BOOK
Hematology/Oncology Emergencies, An Issue of Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Emergency Medicine Clinics edited by Drs. John Perkins and and Jonathan Davis focuses on emergencies related to Hematology/Oncology and covers topics such as: Oncologic Mechanical Emergencies, Neutropenic Fever, Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies, Acute Leukemias, Pediatric Oncologic Emergencies, Chemotherapeutic Medications and their Emergent Complications, Anemia, Thrombotic Microangiopathies (TTP, HUS, HELLP), Congenital Bleeding Disorders, Acquired Bleeding Disorders and Antithrombotic agents, Sickle Cell Disease, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Hematology/OncologyEmergencies | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | xi | ||
| CME Accreditation Page and Author Disclosure | xii | ||
| Foreword | xv | ||
| Preface | xvii | ||
| Oncologic Mechanical Emergencies | 495 | ||
| Key points | 495 | ||
| Pericardial tamponade | 496 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 496 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 496 | ||
| Diagnosis | 497 | ||
| Management | 497 | ||
| Prognosis | 498 | ||
| Superior vena cava syndrome | 498 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 498 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 498 | ||
| Diagnosis | 498 | ||
| Management | 499 | ||
| Brain metastasis | 500 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 500 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 500 | ||
| Diagnosis | 500 | ||
| Management | 500 | ||
| Prognosis | 501 | ||
| Malignant spinal cord compression | 502 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 502 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 502 | ||
| Diagnosis | 502 | ||
| Management | 502 | ||
| Prognosis | 503 | ||
| Hyperviscosity syndrome | 503 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 503 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 504 | ||
| Diagnosis | 504 | ||
| Management | 504 | ||
| Summary | 505 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 505 | ||
| References | 505 | ||
| Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies | 509 | ||
| Key points | 509 | ||
| Tumor lysis syndrome | 509 | ||
| Introduction | 509 | ||
| Definition | 510 | ||
| Cairo-Bishop classification | 510 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 511 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 511 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 511 | ||
| Hyperuricemia | 513 | ||
| Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia | 513 | ||
| Management | 514 | ||
| Hydration | 515 | ||
| Antihyperuricemic agents | 515 | ||
| Allopurinol | 515 | ||
| Rasburicase (recombinant urate oxidase) | 515 | ||
| Alkalinization | 516 | ||
| Electrolyte abnormalities | 516 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 516 | ||
| Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia | 516 | ||
| Acute renal failure and dialysis | 516 | ||
| Risk Factors for Development of TLS | 516 | ||
| Hypercalcemia of malignancy | 517 | ||
| Introduction | 517 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 517 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 518 | ||
| Management | 519 | ||
| Hydration | 520 | ||
| Loop diuretics | 521 | ||
| Additional therapies | 521 | ||
| Summary | 521 | ||
| References | 522 | ||
| Pediatric Oncologic Emergencies | 527 | ||
| Key points | 527 | ||
| Introduction | 527 | ||
| Evaluating pediatric patients for malignancy | 527 | ||
| Delivery of a diagnosis of pediatric oncologic disease | 528 | ||
| Pediatric Cancers | 529 | ||
| Retinoblastoma | 529 | ||
| Pediatric Abdominal Tumors | 529 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 529 | ||
| Wilms tumor | 530 | ||
| Intracranial Tumors | 530 | ||
| Primary Bone Tumors | 531 | ||
| Caring for children with known malignancy | 531 | ||
| Mechanical Emergencies | 533 | ||
| Airway obstruction | 533 | ||
| Superior vena cava syndrome | 534 | ||
| Spinal cord compression | 534 | ||
| Cerebral herniation | 535 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Emergencies | 536 | ||
| Intussusception | 536 | ||
| Bowel perforation | 536 | ||
| Altered stool patterns | 536 | ||
| GI infection | 536 | ||
| Hematologic Emergencies | 537 | ||
| Anemia | 537 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 538 | ||
| Thrombosis | 539 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 539 | ||
| Hyperleukocytosis | 539 | ||
| Metabolic Emergencies | 540 | ||
| TLS | 540 | ||
| Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion | 542 | ||
| Infectious Emergencies | 542 | ||
| Infection | 542 | ||
| Febrile neutropenia | 542 | ||
| Neurologic Emergencies | 543 | ||
| Seizures | 543 | ||
| Cerebrovascular accidents | 544 | ||
| Summary | 544 | ||
| References | 545 | ||
| Neutropenic Fever | 549 | ||
| Key points | 549 | ||
| Introduction | 549 | ||
| Definitions | 550 | ||
| Causes | 551 | ||
| Clinical scenarios | 553 | ||
| Mortality | 553 | ||
| Clinical considerations | 554 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 554 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 555 | ||
| Antibiotic Treatment | 556 | ||
| Other Considerations | 557 | ||
| Risk Stratification | 558 | ||
| Disposition | 558 | ||
| Summary | 559 | ||
| References | 560 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic Medications and Their Emergent Complications | 563 | ||
| Key points | 563 | ||
| Introduction | 563 | ||
| Drug hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis | 564 | ||
| Chemotherapy-induced disorders of hematopoiesis | 564 | ||
| Anemia | 564 | ||
| Chemotherapy-induced Thrombocytopenia | 565 | ||
| Tumor lysis syndrome | 567 | ||
| Dermatologic injury after chemotherapy | 568 | ||
| Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity | 568 | ||
| Chemotherapy agents causing neurotoxicity: chemotherapy-induced neuropathy | 569 | ||
| Chemotherapy-related coagulopathic complications | 571 | ||
| Thombotic Microangiopathy | 571 | ||
| Summary | 576 | ||
| References | 576 | ||
| Acute Leukemia | 579 | ||
| Key points | 579 | ||
| Introduction | 579 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 579 | ||
| Epidemiology | 581 | ||
| Classification | 581 | ||
| Prognosis | 581 | ||
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia | 581 | ||
| Acute promyelocytic leukemia | 582 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 582 | ||
| Initial presentation of leukemia | 582 | ||
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia | 583 | ||
| Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia | 584 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 584 | ||
| Leukemia in the Pediatric Population | 584 | ||
| Life-threatening presentations of acute leukemia | 585 | ||
| Coagulopathy | 585 | ||
| Hyperviscosity/Hyperleukocytosis | 588 | ||
| Diagnosis | 588 | ||
| Treatment | 589 | ||
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia | 589 | ||
| Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia | 590 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 590 | ||
| Leukemia in children | 591 | ||
| Stem Cell Transplantation | 591 | ||
| Emergency management of complications of disease | 591 | ||
| APL Differentiation Syndrome | 592 | ||
| Summary | 592 | ||
| References | 592 | ||
| Myeloproliferative Disorders | 597 | ||
| Key points | 597 | ||
| Introduction: nature of the problem | 597 | ||
| Definitions | 598 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 599 | ||
| A brief genetic interlude | 600 | ||
| Patient history | 600 | ||
| Polycythemia Vera | 600 | ||
| Essential Thrombocythemia | 601 | ||
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | 602 | ||
| Primary Myelofibrosis | 602 | ||
| Physical examination | 602 | ||
| Polycythemia Vera | 602 | ||
| Essential Thrombocythemia | 602 | ||
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | 603 | ||
| Primary Myelofibrosis | 603 | ||
| Imaging and Additional Testing | 603 | ||
| Polycythemia Vera | 603 | ||
| Essential Thrombocythemia | 604 | ||
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | 604 | ||
| Primary Myelofibrosis | 605 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 606 | ||
| Polycythemia Vera | 606 | ||
| Essential Thrombocythemia | 607 | ||
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | 608 | ||
| Primary Myelofibrosis | 608 | ||
| Summary | 610 | ||
| References | 610 | ||
| Anemia | 613 | ||
| Key points | 613 | ||
| Introduction | 613 | ||
| Background | 613 | ||
| Definition | 613 | ||
| Anatomy | 614 | ||
| Erythropoiesis | 614 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 614 | ||
| Production abnormalities | 614 | ||
| Cause | 614 | ||
| Acute anemia | 614 | ||
| Chronic anemia | 615 | ||
| Epidemiology | 615 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 616 | ||
| History and Physical Examination, Signs and Symptoms | 616 | ||
| History | 616 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 617 | ||
| Acute blood loss | 617 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 618 | ||
| Complete blood count | 618 | ||
| Peripheral smear | 618 | ||
| Other laboratory tests | 619 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis (Morphologic Approach) | 620 | ||
| Microcytic anemia | 620 | ||
| Normocytic anemia | 620 | ||
| Macrocytic anemia | 622 | ||
| Management Plan | 623 | ||
| Overview | 623 | ||
| Unstable patients | 623 | ||
| Stable patients | 623 | ||
| Transfusion trigger | 623 | ||
| Medications | 624 | ||
| Consultations | 624 | ||
| Morbidity and mortality | 625 | ||
| Special Populations: Anemia in Children | 625 | ||
| Disposition | 625 | ||
| References | 626 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease in the Emergency Department | 629 | ||
| Key points | 629 | ||
| Introduction | 629 | ||
| History | 630 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 630 | ||
| Epidemiology | 630 | ||
| Clinical presentations in the ED | 632 | ||
| Vaso-Occlusive Crisis and Acute Painful Episodes | 632 | ||
| AChS | 635 | ||
| Fever and Infection | 637 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension | 637 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accident | 637 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism | 639 | ||
| ACS | 639 | ||
| Nephropathy | 639 | ||
| Ophthalmologic | 640 | ||
| Splenic Sequestration | 640 | ||
| Priapism | 640 | ||
| Gall Bladder and Liver | 640 | ||
| Osteonecrosis | 640 | ||
| Aplastic Crisis | 641 | ||
| Key decisions and controversies | 641 | ||
| Acute Pain Versus Other Potential Conditions | 641 | ||
| Use of Narcotics, Concerns About Drug Abuse, Care Coordination, and Compliance | 641 | ||
| Intravenous Fluids | 642 | ||
| Blood Transfusion | 642 | ||
| Hydroxycarbamide (Also Known As Hydroxyurea) | 643 | ||
| On the Horizon | 643 | ||
| Summary | 643 | ||
| References | 644 | ||
| Thrombotic Microangiopathies (TTP, HUS, HELLP) | 649 | ||
| Key points | 649 | ||
| Introduction | 649 | ||
| Thrombotic microangiopathies | 651 | ||
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 651 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 651 | ||
| Etiology: Pathophysiology and Causes | 652 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 652 | ||
| Management Plan | 653 | ||
| Special Considerations: TTP in Pregnancy | 654 | ||
| Complications | 654 | ||
| Prognosis | 655 | ||
| HUS | 655 | ||
| Consultations | 656 | ||
| Disposition | 656 | ||
| Pearls | 656 | ||
| Immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) | 656 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 657 | ||
| Etiology: Pathophysiology and Causes | 657 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 658 | ||
| Management Plan | 658 | ||
| Pediatric Population | 659 | ||
| Prognosis | 660 | ||
| Disposition | 660 | ||
| Pearls | 660 | ||
| HELLP | 660 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 660 | ||
| Etiology: Pathophysiology and Causes | 661 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 661 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 662 | ||
| Management Plan | 662 | ||
| Prognosis and Complications | 663 | ||
| Consultation and Disposition | 664 | ||
| Pearls | 665 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | 665 | ||
| HIT | 665 | ||
| Summary | 668 | ||
| References | 668 | ||
| Evaluation and Management of Congenital Bleeding Disorders | 673 | ||
| Key points | 673 | ||
| Introduction | 673 | ||
| Physiology and pathophysiology | 673 | ||
| Vasculature | 674 | ||
| Platelets | 674 | ||
| Coagulation Cascade | 675 | ||
| VWD | 675 | ||
| Epidemiology | 679 | ||
| Platelets | 679 | ||
| Coagulation Pathway | 679 | ||
| Diagnosis | 679 | ||
| Platelets | 680 | ||
| Coagulation Pathway | 680 | ||
| ED presentation | 681 | ||
| Hemophilia | 681 | ||
| VWD | 682 | ||
| Management | 683 | ||
| Hemophilia | 683 | ||
| VWD | 684 | ||
| Inhibitors | 685 | ||
| Additional treatment options | 685 | ||
| Antifibrinolytic Medications | 685 | ||
| Topical Medications | 685 | ||
| Disposition | 686 | ||
| Summary | 686 | ||
| References | 686 | ||
| Acquired Bleeding Disorders | 691 | ||
| Key points | 691 | ||
| Pathophysiology of hemostasis | 691 | ||
| Clinical assessment | 691 | ||
| Stabilization | 691 | ||
| History and Physical | 692 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 693 | ||
| Platelet disorders | 693 | ||
| General Principles | 693 | ||
| Renal Disease | 693 | ||
| Immune Thrombocytopenia | 693 | ||
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | 694 | ||
| Platelet Inhibitor Use | 695 | ||
| Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia | 697 | ||
| Coagulation cascade disorders | 697 | ||
| General Principles | 697 | ||
| Acquired Coagulation Factor Inhibitors | 698 | ||
| Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy | 699 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy | 699 | ||
| Severe Liver Disease | 700 | ||
| Vitamin K Antagonists | 700 | ||
| Parenteral Factor Xa Inhibitors: Heparin, LMWH, and Pentasaccharides | 702 | ||
| Oral Factor Xa Inhibitors | 703 | ||
| Oral Direct Thrombin Inhibitors | 704 | ||
| Summary | 706 | ||
| References | 706 | ||
| Antithrombotic Reversal Agents | 715 | ||
| Key points | 715 | ||
| Introduction | 715 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 716 | ||
| Anticoagulant reversal | 717 | ||
| Vitamin K | 717 | ||
| FFP | 720 | ||
| Prothrombin Complex Concentrate | 720 | ||
| Recombinant Factor VII | 721 | ||
| Protamine Sulfate | 722 | ||
| Novel Reversal Agents | 722 | ||
| Antiplatelet reversal | 723 | ||
| Thrombolytic reversal | 723 | ||
| Summary | 724 | ||
| References | 724 | ||
| Blood Product Transfusions and Reactions | 727 | ||
| Key points | 727 | ||
| Blood products | 728 | ||
| Packed Red Blood Cells | 728 | ||
| Platelets | 728 | ||
| Fresh frozen plasma | 728 | ||
| Cryoprecipitate | 729 | ||
| Blood product typing and antibodies | 729 | ||
| Adverse transfusion reactions | 730 | ||
| Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions | 730 | ||
| Allergic Transfusion Reactions | 730 | ||
| Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions | 731 | ||
| Transfusion-associated circulatory overload and transfusion-related acute lung injury | 732 | ||
| Transfusion-associated sepsis and infection transmission | 733 | ||
| Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease | 735 | ||
| Transfusion considerations: cultural and religious considerations | 735 | ||
| Special situations: massive transfusion | 736 | ||
| Summary | 736 | ||
| References | 737 | ||
| Index | 739 |