BOOK
Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This title is unique among textbooks in its appeal to a wide range of healthcare professionals including nurses, nursing students, students in the allied health professions and complementary / alternative medicine, paramedics and ambulance technicians. Each chapter provides an explanation of the normal structure and functions of the human body and the effects of disease or illness on normal physiology. The text is written in straightforward language and is complemented by over 400 extensive clear, colour illustrations.
"The chapter on the nervous system, has excellent informative diagrams where even the plexus appear understandable even to a novice. This is the book's strength and as a reference tool for patients would be helpful. " Date: July 2014
- Carefully refined, clear and unambiguous text which omits the unnecessary detail that can confuse the student new to the subject
- Highly illustrated with clear colour diagrams and photographs
- Regular sequences of headings, lists and bullet points help with learning and revision
- Learning outcomes related to the sections within each chapter
- Common prefixes, suffixes and roots commonly used in anatomy and physiology
- Appendix containing useful biological values for easy reference
- Access to additional electronic resources, including high-quality animations, colouring exercises, case studies, self-testing questions, an audio pronunciation guide and weblinks
- An accompanying Colouring and workbook that facilitates structured learning and revision of the material in this book.
text fully revised and updated with developments in the field
colour photographs
glossary
new and revised illustrations
significantly enhanced electronic ancillaries featuring a fully searchable, customisable electronic version of the text, new animations, an electronic colouring in /labelling feature, case studies, over 300 self-assessment exercises such as MCQs, crosswords, drag and drop, ‘hangman’ etc with answers
extra electronic resources for lecturers including the full image bank
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness, 12/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Evolve page | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgements | viii | ||
| Authors’ Acknowledgements | viii | ||
| Publisher’s Acknowledgements | viii | ||
| Common prefixes, suffixes and roots | ix | ||
| Key | xi | ||
| 1 The body and its constituents | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to the human body | 3 | ||
| Animations | 3 | ||
| Levels of structural complexity | 4 | ||
| The internal environment and homeostasis | 5 | ||
| Homeostasis | 6 | ||
| Control systems | 6 | ||
| Negative feedback mechanisms (Fig. 1.4) | 6 | ||
| Positive feedback mechanisms | 7 | ||
| Homeostatic imbalance | 7 | ||
| Survival needs of the body | 8 | ||
| Communication | 8 | ||
| Transport systems | 8 | ||
| Blood (Ch. 4) | 8 | ||
| Plasma. | 8 | ||
| Blood cells. | 8 | ||
| Cardiovascular system (Ch. 5) | 9 | ||
| Blood vessels. | 9 | ||
| Heart. | 9 | ||
| Lymphatic system (Ch. 6) | 9 | ||
| Internal communication | 10 | ||
| Nervous system (Ch. 7) | 10 | ||
| Endocrine system (Ch. 9) | 10 | ||
| Communication with the external environment | 11 | ||
| Special senses (Ch. 8) | 11 | ||
| Verbal communication | 11 | ||
| Non-verbal communication | 11 | ||
| Intake of raw materials and elimination of waste | 11 | ||
| Intake of oxygen | 11 | ||
| Ingestion of nutrients (eating) | 11 | ||
| Digestion | 12 | ||
| Alimentary canal. | 12 | ||
| Accessory organs. | 12 | ||
| Metabolism | 12 | ||
| Elimination of wastes | 12 | ||
| Carbon dioxide | 12 | ||
| Urine | 12 | ||
| Faeces | 13 | ||
| Protection and survival | 13 | ||
| Protection against the external environment | 13 | ||
| Defence against infection | 13 | ||
| Non-specific defence mechanisms | 13 | ||
| Specific defence mechanisms | 13 | ||
| Movement | 14 | ||
| Survival of the species | 14 | ||
| Transmission of inherited characteristics | 14 | ||
| Reproduction (Ch. 18) | 14 | ||
| Introduction to ageing | 15 | ||
| Introduction to the study of illness | 18 | ||
| Aetiology | 18 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 18 | ||
| Inflammation. | 18 | ||
| Tumours. | 18 | ||
| Abnormal immune mechanisms. | 18 | ||
| Thrombosis, embolism and infarction. | 18 | ||
| Degeneration. | 18 | ||
| Metabolic abnormalities. | 18 | ||
| Genetic abnormalities. | 18 | ||
| Further reading | 19 | ||
| 2 Introduction to the chemistry of life | 21 | ||
| Animations | 21 | ||
| Atoms, molecules and compounds | 22 | ||
| Atomic structure | 22 | ||
| Atomic number and atomic weight | 22 | ||
| Isotopes. | 23 | ||
| Molecules and compounds | 23 | ||
| Covalent and ionic bonds. | 23 | ||
| Covalent bonds | 23 | ||
| Ionic bonds | 23 | ||
| Electrolytes | 24 | ||
| Measurement of substances in body fluids | 24 | ||
| Acids, bases and pH | 24 | ||
| The pH scale | 25 | ||
| pH values of body fluids | 25 | ||
| Buffers | 25 | ||
| Acidosis and alkalosis | 26 | ||
| Important biological molecules | 26 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 26 | ||
| Amino acids and proteins | 26 | ||
| Lipids | 27 | ||
| Nucleotides | 27 | ||
| Nucleic acids | 27 | ||
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | 27 | ||
| Enzymes | 28 | ||
| Movement of substances within body fluids | 28 | ||
| Diffusion | 29 | ||
| Osmosis | 29 | ||
| Body fluids | 30 | ||
| Extracellular fluid | 30 | ||
| Intracellular fluid | 30 | ||
| 3 The cells, tissues and organisation of the body | 31 | ||
| Animations | 31 | ||
| The cell: structure and functions | 32 | ||
| Plasma membrane | 32 | ||
| Membrane proteins | 32 | ||
| Organelles 3.1 | 33 | ||
| Nucleus | 33 | ||
| Mitochondria | 33 | ||
| Ribosomes | 33 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | 34 | ||
| Golgi apparatus | 34 | ||
| Lysosomes | 34 | ||
| Cytoskeleton | 34 | ||
| Microfilaments. | 34 | ||
| Microtubules. | 34 | ||
| Centrosome. | 34 | ||
| Cell extensions. | 34 | ||
| The cell cycle | 35 | ||
| Interphase | 35 | ||
| Mitosis (Figs 3.8 and 3.9) 3.2 | 35 | ||
| Prophase. | 35 | ||
| Metaphase. | 35 | ||
| Anaphase. | 35 | ||
| Telophase. | 36 | ||
| Transport of substances across cell membranes | 36 | ||
| Passive transport | 36 | ||
| Diffusion | 36 | ||
| Facilitated diffusion | 36 | ||
| Osmosis | 37 | ||
| Active transport 3.5 | 37 | ||
| The sodium–potassium pump | 37 | ||
| Bulk transport (Fig. 3.11) | 37 | ||
| Tissues | 38 | ||
| Epithelial tissue (Fig. 3.12) | 38 | ||
| Simple epithelium | 38 | ||
| Squamous (pavement) epithelium | 38 | ||
| Cuboidal epithelium | 38 | ||
| Columnar epithelium | 38 | ||
| Stratified epithelia | 39 | ||
| Stratified squamous epithelium (Fig. 3.13) | 39 | ||
| Keratinised stratified epithelium. | 39 | ||
| Non-keratinised stratified epithelium. | 39 | ||
| Transitional epithelium (Fig. 3.15) | 39 | ||
| Connective tissue | 39 | ||
| Cells in connective tissue | 40 | ||
| Fibroblasts. | 40 | ||
| Fat cells. | 40 | ||
| Macrophages. | 40 | ||
| Leukocytes. | 40 | ||
| Mast cells. | 40 | ||
| Loose (areolar) connective tissue (Fig. 3.18) | 40 | ||
| Adipose tissue (Fig. 3.19) | 41 | ||
| White adipose tissue. | 41 | ||
| Brown adipose tissue. | 41 | ||
| Reticular tissue (Fig. 3.20) | 41 | ||
| Dense connective tissue | 42 | ||
| Fibrous tissue (Fig. 3.21A) | 42 | ||
| Elastic tissue (Fig. 3.21B) | 42 | ||
| Blood | 42 | ||
| Cartilage | 42 | ||
| Hyaline cartilage (Fig. 3.22A) | 42 | ||
| Fibrocartilage (Fig. 3.22B) | 43 | ||
| Elastic fibrocartilage (Fig. 3.22C) | 43 | ||
| Bone | 43 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 43 | ||
| Skeletal muscle (Fig. 3.23) | 43 | ||
| Smooth muscle (Fig. 3.24) | 43 | ||
| Cardiac muscle (Fig. 3.25) | 44 | ||
| Nervous tissue | 44 | ||
| Tissue regeneration | 44 | ||
| Membranes | 44 | ||
| Epithelial membranes | 44 | ||
| Mucous membrane 3.6 | 45 | ||
| Serous membrane 3.7 | 45 | ||
| Synovial membrane 3.8 | 45 | ||
| Glands | 45 | ||
| Organisation of the body | 46 | ||
| Anatomical terms | 46 | ||
| The anatomical position. | 46 | ||
| Directional terms. | 46 | ||
| Regional terms. | 46 | ||
| Body planes (Fig. 3.29) | 46 | ||
| Median plane. | 46 | ||
| Coronal plane. | 46 | ||
| Transverse plane. | 46 | ||
| Anatomical reference icons used in this book | 46 | ||
| The skeleton | 47 | ||
| Axial skeleton | 47 | ||
| Skull | 47 | ||
| 2 Communication | 59 | ||
| 4 The blood | 61 | ||
| Animations | 61 | ||
| Plasma | 62 | ||
| Plasma proteins | 62 | ||
| Albumins. | 62 | ||
| Globulins. | 62 | ||
| Clotting factors. | 62 | ||
| Electrolytes | 63 | ||
| Nutrients | 63 | ||
| Waste products | 63 | ||
| Hormones (see Ch. 9) | 63 | ||
| Gases | 63 | ||
| Cellular content of blood 4.1 | 63 | ||
| Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 4.2 | 63 | ||
| Life span and function of erythrocytes | 65 | ||
| Haemoglobin | 65 | ||
| Oxygen transport | 66 | ||
| Low pH | 66 | ||
| Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) | 66 | ||
| Temperature | 66 | ||
| Control of erythropoiesis | 66 | ||
| Destruction of erythrocytes | 67 | ||
| Blood groups 4.3 | 67 | ||
| The ABO system | 67 | ||
| The Rhesus system 4.4 | 67 | ||
| Leukocytes (white blood cells) 4.5 | 67 | ||
| Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) | 68 | ||
| Neutrophils | 68 | ||
| Eosinophils | 69 | ||
| Basophils | 69 | ||
| Agranulocytes | 69 | ||
| Monocytes | 69 | ||
| The monocyte–macrophage system. | 70 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 70 | ||
| Platelets (thrombocytes) 4.6 | 70 | ||
| Haemostasis | 70 | ||
| 1. Vasoconstriction. | 70 | ||
| 2. Platelet plug formation. | 70 | ||
| 3. Coagulation (blood clotting). | 70 | ||
| 4. Fibrinolysis. | 71 | ||
| Control of coagulation | 71 | ||
| Erythrocyte disorders | 73 | ||
| Anaemias | 73 | ||
| Iron deficiency anaemia | 73 | ||
| Deficient intake | 73 | ||
| High requirements | 74 | ||
| Malabsorption | 74 | ||
| Vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency anaemias | 74 | ||
| Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia | 74 | ||
| Pernicious anaemia | 74 | ||
| Dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 | 74 | ||
| Other causes of vitamin B12 deficiency | 74 | ||
| Complications of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia | 74 | ||
| Folic acid deficiency anaemia | 74 | ||
| Aplastic anaemia | 74 | ||
| Haemolytic anaemias | 75 | ||
| Congenital haemolytic anaemias | 75 | ||
| Sickle cell anaemia | 75 | ||
| Complications. | 75 | ||
| Thalassaemia | 75 | ||
| Haemolytic disease of the newborn | 75 | ||
| Acquired haemolytic anaemias | 76 | ||
| Chemical agents | 76 | ||
| Autoimmunity | 76 | ||
| Blood transfusion reactions | 76 | ||
| Polycythaemia | 76 | ||
| Relative increase in erythrocyte count | 76 | ||
| True increase in erythrocyte count | 76 | ||
| Physiological. | 76 | ||
| Pathological. | 77 | ||
| Leukocyte disorders | 77 | ||
| Leukopenia | 77 | ||
| Granulocytopenia (neutropenia) | 77 | ||
| Leukocytosis | 77 | ||
| Leukaemia | 77 | ||
| Causes of leukaemia | 77 | ||
| Ionising radiation. | 77 | ||
| Chemicals. | 77 | ||
| Genetic factors. | 77 | ||
| Types of leukaemia | 77 | ||
| Acute leukaemias | 77 | ||
| Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML). | 78 | ||
| Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). | 78 | ||
| Chronic leukaemias | 78 | ||
| Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). | 78 | ||
| Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). | 78 | ||
| Haemorrhagic diseases | 78 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 78 | ||
| Reduced platelet production | 78 | ||
| Increased platelet destruction | 78 | ||
| Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. | 78 | ||
| Vitamin K deficiency | 78 | ||
| Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn | 78 | ||
| Deficiency in adults | 79 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | 79 | ||
| Congenital disorders | 79 | ||
| The haemophilias | 79 | ||
| von Willebrand disease | 79 | ||
| 5 The cardiovascular system | 81 | ||
| Animations | 82 | ||
| Blood vessels | 83 | ||
| Arteries and arterioles | 83 | ||
| Anastomoses and end-arteries | 83 | ||
| Capillaries and sinusoids | 83 | ||
| Capillary refill time | 84 | ||
| Veins and venules | 84 | ||
| Blood supply | 84 | ||
| Control of blood vessel diameter | 84 | ||
| Blood vessel diameter and blood flow | 84 | ||
| Local regulation of blood flow | 85 | ||
| Capillary exchange | 85 | ||
| Exchange of gases | 85 | ||
| Exchange of other substances | 86 | ||
| Capillary fluid dynamics | 86 | ||
| Heart | 87 | ||
| Position 5.2 | 87 | ||
| Organs associated with the heart (Fig. 5.10) | 87 | ||
| Structure | 87 | ||
| The heart wall | 87 | ||
| Pericardium | 87 | ||
| Myocardium | 88 | ||
| Fibrous tissue in the heart. | 88 | ||
| Endocardium | 88 | ||
| Interior of the heart 5.3, 5.4 | 88 | ||
| Flow of blood through the heart (Fig. 5.14) 5.5 | 89 | ||
| Blood supply to the heart (the coronary circulation) 5.6 | 89 | ||
| Arterial supply (Fig. 5.17). | 89 | ||
| Venous drainage. | 90 | ||
| Conducting system of the heart (Fig. 5.18) 5.7 | 90 | ||
| Sinoatrial node (SA node) | 91 | ||
| Atrioventricular node (AV node) | 92 | ||
| Atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle or bundle of His) | 92 | ||
| Nerve supply to the heart | 92 | ||
| Factors affecting heart rate | 92 | ||
| The cardiac cycle | 92 | ||
| Stages of the cardiac cycle | 92 | ||
| Heart sounds | 93 | ||
| Electrical changes in the heart 5.8 | 94 | ||
| Cardiac output | 94 | ||
| Stroke volume | 94 | ||
| Arterial blood pressure. | 95 | ||
| Blood volume. | 95 | ||
| Venous return | 95 | ||
| The position of the body. | 95 | ||
| Muscular contraction. | 95 | ||
| The respiratory pump. | 95 | ||
| Heart rate | 95 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system. | 95 | ||
| Circulating chemicals. | 95 | ||
| Position. | 95 | ||
| Exercise. | 95 | ||
| Emotional states. | 95 | ||
| Gender. | 95 | ||
| Age. | 95 | ||
| Temperature. | 95 | ||
| Baroreceptor reflex. | 95 | ||
| Blood pressure | 96 | ||
| Systolic and diastolic pressures. | 96 | ||
| Elasticity of arterial walls. | 96 | ||
| Factors determining blood pressure | 96 | ||
| Cardiac output | 96 | ||
| Peripheral or arteriolar resistance | 96 | ||
| Autoregulation | 96 | ||
| Control of blood pressure (BP) | 96 | ||
| Short-term blood pressure regulation | 97 | ||
| Baroreceptors | 97 | ||
| Chemoreceptors | 97 | ||
| Higher centres in the brain | 97 | ||
| Long-term blood pressure regulation | 99 | ||
| Pressure in the pulmonary circulation | 99 | ||
| Pulse | 99 | ||
| Factors affecting the pulse 5.9 | 99 | ||
| Circulation of the blood | 100 | ||
| Pulmonary circulation 5.10 | 100 | ||
| Systemic or general circulation | 100 | ||
| Major blood vessels | 100 | ||
| Aorta (Fig. 5.28) | 100 | ||
| Thoracic aorta (Fig. 5.28) | 100 | ||
| Ascending aorta. | 100 | ||
| Arch of the aorta. | 100 | ||
| Descending aorta in the thorax. | 103 | ||
| Abdominal aorta (Fig. 5.28) | 103 | ||
| Venae cavae (Fig. 5.29) | 103 | ||
| Superior vena cava | 103 | ||
| Inferior vena cava | 103 | ||
| Circulation in the head and neck | 104 | ||
| Arterial supply | 104 | ||
| Carotid arteries. | 104 | ||
| External carotid artery (Fig. 5.30). | 105 | ||
| Internal carotid artery. | 105 | ||
| Circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis [Fig. 5.31]). | 105 | ||
| Venous return | 106 | ||
| Circulation in the upper limb | 107 | ||
| Arterial supply | 107 | ||
| The subclavian arteries. | 107 | ||
| Venous return | 107 | ||
| Circulation in the thorax | 108 | ||
| 3 Intake of raw materials and elimination of waste | 239 | ||
| 10 The respiratory system | 241 | ||
| Animations | 242 | ||
| Nose and nasal cavity | 243 | ||
| Position and structure | 243 | ||
| Lining of the nasal cavity 10.3 | 243 | ||
| Openings into the nasal cavity | 243 | ||
| Respiratory function of the nose | 244 | ||
| Warming. | 244 | ||
| Filtering and cleaning. | 244 | ||
| Humidification. | 244 | ||
| The sense of smell | 244 | ||
| Pharynx | 244 | ||
| Position | 245 | ||
| Structures associated with the pharynx | 245 | ||
| The nasopharynx | 245 | ||
| The oropharynx | 245 | ||
| The laryngopharynx | 245 | ||
| Structure | 245 | ||
| Mucous membrane lining | 245 | ||
| Submucosa | 245 | ||
| Smooth muscle | 245 | ||
| Blood and nerve supply | 245 | ||
| Functions | 245 | ||
| Passageway for air and food | 245 | ||
| Warming and humidifying | 245 | ||
| Hearing | 245 | ||
| Protection | 245 | ||
| Speech | 245 | ||
| Larynx | 246 | ||
| Position | 246 | ||
| Structures associated with the larynx | 246 | ||
| Structure | 246 | ||
| Cartilages | 246 | ||
| The thyroid cartilage (Figs 10.5 and 10.6). | 246 | ||
| The cricoid cartilage (Fig. 10.7). | 246 | ||
| The arytenoid cartilages. | 247 | ||
| The epiglottis (Figs 10.4–10.6 and 10.8). | 247 | ||
| Blood and nerve supply | 247 | ||
| Interior of the larynx (Fig. 10.8) | 247 | ||
| Functions | 248 | ||
| Production of sound. | 248 | ||
| Speech. | 248 | ||
| Protection of the lower respiratory tract. | 248 | ||
| Passageway for air. | 248 | ||
| Humidifying, filtering and warming. | 248 | ||
| Trachea | 248 | ||
| Position | 248 | ||
| Structures associated with the trachea (Fig. 10.10) | 248 | ||
| Structure | 248 | ||
| Blood and nerve supply, lymph drainage | 249 | ||
| Functions | 249 | ||
| Support and patency. | 249 | ||
| Mucociliary escalator. | 250 | ||
| Cough reflex. | 250 | ||
| Warming, humidifying and filtering. | 250 | ||
| Lungs | 250 | ||
| Position and gross structure (Fig. 10.13) | 250 | ||
| The apex | 250 | ||
| The base | 250 | ||
| The costal surface | 250 | ||
| The medial surface | 250 | ||
| Pleura and pleural cavity | 250 | ||
| The visceral pleura | 250 | ||
| The parietal pleura | 250 | ||
| The pleural cavity | 250 | ||
| Interior of the lungs | 251 | ||
| Pulmonary blood supply (Fig. 10.16) | 251 | ||
| Bronchi and bronchioles | 252 | ||
| The right bronchus. | 252 | ||
| The left bronchus. | 252 | ||
| Structure 10.4 | 252 | ||
| Structural changes in the bronchial passages | 252 | ||
| Cartilage. | 252 | ||
| Smooth muscle. | 252 | ||
| Epithelial lining. | 252 | ||
| Blood and nerve supply, lymph drainage | 253 | ||
| Functions | 253 | ||
| Control of air entry. | 253 | ||
| Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli 10.5 | 253 | ||
| Structure | 253 | ||
| Nerve supply to bronchioles | 253 | ||
| Functions | 254 | ||
| External respiration. | 254 | ||
| Defence against infection. | 254 | ||
| Warming and humidifying. | 254 | ||
| Respiration | 254 | ||
| Breathing (pulmonary ventilation). | 255 | ||
| Exchange of gases. | 255 | ||
| Breathing | 255 | ||
| Muscles of breathing | 255 | ||
| Intercostal muscles | 255 | ||
| The external intercostal muscles | 255 | ||
| The internal intercostal muscles | 255 | ||
| Diaphragm 10.7 | 255 | ||
| Accessory muscles of respiration (Fig. 10.22A) | 256 | ||
| Cycle of breathing 10.8 | 256 | ||
| Inspiration | 256 | ||
| Expiration | 257 | ||
| Physiological variables affecting breathing | 257 | ||
| Elasticity. | 257 | ||
| Compliance. | 257 | ||
| Airway resistance. | 257 | ||
| Lung volumes and capacities (Fig. 10.23) | 257 | ||
| Tidal volume (TV). | 257 | ||
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). | 257 | ||
| Inspiratory capacity (IC). | 257 | ||
| Functional residual capacity (FRC). | 257 | ||
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV). | 257 | ||
| Residual volume (RV). | 257 | ||
| Vital capacity (VC). | 257 | ||
| Total lung capacity (TLC). | 257 | ||
| Alveolar ventilation. | 258 | ||
| Exchange of gases | 258 | ||
| Composition of air | 258 | ||
| Alveolar air | 258 | ||
| Diffusion of gases | 258 | ||
| External respiration (Fig. 10.24A) 10.9 | 259 | ||
| Internal respiration (Fig. 10.24B) 10.10 | 259 | ||
| Transport of gases in the bloodstream | 260 | ||
| Oxygen | 260 | ||
| Carbon dioxide | 260 | ||
| Regulation of air and blood flow in the lung | 260 | ||
| Control of respiration | 260 | ||
| The respiratory centre | 260 | ||
| Chemoreceptors | 260 | ||
| Central chemoreceptors. | 260 | ||
| Peripheral chemoreceptors. | 260 | ||
| Exercise and respiration | 261 | ||
| Other factors that influence respiration | 261 | ||
| Ageing and the respiratory system | 261 | ||
| Disorders of the upper respiratory tract | 262 | ||
| Infectious and inflammatory disorders | 262 | ||
| Common cold and influenza | 262 | ||
| Sinusitis | 262 | ||
| Tonsillitis | 262 | ||
| Pharyngitis, laryngitis and tracheitis | 262 | ||
| Diphtheria | 262 | ||
| Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) | 262 | ||
| Obstructive lung disorders | 263 | ||
| Bronchitis | 263 | ||
| Acute bronchitis | 263 | ||
| Chronic bronchitis | 263 | ||
| Increased size and number of mucus glands. | 263 | ||
| Oedema and other inflammatory changes. | 263 | ||
| Reduction in number and function of ciliated cells. | 263 | ||
| Fibrosis of the airways. | 263 | ||
| Breathlessness (dyspnoea). | 263 | ||
| Emphysema (Figs 10.28, 10.29) | 263 | ||
| Pulmonary emphysema | 263 | ||
| Panacinar emphysema | 264 | ||
| Centrilobular emphysema | 264 | ||
| Interstitial emphysema | 264 | ||
| Asthma (Fig. 10.30) | 264 | ||
| Atopic (childhood onset, extrinsic) asthma | 265 | ||
| Non-atopic (adult onset, intrinsic) asthma | 265 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 265 | ||
| Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) | 266 | ||
| Restrictive disorders | 266 | ||
| Pneumoconioses | 266 | ||
| Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis | 266 | ||
| Silicosis | 266 | ||
| Asbestosis | 266 | ||
| Extrinsic allergic alveolitis | 267 | ||
| Pulmonary toxins | 267 | ||
| Paraquat. | 267 | ||
| Drugs. | 267 | ||
| High concentration oxygen therapy. | 267 | ||
| Lung infections | 267 | ||
| Pneumonia (Fig. 10.31) | 267 | ||
| Impaired coughing. | 268 | ||
| Damage to the epithelial lining of the tract. | 268 | ||
| Impaired alveolar phagocytosis. | 268 | ||
| Hospitalisation. | 268 | ||
| Other factors. | 268 | ||
| Causative organisms | 268 | ||
| Lobar pneumonia (Fig. 10.31A) | 268 | ||
| Bronchopneumonia (Fig. 10.31B) | 268 | ||
| Lung abscess | 268 | ||
| Sources of infection | 268 | ||
| Outcomes | 268 | ||
| Tuberculosis (TB) | 268 | ||
| Pulmonary tuberculosis | 269 | ||
| Primary tuberculosis | 269 | ||
| Secondary TB | 269 | ||
| Non-pulmonary TB | 269 | ||
| Miliary TB | 269 | ||
| Lymph node TB | 269 | ||
| Joint and bone TB | 269 | ||
| Other affected tissues | 269 | ||
| Lung tumours | 269 | ||
| Bronchial carcinoma | 269 | ||
| Spread of bronchial carcinoma | 269 | ||
| Local spread. | 270 | ||
| Lymphatic spread. | 270 | ||
| Blood spread. | 270 | ||
| Pleural mesothelioma | 270 | ||
| Lung collapse (Fig. 10.32) | 270 | ||
| Obstruction of an airway (absorption collapse, Fig. 10.32A) | 270 | ||
| Impaired surfactant function | 270 | ||
| Pressure collapse | 271 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 271 | ||
| Spontaneous pneumothorax. | 271 | ||
| Traumatic pneumothorax. | 271 | ||
| Tension pneumothorax (Fig. 10.33). | 271 | ||
| Haemothorax | 272 | ||
| Pleural effusion | 272 | ||
| Alveolar hypoventilation | 272 | ||
| 11 Introduction to nutrition | 273 | ||
| The balanced diet | 274 | ||
| Bread, rice, potatoes, pasta | 274 | ||
| Fruit and vegetables | 275 | ||
| Milk and dairy foods | 275 | ||
| Meat, fish, eggs, beans | 275 | ||
| Foods and drinks high in fat and/or sugar | 275 | ||
| Additional recommendations | 276 | ||
| Groups of people with specific dietary requirements | 276 | ||
| Nutrients | 276 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 276 | ||
| Monosaccharides | 276 | ||
| Disaccharides | 276 | ||
| Polysaccharides | 276 | ||
| Functions of digestible carbohydrates | 276 | ||
| Proteins (nitrogenous foods) | 276 | ||
| Amino acids (see Fig. 2.8) | 276 | ||
| Nitrogen balance | 277 | ||
| Biological value of protein | 277 | ||
| Functions of proteins | 277 | ||
| Fats | 277 | ||
| Fats (triglycerides) | 277 | ||
| Cholesterol | 277 | ||
| Functions of fats | 278 | ||
| Vitamins | 278 | ||
| Fat-soluble vitamins | 278 | ||
| Vitamin A (retinol) | 278 | ||
| Vitamin D | 278 | ||
| Vitamin E | 278 | ||
| Vitamin K | 278 | ||
| Water-soluble vitamins | 279 | ||
| Vitamin B complex | 279 | ||
| Vitamin B1 (thiamin). | 279 | ||
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin). | 279 | ||
| Vitamin B3 (niacin). | 279 | ||
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). | 279 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). | 279 | ||
| Folic acid (folate). | 279 | ||
| Pantothenic acid. | 280 | ||
| Biotin. | 280 | ||
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | 280 | ||
| Minerals, trace elements and water | 280 | ||
| Minerals and trace elements | 280 | ||
| Calcium | 280 | ||
| Phosphate | 280 | ||
| Sodium | 280 | ||
| Potassium | 280 | ||
| Iron | 280 | ||
| Iodine | 280 | ||
| Water | 281 | ||
| Functions of water | 281 | ||
| Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) | 281 | ||
| Functions of NSP (dietary fibre) | 281 | ||
| Nutrition and ageing | 281 | ||
| Nutritional disorders in older adults | 281 | ||
| Malnutrition | 282 | ||
| Obesity | 282 | ||
| Vitamin deficiency | 282 | ||
| Constipation | 282 | ||
| Disorders of nutrition | 283 | ||
| Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) | 283 | ||
| Kwashiorkor | 283 | ||
| Marasmus | 283 | ||
| Malabsorption | 283 | ||
| Obesity | 283 | ||
| Conditions with dietary implications | 284 | ||
| Further reading | 284 | ||
| 12 The digestive system | 285 | ||
| Animations | 286 | ||
| Ingestion. | 287 | ||
| Propulsion. | 287 | ||
| Digestion. | 287 | ||
| Absorption. | 287 | ||
| Elimination. | 287 | ||
| Organs of the digestive system (Fig. 12.1) | 287 | ||
| Alimentary canal | 287 | ||
| Accessory organs | 287 | ||
| Basic structure of the alimentary canal (Fig. 12.2) | 288 | ||
| Adventitia or serosa | 288 | ||
| Peritoneum | 288 | ||
| Muscle layer | 289 | ||
| Submucosa | 289 | ||
| Mucosa | 289 | ||
| Mucous membrane | 289 | ||
| Nerve supply | 290 | ||
| The parasympathetic supply. | 290 | ||
| The sympathetic supply. | 290 | ||
| Mouth (Fig. 12.7) | 290 | ||
| Tongue | 292 | ||
| Blood supply | 292 | ||
| Nerve supply | 292 | ||
| Functions of the tongue | 292 | ||
| Teeth | 292 | ||
| Functions of the teeth | 292 | ||
| Structure of a tooth (Fig. 12.12) | 292 | ||
| 4 Protection and survival | 359 | ||
| 14 The skin | 361 | ||
| Animation | 361 | ||
| The skin | 362 | ||
| Structure of the skin | 362 | ||
| Epidermis | 362 | ||
| Dermis (Fig. 14.2) | 363 | ||
| Blood and lymph vessels. | 363 | ||
| Sensory nerve endings. | 363 | ||
| Sweat glands | 364 | ||
| Hairs | 364 | ||
| Arrector pili (Fig. 14.2). | 364 | ||
| Sebaceous glands (Fig. 14.2). | 365 | ||
| Nails (Fig. 14.6) | 365 | ||
| Functions of the skin | 365 | ||
| Protection | 365 | ||
| Regulation of body temperature | 365 | ||
| Heat production | 365 | ||
| Heat loss | 366 | ||
| Mechanisms of heat loss (Fig. 14.7). | 366 | ||
| Control of body temperature | 366 | ||
| Activity of the sweat glands. | 367 | ||
| Regulation of blood flow through the skin. | 367 | ||
| Fever | 367 | ||
| Hypothermia | 367 | ||
| Formation of vitamin D | 367 | ||
| Cutaneous sensation | 367 | ||
| Absorption | 367 | ||
| Excretion | 367 | ||
| Wound healing | 367 | ||
| Conditions required for wound healing | 367 | ||
| Systemic factors. | 367 | ||
| Local factors. | 367 | ||
| Primary healing (healing by first intention) | 368 | ||
| Glossary | 471 | ||
| Normal values | 479 | ||
| Metric measures, units and SI symbols | 479 | ||
| Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) | 479 | ||
| Some normal plasma levels in adults | 479 | ||
| Arterial blood gases | 479 | ||
| Blood pressure | 480 | ||
| Heart rate | 480 | ||
| Respiration rate | 480 | ||
| Blood count | 480 | ||
| Diet | 480 | ||
| Urine | 480 | ||
| Body temperatures | 480 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid pressure | 480 | ||
| Intraocular pressure | 480 | ||
| Bibliography | 481 | ||
| Index | 483 | ||
| A | 483 | ||
| B | 485 | ||
| C | 487 | ||
| D | 489 | ||
| E | 490 | ||
| F | 491 | ||
| G | 492 | ||
| H | 493 | ||
| I | 494 | ||
| J | 495 | ||
| K | 495 | ||
| L | 496 | ||
| M | 497 | ||
| N | 498 | ||
| O | 499 | ||
| P | 500 | ||
| Q | 503 | ||
| R | 503 | ||
| S | 503 | ||
| T | 506 | ||
| U | 507 | ||
| V | 508 | ||
| W | 509 | ||
| X | 509 | ||
| Y | 509 | ||
| Z | 509 |