BOOK
Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, An Issue of Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Neurotransmitters in the brain are the current focus of obsessive compulsive disorders to better address the approximately 2.5 million people in the United States diagnosed with OCD. As seems the way of psychiatry practice, a disorder is viewed and treated from one perspective for a period, then a new perspective is in the forefront. Such is the case with obsessive compulsive disorders, originally treated as a behavioral problem with psychotherapy, now considered a brain circuitry disorder that can be treated with psychopharmacotherapeutics. This issue contains topics that focus on neuroscience of the brain and genetics in relation to OCD, providing the psychiatrist a comprehensive review of the current thought, approach, diagnosis, and treatment related to OCD and its related disorders. Topics include: Etiological hypotheses of OCD - molecules to circuits; Models of obsessive compulsive and related disorders; Cognitive neuroscience of OCD; Genetics of obsessive compulsive and related disorders; Tic disorders - spearate or related disorder; Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS); Body dysmorphic disorder; Trichotillomania; Hoarding disorder; Pharmacotherapy; Device based interventions; Cognitive behavioral therapy for OCD.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Obsessive Compulsiveand Related Disorders | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Psychiatric clinics of\rNorth america\r | x | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders | xi | ||
| References | xii | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 257 | ||
| Key points | 257 | ||
| Introduction | 257 | ||
| Epidemiology and course | 258 | ||
| Clinical features | 258 | ||
| Screening and differential diagnosis | 259 | ||
| Etiologic hypotheses of OCD | 260 | ||
| Neurochemical hypotheses | 261 | ||
| Serotonin | 261 | ||
| Glutamate | 262 | ||
| Neurocircuitry hypotheses | 262 | ||
| Summary | 263 | ||
| References | 263 | ||
| Tics and Tourette Syndrome | 269 | ||
| Key points | 269 | ||
| Introduction | 269 | ||
| Epidemiology | 271 | ||
| Neurobiology/Genetics | 272 | ||
| Clinical features | 273 | ||
| OCD | 274 | ||
| ADHD | 275 | ||
| Mood and Anxiety Disorders | 275 | ||
| Diagnosis | 276 | ||
| Treatment | 276 | ||
| Nonpharmacological Treatments for Tics | 277 | ||
| Pharmacological Treatments for Tics | 278 | ||
| Treatment of Tics and OCD | 279 | ||
| Treatment of Tics and ADHD | 281 | ||
| Summary | 281 | ||
| References | 281 | ||
| Body Dysmorphic Disorder | 287 | ||
| Key points | 287 | ||
| Overview: nature of the problem | 287 | ||
| Associated clinical features | 288 | ||
| Delusionality | 288 | ||
| Suicidality | 289 | ||
| Etiology | 289 | ||
| Epidemiology | 290 | ||
| Prevalence | 290 | ||
| Gender Differences | 291 | ||
| Course and Outcome | 291 | ||
| Nosologic issues | 291 | ||
| Treatment approaches | 292 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment Options | 292 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options | 293 | ||
| Combination Therapies | 294 | ||
| Surgical and Nonpsychiatric Treatments | 294 | ||
| Other Treatments | 295 | ||
| Treatment Resistance | 295 | ||
| Long-Term Recommendations | 295 | ||
| Summary | 296 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of Trichotillomania | 301 | ||
| Key points | 301 | ||
| Nature of the problem | 301 | ||
| Clinical Features | 302 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria | 303 | ||
| Comorbidities | 304 | ||
| Etiology | 304 | ||
| Animal Models | 304 | ||
| Imaging | 305 | ||
| Neurochemistry | 305 | ||
| Neuropsychological and Cognitive-Affective Variables | 306 | ||
| Patient evaluation overview | 306 | ||
| Physical Examination | 307 | ||
| Diagnostic Interview | 307 | ||
| Behavioral Assessment | 307 | ||
| Clinician Rating Scales | 307 | ||
| National Institute of Mental Health Trichotillomania Scales | 307 | ||
| Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale–Trichotillomania | 308 | ||
| The Psychiatric Institute Trichotillomania Scale | 308 | ||
| Patient Rating Scales | 308 | ||
| Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale | 308 | ||
| Trichotillomania Scale for Children | 308 | ||
| The Milwaukee Inventory for Styles of Trichotillomania–Adult Version and Child Version | 308 | ||
| Diagnostic dilemmas | 309 | ||
| Treatment | 309 | ||
| Management Goals | 309 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatments | 310 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Treatments | 310 | ||
| Summary | 311 | ||
| References | 312 | ||
| Genetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders | 319 | ||
| Key points | 320 | ||
| Overview | 320 | ||
| Twin studies and heritability of OCD | 321 | ||
| Twin studies and heritability of related disorders | 321 | ||
| TTM | 321 | ||
| Skin-Picking Disorder | 322 | ||
| Hoarding Disorder | 322 | ||
| BDD | 323 | ||
| Familial recurrence risk in OCD and related disorders | 323 | ||
| Heritability of OCD and related disorders via novel methods | 325 | ||
| Genomewide association studies in OCD and related disorders | 326 | ||
| CNV studies in OCD and related disorders | 327 | ||
| Candidate gene studies in OCD and related disorders | 327 | ||
| Model systems in OCD and related disorders | 328 | ||
| Summary | 330 | ||
| References | 330 | ||
| Cognitive Neuroscience of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 337 | ||
| Key points | 337 | ||
| Introduction | 337 | ||
| Conflict and error monitoring | 338 | ||
| Response inhibition/motor output suppression | 340 | ||
| Task switching and reversal | 340 | ||
| Risk and uncertainty | 341 | ||
| Reward processing | 342 | ||
| Emotional face processing | 343 | ||
| Impaired flexibility of internally focused cognition in OCD | 343 | ||
| New Approach to an Old Problem? | 343 | ||
| Summary | 345 | ||
| References | 345 | ||
| Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome | 353 | ||
| Key points | 353 | ||
| Overview: nature of problem | 353 | ||
| PANS OCD Versus Non-PANS OCD | 355 | ||
| Brief History of PANDAS | 357 | ||
| GAS-associated triggers | 357 | ||
| Infectious triggers other than GAS | 358 | ||
| Clinical presentation of PANDAS/PANS | 358 | ||
| Mood Symptoms | 359 | ||
| Sensory Issues | 359 | ||
| Pollakiuria | 359 | ||
| Anorexia | 359 | ||
| Clinical Symptom Timeline | 360 | ||
| Pathophysiology of PANDAS/PANS | 360 | ||
| PANS assessment | 360 | ||
| Identification of Risk Factors | 362 | ||
| Treatment Options | 363 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 363 | ||
| Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin | 364 | ||
| Steroids and NSAIDs | 365 | ||
| Tonsillectomy | 365 | ||
| Multiple treatment methods | 365 | ||
| Management | 366 | ||
| Future Perspective | 366 | ||
| Disclosures | 366 | ||
| References | 366 | ||
| Pharmacological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 375 | ||
| Key points | 375 | ||
| Introduction | 375 | ||
| Serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 376 | ||
| Children and Adolescents | 377 | ||
| Clomipramine | 377 | ||
| Discontinuation of Treatment | 378 | ||
| Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors | 379 | ||
| Pharmacological augmentation | 379 | ||
| Neuroleptic Augmentation | 379 | ||
| Glutamatergic Agents: the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor | 379 | ||
| Other Glutamate-modulating Agents | 381 | ||
| Other pharmacologic augmentation strategies | 382 | ||
| Mirtazapine | 382 | ||
| Opioid augmentation | 382 | ||
| Ondansetron | 382 | ||
| Caffeine | 382 | ||
| Over-the-counter agents | 383 | ||
| Myo-inositol | 383 | ||
| Other Agents | 383 | ||
| Combination treatment | 383 | ||
| Augmentation of Psychotherapy Through Enhancement of Plasticity | 384 | ||
| Pharmacogenetics | 385 | ||
| Summary | 386 | ||
| References | 386 | ||
| Neuromodulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 393 | ||
| Key points | 393 | ||
| Introduction | 394 | ||
| Electroconvulsive therapy | 394 | ||
| Transcranial direct current stimulation | 396 | ||
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation | 397 | ||
| Efficacy | 397 | ||
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | 397 | ||
| Orbitofrontal cortex | 400 | ||
| Supplementary motor area | 400 | ||
| Side Effects | 401 | ||
| Summary | 401 | ||
| Deep brain stimulation | 401 | ||
| Efficacy | 402 | ||
| Anterior limb of internal capsule | 402 | ||
| Ventral capsule/ventral striatum | 403 | ||
| Nucleus accumbens | 403 | ||
| Subthalamic nucleus | 406 | ||
| Inferior thalamic penduncle | 406 | ||
| Anteromedial globus pallidus internus | 407 | ||
| Complications and Side Effects of DBS | 407 | ||
| Summary | 407 | ||
| Summary | 408 | ||
| References | 408 | ||
| Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders | 415 | ||
| Key points | 415 | ||
| Overview of cognitive behavior treatment of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders | 416 | ||
| OCD | 416 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioral Model of OCD | 417 | ||
| Tourette Syndrome/Chronic Tic Disorders | 418 | ||
| Hair Pulling Disorder | 418 | ||
| Body Dysmorphic Disorder | 418 | ||
| Hoarding Disorder | 419 | ||
| Patient evaluation overview for OCD | 419 | ||
| Management goals in OCD | 420 | ||
| CBT for OCD | 420 | ||
| Pediatric OCD | 421 | ||
| Behavioral Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders | 422 | ||
| Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorders | 422 | ||
| Hair pulling disorder/trichotillomania | 422 | ||
| BDD | 423 | ||
| Hoarding disorder | 423 | ||
| Evaluation of Outcome, Adjustment of Treatment, and Long-term Recommendations | 424 | ||
| Evaluation of outcome | 424 | ||
| OCD | 424 | ||
| Pediatric OCD | 430 | ||
| Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorders | 430 | ||
| Hair pulling disorder/trichotillomania | 431 | ||
| BDD | 431 | ||
| Hoarding disorder | 431 | ||
| Adjustment of Treatment | 432 | ||
| Timing and modality of treatment | 432 | ||
| Involvement of others in treatment | 432 | ||
| d-Cycloserine augmentation of CBT | 432 | ||
| Long-term Recommendations | 433 | ||
| Combination therapies: CBT and pharmacotherapy | 434 | ||
| Treatment resistance/complications/disease recurrence | 434 | ||
| OCD | 434 | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders | 435 | ||
| Summary | 435 | ||
| References | 436 | ||
| Index | 447 |