physiologic Changes | 138 | ||
| Anesthetic Management | 138 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 139 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Laboratory Findings | 139 | ||
| Anesthetic Management | 140 | ||
| Urethral Obstruction | 141 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Laboratory Findings | 141 | ||
| Anesthetic Management | 142 | ||
| Idiopathic Hepatic Lipidosis | 142 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Laboratory Findings | 142 | ||
| II Feline Behavior | 181 | ||
| 9 Kitten Development | 182 | ||
| Outline | 182 | ||
| Influence of Parental Factors on Behavioral Development | 182 | ||
| Genetics | 182 | ||
| In Utero Effects | 183 | ||
| Maternal Factors | 183 | ||
| Paternal Factors | 183 | ||
| Behavioral Development | 183 | ||
| Development after Birth | 183 | ||
| Sensitive Periods | 184 | ||
| Neonatal (0 to 7 Days) | 184 | ||
| Transitional (7 to 14 Days) | 184 | ||
| Socialization (14 Days to 7 Weeks) | 184 | ||
| Juvenile (7 Weeks to Sexual Maturity at 6 to 12 Months) | 185 | ||
| Adult (Sexual and Social Maturity) | 185 | ||
| Specific Behavior Patterns | 185 | ||
| Play | 185 | ||
| Social Behavior | 186 | ||
| Feeding | 186 | ||
| Toileting | 187 | ||
| Grooming | 187 | ||
| Learning | 188 | ||
| Socialization and the Kitten | 188 | ||
| References | 189 | ||
| 10 Normal Behavior of Cats | 191 | ||
| Outline | 191 | ||
| The Biology of Cats | 191 | ||
| Sense Organs | 191 | ||
| Vision | 191 | ||
| Hearing | 192 | ||
| Olfaction | 192 | ||
| Touch | 192 | ||
| Taste | 193 | ||
| Communication | 193 | ||
| Body Language | 193 | ||
| Body | 193 | ||
| Ears | 193 | ||
| Eyes | 193 | ||
| Tail | 194 | ||
| Vocalizations | 194 | ||
| Closed Mouth | 194 | ||
| Open–Closing Mouth | 194 | ||
| Open Mouth | 194 | ||
| Odor Signals | 194 | ||
| Urine | 194 | ||
| Learning | 195 | ||
| Hunting and Feeding | 195 | ||
| Grooming | 195 | ||
| Social Organization and Density | 195 | ||
| Time Budgets: What do Cats do All Day? | 196 | ||
| References | 197 | ||
| 11 Kitten Socialization and Training Classes | 198 | ||
| Outline | 198 | ||
| Getting Started | 199 | ||
| Planning Classes | 199 | ||
| Recruitment and Promotion | 199 | ||
| Kittens | 199 | ||
| Attendees | 199 | ||
| Staff | 199 | ||
| Equipment | 200 | ||
| Location | 200 | ||
| Teaching Kittens | 200 | ||
| Rewards | 201 | ||
| Punishment | 201 | ||
| CLass Structure | 201 | ||
| Topics to Cover | 201 | ||
| Litter Training | 201 | ||
| Handling | 201 | ||
| Scratching | 202 | ||
| Sample Curriculum | 202 | ||
| Week One | 202 | ||
| Week Two | 204 | ||
| References | 205 | ||
| 12 Behavioral History Taking | 206 | ||
| Outline | 206 | ||
| It’s Not Just About the Cat | 206 | ||
| Empathy | 206 | ||
| Counseling Skills | 206 | ||
| Organizing a Consultation | 207 | ||
| Basic Patient Information | 208 | ||
| Self-Maintenance Behaviors | 209 | ||
| Social Environment | 209 | ||
| The Problem Behaviors | 210 | ||
| Formulating a Treatment Plan | 210 | ||
| References | 210 | ||
| 13 Behavior Problems | 211 | ||
| Outline | 211 | ||
| Anxiety, Fear, and Phobia | 212 | ||
| Overview | 212 | ||
| Fear | 212 | ||
| Phobia | 212 | ||
| Anxiety | 212 | ||
| Anxiety-Related Disorders | 213 | ||
| Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders | 213 | ||
| Overgrooming | 214 | ||
| III Feline Nutrition | 235 | ||
| 15 The Unique Nutritional Requirements of the Cat: | 236 | ||
| Outline | 236 | ||
| Anatomy And Physiology | 236 | ||
| Feeding Behavior | 237 | ||
| Specific Nutrients | 238 | ||
| Protein and Amino Acids | 238 | ||
| Protein | 238 | ||
| Arginine | 238 | ||
| Methionine and Cysteine | 238 | ||
| Taurine | 238 | ||
| Fat and Fatty Acids | 239 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 239 | ||
| Vitamins | 240 | ||
| Vitamin A | 240 | ||
| Vitamin D | 240 | ||
| Niacin (B3) | 240 | ||
| Pyridoxine (B6) | 241 | ||
| Thiamine (B1) | 241 | ||
| Folate | 241 | ||
| Conclusion | 241 | ||
| References | 241 | ||
| 16 Nutrition for the Normal Cat | 243 | ||
| Outline | 243 | ||
| Normal Feeding Behavior | 243 | ||
| Carnivorous Adaptations | 243 | ||
| Energy Needs | 244 | ||
| Life Stage Nutrition | 244 | ||
| Adult Maintenance | 244 | ||
| Pregnancy and Lactation | 246 | ||
| Growth | 246 | ||
| Senior and Geriatric Cats | 246 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| 17 Nutritional Disorders | 248 | ||
| Outline | 248 | ||
| Food Components | 248 | ||
| Excesses | 248 | ||
| Hypervitaminosis A | 248 | ||
| Hypervitaminosis D | 249 | ||
| Excessive Intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids | 249 | ||
| Deficiencies | 249 | ||
| Thiamin | 249 | ||
| Vitamin E | 250 | ||
| Taurine | 250 | ||
| Inappropriate Food Components | 250 | ||
| Food Contaminants | 251 | ||
| Food Hypersensitivity | 251 | ||
| Food Intolerance | 253 | ||
| References | 253 | ||
| 18 Nutritional Management of Diseases | 255 | ||
| Outline | 255 | ||
| Cardiovascular Diseases | 255 | ||
| Animal Factors | 255 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 256 | ||
| Feeding Factors | 256 | ||
| Dental And Oral Diseases | 256 | ||
| Animal Factors | 256 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 257 | ||
| Feeding Factors | 257 | ||
| Skin Disorders | 257 | ||
| Animal Factors | 258 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 258 | ||
| Feeding Factors | 258 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Diseases | 258 | ||
| Types of Foods Used in Managing Gastrointestinal Disease | 258 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Diets | 258 | ||
| Fiber-Enhanced Diets | 259 | ||
| Restricted- and Moderate-Fat Foods | 259 | ||
| Elimination Foods | 259 | ||
| Gluten- and Gliadin-Free Foods | 259 | ||
| Monomeric Foods | 259 | ||
| Animal Factors | 259 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 259 | ||
| Feeding Factors | 259 | ||
| Hepatic Disease | 259 | ||
| Animal Factors | 260 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 260 | ||
| Feeding Factors | 260 | ||
| Endocrinologic Diseases: Obesity | 260 | ||
| Animal Factors | 261 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 262 | ||
| Feeding Factors | 262 | ||
| Endocrinologic Diseases: Diabetes Mellitus | 264 | ||
| Animal Factors | 264 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 264 | ||
| Feeding Factors | 265 | ||
| Endocrinologic Diseases: Hyperthyroidism | 265 | ||
| Animal Factors | 265 | ||
| Dietary Factors | 265 | ||
| IV Feline Internal Medicine | 299 | ||
| 20 Cardiovascular Diseases | 300 | ||
| Outline | 300 | ||
| Prevalence and Risk Factors | 300 | ||
| Prevalence | 300 | ||
| Risk Factors | 301 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 301 | ||
| Murmurs | 301 | ||
| Heart Sounds and Arrhythmias | 302 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Congestive Heart Failure | 302 | ||
| Physical Examination Procedures of Limited Value in Diagnosis of Feline Heart Disease | 302 | ||
| Peripheral Pulse Quality | 302 | ||
| Mucous Membrane Color and Capillary Refill Time | 302 | ||
| Murmur Localization and Characterization | 302 | ||
| Diagnosis of Feline Heart Disease | 303 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 303 | ||
| Electrocardiography as a Screening Test for Subclinical Heart Disease | 303 | ||
| Radiography | 304 | ||
| Echocardiography | 305 | ||
| Biomarkers | 306 | ||
| NT-proBNP as a Screening Test | 306 | ||
| NT-proBNP as a Diagnostic Test for Congestive Heart Failure | 306 | ||
| Abuses of Biomarker Assays | 306 | ||
| Feline Hypertension and Heart Disease | 307 | ||
| Definitions | 307 | ||
| Causes | 307 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 307 | ||
| Diagnosis | 307 | ||
| Treatment | 309 | ||
| Cardiomyopathies | 310 | ||
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 310 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 310 | ||
| Diagnosis | 311 | ||
| Treatment | 312 | ||
| Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 314 | ||
| Other Cardiomyopathies | 314 | ||
| Arterial Thromboembolism | 316 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 316 | ||
| Treatment | 317 | ||
| Recurrence and Prevention | 318 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 319 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 319 | ||
| Conduction Disturbances | 320 | ||
| Atrioventricular Blocks | 321 | ||
| Isorhythmic Dissociation | 321 | ||
| Treatment of Arrhythmias | 321 | ||
| Congenital Heart Diseases | 322 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 322 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 323 | ||
| Supravalvular Mitral Stenosis (Cor Triatriatum Sinister) | 323 | ||
| Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernias | 324 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 324 | ||
| Miscellaneous Heart Diseases | 325 | ||
| Glucocorticoid-Associated Congestive Heart Failure | 325 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism and Heart Disease | 325 | ||
| Endocarditis | 326 | ||
| References | 326 | ||
| 21 Dental and Oral Diseases | 329 | ||
| Outline | 329 | ||
| Oral Anatomy | 329 | ||
| Eruption of Deciduous and Permanent Teeth | 329 | ||
| Tooth Formula in the Domestic Cat | 329 | ||
| Teeth | 330 | ||
| Periodontium | 331 | ||
| Oral Mucosa | 332 | ||
| Bones and Joints | 332 | ||
| Muscles, Cheeks, and Lips | 333 | ||
| Palate | 333 | ||
| Tongue | 334 | ||
| Salivary Glands | 334 | ||
| Lymph Nodes and Tonsils | 335 | ||
| Neurovascular Structures | 335 | ||
| Common Terminology | 335 | ||
| Oral Examination | 335 | ||
| Patient History and Clinical Signs | 335 | ||
| Extraoral Examination | 336 | ||
| Intraoral Examination | 336 | ||
| Laboratory Examination | 338 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 338 | ||
| Dental Radiography | 338 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 340 | ||
| Local and Regional Anesthesia | 341 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 342 | ||
| Gingivitis and Periodontitis | 342 | ||
| Periodontal Therapy | 343 | ||
| Home Oral Hygiene | 344 | ||
| Tooth Resorption | 344 | ||
| Replacement Resorption and Inflammatory Resorption | 344 | ||
| Etiologic Considerations | 344 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 346 | ||
| Radiographic Signs | 346 | ||
| Histologic Features | 347 | ||
| Treatment | 347 | ||
| Dentoalveolar Trauma | 348 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Diagnosis | 348 | ||
| Treatment | 348 | ||
| Stomatitis | 349 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Diagnosis | 349 | ||
| Treatment | 349 | ||
| Tooth Extraction | 350 | ||
| Instruments and Mechanics | 350 | ||
| Closed Extraction | 351 | ||
| Open Extraction | 351 | ||
| Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex | 353 | ||
| Feline Orofacial Pain Syndrome | 355 | ||
| Palate Defects | 355 | ||
| Congenital Palate Defects | 356 | ||
| Acquired Palate Defects | 356 | ||
| Orofacial Soft Tissue Injury | 358 | ||
| Jaw Fractures | 359 | ||
| Mandibular Fractures | 359 | ||
| Maxillary Fractures | 360 | ||
| Jaw Fracture Repair | 360 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint Disorders | 362 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint Luxation | 363 | ||
| Open-Mouth Jaw Locking | 363 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis | 364 | ||
| Oral and Maxillofacial Tumors | 365 | ||
| Benign Lesions | 365 | ||
| Malignant Lesions | 365 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses | 366 | ||
| Staging, Oral Examination, and Biopsy | 366 | ||
| Treatment | 366 | ||
| References | 368 | ||
| 22 Dermatology | 371 | ||
| Outline | 371 | ||
| Feline Skin Diseases | 371 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 371 | ||
| Taking the History | 371 | ||
| Physical Examination | 372 | ||
| Core Diagnostic Tests | 373 | ||
| Skin Scrapings | 373 | ||
| Flea Combing | 374 | ||
| Acetate Tape Preparations | 374 | ||
| Ear Swab Cytology | 374 | ||
| Mineral Oil Ear Swab Cytology | 374 | ||
| Skin Cytology and Nail Bed Cytology | 374 | ||
| Wood’s Lamp Examination | 375 | ||
| Hair Trichograms | 375 | ||
| Dermatophyte Cultures | 376 | ||
| Skin Biopsy | 376 | ||
| Pruritus | 377 | ||
| Parasitic Causes of Pruritus | 377 | ||
| Otodectes | 377 | ||
| Fur Mites and Lice | 379 | ||
| Demodicosis | 380 | ||
| Tick and Flea Infestations and Flea Bite Hypersensitivity | 381 | ||
| Infectious Causes of Pruritus | 381 | ||
| Pyoderma | 381 | ||
| Malassezia Overgrowth | 383 | ||
| Dermatophytosis | 385 | ||
| Allergic Causes of Pruritus | 385 | ||
| Flea Allergy Dermatitis | 385 | ||
| Insect Bite Hypersensitivity | 385 | ||
| Food Allergy | 386 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis | 387 | ||
| Scaling, Crusting, and Greasy Skin | 391 | ||
| Excessive Scaling | 391 | ||
| Dermatophytosis | 391 | ||
| Special Considerations for Infected Multiple-Animal Facilities56 | 395 | ||
| Greasy Seborrhea Syndromes | 396 | ||
| Sebaceous Adenitis | 396 | ||
| Pemphigus Foliaceus | 397 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Exfoliative Dermatitis | 398 | ||
| Epitheliotropic Lymphoma | 398 | ||
| Solar or Actinic Dermatitis | 398 | ||
| Chin Acne and Chin Furunculosis | 398 | ||
| Alopecia | 399 | ||
| Feline Symmetric Alopecia | 399 | ||
| Telogen Effluvium | 399 | ||
| Congenital Hypotrichosis | 401 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Alopecia | 402 | ||
| Inflammatory Focal Alopecia | 402 | ||
| Preauricular and Pinnal Alopecia | 402 | ||
| Noninflammatory Focal Alopecia Associated with Treatments | 402 | ||
| Alopecia Areata | 402 | ||
| Ulcers and Erosions | 402 | ||
| Eosinophilic Lesions | 403 | ||
| Indolent Ulcer | 403 | ||
| Miliary Dermatitis and Eosinophilic Plaques | 404 | ||
| Eosinophilic Granuloma | 404 | ||
| Mosquito and Insect Bite Hypersensitivity | 405 | ||
| Familial Eosinophilic Lesions | 406 | ||
| Fragile Skin | 406 | ||
| Hard Skin | 406 | ||
| Pigmentary Changes | 407 | ||
| Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation | 407 | ||
| Lentigo | 407 | ||
| Depigmentation | 407 | ||
| Acromelanism | 407 | ||
| Diseases of Paw Pads, Paronychia, and Anal Sacs | 407 | ||
| Paw Pads | 407 | ||
| Paronychia | 408 | ||
| Tumors and other Swellings of Individual Toes | 409 | ||
| Anal Sac Diseases | 409 | ||
| Otitis | 410 | ||
| Otodectes Infestations | 412 | ||
| Otic Demodicosis | 412 | ||
| Obstructive Otitis | 412 | ||
| Allergic Otitis | 413 | ||
| Yeast Otitis | 413 | ||
| Otitis Media | 413 | ||
| Medical Management for Otitis Media | 413 | ||
| Vestibular Disease and Otitis Media and Otitis Interna | 415 | ||
| Ototoxicity Concerns | 415 | ||
| Apocrine Hidrocystoma | 416 | ||
| Proliferative Necrotizing Otitis Externa | 416 | ||
| Nonhealing Wounds | 416 | ||
| Feline Leprosy Syndromes | 417 | ||
| Rapidly Growing Mycobacterial Infections | 417 | ||
| References | 417 | ||
| Human Allergies to Cats | 419 | ||
| General Information | 419 | ||
| Mitigation Strategies | 421 | ||
| Avoidance Through Environmental Interventions | 421 | ||
| Pet-Directed Interventions | 422 | ||
| References | 423 | ||
| 23 Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity | 425 | ||
| Outline | 425 | ||
| Approach to the Vomiting Cat | 426 | ||
| Step 1: Signalment and Clinical History | 428 | ||
| Step 2: Physical Examination | 429 | ||
| Step 3: Blood and Urine Testing | 429 | ||
| Routine Tests | 429 | ||
| Blood Tests for Gastrointestinal Disease | 429 | ||
| Step 4: Imaging: Ultrasonography and Radiology | 430 | ||
| Step 5: Intestinal (and other Organ) Biopsies | 430 | ||
| References | 430 | ||
| Therapeutics for Vomiting and Diarrhea | 431 | ||
| Nonspecific Supportive Therapies for Vomiting | 431 | ||
| Antiemetics and Prokinetics | 431 | ||
| Mirtazapine | 431 | ||
| Metoclopramide | 431 | ||
| Dolasetron and Ondansetron | 433 | ||
| Maropitant | 433 | ||
| Phenothiazines | 433 | ||
| Cisapride | 433 | ||
| Dietary Modification | 433 | ||
| Highly Digestible Diets | 434 | ||
| Novel Protein/Carbohydrate or Elimination Diets | 434 | ||
| Targeted Therapies with Specific Indications for Vomiting | 434 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Ulcers | 434 | ||
| Famotidine | 434 | ||
| Ranitidine | 434 | ||
| Omeprazole | 435 | ||
| Sucralfate | 435 | ||
| Nonspecific Supportive Therapies for Diarrhea | 435 | ||
| Dietary Modification | 435 | ||
| High-Fiber Diets | 435 | ||
| Vitamin Supplementation | 435 | ||
| Cobalamin | 435 | ||
| Probiotics and Prebiotics | 436 | ||
| Probiotics | 436 | ||
| Prebiotics | 436 | ||
| Targeted Therapies with Specific Indications for Diarrhea | 436 | ||
| Antimicrobials and Antiparasitics | 436 | ||
| Fenbendazole | 436 | ||
| Pyrantel Pamoate | 437 | ||
| Metronidazole | 437 | ||
| Ronidazole | 437 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapies | 438 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 438 | ||
| Cyclosporine | 439 | ||
| Chlorambucil | 439 | ||
| References | 439 | ||
| Diseases of the Esophagus | 441 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 441 | ||
| Diagnostic Approach | 442 | ||
| Specific Diseases | 443 | ||
| Esophagitis and Esophageal Strictures | 443 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 446 | ||
| Megaesophagus | 447 | ||
| Vascular Ring Anomaly | 448 | ||
| Neoplasia | 448 | ||
| Hiatal Hernia | 449 | ||
| References | 449 | ||
| Diseases of the Stomach | 450 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 451 | ||
| Specific Diseases | 452 | ||
| Gastritis | 452 | ||
| Acute Uncomplicated Gastritis | 452 | ||
| Foreign Body Ingestion | 452 | ||
| Helicobacter Gastritis | 453 | ||
| Chronic Gastritis | 454 | ||
| Gastric Ulceration | 455 | ||
| Gastric Motility Disorders and Delayed Gastric Emptying | 456 | ||
| Gastric Neoplasia | 457 | ||
| References | 458 | ||
| Approach to the Cat with Diarrhea | 459 | ||
| Overview | 459 | ||
| Step 1: Signalment and Clinical History | 460 | ||
| Step 2: Physical Examination | 462 | ||
| The Well Cat with Acute Onset Diarrhea | 462 | ||
| Step 3: Fecal Assessment +/− Culture | 462 | ||
| Step 4: Blood and Urine Testing | 463 | ||
| Routine Tests | 463 | ||
| The Unwell Cat with Acute Onset Diarrhea | 464 | ||
| The Well Cat with Chronic Diarrhea but No Weight Loss | 464 | ||
| Blood Tests for Gastrointestinal Disease | 464 | ||
| Step 5: Imaging | 465 | ||
| Step 6: Intestinal (and other Organ) Biopsy | 465 | ||
| References | 465 | ||
| Diseases of the Intestines | 466 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 466 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 466 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 466 | ||
| Diagnosis | 467 | ||
| Clinical Criteria | 467 | ||
| Other Organs Concurrently Affected | 468 | ||
| Dietary Therapy | 468 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 468 | ||
| Intestinal Neoplasia | 469 | ||
| Intestinal Small Cell (Low-Grade) Lymphoma | 469 | ||
| Prevalence | 469 | ||
| Patient Signalment and Risk Factors | 470 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 470 | ||
| Location and Other Organ Involvement | 470 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 470 | ||
| Diagnosis | 470 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 472 | ||
| Intestinal High-Grade (Lymphoblastic) Lymphoma | 473 | ||
| Prevalence | 473 | ||
| Patient Signalment and Risk Factors | 473 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 473 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 474 | ||
| Diagnosis | 474 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 475 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 475 | ||
| Other Intestinal Neoplasia | 476 | ||
| Intestinal Mast Cell Tumors | 476 | ||
| Adenomatous Polyps | 476 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Sclerosing Fibroplasia | 476 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (Leiomyosarcoma) | 476 | ||
| Hemangiosarcoma | 477 | ||
| Infectious Enteritis | 477 | ||
| Approach to Diagnosis | 477 | ||
| Viral Enteritis | 477 | ||
| Panleukopenia/Parvovirus | 478 | ||
| Coronavirus | 478 | ||
| Other Viral Enteridities | 478 | ||
| Bacterial Enteritis | 478 | ||
| Campylobacter | 478 | ||
| Clostridium | 479 | ||
| Escherichia coli | 479 | ||
| Salmonella | 479 | ||
| Other Bacterial Enteridities | 480 | ||
| Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth | 480 | ||
| Mycotic Enteritis | 480 | ||
| Intestinal Obstruction | 480 | ||
| Intestinal Foreign Bodies | 480 | ||
| Patient Signalment and Risk Factors | 480 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 480 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 480 | ||
| Diagnosis | 481 | ||
| Conservative Management | 482 | ||
| Surgical Management | 483 | ||
| Mass Obstruction | 483 | ||
| Neoplasia | 483 | ||
| Granulomatous Inflammation | 484 | ||
| Intussusception | 484 | ||
| Constipation and Megacolon | 484 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 485 | ||
| Management | 487 | ||
| Management of the First Episode in a Well Cat with Minimal Obstructing Feces | 487 | ||
| Management of Cats with Repeat Episodes and Obstipation | 488 | ||
| Megacolon | 488 | ||
| Management of Megacolon | 489 | ||
| Anorectal Diseases | 490 | ||
| Anal Sac Diseases | 490 | ||
| Anal Sac Impaction/Inflammation/ Infection/Abscessation | 490 | ||
| Neoplasia | 490 | ||
| Anal Diseases | 491 | ||
| Atresia Ani | 491 | ||
| Fecaliths | 491 | ||
| Rectal Prolapse | 491 | ||
| Perineal Dermatitis | 492 | ||
| References | 492 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Parasites | 496 | ||
| Nematodes | 496 | ||
| Ollulanus tricuspis | 496 | ||
| Life Cycle | 496 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Pathophysiology | 496 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 497 | ||
| Prevention and Zoonotic Potential | 497 | ||
| Physaloptera | 497 | ||
| Strongyloides | 497 | ||
| V Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses | 1015 | ||
| 33 Infectious Diseases | 1016 | ||
| Outline | 1016 | ||
| Fungal and Rickettsial Diseases | 1016 | ||
| Fungal Diseases | 1016 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 1016 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 1019 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 1020 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 1022 | ||
| Sporotrichosis | 1023 | ||
| Antifungal Therapy | 1024 | ||
| Rickettsial Diseases | 1025 | ||
| Ehrlichiosis | 1026 | ||
| Anaplasmosis | 1027 | ||
| Rickettsia felis | 1027 | ||
| References | 1027 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 1029 | ||
| Feline Herpesvirus-1 | 1029 | ||
| Transmission and Pathogenesis | 1029 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1029 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1030 | ||
| Treatment | 1030 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 1031 | ||
| Feline Calicivirus | 1031 | ||
| Transmission and Pathogenesis | 1032 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1033 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1033 | ||
| Treatment | 1034 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 1034 | ||
| Influenza Virus | 1034 | ||
| Transmission and Pathogenesis | 1035 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1035 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1035 | ||
| Treatment and Control | 1036 | ||
| Feline Panleukopenia | 1036 | ||
| Transmission and Pathogenesis | 1036 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1037 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1037 | ||
| Treatment | 1037 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 1038 | ||
| Feline Coronavirus | 1038 | ||
| Transmission and Pathogenesis | 1039 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1040 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1042 | ||
| Serum Antibody and Virus Detection Assays | 1044 | ||
| Treatment | 1045 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 1046 | ||
| Rabies | 1047 | ||
| Feline Retroviruses | 1048 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus | 1048 | ||
| Transmission and Pathogenesis | 1049 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1050 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1052 | ||
| Treatment | 1052 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 1054 | ||
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus | 1056 | ||
| Transmission and Pathogenesis | 1056 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1057 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1058 | ||
| Treatment | 1059 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 1061 | ||
| Miscellaneous Viruses | 1061 | ||
| Other Viral Enteritis Agents | 1061 | ||
| Bornavirus | 1061 | ||
| Papillomavirus | 1062 | ||
| Poxvirus | 1063 | ||
| References | 1063 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 1070 | ||
| Bartonellosis | 1070 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1072 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs | 1072 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1072 | ||
| Treatment | 1072 | ||
| Prevention | 1073 | ||
| Mycobacterial Infections | 1073 | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex | 1073 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1073 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1073 | ||
| VI Managing the Cat with Concurrent and Chronic Diseases | 1097 | ||
| 35 Concurrent Disease Management | 1098 | ||
| Outline | 1098 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease | 1099 | ||
| Diagnostic Challenges | 1099 | ||
| Treating Cats with Concurrent Hyperthyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease | 1100 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism and Diabetes Mellitus | 1101 | ||
| Prevalence | 1101 | ||
| Patient Signalment and Risk Factors | 1101 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1102 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1102 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1102 | ||
| Serum Total Thyroxine (TT4) Concentration | 1102 | ||
| Serum Free T4 Concentration by Dialysis (FT4D) | 1103 | ||
| Fructosamine | 1103 | ||
| Treatment | 1103 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity | 1103 | ||
| Definition of Diabetes Mellitus | 1103 | ||
| Definition of Obesity | 1103 | ||
| The Link Between Obesity and Diabetes | 1104 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus and Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disorders | 1106 | ||
| Etiology and Prevalence | 1106 | ||
| Patient Signalment and Risk Factors | 1106 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1107 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1107 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1107 | ||
| Environmental and Dietary Therapy | 1107 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 1108 | ||
| Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease | 1108 | ||
| Prevalence | 1108 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1109 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1110 | ||
| Therapy | 1110 | ||
| Optimizing Heart Failure Therapy | 1110 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors | 1110 | ||
| Diuretics | 1112 | ||
| Normalizing Blood Pressure | 1112 | ||
| Improving Cardiac Output | 1112 | ||
| Improving Renal Function | 1113 | ||
| Dietary Therapy | 1113 | ||
| Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids | 1113 | ||
| Fluid Therapy | 1113 | ||
| Correcting Anemia | 1114 | ||
| Reviewing and Modifying Drug Dosages | 1114 | ||
| Prognosis | 1114 | ||
| Management of Concurrent Pancreatitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1114 | ||
| Understanding Why Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pancreatitis Occur Together | 1115 | ||
| Management of Concurrent Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pancreatitis in Cats: Start with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy | 1116 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Function Testing in Planning Therapy | 1116 | ||
| The Role of Dietary Management: Focus on the Gastrointestinal Tract | 1116 | ||
| Normalizing the Microbiome: Antibiotics and Probiotics | 1117 | ||
| Control of Inflammation in Pancreatitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1119 | ||
| Other Considerations in Therapy of Pancreatitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1119 | ||
| Conclusion | 1120 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension | 1120 | ||
| Prevalence | 1120 | ||
| The Kidney: Cause of Hypertension or a Target Organ? | 1120 | ||
| Relationship of Systemic Arterial Pressure to Risk and International Renal Interest Society Classification | 1120 | ||
| Substaging Chronic Kidney Disease on Basis of Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure | 1121 | ||
| Substaging Chronic Kidney Disease on Basis of Proteinuria | 1121 | ||
| Emergency Therapy: Hypertensive Crises | 1122 | ||
| Chronic Therapy: Dosages and Monitoring | 1123 | ||
| Importance of Sustaining Renal Function during Antihypertensive Therapy | 1123 | ||
| Additional Patient Evaluations | 1124 | ||
| Conclusion | 1124 | ||
| Immune Deficiency, Stress, and Infection | 1124 | ||
| Immunodeficiency | 1124 | ||
| Stress and Disease | 1126 | ||
| Management of the Immunocompromised Cat | 1127 | ||
| References | 1128 | ||
| 36 Chronic Disease Management | 1134 | ||
| Outline | 1134 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy | 1134 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 1135 | ||
| Immunophilin Ligands | 1136 | ||
| Cytostatic Drugs | 1137 | ||
| Antibodies | 1137 | ||
| References | 1137 | ||
| Monitoring Long-Term Therapy | 1138 | ||
| Clinical Monitoring | 1139 | ||
| Pharmacodynamic Monitoring | 1140 | ||
| Amlodipine | 1140 | ||
| Erythropoietin | 1141 | ||
| Methimazole | 1141 | ||
| Phosphate Binders | 1142 | ||
| Potassium Supplements | 1142 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Monitoring | 1142 | ||
| References | 1143 | ||
| Managing Adverse Drug Reactions | 1144 | ||
| Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions | 1144 | ||
| Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions | 1144 | ||
| Type A | 1144 | ||
| Type B | 1145 | ||
| Preventing Adverse Drug Reactions | 1145 | ||
| Diagnosing Adverse Drug ReactionS | 1146 | ||
| Diagnostic Steps for All Adverse Drug Reaction Types | 1146 | ||
| Diagnostic Steps for Type A Reactions | 1146 | ||
| Diagnostic Steps for Type B Reactions | 1147 | ||
| Managing Adverse Drug Reactions | 1147 | ||
| Managing Type A Reactions | 1147 | ||
| Managing Type B Reactions | 1147 | ||
| Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions | 1148 | ||
| Conclusion | 1148 | ||
| References | 1148 | ||
| Palliative Medicine: Pain Assessment and Management | 1149 | ||
| Potential Causes of Long-Term Pain and Discomfort | 1149 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1149 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Diagnosis | 1149 | ||
| Treatment | 1150 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 1150 | ||
| Psychoactive Drugs | 1150 | ||
| Antiepileptics | 1150 | ||
| Sodium Channel Blockade | 1151 | ||
| N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Inhibitors | 1151 | ||
| Mixed Analgesics | 1152 | ||
| Opioids | 1152 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 1152 | ||
| Adverse Drug Interactions | 1152 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Therapies | 1153 | ||
| Environmental Enrichment | 1153 | ||
| Physical Therapies | 1153 | ||
| Complementary Therapies | 1153 | ||
| Future Directions in Long-Term Pain Management | 1153 | ||
| Regenerative Medicine | 1153 | ||
| Neurotrophic Agents | 1153 | ||
| Neurotoxins | 1154 | ||
| Conclusion | 1154 | ||
| References | 1154 | ||
| Palliative Medicine, Quality of Life, and Euthanasia Decisions | 1155 | ||
| Providing Support for the Function of Cells and Organs | 1155 | ||
| Hydration | 1155 | ||
| Nutrition | 1156 | ||
| Mobility | 1158 | ||
| Alleviating Discomfort and Optimizing Comfort | 1158 | ||
| Preparing for an Ending: Dying with Dignity | 1159 | ||
| Caring for the Caregivers | 1162 | ||
| Conclusion | 1163 | ||
| References | 1163 | ||
| VII Special Considerations for the Senior Cat | 1165 | ||
| 37 Managing the Senior Cat | 1166 | ||
| Outline | 1166 | ||
| Impact of Aging | 1166 | ||
| Drug Disposition | 1167 | ||
| Nutritional Requirements | 1168 | ||
| Wellness Care for Senior Cats | 1168 | ||
| Diseases and Health Problems of Senior Cats | 1169 | ||
| Weight Loss and Dehydration | 1169 | ||
| Cognitive Dysfunction | 1170 | ||
| Neoplasia | 1173 | ||
| Degenerative Joint Disease | 1173 | ||
| Concurrent Disease Management | 1174 | ||
| Conclusion | 1174 | ||
| References | 1174 | ||
| 38 Evaluation of the Senior Cat with Weight Loss | 1176 | ||
| Outline | 1176 | ||
| Prevalence of Weight Loss | 1176 | ||
| Causes of Weight Loss | 1176 | ||
| Diagnosis of Weight Loss | 1178 | ||
| Nonspecific Management of Weight Loss | 1180 | ||
| References | 1180 | ||
| VIII Feline Reproduction and Pediatrics | 1183 | ||
| 39 Male Reproduction | 1184 | ||
| Outline | 1184 | ||
| Male Anatomy | 1184 | ||
| Mating Behavior | 1185 | ||
| Control of Reproduction | 1186 | ||
| Surgical Castration | 1186 | ||
| Vasectomy | 1186 | ||
| Chemical Castration | 1187 | ||
| Diseases and Conditions of the Penis | 1187 | ||
| Diseases and Conditions of the Testes | 1188 | ||
| Cryptorchidism | 1189 | ||
| Infertility | 1191 | ||
| References | 1193 | ||
| 40 Female Reproduction | 1195 | ||
| Outline | 1195 | ||
| Normal Reproduction | 1195 | ||
| Seasonality | 1195 | ||
| Puberty | 1195 | ||
| The Feline Estrous Cycle | 1196 | ||
| Hormonal Events of Estrus and Pregnancy | 1197 | ||
| Spontaneous Ovulation | 1198 | ||
| Fertility and Breeding Management | 1198 | ||
| Control of Estrus and Reproduction | 1200 | ||
| Clinical Problems | 1202 | ||
| Ovarian Remnant Syndrome | 1202 | ||
| Mammary Hyperplasia | 1203 | ||
| Determining Reproductive Status | 1204 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 1204 | ||
| Normal Gestation and Parturition | 1204 | ||
| Pregnancy Diagnosis | 1204 | ||
| Prediction of Due Date | 1206 | ||
| Care of the Pregnant Queen | 1206 | ||
| Normal Labor and Delivery | 1207 | ||
| Problems with Labor and Delivery | 1209 | ||
| Dystocia | 1209 | ||
| Cesarean Section | 1212 | ||
| Postpartum Problems | 1213 | ||
| Eclampsia | 1213 | ||
| Mastitis | 1213 | ||
| Metritis | 1214 | ||
| Retained Placentas | 1214 | ||
| Inadequate Milk Production | 1215 | ||
| Postpartum Intussusception | 1215 | ||
| Infertility in the Queen | 1215 | ||
| Vaginal Cytology | 1216 | ||
| Causes of Infertility with Abnormal Estrus | 1217 | ||
| Causes of Infertility with Normal Estrus | 1218 | ||
| Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Pyometra Complex | 1219 | ||
| Pregnancy Loss | 1222 | ||
| References | 1224 | ||
| 41 Pediatrics | 1228 | ||
| Outline | 1228 | ||
| Kitten Morbidity and Mortality | 1228 | ||
| Examination of the Neonatal Kitten | 1229 | ||
| Congenital Defects | 1232 | ||
| Neonatal Diagnostics | 1236 | ||
| Basic Therapeutics | 1238 | ||
| Immunity | 1240 | ||
| Infectious Diseases | 1241 | ||
| Respiratory Tract Disease | 1241 | ||
| Diarrhea | 1242 | ||
| External Parasites | 1242 | ||
| Neonatal Sepsis | 1243 | ||
| Neonatal Isoerythrolysis | 1244 | ||
| Orphan Kittens | 1245 | ||
| Pediatric Spay and Neuter | 1246 | ||
| References | 1249 | ||
| IX The Feline Genome and Clinical Genetics | 1253 | ||
| 42 A Short Natural History of the Cat and Its Relationship with Humans | 1254 | ||
| Outline | 1254 | ||
| Domestic Cat Origins | 1254 | ||
| Domestic Cat Breeds | 1255 | ||
| Origins and Breed Health | 1259 | ||
| References | 1261 | ||
| 43 The Feline Genome and Clinical Implications | 1263 | ||
| Outline | 1263 | ||
| Cytogenetics | 1263 | ||
| Genetic Maps | 1265 | ||
| Somatic Cell Hybrid | 1265 | ||
| Recombination Map | 1265 | ||
| Interspecies Hybrids | 1265 | ||
| Intraspecies Families | 1266 | ||
| Radiation Hybrid | 1266 | ||
| Feline Genome Project | 1266 | ||
| Cat Dna Array | 1266 | ||
| Future of Cat Genetics | 1267 | ||
| Conclusion | 1268 | ||
| References | 1268 | ||
| 44 Genetics of Feline Diseases and Traits | 1270 | ||
| Outline | 1270 | ||
| Hallmarks of Genetic Diseases | 1270 | ||
| Simple Genetic Traits | 1273 | ||
| Genetic Traits with Known Mutations | 1273 | ||
| Phenotypic Mutations of the Domestic Cat | 1273 | ||
| Disease Mutations of the Domestic Cat | 1279 | ||
| Unidentified Genetic Diseases and Traits of the Domestic Cat | 1279 | ||
| Genetic Risk Factors and Complex Traits | 1280 | ||
| Incomplete Penetrance | 1280 | ||
| Age of Onset (Age-Related Penetrance) | 1281 | ||
| Variable Expression | 1281 | ||
| Disease Heterogeneity | 1281 | ||
| Accuracy of Genetic Testing | 1281 | ||
| Inaccurate Clinical Diagnosis | 1282 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 1282 | ||
| Breeding Recommendations | 1282 | ||
| Genetic Testing Concerns in Different Breeds or Populations | 1282 | ||
| Genetic Testing Concerns in Hybrid Cat Breeds | 1284 | ||
| Inappropriate Genetic Testing Laboratory Procedures | 1285 | ||
| Conclusion | 1285 | ||
| References | 1286 | ||
| X Population Medicine | 1289 | ||
| 45 Care and Control of Community Cats | 1290 | ||
| Outline | 1290 | ||
| Safe and Humane Capture, Holding, and Handling | 1292 | ||
| Field Capture | 1292 | ||
| In-Clinic Procedures | 1294 | ||
| Returning Cats to Their Colonies | 1294 | ||
| In Case of Escapes | 1294 | ||
| Differentiating Truly Feral Cats from Reactive Tame Cats | 1299 | ||
| Special Medical and Surgical Considerations for Free-Roaming Cats | 1299 | ||
| Patient Selection and Perioperative Care | 1299 | ||
| Surgical Sterilization | 1300 | ||
| Ear Tipping for Identification | 1300 | ||
| Vaccination | 1301 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Testing | 1302 | ||
| Parasite Control | 1303 | ||
| Pregnant and Lactating Cats | 1304 | ||
| Small Kittens | 1305 | ||
| Sick and Injured Cats and the Role of the Caregiver | 1305 | ||
| Helping Clients Solve Concerns Related to Community Cats | 1306 | ||
| Relocation of Cats | 1308 | ||
| Large-Scale Trap-Neuter-Return Programs | 1308 | ||
| Liability | 1309 | ||
| Conclusion | 1309 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1309 | ||
| References | 1310 | ||
| 46 Population Wellness: | 1312 | ||
| Outline | 1312 | ||
| The Components of Wellness | 1312 | ||
| Goals of a Population Wellness Program | 1313 | ||
| Health Surveillance (Daily Rounds) | 1313 | ||
| Policy and Protocol Development | 1314 | ||
| Quality of Life and the Five Freedoms | 1314 | ||
| Medical Decision Making and Euthanasia | 1315 | ||
| Problem Prevention | 1315 | ||
| The Role of Stress | 1315 | ||
| Considerations Regarding Infectious Disease Transmission | 1316 | ||
| General Principles of Infectious Disease Control | 1316 | ||
| Essential Elements of a Population Wellness Program | 1316 | ||
| Medical Record Keeping and Cat Identification | 1316 | ||
| Identification Collars | 1317 | ||
| Microchips | 1317 | ||
| Tattoos | 1318 | ||
| Earbands | 1318 | ||
| Management Oversight | 1320 | ||
| Developing a Population Wellness Program: Considerations for Physical Health | 1321 | ||
| History | 1321 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1321 | ||
| Disease Testing | 1321 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus | 1321 | ||
| Feline Heartworm Disease | 1322 | ||
| Dermatophytosis | 1322 | ||
| Enteric Pathogens | 1323 | ||
| Vaccination | 1323 | ||
| Core Vaccines for the Population: Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, Calicivirus, Panleukopenia (FVRCP) | 1323 | ||
| Rabies Vaccination | 1324 | ||
| Noncore Vaccines | 1325 | ||
| Feline Leukemia Virus | 1325 | ||
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus | 1325 | ||
| Chlamydophila and Bordetella | 1325 | ||
| Vaccines Not Recommended | 1325 | ||
| Parasite Control and Prevention | 1325 | ||
| Spaying and Neutering | 1325 | ||
| Proper Nutrition | 1326 | ||
| Free Choice versus Meal Feeding | 1326 | ||
| Monitoring | 1326 | ||
| Grooming | 1327 | ||
| Periodontal Disease Prevention | 1328 | ||
| Breed-Specific Care | 1328 | ||
| Developing a Population Wellness Program: Considerations for Behavioral Health | 1328 | ||
| Behavioral Care at Intake | 1328 | ||
| Behavioral Evaluation | 1329 | ||
| Proper Housing | 1329 | ||
| Feline Social Behavior | 1330 | ||
| Feline Communication and Behavioral Signs of Stress | 1331 | ||
| Types of Housing Arrangements | 1333 | ||
| Short-Term Housing | 1334 | ||
| Size of Enclosures | 1334 | ||
| Long-Term Housing | 1336 | ||
| Group Housing (Colony-Style Housing) | 1336 | ||
| Selection Criteria | 1337 | ||
| Age | 1337 | ||
| Reproductive Status | 1337 | ||
| Personality Type | 1337 | ||
| Group Size and Space | 1337 | ||
| Introduction of New Cats | 1339 | ||
| Colony Living Environment | 1340 | ||
| Social Companionship | 1341 | ||
| Social Contact with Animal Care Staff | 1341 | ||
| Mental and Physical Stimulation | 1343 | ||
| Visual Stimulation | 1343 | ||
| Auditory Stimulation | 1343 | ||
| Tactile Stimulation | 1344 | ||
| Olfactory Stimulation | 1344 | ||
| Feeding Enrichment | 1344 | ||
| Positive Reinforcement–Based Training | 1344 | ||
| Physical Stimulation | 1344 | ||
| Outdoor Access | 1345 | ||
| Daily Routine | 1345 | ||
| Monitoring | 1346 | ||
| Developing a Population Wellness Program: Considerations for Environmental Health | 1346 | ||
| Population Density | 1347 | ||
| Cleaning and Disinfection | 1347 | ||
| Segregation of Cats | 1349 | ||
| Quarantine | 1349 | ||
| General Holding, Housing, Adoption, and Other Areas | 1351 | ||
| Isolation | 1351 | ||
| Biosecurity and Traffic Patterns | 1351 | ||
| Other Facility Operations | 1351 | ||
| Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning | 1351 | ||
| Noise and Pest Control | 1352 | ||
| General Facility Maintenance | 1353 | ||
| Staff Training | 1353 | ||
| Conclusion | 1353 | ||
| References | 1353 | ||
| Index | 1357 | ||
| A | 1357 | ||
| B | 1360 | ||
| C | 1362 | ||
| D | 1366 | ||
| E | 1368 | ||
| F | 1370 | ||
| G | 1373 | ||
| H | 1374 | ||
| I | 1376 | ||
| J | 1378 | ||
| K | 1379 | ||
| L | 1379 | ||
| M | 1380 | ||
| N | 1383 | ||
| O | 1384 | ||
| P | 1385 | ||
| Q | 1390 | ||
| R | 1390 | ||
| S | 1391 | ||
| T | 1394 | ||
| U | 1396 | ||
| V | 1397 | ||
| W | 1398 | ||
| X | 1398 | ||
| Y | 1398 | ||
| Z | 1398 |