BOOK
HIV and Endocrine Disorders, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, guest edited by Dr. Paul Hruz, is devoted to HIV and Endocrine Disorders. Articles in this issue include: Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk in HIV infection; Changes in nutritional concerns in HIV/AIDS; HIV Lipodystrophy: Lessons learned about adipose tissue and metabolic disorders; Hypogonadism in the HIV infected male; Gonadal function and reproductive health in women with HIV; Osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fracture risk with HIV infection and treatment; HIV-associated calcium and vitamin D abnormalities; Alterations in pancreatic islet function in HIV; Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and diabetes in HIV; Thyroid abnormalities in HIV; HPA axis/adrenal pathology in HIV; and Endocrinopathies in HIV-infected children.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| HIV and EndocrineDisorders\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Endocrinology And Metabolism Clinics Of North America\r | xi | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface\r | xvii | ||
| From Wasting to Obesity, Changes in Nutritional Concerns in HIV/AIDS | 647 | ||
| Key points | 647 | ||
| Introduction | 647 | ||
| Methods to assess nutrition | 649 | ||
| Nutritional alterations in the pre-HAART era | 650 | ||
| Effects of HIV/AIDS on Macronutrient Status | 650 | ||
| Effects of HIV/AIDS on Micronutrient Status | 650 | ||
| Nutrition and Wasting | 651 | ||
| Nutritional Management of Wasting | 652 | ||
| The lipodystrophy syndrome | 655 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 656 | ||
| Diagnosis | 657 | ||
| Consequences | 657 | ||
| Therapeutic Options | 658 | ||
| Future considerations/summary | 658 | ||
| References | 659 | ||
| Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 665 | ||
| Key points | 665 | ||
| Introduction | 665 | ||
| Factors other than dyslipidemia may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis in HIV infection | 666 | ||
| Dyslipidemia and CVD in HIV infection | 667 | ||
| Host Factors in HIV-Infected Subjects May Contribute to Dyslipidemia Development | 667 | ||
| The HIV Virus May Directly Induce Dyslipidemia | 667 | ||
| ART and Dyslipidemia | 668 | ||
| Dyslipidemic effects of PIs | 669 | ||
| Dyslipidemic effects of NRTIs | 670 | ||
| Dyslipidemic effects of NNRTIs | 671 | ||
| Dyslipidemic effects of integrase inhibitors and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 antagonists | 671 | ||
| Lipid changes during treated HIV disease may contribute to immune activation in HIV infection | 672 | ||
| Management of lipid disorders | 673 | ||
| Diagnosis of Lipid Disorders in the Context of CVD | 673 | ||
| Treatment of Dyslipidemia in HIV Infection | 673 | ||
| Summary | 674 | ||
| References | 677 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in the Setting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 685 | ||
| Key points | 685 | ||
| Epidemiology | 686 | ||
| Mechanisms | 688 | ||
| Diagnostics | 690 | ||
| Effects | 692 | ||
| Treatment | 693 | ||
| Summary | 694 | ||
| References | 695 | ||
| Alteration in Pancreatic Islet Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 697 | ||
| Key points | 697 | ||
| The beta cell, insulin resistance, and human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy syndrome | 697 | ||
| First phase insulin secretion, prehepatic insulin secretion, and its regulation | 698 | ||
| Hepatic insulin extraction and beta cell protection | 699 | ||
| Dysregulation of insulin secretion in HIV infection and its relation to the HALS phenotype | 699 | ||
| Effect of PIs and nucleoside analogues on beta cell function | 701 | ||
| Proinsulin processing and secretion defects in HIV | 701 | ||
| Insulin-like growth factors, their glucose regulatory role, and their beta cell protective action | 703 | ||
| Incretin hormones | 703 | ||
| Conclusive remarks | 704 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 704 | ||
| References | 704 | ||
| Hypogonadism in the HIV-Infected Man | 709 | ||
| Key points | 709 | ||
| Introduction | 709 | ||
| Epidemiology | 710 | ||
| Prevalence of Male Hypogonadism in the Pre-HAART Era | 710 | ||
| Prevalence of Male Hypogonadism in the HAART Era | 710 | ||
| Pathogenesis of male hypogonadism in men with HIV | 714 | ||
| Risk Factors and Predictors of T Deficiency | 714 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Male Hypogonadism in HIV Infection | 715 | ||
| Secondary hypogonadism in men with HIV | 715 | ||
| Primary hypogonadism in men with HIV | 717 | ||
| Diagnosis | 717 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 718 | ||
| Overlap of signs and symptoms of male hypogonadism in HIV infection | 718 | ||
| Biochemical Diagnosis of Hypogonadism in HIV-Infected Men | 719 | ||
| Methods for T measurement | 721 | ||
| Treatment | 723 | ||
| Current controversies | 724 | ||
| Summary | 725 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 725 | ||
| References | 725 | ||
| Gonadal Function and Reproductive Health in Women with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 731 | ||
| Key points | 731 | ||
| Introduction | 732 | ||
| Puberty | 732 | ||
| Sex steroid levels | 732 | ||
| Ovulatory cycle and function | 733 | ||
| Menopause | 734 | ||
| Fertility | 735 | ||
| Conception | 735 | ||
| Pregnancy | 736 | ||
| Contraception | 736 | ||
| HIV Susceptibility | 736 | ||
| Contraceptive Effectiveness | 737 | ||
| Summary | 737 | ||
| References | 738 | ||
| Vitamin D and Calcium Abnormalities in the HIV-Infected Population | 743 | ||
| Key points | 743 | ||
| Introduction | 743 | ||
| Vitamin D metabolism | 744 | ||
| Epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency | 744 | ||
| Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency | 744 | ||
| Outcomes associated with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency | 746 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Disease | 746 | ||
| Osteopenia and osteoporosis | 746 | ||
| Fracture, muscle strength, and fall risk | 747 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 748 | ||
| Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome | 749 | ||
| Tuberculosis, Hepatitis C, HIV Disease Progression | 749 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 749 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 750 | ||
| HIV disease progression | 750 | ||
| Malignancy and Chronic Inflammation | 751 | ||
| Malignancy | 751 | ||
| Chronic inflammation | 751 | ||
| Benefits of vitamin D supplementation | 751 | ||
| Bone Turnover Markers, Bone Mineral Density, and Fracture | 754 | ||
| Other Effects | 755 | ||
| Screening and Treatment Recommendations | 755 | ||
| Summary | 756 | ||
| References | 756 | ||
| Osteoporosis and Fracture Risk Associated with HIV Infection and Treatment | 769 | ||
| Key points | 769 | ||
| Introduction | 769 | ||
| Osteoporosis: definition, diagnosis, and fracture risk assessment | 769 | ||
| Fracture risk assessment | 770 | ||
| Risk factors for osteoporosis and fracture in HIV-positive individuals | 771 | ||
| BMD in HIV-infected individuals | 771 | ||
| Fracture associated with HIV infection | 772 | ||
| Mechanisms of bone loss in HIV-infected individuals | 774 | ||
| Management of bone disease associated with HIV infection | 774 | ||
| Fracture Risk Assessment | 774 | ||
| General Measures | 775 | ||
| Pharmacologic Intervention | 775 | ||
| Summary | 776 | ||
| References | 776 | ||
| Thyroid Abnormalities | 781 | ||
| Key points | 781 | ||
| Thyroid function tests in HIV-infected individuals | 781 | ||
| Isolated low FT4 level | 783 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 783 | ||
| Immune reconstitution thyroid disease | 784 | ||
| Thyroid infections | 786 | ||
| Thyroid neoplasms | 787 | ||
| Summary | 787 | ||
| References | 787 | ||
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in HIV Infection and Disease | 791 | ||
| Key points | 791 | ||
| Introduction | 791 | ||
| The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis | 791 | ||
| Regulation of the HPA axis | 792 | ||
| Neuronal Regulation of the HPA Axis | 792 | ||
| Immune Regulation of the HPA Axis | 793 | ||
| HPA axis activity in HIV-infected patients | 794 | ||
| Hypercortisolemia in HIV Infection | 795 | ||
| Glucocorticoid Resistance | 795 | ||
| Adrenal Insufficiency in AIDS | 797 | ||
| Etiology | 797 | ||
| Symptoms | 798 | ||
| Diagnosis | 798 | ||
| Imaging studies | 799 | ||
| Treatment | 799 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 799 | ||
| IR and lipodystrophy in HIV infection | 799 | ||
| Pathogenesis of IR and Lipodystrophy Syndrome | 800 | ||
| Viral proteins Vpr and Tat | 800 | ||
| Future considerations | 801 | ||
| Summary | 802 | ||
| References | 802 | ||
| Endocrinopathies in Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 807 | ||
| Key points | 807 | ||
| Introduction | 807 | ||
| Adrenal dysfunction | 808 | ||
| Direct Invasion | 808 | ||
| Medication Effects | 808 | ||
| Inflammatory Effects | 810 | ||
| Evaluation and Management | 810 | ||
| Growth | 810 | ||
| Prenatal and Infant Growth | 810 | ||
| Childhood | 811 | ||
| Endocrine Abnormalities | 811 | ||
| Management | 812 | ||
| Puberty | 812 | ||
| Pubertal Delay | 812 | ||
| Management | 813 | ||
| Thyroid | 813 | ||
| Euthyroid Sick Syndrome | 814 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 814 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 814 | ||
| Management | 815 | ||
| Metabolic complications | 815 | ||
| Lipodystrophy | 815 | ||
| Management | 817 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 817 | ||
| Management | 818 | ||
| Insulin Resistance | 819 | ||
| Management | 820 | ||
| Calcium metabolism and bone disease | 820 | ||
| Normal Bone Accretion | 820 | ||
| Effects of HIV on BMD | 821 | ||
| Management | 821 | ||
| Summary | 822 | ||
| References | 822 | ||
| Index | 829 |