BOOK
Core Curriculum for Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing - E-Book
M. Terese Verklan | Marlene Walden
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Perfect as a resource in the field or for exam preparation, this authoritative reference from the Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) includes in-depth coverage of the most common neonatal disorders and their management. The concise outline format highlights the essentials of each condition including definition, etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, and outcomes to help you find important information quickly. This new edition also features an increased focus on evidence-based practice, new CAMTS and AAMS guidelines, new techniques for PICC placement, and changes to the Neonatal Resuscitation Program.
- All necessary information to prepare for the neonatal intensive care nursing certification examination is included.
- Concise outline format provides access to important nursing considerations associated with the management of the most common conditions in the neonate.
- Text provides a collaborative effort between the three most authoritative associations in neonatal intensive care nursing - AWHONN, AACN, and NANN.
- Information on families, ethics, legal issues, research, case management, and the transition to home acknowledge the full scope of neonatal nursing practice.
- NEW! CAMTS and AAMS guidelines, techniques for PICC placement, and changes to the Neonatal Resuscitation Program are just a few of the updates that reveal the importance the new edition places on safety practices and procedures.
- NEW! Updated chapter on Patient Safety includes selected improvement strategies and resources for neonatal nurses to build a patient safety toolkit, discusses TeamSTEPPS (Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety), and recognizes human issues, such as shift work and fatigue.
- NEW! Increased focus on evidence-based practice for preterm infants, medications, and antepartum-intrapartum complications sets the standard for neonatal nursing practice.
- NEW! Strategies to promote inclusionary care better reflect nursing care today by focusing on family-centered care, comprehensive perinatal records, health care teams in the NICU, and best practices in the care of the late preterm infant.
- NEW! Comprehensively revised chapter on Immunology identifies risk factors for infection associated with term and preterm infants, distinguishes clinical symptoms and therapies associated with TORCHES CLAP spectrum infections, and includes prevention strategies for hospital-acquired infections.
- NEW! Thoroughly updated content and references reflect currency and technologic advances.
- NEW! Refocused chapter on Developmental Care guides the nurse to use assessment within the context of the environment and situation to initiate interventions in the moment or use patterns of responses for developing plans of care and presents core measures on evaluating developmental care practices in the NICU.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ES2 | ||
| Core Curriculum for Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Foreword | v | ||
| Dedication | vii | ||
| Contributors | ix | ||
| Reviewers | xiii | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| Contents | xvii | ||
| SECTION ONE: ANTEPARTUM, INTRAPARTUM, AND TRANSITION TO EXTRAUTERINE LIFE | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Uncomplicated Antepartum, Intrapartum, and Postpartum Care | 1 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 1 | ||
| NORMAL MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES BY SYSTEMS | 1 | ||
| ANTEPARTUM CARE | 6 | ||
| Assessment of Gestational Age | 7 | ||
| Genetic Screening | 8 | ||
| Antepartum Visits | 9 | ||
| Antepartum Fetal Surveillance | 9 | ||
| Laboratory Assessments for Documenting Fetal Lung Maturity (Locatelli, 2010) | 10 | ||
| Maternal Infections | 11 | ||
| NORMAL LABOR AND BIRTH | 11 | ||
| Intrapartum Labor Management | 11 | ||
| PUERPERIUM: ``FOURTH TRIMESTER´´ | 18 | ||
| REFERENCES | 19 | ||
| Chapter 2: Antepartum-Intrapartum Complications | 21 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 21 | ||
| CONDITIONS RELATED TO THE ANTEPARTUM PERIOD | 25 | ||
| Preeclampsia and Eclampsia (Sibai, 2012; Dekker, 2011) | 25 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus (ACOG, 2011; Landon et al., 2012) | 27 | ||
| CONDITIONS RELATED TO THE INTRAPARTUM PERIOD | 29 | ||
| Preterm Labor (Svigos et al., 2011; Simhan et al., 2012) | 29 | ||
| Abruptio Placentae | 32 | ||
| Placenta Previa | 33 | ||
| Umbilical Cord Prolapse | 34 | ||
| Shoulder Dystocia | 35 | ||
| Breech Presentation | 36 | ||
| OBSTETRIC ANALGESIA AND ANESTHESIA | 37 | ||
| Obstetric Analgesia | 37 | ||
| Obstetric Anesthesia | 38 | ||
| Cesarean Delivery | 40 | ||
| REFERENCES | 41 | ||
| Chapter 3: Perinatal Substance Abuse | 43 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 43 | ||
| PRECONCEPTION COUNSELING AND INTERVENTIONS (AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS [AAP] AND THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS ... | 45 | ||
| TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PREGNANT WOMEN (AAP AND ACOG, 2012) | 45 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE FETUS (BEHNKE AND SMITH, 2013) | 46 | ||
| IDENTIFICATION OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE | 47 | ||
| MEDICAL ISSUES IN THE FETAL AND NEWBORN PERIOD | 49 | ||
| NEONATAL DRUG WITHDRAWAL AND ACUTE TOXICITY | 50 | ||
| NEONATAL NARCOTIC ABSTINENCE SYNDROME | 50 | ||
| COCAINE AND OTHER STIMULANTS (HUDAK AND TAN, 2012) | 50 | ||
| OPIOIDS (HUDAK AND TAN, 2012) | 50 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF OPIOID WITHDRAWAL (HUDAK AND TAN, 2012) | 51 | ||
| PRETERM INFANTS AND DRUG WITHDRAWAL (HUDAK AND TAN, 2012) | 51 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF WITHDRAWAL | 51 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT | 52 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT (KRAFT AND VAN DEN ANKER, 2012) | 53 | ||
| ACQUIRED OPIOID AND BENZODIAZEPINE DEPENDENCY | 53 | ||
| SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (HUDAK AND TAN, 2012) | 54 | ||
| LONG-TERM EFFECTS RELATED TO PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE (BEHNKE AND SMITH, 2013) | 54 | ||
| BREASTFEEDING AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE (AAP, 2012) | 54 | ||
| DISCHARGE AND FOLLOW-UP CARE (HUDAK AND TAN, 2012) | 55 | ||
| RESUMPTION OF SUBSTANCE USE AMONG RECENT MOTHERS | 56 | ||
| FUTURE THERAPIES | 56 | ||
| REFERENCES | 56 | ||
| Chapter 4: Adaptation to Extrauterine Life | 58 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 58 | ||
| Characteristics of Placental-Fetal Circulation | 58 | ||
| Fetal Lung Characteristics | 60 | ||
| Fetal Metabolism and Hematology | 60 | ||
| Labor | 60 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Adaptation at Birth | 60 | ||
| ROUTINE CARE CONSIDERATIONS DURING TRANSITION (GARDNER AND HERNANDEZ, 2011; ALDEN, 2012A; ALDEN 2012B; TAYLOR, WRIGHT, AND ... | 63 | ||
| RECOGNITION OF THE SICK NEWBORN INFANT | 67 | ||
| Review of Perinatal History (Rezaee et al., 2013) | 67 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 67 | ||
| Diagnostic Tools (Bradshaw and Tanaka, 2011) | 68 | ||
| Common Problems and Clinical Presentation | 69 | ||
| Initial Stabilization of the Sick Newborn Infant | 72 | ||
| PARENT TEACHING | 74 | ||
| Before Delivery | 74 | ||
| At Delivery | 74 | ||
| During Transition | 74 | ||
| Postpartum Period (Early Discharge) | 74 | ||
| Transfer to Level II or III Setting | 75 | ||
| REFERENCES | 75 | ||
| Chapter 5: Neonatal Delivery Room Resuscitation | 77 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 77 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 77 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 79 | ||
| ANTICIPATION OF AND PREPARATION FOR RESUSCITATION | 80 | ||
| EQUIPMENT FOR NEONATAL RESUSCITATION | 83 | ||
| APGAR SCORING | 84 | ||
| DECISION-MAKING PROCESS | 84 | ||
| UNUSUAL SITUATIONS | 90 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF RESUSCITATION | 92 | ||
| POSTRESUSCITATION CARE | 93 | ||
| REFERENCES | 94 | ||
| SECTION TWO: CORNERSTONES OF CLINICAL PRACTICE | 95 | ||
| Chapter 6: Thermoregulation | 95 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 95 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF THERMOREGULATION | 100 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT | 101 | ||
| SUMMARY | 107 | ||
| REFERENCES | 107 | ||
| Chapter 7: Physical Assessment | 110 | ||
| PERINATAL HISTORY (SEE CHAPTERS 1, 2, 3, AND 41234) | 110 | ||
| GESTATIONAL-AGE INSTRUMENTS | 113 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF GROWTH AND MATURITY | 117 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 122 | ||
| REFERENCES | 144 | ||
| Chapter 8: Fluid and Electrolyte Management | 146 | ||
| FLUID BALANCE | 146 | ||
| Physiologic and Assessment Considerations | 146 | ||
| DISORDERS OF FLUID BALANCE | 149 | ||
| Fluid Depletion | 149 | ||
| Fluid Excess | 151 | ||
| ELECTROLYTE BALANCE AND DISORDERS | 152 | ||
| Sodium | 152 | ||
| Potassium | 153 | ||
| Calcium | 155 | ||
| Magnesium | 158 | ||
| ACID-BASE BALANCE AND DISORDERS | 158 | ||
| Acid-Base Physiology | 158 | ||
| Disorders of Acid-Base Balance | 159 | ||
| REFERENCES | 160 | ||
| Chapter 9: Glucose Management | 162 | ||
| GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS | 162 | ||
| HYPOGLYCEMIA | 163 | ||
| INFANT OF DIABETIC MOTHER | 167 | ||
| HYPERGLYCEMIA | 168 | ||
| TRANSIENT OR PERMANENT NEONATAL DIABETES | 169 | ||
| REFERENCES | 170 | ||
| Chapter 10: Nutritional Management | 172 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PREMATURE INFANTS GI TRACT | 172 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS | 175 | ||
| PARENTERAL NUTRITION (KLEINMAN AND AAP COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION, 2009; POINDEXTER AND DUNNE, 2012) | 180 | ||
| ENTERAL FEEDINGS: HUMAN MILK AND COMMERCIAL FORMULAS FOR TERM, SPECIAL-NEEDS, AND PREMATURE INFANTS | 184 | ||
| ENTERAL FEEDING METHODS | 188 | ||
| NURSING INTERVENTIONS TO FACILITATE TOLERANCE OF ENTERAL FEEDINGS | 191 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND STANDARDS FOR ADEQUATE GROWTH | 192 | ||
| REFERENCES | 193 | ||
| Chapter 11: Developmental Support | 197 | ||
| EARLY EXPERIENCE | 197 | ||
| WHAT IS DEVELOPMENTAL CARE? | 198 | ||
| OPERATIONALIZING DEVELOPMENTAL CARE | 199 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTALLY SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT | 205 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL CARE PRACTICES | 209 | ||
| PARENT SUPPORT AND INVOLVEMENT | 213 | ||
| TEAMWORK AND CONTINUITY OF CARE | 214 | ||
| REFERENCES | 215 | ||
| Chapter 12: Pharmacology | 216 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY | 216 | ||
| Terminology | 216 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMICS | 217 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 218 | ||
| MEDICATION CATEGORIES | 226 | ||
| Antimicrobial Agents | 226 | ||
| Cardiovascular Agents | 227 | ||
| Central Nervous System Medications | 229 | ||
| Diuretics | 231 | ||
| Immunizations | 231 | ||
| NURSING IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION IN THE NEONATE | 233 | ||
| REFERENCES | 234 | ||
| Chapter 13: Laboratory and Diagnostic Test Interpretation | 235 | ||
| LABORATORY TESTS IN THE NICU | 235 | ||
| PURPOSE OF LABORATORY TESTING | 238 | ||
| PROCESS OF LABORATORY COLLECTION | 238 | ||
| CONCEPTS OF LABORATORY TEST INTERPRETATION | 240 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF TEST UTILIZATION | 241 | ||
| IATROGENIC SEQUELAE OF LABORATORY TESTING—PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES | 242 | ||
| DECISION—QUESTIONS TO ASK PRIOR TO OBTAINING A LABORATORY TEST | 245 | ||
| LABORATORY INTERPRETATION—DECISION TREE | 247 | ||
| REFERENCES | 251 | ||
| Chapter 14: Radiologic Evaluation | 253 | ||
| BASIC CONCEPTS | 253 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 253 | ||
| X-RAY VIEWS COMMONLY USED IN THE NEWBORN INFANT (FIG.14-1) | 254 | ||
| RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITIES | 255 | ||
| RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION IN THE NEONATE | 255 | ||
| APPROACH TO INTERPRETING AN X-RAY | 255 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 257 | ||
| PULMONARY PARENCHYMAL DISEASE | 258 | ||
| PULMONARY AIR LEAKS | 262 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS | 263 | ||
| THORACIC SURGICAL PROBLEMS | 264 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 267 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM | 270 | ||
| SKELETAL SYSTEM | 276 | ||
| INDWELLING LINES AND TUBES | 278 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING | 279 | ||
| REFERENCES | 281 | ||
| Chapter 15: Common Invasive Procedures | 282 | ||
| AIRWAY PROCEDURES | 282 | ||
| Endotracheal Tube Suctioning: Fundamental Procedure | 282 | ||
| Oral Endotracheal Intubation: Advanced Practice Procedure | 285 | ||
| Thoracentesis: Advanced Practice Procedure | 289 | ||
| CIRCULATORY ACCESS PROCEDURES | 290 | ||
| Peripheral Intravenous Line Placement: Fundamental Procedure | 290 | ||
| Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter and Midline Catheter: Advanced Practice Procedure | 293 | ||
| Removal of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter: Fundamental Procedure | 299 | ||
| Umbilical Vessel Catheterization: Advanced Practice Procedure | 299 | ||
| Umbilical Artery Catheterization | 300 | ||
| Umbilical Vein Catheterization | 302 | ||
| Radial Artery Catheterization: Advanced Practice Procedure | 303 | ||
| BLOOD SAMPLING PROCEDURES | 305 | ||
| Choice of Method for Blood Sampling | 305 | ||
| Capillary Blood Sampling: Fundamental Procedure | 305 | ||
| Venipuncture (Phlebotomy): Fundamental Procedure | 307 | ||
| Radial Artery Puncture: Advanced Practice Procedure | 308 | ||
| MISCELLANEOUS PROCEDURES | 309 | ||
| Bladder Catheterization: Fundamental Procedure | 309 | ||
| Male Catheterization | 309 | ||
| Female Catheterization | 310 | ||
| Lumbar Puncture: Advanced Practice Procedure | 311 | ||
| SIMULATION | 314 | ||
| REFERENCES | 314 | ||
| Chapter 16: Pain Assessment and Management | 316 | ||
| DEFINITION OF PAIN | 316 | ||
| NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PROCEDURES THAT CAUSE PAIN | 316 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE PAIN IN PRETERM NEONATES | 318 | ||
| STANDARDS OF PRACTICE | 319 | ||
| PAIN ASSESSMENT | 320 | ||
| PAIN ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS | 321 | ||
| NURSING CARE OF THE INFANT IN PAIN | 323 | ||
| PAIN MANAGEMENT AT END OF LIFE | 327 | ||
| PARENTS’ ROLE IN PAIN ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT | 328 | ||
| REFERENCES | 328 | ||
| Chapter 17: Families in Crisis | 331 | ||
| CRISIS AND THE BIRTH OF THE SICK OR PREMATURE INFANT | 331 | ||
| Grief and Loss | 333 | ||
| SPECIFIC POPULATION OF PARENTS: ADOLESCENTS | 333 | ||
| THE FAMILY IN CRISIS | 334 | ||
| Assessment | 334 | ||
| Problems Associated With Adolescent Pregnancy | 336 | ||
| Intervention | 337 | ||
| Evaluation of Maternal Parenting Outcomes | 339 | ||
| GRIEF AND LOSS | 340 | ||
| Interventions for Facilitating Grief Resolution | 340 | ||
| Interventions for Parents Experiencing a Perinatal Loss | 340 | ||
| Interventions for Parents With a Preterm or Physically, Developmentally, or Psychologically Challenged Infant | 341 | ||
| Family-Infant Bonding | 341 | ||
| Interventions to Encourage Family-Infant Bonding | 342 | ||
| Evaluation of Parent-Infant Bonding | 343 | ||
| SUMMARY OF PARENTAL NEEDS TO BE MET BY NICU STAFF | 344 | ||
| REFERENCES | 344 | ||
| Chapter 18: Patient Safety | 348 | ||
| REFERENCES | 368 | ||
| Chapter 19: Discharge Planning and Transition to Home Care | 373 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 373 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 373 | ||
| HEALTH CARE TRENDS | 375 | ||
| DISCHARGE CRITERIA MUST BE ESTABLISHED AND INDIVIDUALIZED TO THE INFANT AND FAMILY (BOX 19-2) | 376 | ||
| PARENTAL NEEDS AND ROLE IN THE DISCHARGE AND TRANSITION-TO-HOME PROCESS | 376 | ||
| DISCHARGE PLANNING AND TRANSITION TO HOME | 377 | ||
| NEONATAL TEACHING NEEDS | 383 | ||
| FAMILY AND INFANT CARE POSTDISCHARGE (BOX 19-9) | 386 | ||
| REFERENCES | 388 | ||
| Chapter 20: Genetics | 391 | ||
| BASIC GENETICS | 391 | ||
| Terminology | 391 | ||
| Dominance and Recessiveness | 392 | ||
| Autosomal Disorders | 392 | ||
| X-Linked Disorders | 393 | ||
| Mitochondrial Disorders | 393 | ||
| CHROMOSOMAL DEFECTS | 394 | ||
| Abnormal Number | 394 | ||
| Abnormal Structure | 394 | ||
| PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS | 394 | ||
| Indications and Advantages of Prenatal Diagnosis | 394 | ||
| Prenatal Tests | 395 | ||
| Triple and Quad Screen Tests | 395 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 396 | ||
| Amniocentesis (``Amnio´´) | 396 | ||
| Chorionic Villus Sampling | 397 | ||
| Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling | 397 | ||
| POSTNATAL TESTING | 398 | ||
| HUMAN GENOME PROJECT | 398 | ||
| GENETIC COUNSELING | 399 | ||
| NEWBORN CARE | 400 | ||
| Diagnosis | 400 | ||
| History | 401 | ||
| Examination and Care | 401 | ||
| Examples of Specific Disorders (for More Specific Disorders, See Chapter 35) | 402 | ||
| VATER Association | 402 | ||
| VACTERL Association | 403 | ||
| Common Trisomies | 403 | ||
| Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) | 403 | ||
| Trisomy 18 | 404 | ||
| Trisomy 13 | 405 | ||
| REFERENCES | 405 | ||
| Chapter 21: Intrafacility and Interfacility Neonatal Transport | 407 | ||
| HISTORICAL ASPECTS | 407 | ||
| PHILOSOPHY OF NEONATAL TRANSPORT | 408 | ||
| INTRAFACILITY NEONATAL TRANSPORT (AAP, 2007; DEMMONS AND JAMES, 2008; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NEONATAL NURSES, 2010A; SALY ... | 408 | ||
| INTERFACILITY NEONATAL TRANSPORT | 409 | ||
| Types of Transports (AAP, 2007) | 409 | ||
| Selection of Transport Vehicles | 410 | ||
| Transport Personnel | 411 | ||
| TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT (GERSHANIK, 2006; ORLANDO ET AL., 2007) | 414 | ||
| NEONATAL TRANSPORT PROCESS (AAP, 2007; DEMMONS AND JAMES, 2008; NANN, 2010A; SALYER, 2003) | 414 | ||
| DOCUMENTATION | 420 | ||
| SAFETY (AAP, 2007; AIR AND SURFACE TRANSPORT NURSES ASSOCIATION, 2011; CAMTS, 2012; DEMMONS AND JAMES, 2008) | 420 | ||
| DISASTER PREPARATION (GERSHANIK, 2006; ORLANDO ET AL., 2007) | 422 | ||
| AIR TRANSPORT CONSIDERATIONS | 422 | ||
| LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 424 | ||
| QUALITY MANAGEMENT (CAMTS, 2012; NANN, 2010a) | 424 | ||
| REFERENCES | 425 | ||
| Chapter 22: Care of the Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) Infant | 427 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 427 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY (CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION [CDC], 2013; MARCH OF DIMES, 2013) | 427 | ||
| MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY (AAP AND ACOG, 2012) | 428 | ||
| PERINATAL MANAGEMENT (AAP AND ACOG, 2012) | 428 | ||
| PERINATAL CONSULTATION (AAP AND ACOG, 2012) | 429 | ||
| ANTENATAL STEROIDS | 429 | ||
| TIMING OF UMBILICAL CORD CLAMPING AFTER BIRTH (AAP, 2013) | 429 | ||
| DELIVERY ROOM CARE SPECIFIC TO ELBW INFANTS | 430 | ||
| THERMOREGULATION (SEE CHAPTER 6) (AAP AND ACOG, 2012) | 430 | ||
| VENTILATORY PRACTICES IN THE DELIVERY ROOM (AAP AND ACOG, 2012) | 430 | ||
| ADMISSION TO THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT | 432 | ||
| VASCULAR ACCESS (SEE CHAPTER 15) | 432 | ||
| SKIN CARE (SEE CHAPTER 36) | 432 | ||
| ASSISTED VENTILATION (SEE CHAPTER 26) | 433 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT (SEE CHAPTERS 8 AND 10) (DELL, 2011) | 433 | ||
| MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION OF INFECTION (SEE CHAPTER 32) | 435 | ||
| NEUROSENSORY COMPLICATIONS (EICHENWALD, 2012) | 436 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL INTERVENTIONS (EICHENWALD, 2012) (SEE CHAPTER 11) | 436 | ||
| END-OF-LIFE CARE | 437 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 437 | ||
| REFERENCES | 437 | ||
| Chapter 23: Care of the Late Preterm Infant | 439 | ||
| REFERENCES | 446 | ||
| SECTION THREE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF COMMON DISORDERS | 447 | ||
| Chapter 24: Respiratory Distress | 447 | ||
| LUNG DEVELOPMENT | 447 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION | 449 | ||
| RESPIRATORY DISORDERS | 449 | ||
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 449 | ||
| Pneumonia | 454 | ||
| Retained Lung Fluid Syndromes—Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn | 456 | ||
| Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn | 457 | ||
| Meconium Aspiration Syndrome | 462 | ||
| Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia | 464 | ||
| PULMONARY AIR LEAKS (PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM, PNEUMOTHORAX, PNEUMOPERICARDIUM, PULMONARY INTERSTITIAL EMPHYSEMA) | 469 | ||
| PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA | 470 | ||
| PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE | 471 | ||
| OTHER CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS | 471 | ||
| REFERENCES | 474 | ||
| Chapter 25: Apnea | 478 | ||
| DEFINITIONS OF APNEA | 478 | ||
| TYPES OF APNEA | 478 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF APNEA IN THE PREMATURE INFANT | 479 | ||
| CAUSES OF APNEA | 480 | ||
| EVALUATION FOR APNEA | 482 | ||
| MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES | 483 | ||
| HOME MONITORING | 485 | ||
| REFERENCES | 486 | ||
| Chapter 26: Assisted Ventilation | 487 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 487 | ||
| TREATMENT MODALITIES | 492 | ||
| Types of Assisted Ventilation | 494 | ||
| Ventilator Modes | 494 | ||
| NURSING CARE OF THE PATIENT REQUIRING RESPIRATORY SUPPORT OR CONVENTIONAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION | 495 | ||
| HIGH-FREQUENCY VENTILATION | 498 | ||
| NURSING CARE DURING THERAPY | 503 | ||
| MEDICATIONS USED DURING VENTILATION THERAPY | 506 | ||
| WEANING FROM CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION | 508 | ||
| Nursing Care During Weaning Process | 509 | ||
| INTERPRETATION OF BLOOD GAS VALUES | 509 | ||
| REFERENCES | 510 | ||
| Chapter 27: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation | 512 | ||
| ECMO: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 512 | ||
| COMMON NEONATAL ECMO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 513 | ||
| CRITERIA FOR USE OF ECMO | 513 | ||
| ECMO PERFUSION TECHNIQUES | 514 | ||
| Venoarterial Perfusion | 514 | ||
| Venovenous Perfusion | 515 | ||
| CIRCUIT COMPONENTS AND ADDITIONAL DEVICES | 515 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION | 519 | ||
| CARE OF THE INFANT REQUIRING ECMO | 520 | ||
| POST-ECMO CARE | 524 | ||
| PARENTAL SUPPORT | 524 | ||
| FOLLOW-UP AND OUTCOME | 524 | ||
| REFERENCES | 525 | ||
| Chapter 28: Cardiovascular Disorders | 527 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY | 528 | ||
| Cardiac Development | 528 | ||
| Great Vessel Development | 531 | ||
| Circulatory Development | 532 | ||
| Cardiovascular Physiology | 532 | ||
| CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS | 534 | ||
| Occurrence | 534 | ||
| RISK ASSESSMENT AND APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC DISEASE | 538 | ||
| Sex Preferences Associated With Cardiac Lesions | 538 | ||
| History (Kensey et al, 2011) | 538 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 540 | ||
| Diagnostic Adjuncts | 543 | ||
| DEFECTS WITH INCREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW | 546 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 546 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 549 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 550 | ||
| Endocardial Cushion Defect (Atrioventricular Canal) | 551 | ||
| OBSTRUCTIVE DEFECTS WITH PULMONARY VENOUS CONGESTION | 553 | ||
| Coarctation of the Aorta | 553 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 554 | ||
| OBSTRUCTIVE DEFECTS WITH DECREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW | 555 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 555 | ||
| Pulmonary Stenosis | 557 | ||
| Pulmonary Atresia | 558 | ||
| Tricuspid Atresia | 559 | ||
| MIXED DEFECTS | 560 | ||
| Transposition of the Great Vessels | 560 | ||
| Truncus Arteriosus | 562 | ||
| Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return | 563 | ||
| Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | 564 | ||
| CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE | 567 | ||
| Etiology | 567 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 567 | ||
| Management of Congestive Heart Failure | 568 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARDIAC MANAGEMENT | 569 | ||
| Noninvasive Monitoring | 569 | ||
| Invasive Monitoring | 570 | ||
| Hemodynamic Management | 571 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE DISTURBANCES | 572 | ||
| Heart Failure | 572 | ||
| Shock | 575 | ||
| Pain Control and Sedation (see Chapter 16) | 577 | ||
| Developmental Care (see Chapter 11) | 577 | ||
| Long-Term Outcomes | 578 | ||
| Parental Support and Education (see Chapter 17) | 578 | ||
| REFERENCES | 578 | ||
| Chapter 29: Gastrointestinal Disorders | 583 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT | 583 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 584 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM | 584 | ||
| ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECTS (CHRISTISON-LAGAY ET AL., 2011; ISLAM, 2012; LEDBETTER, 2012) | 589 | ||
| OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 593 | ||
| NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (CILIEBORG ET AL., 2012; DOMINQUEZ AND MOSS, 2012; DOWNARD ET AL., 2012; NEU AND WALKER, 2011) | 607 | ||
| SHORT-BOWEL SYNDROME (AMIN ET AL., 2013; GOULET ET AL., 2013; LIGHTDALE ET AL., 2013) | 610 | ||
| BILIARY ATRESIA (BRUMBAUGH AND MACK, 2012; DAVENPORT, 2012; WILDHABER, 2012) | 611 | ||
| CHOLESTASIS (BRUMBAUGH AND MACK, 2012; GOSSARD, 2013; HARTLEY ET AL., 2013) | 613 | ||
| GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX (AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS, TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME, AND MOON, 2011; BLACK ... | 615 | ||
| MULTISYSTEM DISORDERS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL INVOLVEMENT (HASSETT ET AL., 2012; LESAVOY ET AL., 2012; WOODS AND BRANDON, 20 ... | 617 | ||
| REFERENCES | 629 | ||
| Chapter 30: Endocrine Disorders | 632 | ||
| THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 632 | ||
| PITUITARY GLAND DISORDERS | 634 | ||
| THYROID GLAND DISORDERS | 635 | ||
| The Thyroid Gland | 635 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 637 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 641 | ||
| ADRENAL GLAND DISORDERS | 642 | ||
| The Adrenal Gland | 642 | ||
| Adrenal Disorders in the Neonate | 644 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 644 | ||
| SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT | 647 | ||
| DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT | 648 | ||
| 46,XX DSD | 648 | ||
| 46,XY DSD | 649 | ||
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) | 649 | ||
| Testosterone Biosynthetic Defects | 651 | ||
| 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency | 652 | ||
| Gonadal Dysgenesis | 653 | ||
| Ovotesticular DSD | 653 | ||
| General Principles of Management of DSDs | 654 | ||
| PANCREAS | 657 | ||
| Disorders of the Pancreas | 657 | ||
| Infant of a Diabetic Mother (see Chapter 9) | 657 | ||
| Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (NDM) | 657 | ||
| Congenital Hyperinsulinism | 658 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 659 | ||
| REFERENCES | 660 | ||
| Chapter 31: Hematologic Disorders | 662 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD CELLS | 662 | ||
| COAGULATION | 667 | ||
| ANEMIA | 668 | ||
| HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN | 673 | ||
| DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION | 675 | ||
| THROMBOCYTOPENIA | 677 | ||
| POLYCYTHEMIA | 680 | ||
| INHERITED BLEEDING DISORDERS | 681 | ||
| TRANSFUSION THERAPIES | 682 | ||
| EVALUATION BY COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT | 686 | ||
| REFERENCES | 686 | ||
| Chapter 32: Infectious Diseases in the Neonate | 689 | ||
| TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS IN THE NEONATE | 689 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 690 | ||
| Identification of Predisposing Risk Factors for Neonatal Infection | 690 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT | 690 | ||
| Recognition of Clinical Manifestations of Neonatal Infection | 690 | ||
| Hematologic Evaluation | 691 | ||
| Additional Diagnostic Evaluation | 694 | ||
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) | 695 | ||
| Therapy | 696 | ||
| Treatment of Septic Shock | 696 | ||
| Treatment Goals and Prevention Strategies | 697 | ||
| NEONATAL SEPTICEMIA | 697 | ||
| Common Focal Sites and Pathogens | 698 | ||
| INFECTION WITH SPECIFIC PATHOGENS | 702 | ||
| Group B Streptococcus | 702 | ||
| Fungal Infection: Candidiasis | 704 | ||
| ToRCHES CLAP Infections | 705 | ||
| INFECTION CONTROL | 714 | ||
| REFERENCES | 716 | ||
| Chapter 33: Renal and Genitourinary Disorders | 719 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 719 | ||
| FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE KIDNEY | 719 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF THE BLADDER AND URETHRA (VOGT AND DELL, 2011) | 720 | ||
| RENAL FUNCTION | 721 | ||
| RENAL ANATOMY | 721 | ||
| REGULATION OF POSTNATAL RENAL HEMODYNAMICS (SOLHAUG AND JOSE, 2011) | 721 | ||
| CLINICAL EVALUATION OF RENAL AND URINARY TRACT DISEASE (VOGT AND DELL [2011]) | 724 | ||
| Prenatal Diagnosis of Renal Disorders (Bates and Schwaderer, 2012) | 724 | ||
| Postnatal Evaluation of Renal and Urinary Tract Disease (Bates and Schwaderer, 2012) | 724 | ||
| LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RENAL FUNCTION | 725 | ||
| RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION (VOGT AND DELL, 2011) | 727 | ||
| ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 727 | ||
| Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury (Vogt and Dell, 2011) | 727 | ||
| Medical Management of Acute Kidney Injury (Vogt and Dell, 2011) | 729 | ||
| RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS | 729 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL RENAL ABNORMALITIES | 729 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE GENITALIA | 731 | ||
| REFERENCES | 732 | ||
| Chapter 34: Neurologic Disorders | 734 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM (MOORE ET AL. 2012; VOLPE, 2008) | 734 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM (MCLEAN ET AL., 2012; VOLPE, 2008; YAGER, 2012). | 737 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT (RENNIE AND HUERTAS-CEBALLOS, 2012; VOLPE, 2008) | 738 | ||
| NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTDs) | 740 | ||
| Anencephaly (Volpe, 2008) | 740 | ||
| Encephalocele | 741 | ||
| Spina Bifida | 742 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS | 743 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES | 753 | ||
| SEIZURES (SCHER, 2012, 2013; VERKLAN AND LOPEZ, 2011). | 758 | ||
| HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (BONIFACIO ET AL., 2012; LAPTOOK, 2012; SCHER 2013; VERKLAN AND LOPEZ, 2011) | 761 | ||
| PERIVENTRICULAR LEUKOMALACIA (Scher, 2013). | 765 | ||
| MENINGITIS (SEE CHAPTER 32). | 766 | ||
| REFERENCES | 766 | ||
| Chapter 35: Congenital Anomalies | 767 | ||
| SPECIFIC DISORDERS | 771 | ||
| Abnormalities of Chromosomes | 772 | ||
| Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) | 772 | ||
| Trisomy 18 | 774 | ||
| Trisomy 13 | 776 | ||
| 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome | 777 | ||
| Sex Chromosome Abnormalities | 778 | ||
| Turner's Syndrome | 778 | ||
| Klinefelter's Syndrome | 779 | ||
| NONCHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES | 780 | ||
| Malformation Disorders | 780 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 780 | ||
| Achondroplasia | 782 | ||
| Specific Neural Tube Defects | 783 | ||
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 783 | ||
| Talipes Equinovarus | 784 | ||
| Polydactyl | 786 | ||
| DEFORMATION ABNORMALITIES | 786 | ||
| Amniotic Band Syndrome | 786 | ||
| Talipes Calcaneovalgus | 788 | ||
| CONGENITAL METABOLIC PROBLEMS | 789 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism | 789 | ||
| DISORDERS OF METABOLISM | 790 | ||
| Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism | 790 | ||
| Phenylketonuria | 790 | ||
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease | 791 | ||
| Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism | 791 | ||
| Galactosemia | 791 | ||
| Errors of Fatty Acid Oxidation | 792 | ||
| Medium-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency | 792 | ||
| REFERENCES | 793 | ||
| Chapter 36: Neonatal Dermatology | 795 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN | 795 | ||
| CARE OF THE NEWBORN INFANTS SKIN | 797 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE NEWBORN INFANTS SKIN | 798 | ||
| COMMON SKIN LESIONS | 799 | ||
| REFERENCES | 811 | ||
| Chapter 37: Ophthalmologic and Auditory Disorders | 813 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE EYE (FIG.37-1) | 813 | ||
| Protective Structures | 813 | ||
| The Eyeball | 814 | ||
| Extraocular Muscles | 815 | ||
| PATIENT ASSESSMENT | 815 | ||
| History | 815 | ||
| Examination (de Alba Campomanes et al., 2012; Johnson, 2009) | 815 | ||
| PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS AND MANAGEMENT | 816 | ||
| Birth Trauma | 816 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 816 | ||
| Etiology | 816 | ||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 816 | ||
| Chlamydia trachomatis | 817 | ||
| Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction | 817 | ||
| Cataracts | 818 | ||
| Retinoblastoma (de Alba Campomanes et al., 2012) | 819 | ||
| Congenital Infections | 820 | ||
| Congenital Rubella Syndrome | 820 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 821 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis (Remington et al., 2011) | 821 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity | 822 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE EAR (FIG.37-3) | 826 | ||
| External Ear | 826 | ||
| Middle Ear | 828 | ||
| Inner Ear | 828 | ||
| INNERVATION | 828 | ||
| PATIENT ASSESSMENT | 829 | ||
| History | 829 | ||
| Examination | 829 | ||
| Hearing Loss | 829 | ||
| Hearing Screening | 830 | ||
| REFERENCES | 830 | ||
| SECTION FOUR: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE | 832 | ||
| Chapter 38: Foundations of Neonatal Research | 832 | ||
| RESEARCH AND GENERATION OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE | 832 | ||
| RESEARCH PROCESS AND COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH STUDY | 833 | ||
| QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | 836 | ||
| QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | 836 | ||
| AREAS OF EXPLORATION IN NEONATAL NURSING | 837 | ||
| NURSES AS CONSUMERS OF RESEARCH | 837 | ||
| ETHICS IN RESEARCH AND NURSES AS ADVOCATES | 840 | ||
| REFERENCES | 841 | ||
| Chapter 39: Ethical Issues | 843 | ||
| EXAMINING ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE NICU | 843 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF BIOMEDICAL ETHICS | 844 | ||
| Beneficence | 844 | ||
| Nonmaleficence | 844 | ||
| Respect for Autonomy | 844 | ||
| Justice | 845 | ||
| Utilization of the Principle Approach in the NICU | 845 | ||
| OTHER APPROACHES TO ETHICAL ISSUES | 845 | ||
| Ethical Theories | 845 | ||
| Kantianism | 845 | ||
| Utilitarianism | 846 | ||
| Liberal Individualism | 846 | ||
| CASE ANALYSIS MODEL | 846 | ||
| Medical Indications | 846 | ||
| Patient Preferences | 846 | ||
| Quality of Life | 846 | ||
| Contextual Features | 846 | ||
| THE NURSE'S ROLE IN ETHICAL ISSUES | 847 | ||
| Adequate Communication With Parents | 847 | ||
| Supporting the NICU Team | 847 | ||
| CONSULTING THE HOSPITAL ETHICS COMMITTEE | 847 | ||
| SUMMARY | 848 | ||
| REFERENCES | 848 | ||
| Chapter 40: Legal Issues | 849 | ||
| NURSING PROCESS | 849 | ||
| STANDARD OF CARE | 850 | ||
| State and Federal Regulations | 851 | ||
| Institutional Policies, Procedures, and Protocols | 851 | ||
| Testimony From Expert Witnesses | 851 | ||
| Standards of Professional Organizations | 852 | ||
| Current Professional Literature | 852 | ||
| Further Issues: Practice Guidelines and Ethical Standards | 852 | ||
| MALPRACTICE | 853 | ||
| LIABILITY | 853 | ||
| ADVANCED PRACTICE | 857 | ||
| DOCUMENTATION | 858 | ||
| INFORMED CONSENT | 862 | ||
| PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY INSURANCE | 863 | ||
| REFERENCES | 864 | ||
| Appendix A: Newborn Metric Conversion Tables | 866 | ||
| Index | 869 |