BOOK
Hepatobiliary Imaging, An Issue of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue, edited by Drs. Peter Liu and Richard Abramson, will comprehensively review imaging of the hepatobiliary system. Articles will include: Hepatic MRI Techniques, Optimization, and Artifacts, MR Contrast Agents for Liver Imaging, Focal Liver Lesion Characterization in Noncirrhotic Patients: An MR Approach, MRI in Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Understanding LI-RADS: A Primer for Practical Use, MRI of the Liver after Locoregional and Systemic Therapy, Diffusion Weighted Imaging of the Liver: Techniques and Applications, Hepatic Iron and Fat Quantification Techniques, Perfusion Imaging in Liver MRI, MR Elastography, Treatment Planning Before Hepatobiliary Surgery: Clinical and Imaging Considerations, MRI/MRCP of Benign and Malignant Biliary Conditions, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Hepatobiliary Imaging | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America \r | x | ||
| Foreword Hepatobiliary Imaging\r | xiii | ||
| Preface Hepatobiliary Imaging\r | xv | ||
| Hepatic MR Imaging Techniques, Optimization, and Artifacts | 263 | ||
| Key points | 263 | ||
| Introduction | 263 | ||
| The basic hepatic MR imaging examination | 264 | ||
| Individual pulse sequences | 264 | ||
| Localizer Images | 264 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents for Liver Imaging | 283 | ||
| Key points | 283 | ||
| Introduction | 283 | ||
| Contrast agent properties | 283 | ||
| Relaxivity | 284 | ||
| Biodistribution | 285 | ||
| Extracellular contrast agents | 285 | ||
| Hepatobiliary agents | 285 | ||
| Blood pool agents | 286 | ||
| Adverse events and toxicity | 287 | ||
| Gadolinium-based Agents | 288 | ||
| Iron-based Agents | 289 | ||
| Injection protocol and arterial phase acquisition | 289 | ||
| Summary | 290 | ||
| References | 290 | ||
| Appendix 1 | 292 | ||
| Pregnancy | 293 | ||
| Breast-feeding Mothers | 293 | ||
| MR Characterization of Focal Liver Lesions | 295 | ||
| Key points | 295 | ||
| Pearl 1: the T1 pearl: a focal lesion that is isointense to hyperintense to liver on T1-weighted images is hepatocellular i ... | 295 | ||
| FNH | 296 | ||
| IHCA | 298 | ||
| The exceptions | 299 | ||
| Nonhepatocellular Focal Liver Lesions in a Liver Containing Background Moderate or Marked Steatosis | 299 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Metastases to the Liver | 299 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Cysts of the Liver | 300 | ||
| Pearl 2: the chemical shift pearl: focal liver lesions that lose signal intensity on opposed-phase imaging contain lipid an ... | 300 | ||
| RN and HCC | 301 | ||
| HNF-1α Hepatic Adenoma | 302 | ||
| Nodular Steatosis | 302 | ||
| The exceptions | 303 | ||
| Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma | 303 | ||
| Liposarcoma and Germ Cell Neoplasms | 303 | ||
| Ethiodized Oil | 304 | ||
| Hepatic Angiomyolipoma | 305 | ||
| Pearl 3 (in 3 parts): the iron pearls | 305 | ||
| Pearl 4 (in 3 parts): the T2 pearls | 307 | ||
| The exceptions | 309 | ||
| Hepatic Adenomas and FNH Can Have Components That Are Isointense to Spleen | 309 | ||
| Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Metastases Can Be Hyperintense to Spleen on Heavily T2-Weighted Images and Can Mimic Nonsolid Benig ... | 309 | ||
| Summary | 309 | ||
| References | 310 | ||
| MR Imaging in Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 315 | ||
| Key points | 315 | ||
| Introduction | 315 | ||
| Surveillance | 316 | ||
| Technique | 316 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 316 | ||
| Findings of Cirrhosis | 316 | ||
| RNs | 318 | ||
| Dysplastic Nodules | 319 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 320 | ||
| Key imaging features of HCC | 320 | ||
| Arterial Phase Hyperenhancement | 320 | ||
| Washout | 321 | ||
| Capsular Enhancement | 321 | ||
| Other findings of HCC | 322 | ||
| T1W Signal | 322 | ||
| Fatty Metamorphosis | 322 | ||
| T2W Signal | 322 | ||
| DWI | 322 | ||
| Hepatocyte-specific Contrast Agents | 323 | ||
| Mosaic Pattern | 325 | ||
| Nodule Within a Nodule Appearance | 325 | ||
| Vascular Invasion | 326 | ||
| HCC subtypes | 327 | ||
| Diffuse HCC | 327 | ||
| Scirrhous HCC | 327 | ||
| Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinomas | 328 | ||
| HCC mimics and other masses in cirrhotic livers | 328 | ||
| Intrahepatic Mass-forming Cholangiocarcinoma | 328 | ||
| Metastases | 328 | ||
| Large RNs in Budd-Chiari Syndrome | 329 | ||
| Confluent Hepatic Fibrosis | 329 | ||
| Nodules less than 20 mm with atypical enhancement patterns | 329 | ||
| Small (<20 mm) Arterially Hyperenhancing Nodules | 329 | ||
| Small (<20 mm) Hypovascular Nodules | 330 | ||
| Summary | 330 | ||
| References | 330 | ||
| Understanding LI-RADS | 337 | ||
| Key points | 337 | ||
| Introduction | 337 | ||
| Observations | 338 | ||
| Categories | 338 | ||
| Algorithm | 339 | ||
| Major features | 341 | ||
| LI-RADS table | 346 | ||
| Ancillary features | 348 | ||
| Tie-breaking rules | 349 | ||
| Other features of LI-RADS | 349 | ||
| Future directions | 351 | ||
| Summary | 351 | ||
| References | 351 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Liver After Loco-Regional and Systemic Therapy | 353 | ||
| Key points | 353 | ||
| Introduction | 353 | ||
| Loco-regional and systemic therapy | 354 | ||
| Transarterial Embolization | 354 | ||
| Transarterial Chemotherapy with and Without Embolization | 355 | ||
| TACE with Drug-Eluting Beads | 355 | ||
| Transarterial Radioembolization | 355 | ||
| Tissue Ablation | 356 | ||
| Systemic Therapy | 357 | ||
| Role of MR imaging in the assessment of treatment response | 357 | ||
| Anatomic MR Imaging Metrics | 357 | ||
| Functional Volumetric MR Imaging Metrics | 358 | ||
| DWI | 358 | ||
| Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging | 358 | ||
| Perfusion Fraction MR Imaging | 361 | ||
| Multiparametric Volumetric Functional MR Imaging | 362 | ||
| Imaging of hepatic tumors after LRT and systemic therapy | 362 | ||
| HCC | 362 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 364 | ||
| Colorectal Liver Metastases | 366 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases | 366 | ||
| Islet Cell Tumor Metastases | 367 | ||
| Summary | 368 | ||
| References | 368 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of the Liver | 373 | ||
| Key points | 373 | ||
| Introduction | 373 | ||
| DWI technique | 374 | ||
| Concepts | 374 | ||
| Principles of molecular diffusion | 374 | ||
| DWI physics | 374 | ||
| Quantification of diffusion properties in tissues | 374 | ||
| Quality control | 375 | ||
| Reproducibility and repeatability | 375 | ||
| Diffusion Acquisition | 375 | ||
| Imaging strategy | 375 | ||
| Control of physiologic motion | 375 | ||
| Parallel imaging | 376 | ||
| Effect of magnetic field strength: 1.5 T versus 3.0 T | 376 | ||
| Liver applications | 376 | ||
| Lesion Detection | 376 | ||
| Liver metastases | 376 | ||
| HCC | 378 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 380 | ||
| Lesion Characterization | 381 | ||
| Qualitative assessment | 381 | ||
| Quantitative assessment | 382 | ||
| Common pitfalls in using DWI for lesion characterization | 382 | ||
| Tumor Treatment Response | 383 | ||
| Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis | 385 | ||
| Limitations | 385 | ||
| Future directions | 387 | ||
| IVIM in the Clinic | 387 | ||
| Noninvasive detection of liver fibrosis | 387 | ||
| Liver lesion characterization | 388 | ||
| Combination and Comparison with Positron Emission Tomography/MR Imaging | 388 | ||
| New DWI Sequences | 388 | ||
| Summary | 389 | ||
| References | 389 | ||
| Quantification of Hepatic Fat and Iron with Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 397 | ||
| Key points | 397 | ||
| Introduction | 397 | ||
| NAFLD | 398 | ||
| NASH and cryptogenic cirrhosis | 399 | ||
| HCC | 399 | ||
| Hepatic iron overload | 400 | ||
| Treatment of fatty liver disease and iron overload | 401 | ||
| Methods of assessing of hepatic fat and iron | 402 | ||
| Ultrasound | 402 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 403 | ||
| Nontargeted Liver Biopsy | 403 | ||
| Phlebotomy | 403 | ||
| Qualitative MR Imaging Techniques | 404 | ||
| MR imaging as a quantitative biomarker | 406 | ||
| Hepatic Fat | 406 | ||
| Hepatic Iron | 409 | ||
| Summary | 412 | ||
| References | 412 | ||
| Perfusion Imaging in Liver MRI | 417 | ||
| Key points | 417 | ||
| Introduction | 417 | ||
| Qualitative explanation of dynamic clinical MR imaging | 418 | ||
| Qualitative explanation of DCE-MRI tracer kinetic modeling | 418 | ||
| Single-compartment versus dual-compartment | 421 | ||
| Single versus dual input | 422 | ||
| Conventional compartment model versus distributed parameter model | 422 | ||
| Model-free approaches | 423 | ||
| Initial Area Under the Curve | 423 | ||
| Hepatic Perfusion Index | 423 | ||
| Choice of method | 423 | ||
| DCE-MRI technique | 425 | ||
| Clinical applications | 426 | ||
| Predicting Liver Micrometastases | 426 | ||
| Predicting Response to Therapy | 426 | ||
| Assessing Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis | 427 | ||
| Summary | 430 | ||
| References | 430 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Elastography of Liver | 433 | ||
| Key points | 433 | ||
| Introduction | 433 | ||
| Elastography | 434 | ||
| Magnetic resonance elastography | 434 | ||
| Principle of MRE | 434 | ||
| Technique of Liver MRE | 434 | ||
| Generating mechanical shear waves in liver | 435 | ||
| Imaging the propagating shear waves (MRE sequence) | 435 | ||
| Generation of stiffness map (elastogram) | 436 | ||
| Calculating Liver Stiffness | 436 | ||
| Clinical applications of liver MRE | 437 | ||
| Detection and Staging of Liver Fibrosis | 439 | ||
| Differentiation of Simple Steatosis from Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis | 439 | ||
| Other Applications | 440 | ||
| Evaluation of focal lesions | 440 | ||
| Clinical follow-up and treatment response assessment | 440 | ||
| Emerging applications | 440 | ||
| Limitations of MRE | 440 | ||
| Future directions | 443 | ||
| Summary | 443 | ||
| References | 443 | ||
| Presurgical Planning for Hepatobiliary Malignancies | 447 | ||
| Key points | 447 | ||
| Introduction | 447 | ||
| MR imaging protocols | 448 | ||
| Hepatic parenchymal, vascular, and biliary anatomy | 448 | ||
| Functional considerations | 450 | ||
| HCC | 453 | ||
| Colorectal metastases | 456 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 458 | ||
| Summary | 463 | ||
| References | 463 | ||
| MR Imaging of Benign and Malignant Biliary Conditions | 467 | ||
| Key points | 467 | ||
| Introduction | 467 | ||
| MR imaging methodology | 468 | ||
| MR Cholangiopancreatography | 468 | ||
| Soft Tissue Imaging | 469 | ||
| T2W and steady-state free precession imaging | 469 | ||
| T1W imaging | 469 | ||
| Hepatobiliary-Specific Contrast Agents | 470 | ||
| The evolving role of MR imaging and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography | 471 | ||
| Benign hepatobiliary pathology | 471 | ||
| Biliary Obstruction | 471 | ||
| Choledocholithiasis | 471 | ||
| Portal biliopathy | 471 | ||
| Cystic Disease of the Bile Ducts | 472 | ||
| Inflammatory Diseases of the Bile Ducts | 474 | ||
| Bile stasis | 474 | ||
| Infectious cholangitis | 474 | ||
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 475 | ||
| IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis | 476 | ||
| Acquired immunodeficiency cholangiopathy | 476 | ||
| Primary biliary cirrhosis | 480 | ||
| Surgical Complications | 480 | ||
| Bile duct injury | 480 | ||
| Post liver transplant biliary complications | 480 | ||
| Malignant hepatobiliary pathology | 480 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 480 | ||
| Lymphoma | 483 | ||
| Metastatic Disease | 484 | ||
| Intraductal Papillary Neoplasms of the Bile Duct | 484 | ||
| Summary | 486 | ||
| References | 486 | ||
| Index | 489 |