BOOK
Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, An Issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue includes a range of topics in SCI from acute neuroprotection to chronic complications, focusing on some of the technological advances that have informed specific areas.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | Cover | ||
Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation\r | i | ||
Copyright\r | ii | ||
Contributors\r | iii | ||
Contents\r | vii | ||
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics Of North America\r | xi | ||
Foreword\r | xiii | ||
Preface\r | xv | ||
Updates for the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury | 505 | ||
Key points | 505 | ||
Historical background and revisions | 505 | ||
2011 revisions of the ISNCSCI | 507 | ||
2013 worksheet | 510 | ||
Non key muscles | 510 | ||
Future issues for the ISNCSCI | 513 | ||
Use of Computerized Algorithms | 513 | ||
Defining Incomplete Syndromes | 513 | ||
Issues Relating to Deferring to the Sensory Level | 514 | ||
Clinical Versus Research Use | 514 | ||
Summary | 515 | ||
References | 515 | ||
Hypothermia as a Clinical Neuroprotectant | 519 | ||
Key points | 519 | ||
Introduction: history of hypothermia as a neuroprotectant | 519 | ||
Core temperature regulation and hypothermia | 520 | ||
Mechanism of neuroprotection in hypothermia | 520 | ||
Metabolic Rate of Oxygen Consumed | 520 | ||
Clinical application | 521 | ||
Patient Evaluation Overview | 521 | ||
Cooling methodologies | 521 | ||
Hypothermia in the SCI population | 522 | ||
Historical Perspective | 522 | ||
Contemporary Animal SCI Studies | 524 | ||
Preliminary Clinical Evidence of Efficacy—Evaluation of Outcome and Long-term Recommendations | 525 | ||
Summary | 527 | ||
References | 527 | ||
Assessment of Neuromuscular Conditions Using Ultrasound | 531 | ||
Key points | 531 | ||
Introduction | 531 | ||
Nature of the problem | 532 | ||
Possible affected structures | 532 | ||
Muscles/Tendons and Joints | 532 | ||
Nerves | 532 | ||
Ultrasound | 533 | ||
Why Use Ultrasound? | 533 | ||
Studies evaluating structures using US in the SCI population | 534 | ||
Study of the Nerves in the SCI Population | 534 | ||
Tendons in the SCI Population | 535 | ||
The potential future of US in the SCI population | 535 | ||
Diagnostic ultrasound | 536 | ||
US studies of the shoulder in able-bodied subjects | 536 | ||
Elbow Non-SCI | 537 | ||
Wrist/Hand Non-SCI | 538 | ||
US elastography | 539 | ||
Summary | 539 | ||
References | 540 | ||
Chronic Neuropathic Pain in SCI | 545 | ||
Key points | 545 | ||
Introduction | 545 | ||
Patient evaluation overview | 546 | ||
Comprehensive Evaluation of Patients in Pain | 546 | ||
Establishing a Diagnosis of Neuropathic Pain in SCI | 547 | ||
SCI Pain Taxonomy | 550 | ||
Types of Neuropathic Pain in Patients with SCI | 550 | ||
Tools for Diagnosis and Evaluation of Neuropathic Pain | 550 | ||
Screening tools for diagnosing neuropathic pain | 552 | ||
Tools for capturing the severity and characteristics of neuropathic pain | 552 | ||
Tools to evaluate the impact of pain on physical function | 553 | ||
Tools for evaluating emotional function | 553 | ||
Pharmacologic treatment options | 553 | ||
Anticonvulsants | 555 | ||
Antidepressants | 555 | ||
Opioids | 556 | ||
Cannabinoids | 557 | ||
N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Antagonists | 557 | ||
Antispasticity Agents | 558 | ||
Summary | 558 | ||
Nonpharmacologic treatment options | 558 | ||
Psychological/Cognitive Interventions | 558 | ||
Massage | 559 | ||
Acupuncture | 559 | ||
Exercise | 560 | ||
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation | 560 | ||
Transcranial Stimulation | 560 | ||
Motor Cortex Stimulation | 561 | ||
Deep Brain Stimulation | 561 | ||
Spinal Cord Stimulation | 561 | ||
Combination therapies | 562 | ||
Surgical treatment options | 563 | ||
Evaluation of outcome | 563 | ||
Summary | 564 | ||
References | 564 | ||
Reducing Cardiometabolic Disease in Spinal Cord Injury | 573 | ||
Key points | 573 | ||
Cardiometabolic risks in SCI | 573 | ||
Special Concerns for Persons with SCI (Accelerated Risk and Specific Targets) | 574 | ||
Therapeutic lifestyle intervention | 574 | ||
Diet Considerations—Energy Balance, Body Composition, and Malnutrition | 576 | ||
Assessing energy balance | 576 | ||
Creating a caloric deficit | 577 | ||
Malnutrition | 578 | ||
Correcting nutrient deficiencies/excess | 578 | ||
Recommended diets | 580 | ||
Exercise Considerations—Role in Health and Weight Management | 580 | ||
Exercise and Caloric Balance | 580 | ||
PA Requirements for Weight Loss, Health, and Wellness | 581 | ||
Exercise Prescription | 581 | ||
Specific Considerations for SCI | 583 | ||
Aerobic exercise considerations | 583 | ||
Muscle strengthening considerations | 583 | ||
Stretching considerations | 583 | ||
Referral to a Clinical Exercise Professional | 584 | ||
Managing Shoulder Pain | 584 | ||
Behavioral Modification | 584 | ||
Key aspects | 585 | ||
Recent developments | 585 | ||
Pharmacotherapeutic approaches | 585 | ||
Drug Approaches to Treat Obesity | 589 | ||
Drug Approaches to Treat Hyperglycemia | 589 | ||
Drug Approaches to Treat Dyslipidemia | 589 | ||
Drug Approaches to Treat Hypertension | 594 | ||
Summary | 596 | ||
References | 596 | ||
Strategies for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction | 605 | ||
Key points | 605 | ||
Introduction | 605 | ||
The problem of UTIs after SCI & D | 606 | ||
Bacteriuria | 606 | ||
Pyuria | 606 | ||
Bacterial Colonization | 606 | ||
UTI Symptoms | 607 | ||
UTI Diagnosis | 607 | ||
Data Sets and Consensus Statements | 607 | ||
The relationship of bladder management to UTIs | 607 | ||
Neurourology | 607 | ||
Bladder Management in Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction | 608 | ||
Recurrent UTIs in Individuals with Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction | 610 | ||
Mechanical strategies for UTI prevention after SCI & D | 610 | ||
Intermittent Catheterization | 610 | ||
Catheter reuse | 610 | ||
Closed-system versus open-system catheters | 610 | ||
Hydrophilic catheters | 611 | ||
External Catheters | 611 | ||
Indwelling Catheters | 611 | ||
Silver-coated and antibiotic-coated catheters | 612 | ||
Bladder irrigation | 612 | ||
Fluid Restriction | 612 | ||
Medical strategies for UTI prevention after SCI & D | 612 | ||
Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 612 | ||
Nonantibiotic Prophylaxis | 613 | ||
Cranberry | 613 | ||
d-Mannose | 614 | ||
Methenamine | 614 | ||
Bacterial interference | 614 | ||
Summary | 615 | ||
References | 615 | ||
Diaphragmatic Pacing in Spinal Cord Injury | 619 | ||
Key points | 619 | ||
Introduction | 619 | ||
Physiology of breathing | 620 | ||
Mechanical ventilation | 620 | ||
Phrenic nerve pacing | 621 | ||
Direct diaphragm pacing | 621 | ||
Selection criteria | 622 | ||
Electrodiagnostic testing | 622 | ||
Weaning from mechanical ventilation | 623 | ||
Equipment | 624 | ||
Normal physiology | 624 | ||
Physiology of ventilation | 625 | ||
Physiology of pacing | 625 | ||
Morbidity and mortality | 625 | ||
Expiratory muscle function | 625 | ||
Availability | 627 | ||
Future directions | 627 | ||
Summary | 628 | ||
References | 628 | ||
Functional Electrical Stimulation and Spinal Cord Injury | 631 | ||
Key points | 631 | ||
The basic properties of electrodes for nerve stimulation | 632 | ||
Upper extremity functional restoration with FES | 633 | ||
Availability | 635 | ||
Future Directions | 635 | ||
Lower extremity functional restoration with FES | 635 | ||
Availability | 639 | ||
Future Directions | 639 | ||
Trunk control and posture with FES | 639 | ||
Availability | 641 | ||
Future Directions | 641 | ||
FES techniques to restore respiratory muscle function | 642 | ||
Prevention of pressure ulcers through functional electrical stimulation | 642 | ||
Intermittent Electrical Stimulation for the Prevention of DTI | 643 | ||
Implanted Neuromuscular Stimulation for Tissue Health and Pressure Ulcer Prevention | 643 | ||
Availability | 645 | ||
Future Directions | 645 | ||
FES for restoring bladder control | 646 | ||
Availability | 647 | ||
Future Directions | 647 | ||
Intraspinal microstimulation for gait restoration | 647 | ||
Summary | 648 | ||
Acknowledgments | 648 | ||
References | 649 | ||
Spasticity and the Use of Intrathecal Baclofen in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury | 655 | ||
Key points | 655 | ||
Introduction | 655 | ||
Definition of spasticity and spasms | 656 | ||
The incidence of spasticity in SCI patients | 657 | ||
When to treat spasticity | 658 | ||
Treatment options available for spasticity | 658 | ||
Intrathecal baclofen therapy | 659 | ||
Advantages of ITB Therapy | 660 | ||
The Appropriate Time when SCI Patients Should be Considered for ITB Therapy | 660 | ||
How to Determine Who is a Good Candidate for ITB | 661 | ||
Where is an ITB Pump and Catheter Implanted and How is the Size Chosen? | 662 | ||
Risks and Adverse Effects of ITB Therapy | 664 | ||
Special Considerations in Patients with an ITB Pump | 666 | ||
Future Directions | 666 | ||
Summary | 667 | ||
References | 667 | ||
Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Ulcer Treatment | 671 | ||
Key points | 671 | ||
Pressure ulcer stages and categories | 672 | ||
Category/Stage I: Nonblanchable Erythema | 672 | ||
Category/Stage II: Partial Thickness | 672 | ||
Category/Stage III: Full-Thickness Skin Loss | 672 | ||
Category/Stage IV: Full-Thickness Tissue Loss | 673 | ||
Additional categories and stages for the United States | 673 | ||
Unstageable/Unclassified: Full-Thickness Skin or Tissue Loss, Depth Unknown | 673 | ||
Suspected Deep Tissue Injury, Depth Unknown | 673 | ||
Dressing and treatment by wound classification | 673 | ||
Stage I Pressure Ulcer | 673 | ||
Stage II Pressure Ulcer | 674 | ||
Stage III Pressure Ulcer | 676 | ||
Stage IV Pressure Ulcer | 677 | ||
Unstageable Pressure Ulcers | 678 | ||
Special considerations | 679 | ||
References | 679 | ||
Dual Diagnosis | 681 | ||
Key points | 681 | ||
Introduction | 681 | ||
Definition | 682 | ||
Diagnosis | 683 | ||
Evaluation | 684 | ||
Neuroimaging | 685 | ||
Complications | 685 | ||
Head/Neck Trauma | 685 | ||
Fractures at the skull base or frontal bone | 685 | ||
Orbital fractures | 686 | ||
Temporal bone fractures | 686 | ||
Vascular trauma | 686 | ||
Eye injuries | 686 | ||
Postconcussion Syndrome | 686 | ||
Headache | 686 | ||
Dizziness | 687 | ||
Hearing loss | 687 | ||
Sleep impairment | 687 | ||
Neck pain | 687 | ||
Neuropsychological symptoms | 687 | ||
Seizures | 687 | ||
Complications in Dual Diagnosis with Moderate–Severe TBI | 688 | ||
Rehabilitation | 692 | ||
Summary | 693 | ||
References | 694 | ||
Index | 697 |