Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This text offers an authoritative account of general medical and surgical conditions as they apply to the practice of dentistry and oral healthcare. Now established as the standard reference on the subject, Medical Problems in Dentistry is essential for students learning for the first time or practitioners needing to keep up-to-date with their knowledge.
- Detailed coverage outlines the complete relevance of systemic diseases and their treatment to dentistry – essential knowledge for the whole dental team
- User-friendly format allows ease of access to information whether for exam revision purposes or for a specific issue confronting staff in a busy clinical environment
- Clearly written with excellent use of illustrations, the book is an essential, easy to use, reliable source of information
- Text completely updated and re-organised to increase focus on the more dentally-relevant aspects of medicine and subject areas that have undergone recent change
- Entries more fully alphabetized to improve access to information
- Accompanying ‘key points boxes’ highlight the most crucial aspects of specific medical conditions
- Content peer-reviewed by a specialist Advisory Board to ensure accuracy of information and the inclusion of the latest advances
- Additional coverage of autoinflammatory disorders, biological response modifiers, craniofacial transplantation, drug reactions, drug-resistant microbial infections, osteonecrosis, and immune reconstitution syndrome
- Completely new entries such as alternative and complementary medicine, health promotion, men’s issues and occupational health
- New national and international guidelines, selected recent references and up-to-date websites
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Scully’s Medical Problems in Dentistry | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| A: General | 1 | ||
| 1 Medical emergencies | 3 | ||
| Preventing Emergencies | 3 | ||
| Resuscitation and Emergencies | 5 | ||
| Managing Emergencies | 5 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 5 | ||
| Emergency Procedure | 5 | ||
| Common Emergencies | 7 | ||
| Collapse\r | 7 | ||
| Simple Faint | 8 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 10 | ||
| Cardiac Arrest | 11 | ||
| Diabetic Collapse: Hypoglycaemia | 11 | ||
| Fitting | 12 | ||
| Chest Pain | 12 | ||
| Shortness of Breath | 12 | ||
| Acute Severe Asthma | 12 | ||
| Foreign Body Respiratory Obstruction | 13 | ||
| Less Common Emergencies | 14 | ||
| Stroke | 14 | ||
| Adrenal Crisis: Collapse of a Patient with a History of Corticosteroid Therapy | 14 | ||
| Reactions to Drugs or Sedation | 15 | ||
| Sedation Emergencies | 17 | ||
| Mental Disturbances | 17 | ||
| Hyperventilation Syndrome | 17 | ||
| Disturbed or Aggressive Behaviour | 18 | ||
| Bleeding | 18 | ||
| Key Websites | 19 | ||
| Useful Websites | 19 | ||
| References and Further Reading | 19 | ||
| Appendix 1.1 Management of Common Emergencies | 19 | ||
| 2 Medical history, examination, investigations and risk assessment | 24 | ||
| Protecting Patients | 24 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 24 | ||
| Informed Consent (otherwise known as valid consent) | 25 | ||
| Specific Consent Issues | 28 | ||
| The Use of Restraint | 29 | ||
| Medical History | 29 | ||
| Personal Details | 30 | ||
| Presenting Complaint | 30 | ||
| History of Presenting Complaint | 30 | ||
| Relevant Medical History | 30 | ||
| Drug (Medication) History | 31 | ||
| Social History | 31 | ||
| Family History | 34 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 34 | ||
| Investigations | 38 | ||
| Preoperative Tests | 38 | ||
| Imaging | 39 | ||
| X-Rays (Radiography) | 39 | ||
| Computed (Axial) Tomography | 40 | ||
| Cone Beam CT (CBCT) | 41 | ||
| Scintigraphy/Nuclear Medicine | 41 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 41 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) | 41 | ||
| Ultrasound (Ultrasonography) | 42 | ||
| Laboratory Investigations | 42 | ||
| Histopathology | 42 | ||
| Microbiology | 42 | ||
| Haematology | 43 | ||
| Biochemistry | 43 | ||
| Immunology | 43 | ||
| Key Websites | 43 | ||
| Appendix 2.1 Suggested Medical Questionnaire for Patients to Complete | 44 | ||
| Appendix 2.2 Complex Medical History as Provided by a Dental Patient | 45 | ||
| Appendix 2.3 Interpretation of Haematological Results | 46 | ||
| Appendix 2.4 Interpretation of Biochemical Results | 47 | ||
| Appendix 2.5 Urinalysis: Interpretation of Results | 49 | ||
| Appendix 2.6 Some Important Autoantibodies | 50 | ||
| 3 Perioperative care | 51 | ||
| Treatment Complications | 51 | ||
| Pain Management | 51 | ||
| Analgesics | 51 | ||
| Control of Mild Pain | 53 | ||
| Control of Moderate Pain | 54 | ||
| Control of Severe Pain | 56 | ||
| Control of Chronic and Neuropathic Pain | 56 | ||
| Choice of Anaesthetic Technique for Dental Procedures | 56 | ||
| Local Anaesthesia (Local Analgesia) | 56 | ||
| Local Anaesthetic Agents | 57 | ||
| Vasoconstrictors | 59 | ||
| Other Methods of Local Analgesia | 60 | ||
| Conscious Sedation | 60 | ||
| Procedural Sedation | 60 | ||
| Pre-Medication | 61 | ||
| Conducting Conscious Sedation | 61 | ||
| Checks and Instructions for Patients | 63 | ||
| Preparation and Choice of Technique | 65 | ||
| Drugs Used for Conscious Sedation | 66 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 69 | ||
| General Anaesthesia | 69 | ||
| Preoperative Preparation | 69 | ||
| Intravenous Anaesthetics | 70 | ||
| Airway Management | 71 | ||
| Muscle Relaxants | 72 | ||
| Anaesthetic Gases | 72 | ||
| Analgesia | 73 | ||
| Complications of General Anaesthesia | 73 | ||
| Particular Considerations in Outpatient Sedation or GA in Dentistry | 76 | ||
| Deaths in Patients Receiving GA for Dental Treatment | 76 | ||
| Central Lines (Catheters) | 77 | ||
| Antimicrobial Prophylaxis | 79 | ||
| Key Websites | 79 | ||
| Further Reading | 79 | ||
| Appendix 3.1 Drugs to Be Avoided or Only Used in Low Dosage in Specific Conditions | 80 | ||
| Appendix 3.2 Possible Contraindications to Drugs Used in Dentistry | 83 | ||
| Appendix 3.3 Possible Drug Interactions in Dentistry | 87 | ||
| Appendix 3.4 General Anaesthesia, Sedation and Resuscitation | 94 | ||
| Recommendations from the Poswillo Report (Department of Health) | 94 | ||
| Appendix 3.5 Classification of Operations and Admissions | 94 | ||
| Classification of Operations | 94 | ||
| Classification of Admissions | 94 | ||
| Appendix 3.6 Instructions to Patients after Tooth Extraction | 94 | ||
| Appendix 3.7 Antimicrobial Prophylaxis | 95 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis Considered in Some Cases | 95 | ||
| Endocarditis Prophylaxis Recommended | 95 | ||
| Endocarditis Prophylaxis Not Recommended | 95 | ||
| Prophylaxis May Be Considered | 95 | ||
| Higher-Incidence Bacteraemic Dental Procedures | 95 | ||
| Lower-Incidence Bacteraemic Dental Procedures | 95 | ||
| 4 Signs and symptoms | 97 | ||
| Abdominal Pain | 97 | ||
| Alopecia | 97 | ||
| Amenorrhoea | 97 | ||
| Anaemia | 97 | ||
| Angina Pectoris | 97 | ||
| Anorexia | 97 | ||
| Anosmia | 97 | ||
| Anxiety | 97 | ||
| Aphasia | 97 | ||
| Arcus (Corneal Arcus) | 98 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 98 | ||
| Ascites | 98 | ||
| Ataxia | 98 | ||
| Back Pain | 98 | ||
| Bleeding Tendencies | 98 | ||
| Blindness | 98 | ||
| Bradycardia | 98 | ||
| Cervical Lymph Node Enlargement | 99 | ||
| Chest Pain | 99 | ||
| Clubbing of Fingers | 99 | ||
| Coma | 99 | ||
| Confusion | 99 | ||
| Constipation | 99 | ||
| Cough | 100 | ||
| Cyanosis | 100 | ||
| Delirium | 100 | ||
| Dementia | 100 | ||
| Diarrhoea | 100 | ||
| Diplopia | 100 | ||
| Dizziness | 101 | ||
| Drooling | 101 | ||
| Dry Mouth | 101 | ||
| Dupuytren Contracture | 101 | ||
| Dysphagia | 101 | ||
| Dyspnoea | 103 | ||
| Dysrhythmias | 103 | ||
| Dysuria | 103 | ||
| Earache | 103 | ||
| Encopresis | 103 | ||
| Epilepsy | 103 | ||
| Epistaxis (Nosebleeds) | 103 | ||
| Erosion of Teeth | 103 | ||
| Exophthalmos | 103 | ||
| Fainting (Vasovagal Syncope) | 103 | ||
| Facial Paralysis | 104 | ||
| Facial Sensory Loss | 104 | ||
| Fever (Pyrexia) | 104 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 104 | ||
| Gingival Swelling | 104 | ||
| Haematemesis | 104 | ||
| Haematuria | 104 | ||
| Haemoptysis | 104 | ||
| Halitosis (Oral Malodour) | 105 | ||
| Headache | 105 | ||
| Hearing Impairment | 105 | ||
| Heart Failure | 106 | ||
| Hepatomegaly | 106 | ||
| Hirsutism (Hypertrichosis) | 106 | ||
| Hoarseness | 107 | ||
| Hostility | 107 | ||
| Hyperpigmentation | 107 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 107 | ||
| Hyperventilation | 108 | ||
| Hypodontia | 108 | ||
| Hypoglycaemia | 108 | ||
| Hypotension | 108 | ||
| Hypothermia | 108 | ||
| Impotence | 108 | ||
| Insomnia | 108 | ||
| Jaundice | 108 | ||
| Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) | 109 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 109 | ||
| Malabsorption | 109 | ||
| Malaise | 109 | ||
| Melaena | 109 | ||
| Menorrhagia | 109 | ||
| Mouth Ulcers | 110 | ||
| Murmurs | 110 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 110 | ||
| Neck Lumps | 110 | ||
| Neck Stiffness | 111 | ||
| Nocturia | 111 | ||
| Nystagmus | 111 | ||
| Obesity | 112 | ||
| Oedema | 112 | ||
| Palmar Erythema | 112 | ||
| Palpitations | 112 | ||
| Papilloedema | 112 | ||
| Paraesthesia | 112 | ||
| Polydipsia | 112 | ||
| Polyuria | 112 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers (Bed Sores) | 113 | ||
| Proptosis | 113 | ||
| Pruritus (Itching) | 113 | ||
| Ptosis | 113 | ||
| Pupil Anomalies | 114 | ||
| Purpura | 114 | ||
| Raised Intracranial Pressure | 114 | ||
| Raised Intraocular Pressure | 115 | ||
| Red Eye | 115 | ||
| Red Lesions in the Mouth | 116 | ||
| Salivary Swelling | 116 | ||
| Sciatica | 116 | ||
| Self-Harm | 116 | ||
| Sialorrhoea (Hypersalivation) | 117 | ||
| Sneezing (Sternutation) | 117 | ||
| Snoring | 117 | ||
| Sore Throat | 117 | ||
| Splenomegaly | 117 | ||
| Stroke (Cerebrovascular Event or Accident; CVA) | 117 | ||
| Stuttering | 117 | ||
| Sweating | 117 | ||
| Syncope | 118 | ||
| Tachycardia | 118 | ||
| Tachypnoea | 118 | ||
| Taste Disorders | 118 | ||
| Teething | 119 | ||
| Tinnitus | 119 | ||
| Tiredness | 119 | ||
| Tooth Discolouration | 119 | ||
| Tremor | 119 | ||
| Trismus | 120 | ||
| Urinary Incontinence | 120 | ||
| Vertigo | 120 | ||
| Visual Impairment | 120 | ||
| Vitiligo | 121 | ||
| Weight Loss | 121 | ||
| White Lesions in the Mouth | 121 | ||
| Xanthelasma | 121 | ||
| Key Websites | 122 | ||
| B: Organ systems medicine | 123 | ||
| 5 Cardiovascular medicine | 125 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) | 125 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease in Other Syndromes | 129 | ||
| Acquired Heart Disease | 129 | ||
| Hypertension | 131 | ||
| Hypotension | 135 | ||
| Atheroma and Ischaemic Heart Disease/Coronary Artery Disease | 135 | ||
| Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) | 137 | ||
| Angina Pectoris | 138 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 139 | ||
| Cardiomyopathies | 141 | ||
| Arrhythmias (Dysrhythmias) | 142 | ||
| Extrasystoles (Ectopics) | 143 | ||
| Tachycardias | 143 | ||
| Bradycardias | 146 | ||
| Long QT Syndrome | 146 | ||
| Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome (SADS) | 147 | ||
| General Management of Arrhythmias | 147 | ||
| Dental Aspects of Arrhythmias | 150 | ||
| Thyroid-Related Heart Disease | 151 | ||
| Pulmonary Heart Disease (Cor Pulmonale) | 151 | ||
| Kawasaki Disease (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome) | 151 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | 152 | ||
| Rheumatic Fever | 152 | ||
| Drug-Induced Cardiac Valvular Lesions | 152 | ||
| Infective (Bacterial) Endocarditis | 152 | ||
| Cardiac Failure | 154 | ||
| Arterial Dissection | 157 | ||
| Surgery | 158 | ||
| Vascular Surgery | 158 | ||
| Cardiac Surgery | 158 | ||
| Open Heart Surgery | 158 | ||
| Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) | 158 | ||
| Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) | 159 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery | 159 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 159 | ||
| Angioplasty | 159 | ||
| Transmyocardial Revascularization (TMR) | 159 | ||
| Cardiac Valve Surgery | 159 | ||
| Cardiac (Heart) Transplantation | 160 | ||
| Key Websites | 161 | ||
| Useful Websites | 161 | ||
| References and Further Reading | 161 | ||
| Appendix 5.1 Genetic Syndromes with Associated Cardiac Defects | 162 | ||
| Appendix 5.2 Main Congenital Heart Defects that May be Associated with Various Eponymous Syndromes | 162 | ||
| Appendix 5.3 Vaughan–Williams Classification of Anti-Arrhythmic Agents | 163 | ||
| Appendix 5.4 Drugs to Avoid in Long QT Syndrome (May Prolong the QT Interval and Induce Torsades De Pointes) | 163 | ||
| Appendix 5.5 Modification of Clinical Procedures in Patients with Ceids | 165 | ||
| Investigations and Procedures | 165 | ||
| Other Equipment | 166 | ||
| Emergency Procedures | 166 | ||
| Appendix 5.6 Non-Health-Care Sources of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Affecting Modern Devices, with Their Safety Levels | 167 | ||
| Appendix 5.7 Do Patients Undergoing Dental Procedures Require Endocarditis Prophylaxis? | 168 | ||
| 6 Endocrinology | 171 | ||
| Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland | 172 | ||
| Posterior Pituitary Hypofunction | 172 | ||
| Anterior Pituitary Hypofunction | 173 | ||
| Anterior Pituitary Hyperfunction | 174 | ||
| Pancreas | 175 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 175 | ||
| Adrenal Cortex | 183 | ||
| Adrenocortical Hypofunction | 184 | ||
| Adrenocortical Hyperfunction | 186 | ||
| Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy | 188 | ||
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | 190 | ||
| Adrenal Medulla | 190 | ||
| Phaeochromocytoma | 190 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 190 | ||
| Lingual Thyroid | 191 | ||
| Goitre | 191 | ||
| Thyroid Nodules | 191 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 191 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 192 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 194 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 195 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 195 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Adenoma Syndromes | 196 | ||
| Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndromes | 196 | ||
| Hormone Production By Tumours | 197 | ||
| Gonads | 197 | ||
| Key Websites | 197 | ||
| Useful Websites | 197 | ||
| Further Reading | 197 | ||
| Appendix 6.1 Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Some Cancers | 198 | ||
| 7 Gastrointestinal and pancreatic disorders | 199 | ||
| The Oesophagus | 199 | ||
| Reflux Oesophagitis (Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease) | 199 | ||
| Post-Cricoid Web | 199 | ||
| Cancer of the Oesophagus | 200 | ||
| The Stomach and Intestines | 200 | ||
| The Stomach | 200 | ||
| The Small Intestine | 202 | ||
| The Large Intestine | 206 | ||
| Anal Diseases | 208 | ||
| Peritonitis | 209 | ||
| The Pancreas | 209 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 209 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 209 | ||
| Pancreatic Tumours | 210 | ||
| Pancreatic Transplantation and Simultaneous Pancreas–Kidney Transplantation | 210 | ||
| Key Websites | 211 | ||
| Useful Websites | 211 | ||
| Further Reading | 211 | ||
| 8 Haematology | 212 | ||
| Haemostasis | 212 | ||
| Primary Haemostasis (Vascular and Platelet Activity) | 212 | ||
| Secondary Haemostasis (Blood Coagulation or Clotting) | 213 | ||
| Tertiary Haemostasis (Fibrinolysis) | 213 | ||
| Haemostasis Screening Tests | 214 | ||
| Bleeding (Haemostatic) Disorders | 215 | ||
| Vascular Disorders | 218 | ||
| Osler–Weber–Rendu Syndrome (Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia [HHT/HHT1]) | 218 | ||
| Localized Oral Purpura (‘Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica’) | 218 | ||
| Platelet Disorders | 219 | ||
| Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) | 219 | ||
| Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS) and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) | 220 | ||
| Glanzmann Disease (Glanzmann Thrombasthenia) | 220 | ||
| Bernard–Soulier Syndrome | 220 | ||
| Renal Failure | 220 | ||
| Antiplatelet Drugs | 220 | ||
| Blood Coagulation Disorders | 222 | ||
| Congenital Coagulation (Clotting) Disorders (Coagulopathies) | 223 | ||
| Haemophilia A | 223 | ||
| Haemophilia B (Christmas Disease) | 228 | ||
| Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) | 229 | ||
| Factor XI Deficiency (‘Haemophilia C’) | 231 | ||
| Factor XII Deficiency | 231 | ||
| Factor XIII Deficiency | 231 | ||
| Fibrinogen Disorders | 231 | ||
| Acquired Coagulation Defects | 231 | ||
| Liver Failure | 231 | ||
| Drugs | 231 | ||
| Vitamin K Deficiency and Malabsorption | 238 | ||
| Fibrinolytic Drugs | 239 | ||
| Acquired Haemophilia | 239 | ||
| Other Disorders Associated with Bleeding Tendencies | 239 | ||
| Postoperative Bleeding | 239 | ||
| Management of Postoperative Bleeding | 239 | ||
| Blood Transfusion | 239 | ||
| Thrombotic Disorders | 240 | ||
| Deep Vein Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Disease | 241 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 242 | ||
| Plasminogen Deficiency (Hypoplasminogenaemia) | 243 | ||
| Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) | 243 | ||
| Anaemia | 243 | ||
| Deficiency Anaemias | 246 | ||
| Haemolytic Anaemias | 252 | ||
| Other Anaemias | 256 | ||
| Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) | 257 | ||
| Leukopenia | 257 | ||
| Malignant Disease of Leukocytes | 257 | ||
| Leukaemias | 257 | ||
| Myelodysplastic (Pre-Leukaemic) Syndromes | 264 | ||
| Hypereosinophilic Syndrome | 264 | ||
| Myeloproliferative Disorders | 264 | ||
| Lymphomas | 266 | ||
| Plasma Cell Diseases | 270 | ||
| Cryoglobulinaemia | 272 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Solitary and Multifocal Eosinophilic Granuloma) | 273 | ||
| Mastocytosis | 274 | ||
| Bone Marrow Transplantation (Haemopoietic Stem Cell Transplant | 274 | ||
| Graft-Versus-Host Disease | 274 | ||
| Key Websites | 274 | ||
| Useful Websites | 274 | ||
| Further Reading | 274 | ||
| Appendix 8.1 Examples of Haemostasis Defects | 275 | ||
| Appendix 8.2 Rare Genetic Coagulation-Related Factor Defects | 275 | ||
| 9 Hepatology | 276 | ||
| Congenital Liver Disease | 277 | ||
| Acquired Liver Disease | 278 | ||
| Hepatitis | 278 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 279 | ||
| Leptospirosis | 286 | ||
| Alcoholic Hepatitis | 286 | ||
| Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH Macrovesicular Steatosis Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD) | 287 | ||
| Drug-Induced Hepatitis | 287 | ||
| Autoimmune Hepatitis | 288 | ||
| Fulminant Hepatic Failure | 288 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 288 | ||
| Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 290 | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 291 | ||
| Liver Cancer | 291 | ||
| Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction | 291 | ||
| Postoperative Jaundice | 291 | ||
| Liver Transplantation | 292 | ||
| Key Websites | 292 | ||
| Useful Websites | 292 | ||
| Further Reading | 292 | ||
| Appendix 9.1 Syndromes with Congenital Hyperbilirubinaemia | 292 | ||
| Appendix 9.2 Health Protection Agency Guidance | 293 | ||
| UK Advisory Panel for Healthcare Workers Infected with Bloodborne Viruses (UKAP) | 293 | ||
| UK Department of Health Guidance | 293 | ||
| 10 Mental health | 294 | ||
| Legislation | 295 | ||
| Mental Health Acts 1983 and 2007 | 295 | ||
| Mental Capacity Act 2005 | 296 | ||
| Dental Aspects | 296 | ||
| Biological Aspects | 296 | ||
| Brain Neurotransmitters | 296 | ||
| Other Factors that Affect Mental Health | 297 | ||
| Neuroimmunological Mechanisms | 297 | ||
| Anxiety and Stress | 299 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 299 | ||
| Stress | 300 | ||
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | 302 | ||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | 303 | ||
| Panic Disorder | 303 | ||
| Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) | 303 | ||
| Specific Phobias (Phobic Neuroses) | 303 | ||
| Personality Disorders | 304 | ||
| Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) | 304 | ||
| Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | 305 | ||
| Childhood Disorders | 305 | ||
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd) | 306 | ||
| Somatization Disorders | 306 | ||
| Somatization Disorder | 308 | ||
| Hypochondriasis | 308 | ||
| Conversion Disorder (‘Hysteria’) | 308 | ||
| Somatization Pain Disorder (Briquet Syndrome) | 309 | ||
| Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD Dysmorphophobia) | 309 | ||
| Malingering | 309 | ||
| Factitious Injuries | 309 | ||
| Hysterical States | 310 | ||
| Self-Harm | 310 | ||
| Psychiatric Disorders | 311 | ||
| Mood Disorders | 311 | ||
| Psychoses | 317 | ||
| Systemic Disease Causing Mental Disorders | 321 | ||
| Key Websites | 321 | ||
| Useful Websites | 321 | ||
| Further Reading | 322 | ||
| Appendix 10.1 World Health Organization’s Nomenclature for Antidepressants, with Examples | 322 | ||
| Non-Selective Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors | 322 | ||
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | 322 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Non-Selective) | 322 | ||
| Monoamine Oxidase A Inhibitors | 322 | ||
| Other Antidepressants | 322 | ||
| 11 Mucosal, oral and cutaneous disorders | 323 | ||
| Skin Diseases | 323 | ||
| Acne | 323 | ||
| Cancer | 323 | ||
| Eczema | 324 | ||
| Psoriasis | 324 | ||
| Acquired Mucocutaneous Disorders | 325 | ||
| Lichen Planus | 325 | ||
| Pemphigus | 326 | ||
| Bullous Pemphigoid | 328 | ||
| Dermatitis Herpetiformis | 328 | ||
| Linear IgA Disease | 328 | ||
| Erythema Multiforme | 329 | ||
| Desquamative Gingivitis | 330 | ||
| Behçet Disease | 330 | ||
| Sweet Syndrome | 331 | ||
| Genetic Mucocutaneous Disorders | 331 | ||
| Ectodermal Dysplasia | 331 | ||
| Epidermolysis Bullosa | 331 | ||
| Multiple Basal Cell Naevi Syndrome (Gorlin–Goltz Syndrome) | 332 | ||
| Gardner Syndrome (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) | 332 | ||
| Cowden Syndrome | 333 | ||
| Phakomatoses | 333 | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum | 334 | ||
| Oral Mucosal Disorders | 334 | ||
| Recurrent Aphthae (Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis) | 334 | ||
| Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis and Cervical Adenitis (PFAPA) | 335 | ||
| Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis | 335 | ||
| Inflammatory Dental Disease: Relationship with Systemic Disease | 335 | ||
| Oral Cancer | 335 | ||
| Salivary Neoplasms | 335 | ||
| Key Websites | 335 | ||
| Useful Websites | 335 | ||
| Further Reading | 335 | ||
| Appendix 11.1 Congenital Oral and Intestinal Disorders | 336 | ||
| 12 Nephrology | 337 | ||
| Acute Renal Failure | 337 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD; Chronic Renal Disease) | 337 | ||
| The Nephrotic Syndrome | 343 | ||
| Renal Stones (Nephrolithiasis) | 343 | ||
| Renal Cancer | 343 | ||
| Renal Transplantation | 344 | ||
| Key Websites | 344 | ||
| Useful Websites | 344 | ||
| Further Reading | 344 | ||
| 13 Neurology | 345 | ||
| Neurological Disease | 346 | ||
| Neurological Evaluation | 346 | ||
| Headaches and Orofacial Pain | 346 | ||
| Local Causes of Orofacial Pain | 349 | ||
| Vascular Causes of Facial Pain | 349 | ||
| Neurological Causes of Facial Pain | 353 | ||
| Psychogenic Causes of Headache or Orofacial Pain | 355 | ||
| Other Causes of Headache and Orofacial Pain | 357 | ||
| General Management of Headache and Orofacial Pain | 358 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Lesions | 358 | ||
| Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I) | 359 | ||
| Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II) | 359 | ||
| Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III) | 359 | ||
| Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV) | 359 | ||
| Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V) | 359 | ||
| Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI) | 361 | ||
| Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) | 361 | ||
| Vestibulocochlear (Or Auditory) Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII) | 364 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX) | 364 | ||
| Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X) | 364 | ||
| Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI) | 364 | ||
| Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII) | 364 | ||
| Disorders of Taste | 364 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accidents, Strokes and Transient Ischaemic Attacks | 365 | ||
| Locked-In Syndrome | 368 | ||
| Movement Disorders | 368 | ||
| Parkinson Disease (PD Paralysis Agitans) | 368 | ||
| Huntington Chorea | 370 | ||
| Neural Tube Defects (Spina Bifida) | 371 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 371 | ||
| Spinal Cord Damage and Paraplegia | 371 | ||
| Abnormal Facial Movements | 371 | ||
| Botulinum Toxin | 372 | ||
| Demyelinating and Degenerative Diseases | 372 | ||
| Multiple (Disseminated) Sclerosis | 372 | ||
| Guillain–Barré Syndrome (Infective or Idiopathic Polyneuritis) | 373 | ||
| Motor Neuron Disease | 373 | ||
| Syringomyelia | 374 | ||
| Patients with Respiratory Paralysis | 375 | ||
| Organic Brain Disorders | 375 | ||
| Dementia | 375 | ||
| Brain Tumours | 378 | ||
| Central Nervous System Infections | 378 | ||
| Brain Damage | 382 | ||
| Epilepsy | 382 | ||
| Febrile Convulsions (Febrile Seizures) | 386 | ||
| Peripheral Neuropathies | 386 | ||
| Autonomic Dysfunction | 386 | ||
| Horner Syndrome | 387 | ||
| Cholinergic Dysautonomia | 387 | ||
| Riley–Day Syndrome (Familial Dysautonomia) | 387 | ||
| Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission | 387 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 387 | ||
| Sleep | 387 | ||
| Sleep Disorders | 387 | ||
| Repetitive Motion Disorders (Overuse Syndrome) | 389 | ||
| Key Websites | 389 | ||
| Useful Websites | 389 | ||
| Further Reading | 389 | ||
| Appendix 13.1 Cranial Nerve Syndromes | 391 | ||
| Appendix 13.2 Anticonvulsant Drugs: Uses and Adverse Effects | 391 | ||
| Appendix 13.3 Peripheral Neuropathies | 392 | ||
| 14 Otorhinolaryngology/maxillofacial disorders | 393 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI) | 393 | ||
| Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | 393 | ||
| Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections | 394 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 396 | ||
| Maxillary Antral Carcinoma | 396 | ||
| Neoplasms of the Pharynx | 396 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | 396 | ||
| Laryngeal Carcinoma | 396 | ||
| Oral and Oropharyngeal Carcinoma | 397 | ||
| Salivary Neoplasms | 397 | ||
| Lymphomas | 397 | ||
| Oro-Antral Fistula | 397 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome | 397 | ||
| Frey Syndrome (Gustatory Sweating) | 398 | ||
| Developmental Disorders | 398 | ||
| Craniofacial Anomalies Caused by Branchial Arch Defects | 398 | ||
| Craniofacial Defects Secondary to other Developmental Disorders | 402 | ||
| Key Websites | 402 | ||
| Useful Websites | 402 | ||
| Further Reading | 403 | ||
| Appendix 14.1 Syndromes That May Include Cleft Lip/Palate | 404 | ||
| 15 Respiratory medicine | 405 | ||
| Lower Respiratory Disease | 405 | ||
| Asthma | 406 | ||
| Churg–Strauss Syndrome (Allergic Granulomatosis or Angiitis) | 410 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | 410 | ||
| Infections | 412 | ||
| Influenza (’FLU) | 413 | ||
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) | 414 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia | 414 | ||
| Legionellosis | 415 | ||
| Tuberculosis (TB) | 416 | ||
| Atypical Mycobacteria (Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria, NTM Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis MOTT) | 419 | ||
| Aspiration Syndromes | 420 | ||
| Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) | 420 | ||
| Lung Abscess | 421 | ||
| Loeffler Syndrome | 421 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 421 | ||
| Lung Cancer | 423 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis (CF Fibrocystic Disease Mucoviscidosis) | 423 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 424 | ||
| Occupational Lung Disease (Pneumoconioses) | 424 | ||
| Postoperative Respiratory Complications | 424 | ||
| Respiratory Distress Syndromes | 424 | ||
| Lung Transplantation | 425 | ||
| Heart and Lung Transplantation | 425 | ||
| Key Websites | 425 | ||
| Useful Websites | 425 | ||
| Further Reading | 425 | ||
| Appendix 15.1 Occupational Lung Diseases | 426 | ||
| 16 Rheumatology and orthopaedics | 427 | ||
| Bone | 427 | ||
| Bone Diseases | 427 | ||
| Genetic Disorders | 427 | ||
| Acquired Disorders | 429 | ||
| Paget Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) | 434 | ||
| Therapeutic Procedures | 435 | ||
| Joints | 435 | ||
| Joint Diseases | 435 | ||
| Genetic Disorders | 435 | ||
| Acquired Disorders | 438 | ||
| Arthritis | 438 | ||
| Muscle | 445 | ||
| Muscle Diseases | 446 | ||
| Genetic Myopathies | 446 | ||
| Acquired Myopathies | 447 | ||
| Key Websites | 449 | ||
| Useful Websites | 449 | ||
| Further Reading | 449 | ||
| Appendix 16.1 Some Genetically Determined Skeletal Disorders | 450 | ||
| Appendix 16.2 American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and American Dental Association (AAOS/ADA) Clinical Practice Guideline, 2012 | 450 | ||
| Appendix 16.3 Metabolic Myopathies | 451 | ||
| C: Other systems medicine | 453 | ||
| 17 Allergies | 455 | ||
| Clinical Features of Allergies | 455 | ||
| General Management of Allergies | 455 | ||
| Anaphylaxis | 458 | ||
| Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) | 458 | ||
| Asthma | 459 | ||
| Eczema | 459 | ||
| Angioedema | 459 | ||
| Food Allergy and Intolerance | 460 | ||
| Oral Allergy Syndrome | 460 | ||
| Food Intolerance | 461 | ||
| Hypersensitivity to Drugs and Materials | 461 | ||
| Latex Allergy | 461 | ||
| Useful Websites | 463 | ||
| Further Reading | 463 | ||
| Appendix 17.1 Latex Allergy | 464 | ||
| Prevention of NRL Allergies | 464 | ||
| Management of Sensitized Workers | 464 | ||
| Management of a Patient with Type I NRL Allergy | 464 | ||
| Management of Allergic Reactions During Dental Treatment | 465 | ||
| Appendix 17.2 Latex and Local Anaesthesia (LA) | 465 | ||
| 18 Autoimmune disease | 466 | ||
| The Connective Tissue Diseases | 467 | ||
| Raynaud Disease and Raynaud Phenomenon | 467 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus | 468 | ||
| Relapsing Polychondritis | 470 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 471 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 471 | ||
| IgG4 Syndrome | 474 | ||
| Scleroderma | 474 | ||
| Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis | 476 | ||
| Mixed Connective Tissue Disease | 477 | ||
| Antiphospholipid Syndrome (Hughes Syndrome) | 477 | ||
| Anti-Synthetase Syndrome | 477 | ||
| Vasculitis Syndromes | 477 | ||
| Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitides | 478 | ||
| Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Formerly Wegener Granulomatosis: WG) | 478 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa (Periarteritis Nodosa) | 479 | ||
| Key Websites | 480 | ||
| Useful Websites | 480 | ||
| Further Reading | 480 | ||
| 19 Immunity, inflammatory disorders, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents | 481 | ||
| Innate Immunity and Inflammation | 481 | ||
| Complement | 481 | ||
| Cytokines | 481 | ||
| Acute-Phase Response | 482 | ||
| Acquired Immune Response | 482 | ||
| Humoral Immunity | 483 | ||
| Phagocytes and other Cells | 483 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 484 | ||
| Evaluation of B-Lymphocyte Function | 484 | ||
| Evaluation of T-Lymphocyte Function | 484 | ||
| Evaluation of Phagocytic Function | 484 | ||
| Evaluation of The Complement System | 484 | ||
| Autoinflammatory Diseases (Periodic Syndromes) | 485 | ||
| Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, Adenitis (Marshall Syndrome) | 485 | ||
| Deficiency of the Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (DIRA) | 486 | ||
| Deficiency of the Interleukin-36–Receptor Antagonist | 486 | ||
| Immunosuppressive Therapy | 486 | ||
| Systemic Non-Biological Immunomodulators | 486 | ||
| Biologics (Biological Response Modifiers) | 486 | ||
| Key Websites | 489 | ||
| Useful Websites | 489 | ||
| Further Reading | 489 | ||
| Appendix 19.1 Interleukins (ILS) | 490 | ||
| Appendix 19.2 Immunomodulatory Non-Biological Agents | 491 | ||
| Appendix 19.3 Biologic Agents, Targets and Applications | 496 | ||
| Appendix 19.4 Uses of Biologics in Organ Disease | 497 | ||
| 20 Immunodeficiencies | 498 | ||
| Secondary Immune Defects | 499 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and the Acquired Immunodefiency Syndrome (AIDS) | 499 | ||
| General Aspects | 499 | ||
| Clinical features | 502 | ||
| General Management | 506 | ||
| General Management of IRIS | 509 | ||
| Dental Aspects of HIV/AIDs | 509 | ||
| Transfusion-Related Immunomodulation (TRIM) | 514 | ||
| Idiopathic CD4 T-Lymphocytopenia (ICL) | 514 | ||
| Anti-Interferon Immunodefiency | 514 | ||
| Other Secondary Immunodeficiencies | 514 | ||
| Agranulocytosis, Leukopenia and Neutropenia | 514 | ||
| Chronic Diseases with Immune Defects | 515 | ||
| Asplenic Patients | 515 | ||
| Primary (Congenital) Immunodeficiency Diseases | 516 | ||
| T-Lymphocyte Defects | 516 | ||
| Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidosis | 516 | ||
| Digeorge Anomaly | 519 | ||
| Antibody Deficiency Syndromes | 519 | ||
| Common Variable Immunodeficiency | 519 | ||
| Selective IgA Deficiency | 519 | ||
| X-Linked Agammaglobulinaemia (Bruton Syndrome) | 520 | ||
| B- And T-Lymphocyte Defects | 520 | ||
| Ataxia Telangiectasia | 520 | ||
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) | 520 | ||
| Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome | 520 | ||
| X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome | 520 | ||
| Phagocyte Defects | 520 | ||
| Chédiak–Higashi Syndrome | 520 | ||
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease | 520 | ||
| Hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E Syndrome (Job Syndrome Buckley Syndrome) | 520 | ||
| Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) | 521 | ||
| Leukocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency | 521 | ||
| Myeloperoxidase Deficiency | 521 | ||
| Complement Defects | 521 | ||
| Hereditary Angioedema (C1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency) | 521 | ||
| Mucociliary Syndromes | 522 | ||
| Emerging Immune Defects | 522 | ||
| Key Websites | 522 | ||
| Useful Websites | 522 | ||
| Further Reading | 522 | ||
| Appendix 20.1 Main Features of Major Primary (Genetically Determined) Immunodeficiency Disorders | 523 | ||
| 21 Infections and infestations | 526 | ||
| Emerging Infections | 526 | ||
| Infection Control | 526 | ||
| Disease Notification | 526 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 528 | ||
| Orofacial and Odontogenic Bacterial Infections | 528 | ||
| Periodontal Infections | 528 | ||
| Odontogenic Infections | 530 | ||
| Serious Sequelae of Odontogenic or Orofacial Infections | 531 | ||
| Antimicrobial Prophylaxis | 532 | ||
| Health-Care-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections (HCAIs) | 533 | ||
| Wound Infections (Surgical Site Infections) | 533 | ||
| Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSIs) | 534 | ||
| Antibiotic-Resistant Infections | 534 | ||
| Acinetobacter | 534 | ||
| Burkholderia Cepacia | 534 | ||
| Clostridium Difficile | 534 | ||
| Clostridium Sordellii | 535 | ||
| Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producers | 535 | ||
| Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) | 535 | ||
| Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae (PRSP) | 536 | ||
| Staphylococcus Aureus | 536 | ||
| Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia (‘Steno’) | 536 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 536 | ||
| Vancomycin-Resistant Bacteria | 537 | ||
| Tetanus, Puncture Wounds and Bites | 537 | ||
| Tetanus | 537 | ||
| Puncture Wounds | 538 | ||
| Bites | 538 | ||
| Food Poisoning | 538 | ||
| Campylobacter | 538 | ||
| Escherichia Coli | 538 | ||
| Invasive Meningococcal Disease | 539 | ||
| Other Bacterial Infections | 539 | ||
| Viral Infections | 539 | ||
| Chikungunya | 540 | ||
| Enteroviruses | 540 | ||
| Herpangina | 540 | ||
| Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease | 540 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 540 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV Human Herpesvirus Types 1 and 2) Infections | 540 | ||
| Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV Human Herpesvirus 3) | 542 | ||
| Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV Human Herpesvirus 4) | 544 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV Human Herpesvirus 5) | 545 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 6 | 545 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 7 | 545 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus 8 | 546 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Viruses | 546 | ||
| Measles | 546 | ||
| Molluscum Contagiosum | 546 | ||
| Mumps | 546 | ||
| Papillomaviruses (Human Papillomaviruses HPVs) | 546 | ||
| Parvoviruses | 547 | ||
| Rubella (German Measles) | 547 | ||
| Acquired Rubella | 547 | ||
| Congenital Rubella | 547 | ||
| Other Viral Infections | 548 | ||
| Mycoses (Fungal Infections) | 548 | ||
| Superficial Mycoses | 548 | ||
| Candidosis | 548 | ||
| Tinea | 550 | ||
| Systemic Mycoses (Deep Mycoses) | 551 | ||
| Systemic Candidosis | 551 | ||
| Pneumocystis Jiroveci (Carinii) | 551 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 551 | ||
| Blastomycoses | 552 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 552 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 552 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 552 | ||
| Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis; Phycomycosis) | 552 | ||
| Rhinosporidiosis | 553 | ||
| Sporotrichosis | 553 | ||
| Cryptosporidiosis (‘Crypto’) | 553 | ||
| Infestations | 553 | ||
| Amoebiasis | 554 | ||
| Giardiasis | 554 | ||
| Leishmaniasis | 554 | ||
| Malaria | 554 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 555 | ||
| Worms | 555 | ||
| Cysticercosis | 555 | ||
| Echinococcosis (Echinococciasis) | 556 | ||
| Filariasis | 556 | ||
| Gnathostomiasis | 556 | ||
| Larva Migrans | 556 | ||
| Threadworms | 556 | ||
| Trichinosis | 557 | ||
| Trichuriasis | 557 | ||
| Mites | 557 | ||
| Maggots | 557 | ||
| Prion Infections | 557 | ||
| Key Websites | 557 | ||
| Useful Websites | 557 | ||
| Further Reading | 558 | ||
| Appendix 21.1 Emerging Infections | 558 | ||
| Appendix 21.2 Some Infectious Diseases: Incubation Times and Period of Infectivity | 559 | ||
| Appendix 21.3 Some Antibacterials | 559 | ||
| Appendix 21.4 Summary of the main Antibacterial Agents Used in Dentistry | 560 | ||
| Appendix 21.5 Bacterial Infections Seen Mainly in People from the Developing World | 562 | ||
| Appendix 21.6 Uncommon Bacterial Infections that May Have Implications in Dentistry | 568 | ||
| Appendix 21.7 Immunization Schedules (UK) | 568 | ||
| Appendix 21.8 Common Viral Infections that May Have Implications in Dentistry | 569 | ||
| Appendix 21.9 Viral Infections Prevalent Mainly in the Developing World | 570 | ||
| Appendix 21.10 Main Antifungal Drugs | 573 | ||
| Appendix 21.11 Important Systemic (Deep) Mycoses | 573 | ||
| Appendix 21.12 Main Parasitic Infestations | 574 | ||
| 22 Malignant disease | 576 | ||
| General Aspects | 576 | ||
| Cancer Prevention | 576 | ||
| Avoidance of Tobacco | 576 | ||
| Avoidance of Alcohol | 577 | ||
| Other Factors | 578 | ||
| Cancer Screening | 579 | ||
| Clinical Features | 579 | ||
| Management | 579 | ||
| Oral Cancer | 579 | ||
| General Aspects | 579 | ||
| Systemic Health and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 581 | ||
| Potentially Malignant Disorders | 581 | ||
| Clinical Features | 581 | ||
| Classification/Grading | 581 | ||
| General Management | 582 | ||
| Surgery | 583 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 583 | ||
| Dental Aspects | 584 | ||
| Radiotherapy Involving the Oral Cavity or Salivary Glands | 584 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 586 | ||
| Targeted Therapy | 588 | ||
| Haemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (Bone Marrow Transplantation) | 588 | ||
| Salivary Neoplasms | 588 | ||
| Childhood Neoplasms | 588 | ||
| End-of-Life Care | 588 | ||
| Psychological Care | 589 | ||
| Pain Control | 589 | ||
| Quality of Life | 589 | ||
| Preservation of Dignity | 590 | ||
| Hereditary Cancer Syndromes | 590 | ||
| Appendix 22.1 Oral Manifestations of Internal Cancer | 591 | ||
| Appendix 22.2 Chemotherapeutic Agents: Main Uses and Toxicities | 592 | ||
| Appendix 22.3 Main Chemotherapy Complications and Responsible Agents | 593 | ||
| Appendix 22.4 Management of Early Adverse Effects from Chemotherapy | 593 | ||
| Appendix 22.5 Colony-Stimulating Factors | 593 | ||
| Key Websites | 590 | ||
| Further Reading | 590 | ||
| 23 Metabolic disorders | 594 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 594 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism | 594 | ||
| Defects in Carbohydrate Metabolism | 594 | ||
| Defects in Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Metabolism | 595 | ||
| Errors in Amino Acid and Organic Acid Metabolism | 597 | ||
| Defects in Non–Amino-Acid Nitrogen Metabolism | 597 | ||
| Disorders of Metal Metabolism and Transport | 598 | ||
| Diseases Associated with Defective DNA Repair | 599 | ||
| Enzyme Defects Affecting Drug Metabolism | 600 | ||
| Acquired Metabolic Disorders | 603 | ||
| Amyloid Disease | 603 | ||
| Trimethylaminuria (Tma-Uria; Fish-Odour Syndrome) | 604 | ||
| Useful Websites | 604 | ||
| Further Reading | 604 | ||
| Appendix 23.1 Inborn Errors of Metabolism | 605 | ||
| Appendix 23.2 Drugs Contraindicated in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6pd) Deficiency | 606 | ||
| 24 Trauma, burns and abuse | 607 | ||
| General Aspects | 607 | ||
| Head Injuries | 608 | ||
| Immediate Care | 608 | ||
| General Assessment | 610 | ||
| Conscious State | 610 | ||
| Assessment of Head Injury | 611 | ||
| Assessment for Other Injuries | 613 | ||
| Medical Complications of Head Injuries | 613 | ||
| Late Sequelae of Head Injury | 613 | ||
| Maxillofacial Injuries | 613 | ||
| Emergency Care | 614 | ||
| Early Care | 614 | ||
| Complications of Maxillofacial Injuries | 615 | ||
| Stab and Other Penetrating Wounds | 615 | ||
| Gunshot and Explosive Wounds | 615 | ||
| Human Bites | 616 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injuries | 616 | ||
| Trauma Prevention | 617 | ||
| Burns | 617 | ||
| Clinical Features and Management | 618 | ||
| Vulnerable People | 619 | ||
| Elder Maltreatment | 621 | ||
| Reporting Abuse | 621 | ||
| Consent | 621 | ||
| Records | 621 | ||
| Key Websites | 621 | ||
| Useful Websites | 621 | ||
| Further Reading | 621 | ||
| Appendix 24.1 Causes of Coma | 623 | ||
| D: Other health issues | 625 | ||
| 25 Age and gender issues | 627 | ||
| Either Gender | 627 | ||
| Children | 627 | ||
| Child Abuse (Battered Child Syndrome; Non-Accidental Injury, NAI) | 629 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 631 | ||
| Emotional Abuse | 631 | ||
| Self-Inflicted (Factitious) Oral Lesions | 631 | ||
| Older People | 631 | ||
| Abuse of Older People | 634 | ||
| Facial Cosmetic Procedures | 634 | ||
| Men’s Health | 635 | ||
| Balanitis (Balanoposthitis) | 635 | ||
| Bladder Problems | 636 | ||
| Circumcision | 636 | ||
| Hydrocoele | 637 | ||
| Irritable Male Syndrome | 637 | ||
| Orchitis and Epididymitis | 637 | ||
| Peyronie Disease | 637 | ||
| Prostate Disorders | 637 | ||
| Testicular Problems | 638 | ||
| Women’s Health | 638 | ||
| Bacterial Vaginosis | 638 | ||
| Cancer | 638 | ||
| Cystitis | 641 | ||
| Endometriosis | 641 | ||
| Female Genital Cutting (Circumscision) | 641 | ||
| Fibroids | 641 | ||
| Menstruation and Premenstrual Issues | 641 | ||
| Pregnancy | 642 | ||
| The Menopause | 646 | ||
| Transgender | 648 | ||
| Implants | 648 | ||
| Key Websites | 648 | ||
| Useful Websites | 648 | ||
| Further Reading | 648 | ||
| Appendix 25.1 Drugs Contraindicated in Pregnancy | 649 | ||
| Appendix 25.2 Drug Effects on Breast-Feeding Infants | 651 | ||
| 26 Complementary and alternative medicine | 652 | ||
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | 652 | ||
| Acupuncture | 652 | ||
| Ayurvedic Medicine | 652 | ||
| Cam in other Cultures | 652 | ||
| Herbal Medicines | 653 | ||
| Aloe Vera | 653 | ||
| Gingko Biloba | 654 | ||
| Melatonin | 654 | ||
| Saw Palmetto | 654 | ||
| St John’s Wort | 654 | ||
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid | 655 | ||
| Echinacea | 655 | ||
| Dental Aspects of Herbals | 655 | ||
| Probiotics | 655 | ||
| Hypnotherapy | 656 | ||
| Key Websites | 656 | ||
| Useful Websites | 656 | ||
| Further Reading | 656 | ||
| Appendix 26.1 Herbal Preparations and Supplements of Unproven Efficacy | 657 | ||
| Appendix 26.2 Herbal Preparations and Supplements of Unproven Efficacy Having Possible Adverse Effects | 657 | ||
| 27 Dietary factors and health and disease | 659 | ||
| Diet and Health | 659 | ||
| Malnutrition | 659 | ||
| Obesity | 659 | ||
| Eating Habits | 661 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 662 | ||
| Undernutrition | 664 | ||
| Vitamins and their Disorders | 667 | ||
| Vitamin A (Retinol) | 667 | ||
| Vitamin B | 668 | ||
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) | 668 | ||
| Vitamin D | 668 | ||
| Vitamin E | 669 | ||
| Vitamin K | 669 | ||
| Oxidative Damage and Antioxidants | 669 | ||
| Polyphenols | 669 | ||
| Food Additives | 670 | ||
| Nutritional Interventions | 670 | ||
| Effects of Foods on Drug Absorption | 671 | ||
| Nutritional Support | 672 | ||
| Enteral Tube Feeding | 673 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition | 673 | ||
| Key Websites | 674 | ||
| Useful Websites | 674 | ||
| Further Reading | 674 | ||
| 27.1 E-Numbers: Reference Numbers Used by the European Union to Help Identification of Food Additives | 674 | ||
| 28 Impairment and disability | 676 | ||
| Physical Impairments | 676 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 677 | ||
| Cleft Lip and Palate | 678 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 678 | ||
| Spina Bifida | 679 | ||
| Thalidomide Syndrome | 679 | ||
| Learning Impairment | 680 | ||
| Autism Spectrum Disorders | 681 | ||
| Specific Types of Limited Learning Disability | 683 | ||
| Chromosomal Anomalies | 683 | ||
| Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder | 686 | ||
| Other Handicapping Syndromes | 686 | ||
| Key Websites | 686 | ||
| Useful Websites | 686 | ||
| Further Reading | 686 | ||
| Appendix 28.1 Chromosomal Anomalies Additional to those Discussed in the Text | 686 | ||
| 29 Materials and drugs | 687 | ||
| Dental Materials | 687 | ||
| Allergies | 687 | ||
| Concerns About Denture Fixatives | 689 | ||
| Concerns About Fluoride | 689 | ||
| Concerns About Mercury | 689 | ||
| Concerns About Tooth-Whitening Products | 690 | ||
| Concerns About Oral Health-Care Products | 690 | ||
| Drugs | 691 | ||
| Drug Reactions and Allergies | 691 | ||
| Drug Adverse Effects | 691 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 696 | ||
| Drug Contraindications | 696 | ||
| Oral Adverse Effects of Drugs | 696 | ||
| Key Websites | 698 | ||
| Useful Websites | 698 | ||
| Further Reading | 699 | ||
| Appendix 29.1 Summary of Official Body Comments on Dental Amalgam Safety | 700 | ||
| Appendix 29.2 Drugs Implicated in Dry Mouth | 700 | ||
| Appendix 29.3 Drugs Implicated in Salivary Gland Pain or Swelling | 701 | ||
| Appendix 29.4 Drugs Implicated in Hypersalivation | 701 | ||
| Appendix 29.5 Drugs Implicated in DiscoloUration of Saliva | 701 | ||
| Appendix 29.6 Drugs Implicated in Disturbed Taste | 701 | ||
| Appendix 29.7 Drugs Implicated in Oral Ulceration | 702 | ||
| Appendix 29.8 Drugs Implicated in Lichenoid Reactions | 702 | ||
| Appendix 29.9 Drugs Implicated in Oral Candidosis | 703 | ||
| Appendix 29.10 Drugs Implicated in Pemphigoid-Like Reactions | 703 | ||
| Appendix 29.11 Drugs Implicated in Pemphigus-Like Reactions | 703 | ||
| Appendix 29.12 Drugs Implicated in Erythema Multiforme (And Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis) | 703 | ||
| Appendix 29.13 Drugs Implicated in Lupoid Reactions | 703 | ||
| Appendix 29.14 Drugs Implicated in Cheilitis | 703 | ||
| Appendix 29.15 Drugs Apart from Smoking Implicated in Oral Mucosal Hyperpigmentation | 704 | ||
| Appendix 29.16 Drugs Implicated in Oral Mucosal ColoUration: Different Colours | 704 | ||
| Appendix 29.17 Drugs Implicated in Gingival Swelling | 704 | ||
| Appendix 29.18 Drugs Implicated in Angioedema | 705 | ||
| Appendix 29.19 Drugs Implicated in Trigeminal Paraesthesia or Hypoaesthesia | 705 | ||
| Appendix 29.20 Drugs Implicated in Involuntary Facial Movements | 705 | ||
| Appendix 29.21 Drugs Implicated in Halitosis | 705 | ||
| Appendix 29.22 Drugs Implicated in Orofacial Pain | 705 | ||
| Appendix 29.23 Drugs Implicated in Tooth Discolouration | 705 | ||
| 30 Minority groups | 706 | ||
| Ethnic and Cultural Groups | 706 | ||
| Homeless People | 706 | ||
| Immigrants | 707 | ||
| People in Custodial Care | 709 | ||
| Refugees and Asylees | 709 | ||
| Roma | 709 | ||
| Sexual Minorities | 710 | ||
| Socioeconomically Deprived People | 710 | ||
| Dental Aspects in Minorities | 711 | ||
| Key Websites | 711 | ||
| Useful Websites | 711 | ||
| Further Reading | 711 | ||
| Appendix 30.1 Acceptable Alternative Products Suitable for Jehovah’s Witnesses | 712 | ||
| 31 Occupational hazards | 713 | ||
| Health of DHWs | 713 | ||
| Infections | 713 | ||
| Needlestick/Occupational Exposure to Infections | 714 | ||
| Infection Control Measures | 717 | ||
| Health-Care–Associated Infections | 718 | ||
| Dental Unit Water Lines | 718 | ||
| Physical and Chemical Hazards | 718 | ||
| Burns | 718 | ||
| Chemical and Material Hazards | 719 | ||
| Radiation Hazards | 722 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation | 722 | ||
| Non-Ionizing Radiation | 723 | ||
| Hazards to Specific Body Systems | 724 | ||
| Eyes | 724 | ||
| Hearing | 724 | ||
| Mental Health | 724 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Complaints | 724 | ||
| Pregnancy | 724 | ||
| Respiratory System | 725 | ||
| Skin | 725 | ||
| Key Websites | 726 | ||
| Useful Websites | 726 | ||
| Further Reading | 726 | ||
| Appendix 31.1 Guidance on HIV PEP from the UK Chief Medical Officers’ Expert Advisory Group on AIDS (EAGA; 2008) | 727 | ||
| HIV and Significant Occupational Exposure | 727 | ||
| Immediate Action | 727 | ||
| Circumstances of Exposure | 727 | ||
| Assessment and Testing of the Source Patient | 727 | ||
| Exposure to Discarded Needle/Unknown Source | 728 | ||
| When to Prescribe PEP | 728 | ||
| Further Management Issues | 728 | ||
| Body Fluids and Materials that May Pose a Risk of HIV Transmission if Significant Occupational Exposure Occurs | 728 | ||
| PEP Drugs | 728 | ||
| PEP Starter Packs | 729 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 729 | ||
| 32 Reproductive (sexual) health | 730 | ||
| Contraception | 730 | ||
| Effective Contraception | 730 | ||
| Unreliable Forms of Contraception | 731 | ||
| Sexually Shared Infections Seen Worldwide | 731 | ||
| Alphabetical List of Sexually Shared Infections | 733 | ||
| SSIs Seen Mainly in People from the Developing World | 736 | ||
| Body Art | 736 | ||
| Key Websites | 736 | ||
| Useful Websites | 737 | ||
| Further Reading | 737 | ||
| Appendix 32.1 Non-Venereal Treponematoses (Endemic Treponematoses) | 737 | ||
| 33 Sports, travel and leisure, and pets | 738 | ||
| Sports | 738 | ||
| Trauma | 738 | ||
| Drug Use in Sports | 738 | ||
| Eating Disorders in Sports | 741 | ||
| Dental Aspects in Sports | 741 | ||
| Travel and Leisure | 741 | ||
| High Altitudes | 741 | ||
| Flying | 742 | ||
| Hot or Humid Climates | 742 | ||
| Sun Exposure | 742 | ||
| Infections Prevalent in the Developing World | 742 | ||
| Blood-Borne Infections | 743 | ||
| Sexually Shared Infections | 743 | ||
| Food-Borne and Water-Borne Health Risks | 743 | ||
| Diseases Transmitted from Soil | 744 | ||
| Zoonoses (Diseases Transmitted from Animals) | 744 | ||
| Infestations | 744 | ||
| Spiders | 746 | ||
| Snakes | 746 | ||
| Travel Precautions | 747 | ||
| Mass Gathering Medicine | 748 | ||
| Pets | 748 | ||
| Key Websites | 748 | ||
| Useful Websites | 748 | ||
| Further Reading | 748 | ||
| 34 Substance dependence | 749 | ||
| Risk Factors for Drug Abuse | 749 | ||
| Persons Who Use Drugs (PWUD) | 749 | ||
| Recognizing and Detecting Substance Abuse | 750 | ||
| Medical and Social Complications of Drug Abuse | 751 | ||
| Clinical Features | 751 | ||
| General Management | 751 | ||
| Main Groups of Drugs Abused | 752 | ||
| Stimulants | 754 | ||
| Depressants | 754 | ||
| Hallucinogens | 756 | ||
| Anabolic Steroids | 756 | ||
| Alphabet of Drugs of Misuse | 756 | ||
| Alcohol | 756 | ||
| Amphetamines | 759 | ||
| Barbiturates | 760 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 760 | ||
| Betel | 760 | ||
| Caffeine | 760 | ||
| Cocaine | 761 | ||
| Dextropropoxyphene | 761 | ||
| Dipipanone | 761 | ||
| Ecstasy (3,4-Methylenedioxy-Methamphetamine MDMA) | 762 | ||
| GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) | 762 | ||
| Heroin | 762 | ||
| Ketamine | 762 | ||
| Khat (QAT) | 762 | ||
| Legal Highs | 762 | ||
| LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) | 762 | ||
| Marijuana (Cannabis) | 763 | ||
| Mephedrone (Meow Meow) | 763 | ||
| Methamphetamine | 763 | ||
| Methoxetamine | 763 | ||
| Methylphenidate (Ritalin) | 764 | ||
| Naphyrone | 764 | ||
| Nicotine and Tobacco | 764 | ||
| Nitrites | 766 | ||
| Nitrous Oxide | 766 | ||
| Opiates and Opioids | 766 | ||
| Paramethoxyamphetamine | 767 | ||
| PCP (Phencyclidine Angel Dust) | 767 | ||
| Pentazocin | 768 | ||
| Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam) | 768 | ||
| Emerging Drugs | 768 | ||
| Dental Aspects of Drug Abuse | 768 | ||
| Key Websites | 769 | ||
| Useful Websites | 769 | ||
| Further Reading | 769 | ||
| Appendix 34.1 Some Street Names and other Terms for Drugs of Misuse | 770 | ||
| Appendix 34.2 NHS Alcohol Self-Assessment | 772 | ||
| Are you Drinking too Much? | 772 | ||
| Questions | 772 | ||
| Results | 773 | ||
| Useful Links | 773 | ||
| 35 Transplantation and tissue regeneration | 774 | ||
| Transplants | 774 | ||
| Indications | 774 | ||
| Solid Organ Sources | 774 | ||
| Transplantation Outcomes | 774 | ||
| Prevention of Rejection | 775 | ||
| Transplantation Complications | 776 | ||
| Infections | 776 | ||
| Malignancies | 777 | ||
| Multiorgan Failure | 778 | ||
| Immune Reconstitution Syndrome (IRIS or IRS) | 778 | ||
| Dental Aspects | 778 | ||
| Before Organ Transplantation | 778 | ||
| After Organ Transplantation | 778 | ||
| Organ Rejection | 779 | ||
| Haemopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation (Bone Marrow Transplantation) | 779 | ||
| Graft-Versus-Host Disease | 780 | ||
| Transplantation and Tissue Engineering of Craniofacial Structures | 781 | ||
| Tooth Transplantation | 781 | ||
| Salivary Glands Transplantation | 781 | ||
| Jaw Transplantation | 781 | ||
| Face Transplantation | 782 | ||
| Key Websites | 782 | ||
| Useful Websites | 782 | ||
| Further Reading | 782 | ||
| E: Appendix | 785 | ||
| 36 Health promotion | 787 | ||
| General Health Promotion | 787 | ||
| Exercise | 787 | ||
| Diet | 788 | ||
| Calories | 788 | ||
| Elements (Minerals) and Trace Elements | 788 | ||
| Vitamins | 788 | ||
| Substance Dependence | 788 | ||
| Tobacco | 788 | ||
| Alcohol | 788 | ||
| Drug Abuse | 788 | ||
| Useful Websites | 789 | ||
| 37 Eponymous and acronymous diseases and signs | 790 | ||
| Useful Websites | 795 | ||
| Further Reading | 795 | ||
| Index | 797 |