BOOK
Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, An Issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue includes a range of topics in SCI from acute neuroprotection to chronic complications, focusing on some of the technological advances that have informed specific areas.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors\r | iii | ||
| Contents\r | vii | ||
| Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics Of North America\r | xi | ||
| Foreword\r | xiii | ||
| Preface\r | xv | ||
| Updates for the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury | 505 | ||
| Key points | 505 | ||
| Historical background and revisions | 505 | ||
| 2011 revisions of the ISNCSCI | 507 | ||
| 2013 worksheet | 510 | ||
| Non key muscles | 510 | ||
| Future issues for the ISNCSCI | 513 | ||
| Use of Computerized Algorithms | 513 | ||
| Defining Incomplete Syndromes | 513 | ||
| Issues Relating to Deferring to the Sensory Level | 514 | ||
| Clinical Versus Research Use | 514 | ||
| Summary | 515 | ||
| References | 515 | ||
| Hypothermia as a Clinical Neuroprotectant | 519 | ||
| Key points | 519 | ||
| Introduction: history of hypothermia as a neuroprotectant | 519 | ||
| Core temperature regulation and hypothermia | 520 | ||
| Mechanism of neuroprotection in hypothermia | 520 | ||
| Metabolic Rate of Oxygen Consumed | 520 | ||
| Clinical application | 521 | ||
| Patient Evaluation Overview | 521 | ||
| Cooling methodologies | 521 | ||
| Hypothermia in the SCI population | 522 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 522 | ||
| Contemporary Animal SCI Studies | 524 | ||
| Preliminary Clinical Evidence of Efficacy—Evaluation of Outcome and Long-term Recommendations | 525 | ||
| Summary | 527 | ||
| References | 527 | ||
| Assessment of Neuromuscular Conditions Using Ultrasound | 531 | ||
| Key points | 531 | ||
| Introduction | 531 | ||
| Nature of the problem | 532 | ||
| Possible affected structures | 532 | ||
| Muscles/Tendons and Joints | 532 | ||
| Nerves | 532 | ||
| Ultrasound | 533 | ||
| Why Use Ultrasound? | 533 | ||
| Studies evaluating structures using US in the SCI population | 534 | ||
| Study of the Nerves in the SCI Population | 534 | ||
| Tendons in the SCI Population | 535 | ||
| The potential future of US in the SCI population | 535 | ||
| Diagnostic ultrasound | 536 | ||
| US studies of the shoulder in able-bodied subjects | 536 | ||
| Elbow Non-SCI | 537 | ||
| Wrist/Hand Non-SCI | 538 | ||
| US elastography | 539 | ||
| Summary | 539 | ||
| References | 540 | ||
| Chronic Neuropathic Pain in SCI | 545 | ||
| Key points | 545 | ||
| Introduction | 545 | ||
| Patient evaluation overview | 546 | ||
| Comprehensive Evaluation of Patients in Pain | 546 | ||
| Establishing a Diagnosis of Neuropathic Pain in SCI | 547 | ||
| SCI Pain Taxonomy | 550 | ||
| Types of Neuropathic Pain in Patients with SCI | 550 | ||
| Tools for Diagnosis and Evaluation of Neuropathic Pain | 550 | ||
| Screening tools for diagnosing neuropathic pain | 552 | ||
| Tools for capturing the severity and characteristics of neuropathic pain | 552 | ||
| Tools to evaluate the impact of pain on physical function | 553 | ||
| Tools for evaluating emotional function | 553 | ||
| Pharmacologic treatment options | 553 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 555 | ||
| Antidepressants | 555 | ||
| Opioids | 556 | ||
| Cannabinoids | 557 | ||
| N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Antagonists | 557 | ||
| Antispasticity Agents | 558 | ||
| Summary | 558 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic treatment options | 558 | ||
| Psychological/Cognitive Interventions | 558 | ||
| Massage | 559 | ||
| Acupuncture | 559 | ||
| Exercise | 560 | ||
| Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation | 560 | ||
| Transcranial Stimulation | 560 | ||
| Motor Cortex Stimulation | 561 | ||
| Deep Brain Stimulation | 561 | ||
| Spinal Cord Stimulation | 561 | ||
| Combination therapies | 562 | ||
| Surgical treatment options | 563 | ||
| Evaluation of outcome | 563 | ||
| Summary | 564 | ||
| References | 564 | ||
| Reducing Cardiometabolic Disease in Spinal Cord Injury | 573 | ||
| Key points | 573 | ||
| Cardiometabolic risks in SCI | 573 | ||
| Special Concerns for Persons with SCI (Accelerated Risk and Specific Targets) | 574 | ||
| Therapeutic lifestyle intervention | 574 | ||
| Diet Considerations—Energy Balance, Body Composition, and Malnutrition | 576 | ||
| Assessing energy balance | 576 | ||
| Creating a caloric deficit | 577 | ||
| Malnutrition | 578 | ||
| Correcting nutrient deficiencies/excess | 578 | ||
| Recommended diets | 580 | ||
| Exercise Considerations—Role in Health and Weight Management | 580 | ||
| Exercise and Caloric Balance | 580 | ||
| PA Requirements for Weight Loss, Health, and Wellness | 581 | ||
| Exercise Prescription | 581 | ||
| Specific Considerations for SCI | 583 | ||
| Aerobic exercise considerations | 583 | ||
| Muscle strengthening considerations | 583 | ||
| Stretching considerations | 583 | ||
| Referral to a Clinical Exercise Professional | 584 | ||
| Managing Shoulder Pain | 584 | ||
| Behavioral Modification | 584 | ||
| Key aspects | 585 | ||
| Recent developments | 585 | ||
| Pharmacotherapeutic approaches | 585 | ||
| Drug Approaches to Treat Obesity | 589 | ||
| Drug Approaches to Treat Hyperglycemia | 589 | ||
| Drug Approaches to Treat Dyslipidemia | 589 | ||
| Drug Approaches to Treat Hypertension | 594 | ||
| Summary | 596 | ||
| References | 596 | ||
| Strategies for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction | 605 | ||
| Key points | 605 | ||
| Introduction | 605 | ||
| The problem of UTIs after SCI & D | 606 | ||
| Bacteriuria | 606 | ||
| Pyuria | 606 | ||
| Bacterial Colonization | 606 | ||
| UTI Symptoms | 607 | ||
| UTI Diagnosis | 607 | ||
| Data Sets and Consensus Statements | 607 | ||
| The relationship of bladder management to UTIs | 607 | ||
| Neurourology | 607 | ||
| Bladder Management in Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction | 608 | ||
| Recurrent UTIs in Individuals with Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction | 610 | ||
| Mechanical strategies for UTI prevention after SCI & D | 610 | ||
| Intermittent Catheterization | 610 | ||
| Catheter reuse | 610 | ||
| Closed-system versus open-system catheters | 610 | ||
| Hydrophilic catheters | 611 | ||
| External Catheters | 611 | ||
| Indwelling Catheters | 611 | ||
| Silver-coated and antibiotic-coated catheters | 612 | ||
| Bladder irrigation | 612 | ||
| Fluid Restriction | 612 | ||
| Medical strategies for UTI prevention after SCI & D | 612 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 612 | ||
| Nonantibiotic Prophylaxis | 613 | ||
| Cranberry | 613 | ||
| d-Mannose | 614 | ||
| Methenamine | 614 | ||
| Bacterial interference | 614 | ||
| Summary | 615 | ||
| References | 615 | ||
| Diaphragmatic Pacing in Spinal Cord Injury | 619 | ||
| Key points | 619 | ||
| Introduction | 619 | ||
| Physiology of breathing | 620 | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 620 | ||
| Phrenic nerve pacing | 621 | ||
| Direct diaphragm pacing | 621 | ||
| Selection criteria | 622 | ||
| Electrodiagnostic testing | 622 | ||
| Weaning from mechanical ventilation | 623 | ||
| Equipment | 624 | ||
| Normal physiology | 624 | ||
| Physiology of ventilation | 625 | ||
| Physiology of pacing | 625 | ||
| Morbidity and mortality | 625 | ||
| Expiratory muscle function | 625 | ||
| Availability | 627 | ||
| Future directions | 627 | ||
| Summary | 628 | ||
| References | 628 | ||
| Functional Electrical Stimulation and Spinal Cord Injury | 631 | ||
| Key points | 631 | ||
| The basic properties of electrodes for nerve stimulation | 632 | ||
| Upper extremity functional restoration with FES | 633 | ||
| Availability | 635 | ||
| Future Directions | 635 | ||
| Lower extremity functional restoration with FES | 635 | ||
| Availability | 639 | ||
| Future Directions | 639 | ||
| Trunk control and posture with FES | 639 | ||
| Availability | 641 | ||
| Future Directions | 641 | ||
| FES techniques to restore respiratory muscle function | 642 | ||
| Prevention of pressure ulcers through functional electrical stimulation | 642 | ||
| Intermittent Electrical Stimulation for the Prevention of DTI | 643 | ||
| Implanted Neuromuscular Stimulation for Tissue Health and Pressure Ulcer Prevention | 643 | ||
| Availability | 645 | ||
| Future Directions | 645 | ||
| FES for restoring bladder control | 646 | ||
| Availability | 647 | ||
| Future Directions | 647 | ||
| Intraspinal microstimulation for gait restoration | 647 | ||
| Summary | 648 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 648 | ||
| References | 649 | ||
| Spasticity and the Use of Intrathecal Baclofen in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury | 655 | ||
| Key points | 655 | ||
| Introduction | 655 | ||
| Definition of spasticity and spasms | 656 | ||
| The incidence of spasticity in SCI patients | 657 | ||
| When to treat spasticity | 658 | ||
| Treatment options available for spasticity | 658 | ||
| Intrathecal baclofen therapy | 659 | ||
| Advantages of ITB Therapy | 660 | ||
| The Appropriate Time when SCI Patients Should be Considered for ITB Therapy | 660 | ||
| How to Determine Who is a Good Candidate for ITB | 661 | ||
| Where is an ITB Pump and Catheter Implanted and How is the Size Chosen? | 662 | ||
| Risks and Adverse Effects of ITB Therapy | 664 | ||
| Special Considerations in Patients with an ITB Pump | 666 | ||
| Future Directions | 666 | ||
| Summary | 667 | ||
| References | 667 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Ulcer Treatment | 671 | ||
| Key points | 671 | ||
| Pressure ulcer stages and categories | 672 | ||
| Category/Stage I: Nonblanchable Erythema | 672 | ||
| Category/Stage II: Partial Thickness | 672 | ||
| Category/Stage III: Full-Thickness Skin Loss | 672 | ||
| Category/Stage IV: Full-Thickness Tissue Loss | 673 | ||
| Additional categories and stages for the United States | 673 | ||
| Unstageable/Unclassified: Full-Thickness Skin or Tissue Loss, Depth Unknown | 673 | ||
| Suspected Deep Tissue Injury, Depth Unknown | 673 | ||
| Dressing and treatment by wound classification | 673 | ||
| Stage I Pressure Ulcer | 673 | ||
| Stage II Pressure Ulcer | 674 | ||
| Stage III Pressure Ulcer | 676 | ||
| Stage IV Pressure Ulcer | 677 | ||
| Unstageable Pressure Ulcers | 678 | ||
| Special considerations | 679 | ||
| References | 679 | ||
| Dual Diagnosis | 681 | ||
| Key points | 681 | ||
| Introduction | 681 | ||
| Definition | 682 | ||
| Diagnosis | 683 | ||
| Evaluation | 684 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 685 | ||
| Complications | 685 | ||
| Head/Neck Trauma | 685 | ||
| Fractures at the skull base or frontal bone | 685 | ||
| Orbital fractures | 686 | ||
| Temporal bone fractures | 686 | ||
| Vascular trauma | 686 | ||
| Eye injuries | 686 | ||
| Postconcussion Syndrome | 686 | ||
| Headache | 686 | ||
| Dizziness | 687 | ||
| Hearing loss | 687 | ||
| Sleep impairment | 687 | ||
| Neck pain | 687 | ||
| Neuropsychological symptoms | 687 | ||
| Seizures | 687 | ||
| Complications in Dual Diagnosis with Moderate–Severe TBI | 688 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 692 | ||
| Summary | 693 | ||
| References | 694 | ||
| Index | 697 |