Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Over the last two decades, there have been numerous exciting developments in the surgical field of articular cartilage repair. Magnetic resonance imaging plays a critical role in pre-operative surgical planning, through its ability to identify the extent and severity of cartilage lesions. It also plays an important role in post-operative management, by allowing surgeons to noninvasively monitor the morphological status of repaired cartilage tissue.This book covers recent advances in ultra high field MRI and biochemical MRI techniques such as T2 mapping, delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), gagCEST and sodium MRI. It is written by a multidisciplinary team including basic scientists, radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons and biomedical engineers. The volume is an ideal reference guide for musculoskeletal radiologists, basic research scientists, orthopedic surgeons and biomedical engineers etc.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| CONTENTS | vii | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| 1. Surgical Techniques for Knee Joint Repair | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury | 2 | ||
| Anatomy | 2 | ||
| Biomechanics | 2 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2 | ||
| Pathoanatomy | 3 | ||
| Work up | 3 | ||
| Imaging | 4 | ||
| Treatment | 5 | ||
| Outcomes | 7 | ||
| Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury | 8 | ||
| Introduction | 8 | ||
| Anatomy | 9 | ||
| History and physical examination | 10 | ||
| Imaging | 11 | ||
| Treatment | 12 | ||
| Surgical technique | 13 | ||
| Transtibial technique | 13 | ||
| Tibial inlay technique | 14 | ||
| Outcome | 15 | ||
| Posterolateral Corner Injury/LCL | 16 | ||
| Anatomy | 16 | ||
| Biomechanics | 17 | ||
| Epidemiology | 18 | ||
| Work up | 18 | ||
| Imaging | 19 | ||
| Treatment | 19 | ||
| Outcome | 22 | ||
| Meniscal Injuries | 23 | ||
| Introduction | 23 | ||
| Anatomy | 24 | ||
| History and physical | 27 | ||
| Imaging | 28 | ||
| Treatment | 28 | ||
| Cartilage Injury | 34 | ||
| Introduction | 34 | ||
| Work up | 36 | ||
| Surgery | 37 | ||
| Outcome | 38 | ||
| Medial Collateral Ligament Injury | 38 | ||
| Introduction | 38 | ||
| Anatomy | 39 | ||
| Evaluation | 39 | ||
| Imaging | 40 | ||
| Treatment | 40 | ||
| Multi-Ligament Knee Injury | 42 | ||
| Summary | 42 | ||
| References | 43 | ||
| 2. Morphological Imaging of Joint Repair | 51 | ||
| Introduction | 51 | ||
| Rationale for Morphological Imaging | 52 | ||
| Clinical Pulse Sequences for Postoperative Cartilage, Menisci and Ligaments Imaging | 53 | ||
| Morphological and Semi-Quantitative Imaging of Joint Morphology in Repair Procedures | 55 | ||
| Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction | 55 | ||
| Meniscal surgery | 71 | ||
| Cartilage repair | 79 | ||
| Miscellaneous knee repair procedures | 89 | ||
| Clinical Potential and Challenges | 91 | ||
| Summary | 95 | ||
| References | 96 | ||
| 3. T2 Mapping of Knee Joint Repair | 109 | ||
| Introduction | 109 | ||
| Rationale for T2 Mapping | 115 | ||
| Pulse Sequence Developments for Cartilage | 118 | ||
| Menisci and Ligaments Imaging | 120 | ||
| T2 and T2* for Quantitative Assessment of Knee Joint Repair | 122 | ||
| Clinical Potential and Challenges | 125 | ||
| Summary | 126 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 127 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| 4. MRI T1ρ Mapping of Knee Joint Repair | 133 | ||
| Introduction | 133 | ||
| Technique | 134 | ||
| Basic principle | 134 | ||
| Biochemical correlation | 136 | ||
| Sequence development of MR T1ρ in cartilage | 137 | ||
| Planes | 140 | ||
| Loading conditions | 140 | ||
| Cartilage and meniscus segmentation | 141 | ||
| Reproducibility | 143 | ||
| Controls | 144 | ||
| Clinical Correlations of T1ρ | 144 | ||
| Physiological variations of T1ρ | 147 | ||
| Meniscus analyses | 149 | ||
| Cartilage T1ρ versus meniscus T1ρ | 150 | ||
| T1ρ versus T2 | 151 | ||
| Knee Repair Surgery | 151 | ||
| Cartilage Repair Procedures | 152 | ||
| Meniscus T1ρ in subjects with CR | 156 | ||
| T1ρ in Subjects with ACL Ruptures | 157 | ||
| ACL rupture meniscus analyses | 158 | ||
| ACL Reconstruction | 159 | ||
| Cartilage after ACLR | 159 | ||
| Meniscus after ACLR | 162 | ||
| Summary ACL | 162 | ||
| Limitations/Challenges | 163 | ||
| Other potential applications of T1ρ after knee joint repair | 164 | ||
| Clinical application | 165 | ||
| Summary | 165 | ||
| References | 165 | ||
| 5. dGEMRIC Mapping of Knee Joint Repair | 177 | ||
| Rationale for dGEMRIC Mapping | 177 | ||
| Basics and Pulse Sequence Developments | 178 | ||
| Quantitative Assessment of dGEMRIC of Knee Joint Repair | 182 | ||
| Clinical Potential and Challenges and Summary | 188 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| 6. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of Knee Joint Repair | 197 | ||
| Introduction | 197 | ||
| General Ideas about Diffusion | 198 | ||
| Measurement of Diffusion with Magnetic Resonance | 201 | ||
| Effect of magnetic gradients in the magnetization | 201 | ||
| Measurement of molecular displacement | 203 | ||
| MR measurement of diffusion | 205 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging | 206 | ||
| Diffusion tensor | 206 | ||
| Diffusion tensor representation and DTI parameters | 207 | ||
| Pulse Sequences for Diffusion Measurement in Articular Cartilage | 209 | ||
| Single-shot diffusions sequences | 210 | ||
| Multiple-shot diffusion sequences | 213 | ||
| Protocol Optimization for DWI of Articular Cartilage | 215 | ||
| Diffusion of Articular Cartilage: Interpretation and Clinical Results | 218 | ||
| Ex vivo measurements of the diffusion coefficient on articular cartilage (without DTI) | 219 | ||
| Ex vivo measurements of DTI of articular cartilage | 224 | ||
| Measurements of DTI on healthy and OA articular cartilage | 231 | ||
| Diffusion measurement in healthy volunteers: Technical feasibility of different sequences | 231 | ||
| Diffusion Imaging of Knee Joint Repair | 236 | ||
| Summary | 240 | ||
| References | 240 | ||
| 7. Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Contrast by Glycosaminoglycans and its Application for Monitoring Knee Joint Repair | 249 | ||
| Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) | 249 | ||
| Glycosaminoglycans | 252 | ||
| Measuring CEST Effects | 254 | ||
| More About MT | 257 | ||
| Uniform MT in CEST42,43 | 259 | ||
| CEST MRI on Human Knee Joints: Experimental | 261 | ||
| CEST MRI on Human Knee Joints: Data Processing | 262 | ||
| Example 1: Patient after Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation | 263 | ||
| Example 2: Patients after Matrix assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation | 264 | ||
| Future Improvements | 265 | ||
| References | 267 | ||
| 8. Sodium Imaging of the Knee Joint Repair | 273 | ||
| Introduction | 273 | ||
| Sodium in Cartilage | 274 | ||
| Sodium Magnetic Resonance | 275 | ||
| Sodium NMR properties | 275 | ||
| Sodium relaxation times in cartilage | 278 | ||
| Sodium MRI acquisition | 278 | ||
| Fluid suppression | 280 | ||
| Tissue sodium concentration quantification | 282 | ||
| Sodium and GAG correlation in cartilage | 284 | ||
| Limitations and future prospects of the technique | 285 | ||
| Summary of Cartilage Repair Procedures | 285 | ||
| Palliative procedures | 286 | ||
| Reparative procedures: Bone marrow stimulation (BMS) | 286 | ||
| Restorative procedures: Replacement techniques | 287 | ||
| Restorative procedures: Cell-based techniques | 288 | ||
| Sodium MRI of Knee Joint Repair: Preliminary Studies | 289 | ||
| Sodium MRI without fluid suppression | 289 | ||
| Sodium MRI with fluid suppression | 291 | ||
| Comparison with other biochemical MRI techniques | 296 | ||
| Conclusion | 297 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 297 | ||
| References | 297 | ||
| 9. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage Repair with a Focus on Subchondral Bone | 305 | ||
| Introduction | 305 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 306 | ||
| Microfracture | 306 | ||
| Osteochondral autografting | 306 | ||
| Repair with synthetic resorbable scaffolds | 307 | ||
| Autologous chondrocyte implantation and matrix-assisted autologus chondrocyte implantation | 308 | ||
| MRI of Cartilage Repair | 309 | ||
| MRI of cartilage | 309 | ||
| MRI of subchondral bone | 310 | ||
| Classification system for MRI of cartilage repair | 311 | ||
| Normal MRI findings | 311 | ||
| Advanced imaging techniques | 315 | ||
| Conclusion | 317 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 318 | ||
| References | 318 | ||
| 10. Application of Imaging to Knee Biomechanics and Reconstruction | 325 | ||
| Introduction | 325 | ||
| Geometrical Modeling | 328 | ||
| Joint Mechanics, Pressures and Osteoarthritis | 335 | ||
| Design and Analysis of Joint Reconstruction | 345 | ||
| Potential Future Advances | 361 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 362 | ||
| References | 362 | ||
| 11. Tissue Engineering Approaches for Knee Joint Repair | 371 | ||
| Introduction and Anatomy of Human Knee | 371 | ||
| Anatomy of osteochondral tissue | 372 | ||
| Anatomy of the meniscus | 374 | ||
| Anatomy of the ligament | 376 | ||
| Tissue Engineering Approaches for Human Knee Regeneration | 376 | ||
| Osteochondral TE | 378 | ||
| Meniscus TE | 386 | ||
| Ligament TE | 390 | ||
| Current Challenges and Future Directions | 392 | ||
| Conclusion | 393 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 393 | ||
| References | 393 | ||
| Index | 401 |