BOOK
Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book
(2014)
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Book Details
Abstract
Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, E-Book
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Veterinary Clinics Of North America: Food Animal Practice\r | viii | ||
| Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy | ix | ||
| Acid-Base Assessment | 295 | ||
| Key points | 295 | ||
| The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation | 296 | ||
| The strong ion difference approach | 298 | ||
| Three anomalies of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation | 302 | ||
| Failure to Explain Why an Abnormal Plasma Protein Concentration Changes Plasma pH | 302 | ||
| Failure to Explain Why Ingestion of CaCl2 Is Acidifying | 302 | ||
| Failure to Explain Why the Rapid Intravenous Administration of Large Volume 0.9% NaCl Solution Is Acidifying | 303 | ||
| Application of strong ion difference theory to calves with diarrhea | 305 | ||
| Collection of blood samples to evaluate acid-base status | 306 | ||
| Measurement of total CO2 | 307 | ||
| Quantifying the unmeasured anion concentration | 307 | ||
| Anion Gap | 307 | ||
| Strong Ion Gap | 308 | ||
| Urine pH and acid-base balance | 308 | ||
| Summary | 309 | ||
| References | 309 | ||
| Appendix 1 | 313 | ||
| d-Lactic Acidosis in Neonatal Ruminants | 317 | ||
| Key points | 317 | ||
| Metabolism of d-lactate | 318 | ||
| Origin of d-lactate in neonatal ruminants | 319 | ||
| Production of d-Lactate in the Reticulorumen | 319 | ||
| Production of d-Lactate in Neonatal Calf Diarrhea | 319 | ||
| Production of d-Lactate in Acidosis Without Dehydration Syndromes | 320 | ||
| Clinical signs of d-lactatemia | 321 | ||
| Pathogenesis of neurologic signs in d-lactatemia | 322 | ||
| Clinical syndromes caused by d-lactic metabolic acidosis in neonatal ruminants | 322 | ||
| d-Lactic Metabolic Acidosis in Ruminal Drinkers | 322 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis Without Dehydration Syndrome in Suckler Calves | 324 | ||
| d-Lactic Metabolic Acidosis in Neonatal Calf Diarrhea | 324 | ||
| d-Lactic Metabolic Acidosis in Neonatal Small Ruminants | 325 | ||
| Treatment of d-lactic metabolic acidosis | 326 | ||
| Supplementary data | 327 | ||
| References | 327 | ||
| Sodium Balance and the Dysnatremias | 333 | ||
| Key points | 333 | ||
| Introduction | 333 | ||
| Serum sodium concentration and osmolarity | 334 | ||
| Physiologic regulation of ECF osmolarity and volume | 335 | ||
| Water requirements | 335 | ||
| Classification of the dysnatremias | 335 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 336 | ||
| Acute Hypernatremia | 336 | ||
| Case example | 337 | ||
| Iatrogenic acute hypernatremia | 339 | ||
| Spontaneous acute hypernatremia | 339 | ||
| Chronic Hypernatremia | 340 | ||
| Hypernatremia Associated with Persistent Hyperglycemia | 340 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 341 | ||
| Acute Hyponatremia | 341 | ||
| Clinical signs of acute hyponatremia | 342 | ||
| Chronic Hyponatremia | 342 | ||
| Treatment | 343 | ||
| Fluid Therapy for Acute Hypernatremia (<48 hours) | 343 | ||
| Fluid Therapy for Chronic Hypernatremia | 345 | ||
| Fluid Therapy for the Hyperosmolar Syndrome in Crias | 346 | ||
| Acute Hyponatremia (<48 hours) | 346 | ||
| Chronic Hyponatremia (﹥48 hours) | 346 | ||
| Prevention | 347 | ||
| References | 347 | ||
| Hypokalemia Syndrome in Cattle | 351 | ||
| Key points | 351 | ||
| Introduction | 351 | ||
| Normal potassium balance | 351 | ||
| The clinical syndrome | 352 | ||
| Introduction | 352 | ||
| Risk Factors | 352 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 353 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 354 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 354 | ||
| Clinical Pathology and Ancillary Tests | 355 | ||
| Treatment | 355 | ||
| Nonspecific treatment | 355 | ||
| Specific treatment | 355 | ||
| Prevention | 356 | ||
| Prognosis | 356 | ||
| Unanswered questions | 356 | ||
| References | 356 | ||
| Calcium and Magnesium Disorders | 359 | ||
| Key points | 359 | ||
| Impact of hypocalcemia on cow health | 359 | ||
| Ca homeostasis | 360 | ||
| Ca Pools Within the Body | 360 | ||
| Role of Parathyroid Hormone | 360 | ||
| Renal Ca Reabsorption | 361 | ||
| Osteoclastic Bone Ca Resorption | 362 | ||
| Osteocytic Osteolysis of Bone Ca | 363 | ||
| Dietary Ca Absorption | 363 | ||
| Vitamin D–Dependent Transcellular-Intestinal Absorption | 363 | ||
| Paracellular Intestinal Ca Absorption | 364 | ||
| Why does Ca homeostasis fail in some cows? | 365 | ||
| High DCAD | 365 | ||
| Application of DCAD Theory to Reduce Periparturient Hypocalcemia | 367 | ||
| Desired Mineral Profile of Prepartum Diet | 367 | ||
| Na | 367 | ||
| Ca | 367 | ||
| Mg | 368 | ||
| P | 368 | ||
| S | 368 | ||
| K and Cl | 368 | ||
| Monitoring Urine pH | 369 | ||
| Agronomic Considerations for Producing Low DCAD Forages | 370 | ||
| Hypomagnesemia | 370 | ||
| Feeding a low-Ca diet before calving to prevent hypocalcemia | 371 | ||
| Vitamin D supplementation | 372 | ||
| Oral Ca treatments at calving | 372 | ||
| Age | 373 | ||
| Breed | 373 | ||
| Summary of Hypocalcemia Avoidance Measures | 373 | ||
| Mg | 374 | ||
| Body Content and Distribution of Mg | 374 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Soluble Mg Content in the Rumen | 374 | ||
| Factors Affecting Active Transport of Mg Across the Rumen | 375 | ||
| Using Other Transport Mechanisms to Absorb Dietary Mg | 375 | ||
| Assessing Mg Status at Parturition | 375 | ||
| Assessing Availability of Mg from Mineral Sources | 376 | ||
| References | 376 | ||
| Treatment of Phosphorus Balance Disorders | 383 | ||
| Key points | 383 | ||
| Functions of phosphorus in the organism | 383 | ||
| Phosphorus, Inorganic Phosphorus, and Phosphate | 384 | ||
| Distribution of Phosphorus in the Body | 384 | ||
| Phosphorus homeostasis and homeorhesis | 385 | ||
| Regulation of Phosphorus Homeostasis | 387 | ||
| Assessment of Phosphorus Status | 387 | ||
| Phosphorus concentration in serum or plasma | 388 | ||
| Phosphorus concentration in whole blood or in red blood cells | 388 | ||
| Phosphorus concentration in saliva | 388 | ||
| Phosphorus concentration in urine | 388 | ||
| Phosphorus concentration in feces or rumen fluid | 389 | ||
| Bone phosphorus content | 389 | ||
| Soft tissue phosphorus content | 389 | ||
| Serum Phosphorus Concentration | 389 | ||
| Site of blood sample collection | 390 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 390 | ||
| Sample collection and sample processing | 390 | ||
| Presample collection factors | 390 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 390 | ||
| Mechanisms of Hypophosphatemia | 390 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia due to inadequate dietary P supply | 391 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia due to excessive P losses | 391 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia due to compartmental P shifts | 391 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia due to a combination of several mechanisms | 392 | ||
| Occurrence of Hypophosphatemia | 392 | ||
| Clinical Signs Associated with Hypophosphatemia | 393 | ||
| Treatment Indication | 394 | ||
| Treatment of Hypophosphatemia | 395 | ||
| Parenteral Treatment | 395 | ||
| Compounds for parenteral phosphate supplementation | 395 | ||
| Dosage recommendations | 396 | ||
| Infusion rate | 397 | ||
| Recommendations for parenteral treatment | 397 | ||
| Oral Treatment | 398 | ||
| Hyperphosphatemia | 399 | ||
| Phosphorus Toxicity and Hyperphosphatemia | 399 | ||
| Clinical Signs of Hyperphosphatemia | 400 | ||
| Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia | 401 | ||
| References | 401 | ||
| Fluid Therapy in Calves | 409 | ||
| Key points | 409 | ||
| Oral electrolyte therapy | 410 | ||
| Sodium Concentration | 412 | ||
| Chloride Concentration | 412 | ||
| Potassium Concentration | 412 | ||
| Sodium Absorption | 412 | ||
| Osmolality | 413 | ||
| Alkalinizing Ability | 414 | ||
| Administration of oral electrolyte solutions | 416 | ||
| Summary | 417 | ||
| IV fluid therapy | 418 | ||
| Assessing the Need for IV Fluid Therapy | 418 | ||
| Solutions for IV Administration | 419 | ||
| Lactated Ringer solution | 419 | ||
| Acetated Ringer solution | 419 | ||
| Isotonic sodium bicarbonate | 419 | ||
| Hypertonic saline | 420 | ||
| Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate | 420 | ||
| Dextrose | 421 | ||
| Administration of IV fluids | 421 | ||
| A Simplified Protocol for On-farm IV Fluid Therapy | 422 | ||
| References | 424 | ||
| Fluid Therapy in Mature Cattle | 429 | ||
| Key points | 429 | ||
| Introduction | 429 | ||
| What is the problem? | 430 | ||
| Dehydration | 430 | ||
| Acidosis or Alkalosis? | 430 | ||
| Electrolyte Abnormalities | 431 | ||
| What do I administer to correct the problem? | 431 | ||
| Dehydration | 431 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance and Electrolytes | 432 | ||
| How much do I administer? | 433 | ||
| Volume | 433 | ||
| Correcting Acidosis | 434 | ||
| Electrolytes | 435 | ||
| By what route do I administer the solutions and at what rate? | 435 | ||
| Techniques for Administration | 436 | ||
| References | 438 | ||
| Fluid Therapy in Small Ruminants and Camelids | 441 | ||
| Key points | 441 | ||
| Introduction | 441 | ||
| Patient evaluation | 442 | ||
| Hydration Deficit | 442 | ||
| Electrolyte and Acid-Base Alterations | 442 | ||
| Fluid Administration | 442 | ||
| Route | 442 | ||
| Volume and rate | 443 | ||
| Replacement of hydration deficit | 443 | ||
| Maintenance fluid requirement | 443 | ||
| Ongoing losses | 444 | ||
| Fluid type | 444 | ||
| Crystalloid Solutions | 444 | ||
| Hypertonic Solutions | 446 | ||
| Hypotonic Solutions | 446 | ||
| Acidifying Solutions | 446 | ||
| Alkalinizing Solutions | 446 | ||
| Dextrose Solutions | 447 | ||
| Colloidal Solutions | 449 | ||
| Orally Administered Solutions | 449 | ||
| Parenteral nutrition | 450 | ||
| References | 452 | ||
| Update on the Use of Blood and Blood Products in Ruminants | 455 | ||
| Key points | 455 | ||
| Introduction | 455 | ||
| Normal hematologic values for ruminants | 456 | ||
| Whole blood | 457 | ||
| Indications | 457 | ||
| Contraindications | 458 | ||
| Duration of Benefit | 458 | ||
| Quantity Required | 458 | ||
| Donor Selection | 459 | ||
| Blood groups/types | 459 | ||
| Biosecurity and disease transmission | 459 | ||
| Autotransfusion | 460 | ||
| Collection Technique | 461 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 461 | ||
| Commercial blood collection kits | 462 | ||
| Storage | 463 | ||
| Administration | 465 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 466 | ||
| Blood components | 467 | ||
| Plasma | 467 | ||
| Indications | 467 | ||
| Testing | 467 | ||
| Benefits | 467 | ||
| Collection technique and commercial sources | 468 | ||
| Technique | 468 | ||
| Adverse reactions | 469 | ||
| Fractionated Blood Products | 469 | ||
| pRBC | 469 | ||
| PRP | 469 | ||
| Hyperimmune serum | 470 | ||
| Synthetic Blood Products | 470 | ||
| Summary | 470 | ||
| References | 471 | ||
| Index | 475 |