Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
An updated edition of the essential nursing guide to a 21st-century ‘epidemic’.
Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and, increasingly, nurses in Australia and New Zealand are caring for people with chronic disease and disability across a range of care settings.
This new edition of Chronic Illness and Disability: Principles for Nursing Practice is an indispensible tool, helping nursing students and health professionals acquire the knowledge and skills for competent quality care.
This highly regarded nursing text remains the only Australia/New Zealand nursing text to provide the holistic framework, principles of practice and models of care essential for nurses caring for individuals and families experiencing chronic illness and disability.
Chronic Illness and Disability: Principles for Nursing Practice 2e features new and updated content, including fully revised evidence-based practice and statistics aligned to core learning objectives.
Reflective questions in each chapter challenge nurses’ understanding of key nursing principles and practices, and new nursing case studies relate context to practice.
This Elsevier nursing book is written by a multidisciplinary team of over 50 expert clinicians and academics. It provides diverse, supportive evidence in the areas of major and common chronic illness and disability, including heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, diabetes, obesity, dementia, mental illness and palliative care.
- - A new chapter promoting discussion of models of care
- - New focus on chronic illness and disability self-management
- - New focus on issues faced by families and carers in the adjustment and adaptation to living with chronic illness or disability
- - Increased focus on the nurses’ role within the multidisciplinary team
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Chronic Illness and Disability | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contributors | viii | ||
| Reviewers | xiii | ||
| 1 Frameworks for chronic illness and disability | 1 | ||
| 1 Chronic illness and disability: | 1 | ||
| Learning objectives | 1 | ||
| Key words | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| The global perspective of chronic disease and disability | 2 | ||
| Chronicity and disability in the Australian and New Zealand context | 3 | ||
| Understanding the term ‘chronic disease’ | 3 | ||
| Understanding disability | 4 | ||
| Australian and New Zealand profiles of chronic disease | 5 | ||
| Indigenous populations | 6 | ||
| Risk factors in the development of chronic disease | 8 | ||
| Impact of chronic illness and disability | 9 | ||
| Models of care | 10 | ||
| Role of the interdisciplinary team | 11 | ||
| Challenges presented by chronic illnesses and disabilities | 12 | ||
| Principles of practice | 12 | ||
| Conclusion | 13 | ||
| Recommended reading | 14 | ||
| References | 14 | ||
| 2 Role of the interdisciplinary/multidisciplinary team | 16 | ||
| Learning objectives | 16 | ||
| Key words | 16 | ||
| Introduction | 16 | ||
| References | 17 | ||
| Role of the nurse | 18 | ||
| Conclusion | 19 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| Role of the dietitian | 20 | ||
| Nutritional standards of reference | 21 | ||
| The NUTTAB Australian Food Composition Table | 21 | ||
| Nutrient reference value | 21 | ||
| Australian Dietary Guidelines | 21 | ||
| Nutritional anthropometric reference values | 21 | ||
| Biochemical values | 22 | ||
| Conclusion | 22 | ||
| Recommended reading | 22 | ||
| References | 22 | ||
| Role of the medical practitioner | 23 | ||
| Conclusion | 25 | ||
| Recommended reading | 25 | ||
| References | 26 | ||
| Role of the occupational therapist | 26 | ||
| References | 28 | ||
| Role of the physiotherapist | 29 | ||
| Introduction | 29 | ||
| Physiotherapy profession | 29 | ||
| Physiotherapy practice | 29 | ||
| Conditions treated | 30 | ||
| Conclusion | 31 | ||
| Role of the speech pathologist | 31 | ||
| Recommended reading | 33 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| Role of the social worker | 34 | ||
| Conclusion | 36 | ||
| Recommended reading | 36 | ||
| References | 36 | ||
| 3 Models of care | 38 | ||
| Learning objectives | 38 | ||
| Key words | 38 | ||
| Introduction | 38 | ||
| Models of care for people with long-term conditions | 39 | ||
| The chronic care model | 39 | ||
| The expanded Chronic Care Model | 39 | ||
| Innovative care for chronic conditions model | 40 | ||
| The National Chronic Disease Strategy in Australia | 40 | ||
| An overview of the historical development of self-management programs | 41 | ||
| The self-management framework | 42 | ||
| Assessing readiness for change | 42 | ||
| Using motivational interviewing to facilitate behaviour change | 43 | ||
| Goal setting and action planning | 44 | ||
| Self-efficacy | 45 | ||
| Self-management support | 47 | ||
| Putting it all together | 48 | ||
| Conclusion | 48 | ||
| Recommended reading | 54 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| 4 Spirituality and the nurse: | 60 | ||
| Learning objectives | 60 | ||
| Key words | 61 | ||
| Introduction | 61 | ||
| Spirituality: an essential expression of humanity | 62 | ||
| Towards a fluid definition of spirituality: it is like ‘playing with water’ | 62 | ||
| Spirituality as connection | 63 | ||
| The role of religion in spirituality | 63 | ||
| The role of ritual in spirituality | 64 | ||
| Spiritual development | 67 | ||
| The mystery of suffering: the effect of chronic illness | 68 | ||
| Finding meaning in suffering | 68 | ||
| Holding hope | 69 | ||
| Families, friends and human connection | 70 | ||
| What does spirituality have to do with nursing? | 71 | ||
| Challenging the persisting biomedical model | 71 | ||
| Nursing the whole being | 72 | ||
| The nurse as a whole person: uncovering the personal spiritual essence | 73 | ||
| Know thyself! | 73 | ||
| Writing as a tool for reflection | 73 | ||
| Artwork as a tool for reflection | 74 | ||
| The wounded healer: nurses are human too! | 74 | ||
| Nourishing the spirit of the nurse | 75 | ||
| The nurse’s role in supporting people through illness, disability and suffering | 77 | ||
| Conclusion | 78 | ||
| Recommended reading | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| 5 Psychosocial care | 81 | ||
| Learning objectives | 81 | ||
| Key words | 81 | ||
| Introduction | 81 | ||
| Chronic illness is a bit like cricket | 82 | ||
| Illness versus disease | 82 | ||
| A person in the context of their life | 83 | ||
| Diversity | 84 | ||
| Models | 86 | ||
| The Corbin and Strauss illness trajectory model | 86 | ||
| Paterson’s ‘shifting perspectives model’ | 88 | ||
| Quality of Life | 88 | ||
| Principles of care | 89 | ||
| Partnership | 91 | ||
| Compliance | 91 | ||
| Person-centredness | 93 | ||
| Collaborative decision making | 93 | ||
| Self-management | 93 | ||
| Holistic care | 93 | ||
| Empowerment | 94 | ||
| Conclusion | 96 | ||
| Recommended reading | 97 | ||
| References | 98 | ||
| 6 Stigmatisation of people living with a chronic illness or disability | 101 | ||
| Learning objectives | 101 | ||
| Key words | 101 | ||
| Introduction | 101 | ||
| Nurses and stigma | 102 | ||
| Knowing ourselves | 102 | ||
| Deconstructing (identifying, naming and challenging) societal stigmatising processes | 103 | ||
| Principles of nursing practice in caring for people living with chronic illness and or/disability | 108 | ||
| Work with people in context | 108 | ||
| Recognise and value expertise and resourcefulness | 109 | ||
| Support rights to self-determination | 110 | ||
| Be aware of the potential for social isolation | 110 | ||
| Conclusion | 111 | ||
| Recommended reading | 112 | ||
| References | 112 | ||
| 7 Sexuality in chronic illness and disability | 115 | ||
| Learning objectives | 115 | ||
| Key words | 115 | ||
| Introduction | 115 | ||
| Background | 116 | ||
| Defining the terms | 117 | ||
| The impact of chronic illness and/or disability on sexuality and sexual health | 119 | ||
| Biological impact | 119 | ||
| Psychological impact | 120 | ||
| Social impact | 122 | ||
| Implications for health practice | 123 | ||
| Conclusion | 125 | ||
| Recommended reading | 129 | ||
| References | 129 | ||
| 8 Developmental and intellectual disability | 133 | ||
| Learning objectives | 133 | ||
| Key words | 133 | ||
| Introduction | 133 | ||
| The challenges of definition | 134 | ||
| Factors that contribute to the development of developmental and intellectual disability | 136 | ||
| Causes | 136 | ||
| Congenital | 136 | ||
| Prenatal | 136 | ||
| Perinatal | 136 | ||
| Postnatal | 136 | ||
| Prevention | 136 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue | 137 | ||
| Body image | 138 | ||
| Quality of life | 140 | ||
| Interventions to attain compliance | 141 | ||
| Family and carers | 147 | ||
| Education of the person and family | 149 | ||
| Conclusion | 149 | ||
| Recommended reading | 149 | ||
| References | 150 | ||
| 9 Management of chronic pain | 153 | ||
| Learning objectives | 153 | ||
| Key words | 153 | ||
| Introduction | 153 | ||
| Chronic pain defined | 154 | ||
| The scope and impact of chronic pain | 155 | ||
| Understanding chronic pain secondary to disability | 156 | ||
| Towards a biopsychosocial model of chronic disability-related pain | 158 | ||
| Psychosocial factors and chronic pain | 160 | ||
| Stigma and chronic pain | 161 | ||
| Cultural determinants of the experience of chronic pain | 164 | ||
| Assessment of chronic pain | 165 | ||
| Pain rating scales | 165 | ||
| Quality | 166 | ||
| Onset and duration | 167 | ||
| Location | 167 | ||
| Exacerbating/relieving factors | 167 | ||
| Impact of pain | 167 | ||
| Pain diaries | 169 | ||
| Management of chronic pain | 169 | ||
| Treatment options | 173 | ||
| Analgesics | 174 | ||
| Non-drug interventions | 174 | ||
| Complementary therapies | 175 | ||
| Conclusion | 177 | ||
| Recommended reading | 178 | ||
| References | 178 | ||
| 10 Rehabilitation for the individual and family | 183 | ||
| Learning objectives | 183 | ||
| Key words | 183 | ||
| Introduction | 183 | ||
| Rehabilitation as an intervention | 184 | ||
| International classification of functioning, disability and health | 186 | ||
| The use of goals | 187 | ||
| Long-term goals | 187 | ||
| Short-term goals | 188 | ||
| Nursing and rehabilitation | 188 | ||
| Brain injury — what is it? | 191 | ||
| Spinal cord injury — what is it? | 192 | ||
| Acute care — where rehabilitation begins | 193 | ||
| Pre-transfer education | 195 | ||
| Speciality inpatient rehabilitation | 196 | ||
| Establishing routines | 197 | ||
| Cuing systems | 197 | ||
| Goal setting | 197 | ||
| Timetabling | 199 | ||
| Nursing’s contribution to Matthew’s rehabilitation | 200 | ||
| Life after hospitalisation: rehabilitation begins in earnest | 200 | ||
| Recommended readings | 205 | ||
| References | 205 | ||
| 11 Impact of obesity on chronic illness and disability | 211 | ||
| Learning objectives | 211 | ||
| Key words | 211 | ||
| Introduction | 211 | ||
| Incidence in Australia | 212 | ||
| Clinical measurements | 212 | ||
| Epidemiology and causes of obesity | 212 | ||
| The associated diseases of obesity | 214 | ||
| Urban planning and obesity | 220 | ||
| Mixed land use and density | 223 | ||
| Footpaths, cycle ways and facilities for physical activity | 223 | ||
| Street connectivity and design | 224 | ||
| Transport infrastructure and systems linking residential commercial and business areas | 224 | ||
| Physical environment and physical activity | 224 | ||
| Conclusion | 227 | ||
| Recommended reading | 228 | ||
| References | 228 | ||
| 12 Palliation in chronic illness | 232 | ||
| Learning objectives | 232 | ||
| Key words | 232 | ||
| Introduction | 232 | ||
| An overview of historical developments | 233 | ||
| A Health promotion approach to palliative care | 235 | ||
| Levels of palliative care intervention | 236 | ||
| The primary carer | 236 | ||
| Primary care providers | 237 | ||
| The specialist palliative care team | 237 | ||
| Symptom control | 238 | ||
| Settings of care | 239 | ||
| The needs of older people at the end of life | 239 | ||
| Providing culturally appropriate palliative care for Indigenous people | 240 | ||
| Paediatric palliative care | 241 | ||
| End of life care | 242 | ||
| Bereavement and grief | 242 | ||
| Palliative nursing care response (Case Study 12.1) | 243 | ||
| Palliative care nursing response (Case Study 12.2) | 245 | ||
| Conclusion | 248 | ||
| Recommended readings | 249 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| 2 Principles of practice for supportive care | 252 | ||
| 13 Schizophrenia | 252 | ||
| Learning objectives | 252 | ||
| Key words | 252 | ||
| Introduction | 252 | ||
| Description of the disorder | 253 | ||
| Symptoms of schizophrenia | 253 | ||
| The diagnosis of schizophrenia | 253 | ||
| What causes schizophrenia | 254 | ||
| The course of schizophrenia | 254 | ||
| The prodromal phase | 254 | ||
| The active phase | 254 | ||
| The residual phase | 254 | ||
| Schizophrenia and chronicity | 255 | ||
| Effect of schizophrenia on the activities of daily living | 255 | ||
| Stigma and schizophrenia | 256 | ||
| Image of self | 256 | ||
| Quality of life | 257 | ||
| Recovery | 257 | ||
| Principles of care | 259 | ||
| Medication | 259 | ||
| Psychosocial education | 261 | ||
| Family and carers | 262 | ||
| Implications for nursing | 262 | ||
| Conclusion | 265 | ||
| Recommended reading | 265 | ||
| Additional resources | 266 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| 14 Depression | 269 | ||
| Learning objectives | 269 | ||
| Key words | 269 | ||
| Introduction | 269 | ||
| The scope of the problem: the epidemiology of depression | 270 | ||
| Identifying the disability impacts of depression | 272 | ||
| Depression, the workplace and disability | 272 | ||
| Depression and medical illness | 272 | ||
| Clinical features of depression and assessment approaches | 273 | ||
| Depression: chronicity and recurrence | 274 | ||
| Dysthymic disorder (or dysthymia) | 275 | ||
| Treatment resistance | 275 | ||
| Chronic depression | 275 | ||
| recurrence and inter-episode functioning | 275 | ||
| Mapping the terrain: some issues in subtyping and classifying depressive disorders | 277 | ||
| The complex and multi-stranded causes of depression | 279 | ||
| Biological factors | 279 | ||
| Genetics: the role of heredity in depression | 279 | ||
| Neurotransmission | 279 | ||
| Psychological and psychosocial factors | 280 | ||
| Psychosocial stress and life events | 280 | ||
| Personality factors | 280 | ||
| Approaches to the treatment and management of depression | 280 | ||
| ‘Biological’ approaches | 280 | ||
| Medication | 280 | ||
| Electroconvulsive therapy | 282 | ||
| St John’s Wort | 282 | ||
| Omega-3 fatty acids | 282 | ||
| Psychotherapeutic approaches | 285 | ||
| Cognitive behaviour therapy | 285 | ||
| Interpersonal therapy | 285 | ||
| Principles of nursing care | 285 | ||
| Rapport and meaning | 285 | ||
| Providing education | 285 | ||
| Ongoing assessment | 286 | ||
| Depressed thinking | 286 | ||
| Promoting sleep | 286 | ||
| Promoting activity and exercise | 287 | ||
| Withdrawn behaviour | 287 | ||
| Suicidality | 288 | ||
| Self-soothing and pleasant events | 289 | ||
| Conclusion | 289 | ||
| Recommended reading | 289 | ||
| References | 289 | ||
| 15 Advanced dementia | 294 | ||
| Learning objectives | 294 | ||
| Key words | 294 | ||
| Introduction | 294 | ||
| Adopting a holistic approach | 295 | ||
| Advanced dementia and the experience of pain | 297 | ||
| Assessing pain in people with advanced dementia | 300 | ||
| Potential behavioural indicators of pain | 301 | ||
| Tools for assessment of pain for advanced dementia | 302 | ||
| Systematic approach to assessment of pain | 303 | ||
| Applying a systematic approach to the assessment of pain | 303 | ||
| Principles of communication with family carers | 305 | ||
| Potential impact on family carers | 305 | ||
| Assessment of family carers | 305 | ||
| Interventions to assist family carers | 306 | ||
| The family carer role in planning care for the person with dementia | 307 | ||
| Conclusion | 308 | ||
| Recommended reading | 308 | ||
| References | 309 | ||
| 16 Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) | 314 | ||
| Learning objectives | 314 | ||
| Key words | 314 | ||
| Introduction | 314 | ||
| Stroke | 315 | ||
| Risk factors and primary prevention | 315 | ||
| Social factors | 315 | ||
| Age (the elderly) | 316 | ||
| Ethnicity | 316 | ||
| Heredity | 316 | ||
| Sex | 316 | ||
| Transient ischaemic attack | 316 | ||
| High blood pressure | 317 | ||
| High blood cholesterol | 317 | ||
| Carotid stenosis | 317 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 317 | ||
| Diabetes | 317 | ||
| Tobacco smoking | 317 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 318 | ||
| Obesity | 318 | ||
| Other factors | 318 | ||
| Stroke prevention clinics | 318 | ||
| Pre-hospital care | 318 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of stroke | 318 | ||
| Diagnosis | 319 | ||
| Types of stroke | 320 | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 320 | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 320 | ||
| Acute stroke care | 321 | ||
| Ischaemic stroke care | 321 | ||
| Secondary prevention | 322 | ||
| Haemorrhagic stroke care | 322 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 322 | ||
| Conclusion | 325 | ||
| Recommended reading | 326 | ||
| References | 326 | ||
| 17 Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and motor neuron disease | 329 | ||
| Learning objectives | 329 | ||
| Key words | 329 | ||
| Introduction | 329 | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | 330 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue | 333 | ||
| Body image | 334 | ||
| Quality of life | 334 | ||
| Family and carers | 335 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 335 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue | 338 | ||
| Body image | 338 | ||
| Quality of life | 339 | ||
| Family and carers | 340 | ||
| Motor neuron disease | 340 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue | 343 | ||
| Body image | 344 | ||
| Quality of life | 344 | ||
| Family and carers | 345 | ||
| Education for the person and family living with PD, MS or MND | 345 | ||
| Conclusion | 346 | ||
| Recommended reading | 347 | ||
| References | 347 | ||
| 18 Chronic asthma | 351 | ||
| Learning objectives | 351 | ||
| Key words | 351 | ||
| Introduction | 351 | ||
| Behaviours that contribute to the development of the condition | 353 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 353 | ||
| Allergen triggers | 354 | ||
| Allergen avoidance | 354 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue — relationship to activities of daily living | 355 | ||
| Body image — impact on the person and their carers | 356 | ||
| Issues of quality of life in relation to their condition | 356 | ||
| Interventions to attain compliance | 357 | ||
| Asthma action plans | 357 | ||
| Asthma control | 357 | ||
| Spirometry and peak expiratory flow measurements | 360 | ||
| Family and carers | 363 | ||
| Nursing management | 363 | ||
| Education for the person and family | 363 | ||
| Self-management interventions | 363 | ||
| Conclusion | 368 | ||
| Recommended reading | 369 | ||
| References | 369 | ||
| 19 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 371 | ||
| Learning objectives | 371 | ||
| Key words | 371 | ||
| Introduction | 371 | ||
| What is COPD? | 372 | ||
| How is COPD related to asthma and other lung function diseases? | 372 | ||
| How common is COPD? | 373 | ||
| Epidemiology of COPD | 374 | ||
| Effects of COPD on physical health | 376 | ||
| Pathophysiology of breathlessness | 377 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue | 378 | ||
| Measurement of physical health | 378 | ||
| Effects of COPD on mental health and quality of life | 379 | ||
| Quality of life | 379 | ||
| Adjustment to illness | 380 | ||
| Impact on the person and their family | 381 | ||
| Depression and anxiety | 381 | ||
| Management of COPD | 382 | ||
| Management of psychological symptoms | 382 | ||
| Education for the person with COPD and their family — pulmonary rehabilitation | 383 | ||
| Other issues to consider: palliative care for COPD | 384 | ||
| Nursing principles and interventions | 385 | ||
| Principles of nursing practice | 386 | ||
| Conclusion | 386 | ||
| Recommended reading | 388 | ||
| References | 388 | ||
| 20 Coronary heart disease | 393 | ||
| Learning objectives | 393 | ||
| Key words | 393 | ||
| Introduction | 393 | ||
| Risk factors and behaviours that contribute to the development of CHD | 395 | ||
| Absolute risk assessment | 397 | ||
| Cardiac rehabilitation | 397 | ||
| Patient education: understanding the disease | 398 | ||
| Smoking | 399 | ||
| Nutrition | 399 | ||
| Alcohol | 400 | ||
| Physical activity | 400 | ||
| Healthy weight | 401 | ||
| Lipids | 401 | ||
| Blood pressure | 401 | ||
| Diabetes | 402 | ||
| Compliance | 402 | ||
| Psychosocial assessment | 403 | ||
| Depression and anxiety | 403 | ||
| Social isolation and lack of social support | 404 | ||
| Conclusion | 405 | ||
| Recommended reading | 406 | ||
| References | 406 | ||
| 21 Chronic heart failure | 409 | ||
| Learning objectives | 409 | ||
| Key words | 409 | ||
| Introduction | 409 | ||
| Definition of chronic heart failure | 411 | ||
| Causes of chronic heart failure | 411 | ||
| Systolic heart failure: impaired ventricular contraction | 411 | ||
| Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: impaired ventricular relaxation | 411 | ||
| Deleterious compensatory mechanisms in chronic heart failure | 412 | ||
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | 412 | ||
| Sympathetic nervous system response | 412 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of chronic heart failure | 412 | ||
| Diagnosis of chronic heart failure | 413 | ||
| Physical examination | 413 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 414 | ||
| Chest x-ray | 414 | ||
| Echocardiogram | 415 | ||
| Management of Chronic Heart Failure | 415 | ||
| Pharmacological therapy | 415 | ||
| Device therapy | 415 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 416 | ||
| Team management approach to chronic heart failure management | 416 | ||
| Managing acute decompensated heart failure | 417 | ||
| Strategies to manage chronic heart failure on a daily basis across the disease continuum | 417 | ||
| Evidence-based treatment gap | 418 | ||
| Palliative and supportive strategies in chronic heart failure | 418 | ||
| Conclusion | 419 | ||
| Recommended reading | 421 | ||
| References | 421 | ||
| 22 Chronic kidney disease | 424 | ||
| Learning objectives | 424 | ||
| Key words | 424 | ||
| Introduction | 424 | ||
| Understanding chronic kidney disease | 425 | ||
| CKD and accelerated cardiovascular disease | 427 | ||
| Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease | 428 | ||
| Delaying progression | 429 | ||
| Preventing complications | 430 | ||
| Treating complications | 430 | ||
| The patient with end-stage kidney disease | 431 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue | 431 | ||
| Body image | 432 | ||
| Quality of life | 433 | ||
| Supporting effective self-management in Chronic Kidney Disease | 435 | ||
| Family and carers | 437 | ||
| Education for the person and family | 438 | ||
| Conclusion | 440 | ||
| Recommended reading | 440 | ||
| References | 441 | ||
| 23 Chronic diseases of the bowel | 445 | ||
| Learning objectives | 445 | ||
| Key words | 445 | ||
| Introduction | 445 | ||
| Inflammatory bowel disease: two distinctive disorders | 447 | ||
| Manifestations | 448 | ||
| Demographics and aetiology | 449 | ||
| Non-modifiable risk factors | 449 | ||
| Modifiable risk factors | 449 | ||
| Treatment | 450 | ||
| Non-pharmacological | 450 | ||
| Pharmacological treatment | 451 | ||
| Surgery | 452 | ||
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 452 | ||
| Treatment | 453 | ||
| Non-pharmacological | 453 | ||
| Pharmacological | 453 | ||
| Chronic diseases of the bowel: nursing implications | 453 | ||
| Behaviours that contribute to the development of the condition or sustain remission | 454 | ||
| Altered mobility, body image and fatigue | 455 | ||
| Interventions to attain compliance | 456 | ||
| Education and family and carer support | 457 | ||
| Quality of life | 458 | ||
| Conclusion | 459 | ||
| Recommended reading | 461 | ||
| Related websites | 461 | ||
| Associations | 461 | ||
| Self-help and support groups | 461 | ||
| Clinical trials | 461 | ||
| Commercial sites | 461 | ||
| References | 462 | ||
| 24 Non-melanocytic skin cancers and melanoma | 465 | ||
| Learning objectives | 465 | ||
| Key words | 465 | ||
| Introduction | 465 | ||
| Behaviours that contribute to the development of skin cancer | 466 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma | 466 | ||
| Presentation and diagnosis of non-melanocytic skin cancers | 467 | ||
| Medical treatment | 467 | ||
| Malignant melanoma | 468 | ||
| Presentation and diagnosis of melanoma | 468 | ||
| Medical treatment | 469 | ||
| Marjolin’s ulcer | 469 | ||
| Nursing management | 471 | ||
| Wound management | 471 | ||
| Alterations in body image | 472 | ||
| Discomfort or wound pain | 472 | ||
| Bleeding | 473 | ||
| Infection | 473 | ||
| Increased exudate | 473 | ||
| Malodour | 474 | ||
| Education for the person, family and community | 474 | ||
| Conclusion | 475 | ||
| Recommended reading | 475 | ||
| References | 476 | ||
| 25 Ageing and disability (osteoarthritis and osteoporosis) | 478 | ||
| Learning objectives | 478 | ||
| Key words | 478 | ||
| Introduction | 478 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 479 | ||
| Behaviours that contribute to the development of osteoarthritis | 479 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue | 480 | ||
| Key points | 481 | ||
| Body image | 481 | ||
| Quality of life | 482 | ||
| Key points | 483 | ||
| Interventions to attain self-management | 483 | ||
| Key points | 484 | ||
| Family and carers | 484 | ||
| Education for the person and family | 485 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 485 | ||
| Behaviours that contribute to the development of osteoporosis | 485 | ||
| Key points | 486 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue | 487 | ||
| Body image | 487 | ||
| Quality of life | 488 | ||
| Interventions to attain self-management | 488 | ||
| Education for the person and family | 488 | ||
| Conclusion | 489 | ||
| Recommended reading | 489 | ||
| References | 490 | ||
| 26 Principles of practice for supportive care: | 492 | ||
| Learning objectives | 492 | ||
| Key words | 492 | ||
| Glossary | 492 | ||
| Introduction | 493 | ||
| Diagnosis of diabetes | 494 | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 494 | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 494 | ||
| Diagnostic criteria | 495 | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 495 | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 495 | ||
| Interventions | 496 | ||
| Medication management | 496 | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 496 | ||
| Background or long-acting insulin | 498 | ||
| Rapid-acting insulin | 498 | ||
| Continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin (CSII) | 498 | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 499 | ||
| Insulin-sensitising drugs | 499 | ||
| Insulin-stimulating drugs | 499 | ||
| Drugs that focus on the incretin system | 499 | ||
| Insulin therapy | 502 | ||
| Dietary interventions | 502 | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 502 | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 503 | ||
| Exercise | 504 | ||
| Complications of diabetes | 504 | ||
| Acute complications | 504 | ||
| Hypoglycaemia | 504 | ||
| Long-term complications | 505 | ||
| Self-management | 506 | ||
| Patient education | 506 | ||
| Self-blood glucose monitoring | 507 | ||
| Conclusion | 509 | ||
| Recommended reading | 510 | ||
| Useful website | 511 | ||
| References | 511 | ||
| 27 HIV/AIDS | 514 | ||
| Learning objectives | 514 | ||
| Key words | 514 | ||
| Introduction | 514 | ||
| Background | 515 | ||
| Statistics, transmission and prevention | 516 | ||
| Statistics | 516 | ||
| Transmission | 516 | ||
| Prevention | 517 | ||
| Testing for HIV | 518 | ||
| Progression and treatment | 518 | ||
| Progression | 518 | ||
| Treatments | 519 | ||
| Fatigue | 520 | ||
| Activity intolerance | 521 | ||
| Weight loss | 521 | ||
| Coping with loss | 522 | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections | 523 | ||
| Substance use | 523 | ||
| Medical appointments | 523 | ||
| Medical presentation | 524 | ||
| Pregnancy testing | 524 | ||
| Partner education | 524 | ||
| Testing of children | 524 | ||
| Social factors | 525 | ||
| Interventions | 525 | ||
| Opportunistic infections | 525 | ||
| Collaboration with allied health professionals | 526 | ||
| Family and carers | 527 | ||
| Conclusion | 528 | ||
| Recommended reading | 528 | ||
| Useful websites | 528 | ||
| References | 529 | ||
| 28 Cancer | 531 | ||
| Learning objectives | 531 | ||
| Key words | 531 | ||
| Introduction | 531 | ||
| Reducing risk and detecting cancer early | 532 | ||
| Behaviours which contribute to the development of the cancer | 532 | ||
| Participation in cancer screening programs | 532 | ||
| Ensuring best possible treatment and support during and after active treatment | 535 | ||
| Issues of quality of life in relation to cancer | 535 | ||
| Nursing responses to key quality of life concerns for people affected by cancer | 536 | ||
| Altered mobility and fatigue — relationship to activities of daily living | 536 | ||
| Body image — impact for the person and their family carers | 539 | ||
| Family and carers of people affected by cancer | 540 | ||
| Education and support for the person and family affected by cancer | 540 | ||
| Conclusion | 542 | ||
| Recommended readings | 544 | ||
| References | 544 | ||
| Index | 546 | ||
| A | 546 | ||
| B | 548 | ||
| C | 548 | ||
| D | 553 | ||
| E | 556 | ||
| F | 556 | ||
| G | 557 | ||
| H | 557 | ||
| I | 558 | ||
| K | 559 | ||
| L | 559 | ||
| M | 560 | ||
| N | 561 | ||
| O | 562 | ||
| P | 563 | ||
| Q | 565 | ||
| R | 565 | ||
| S | 566 | ||
| T | 569 | ||
| U | 570 | ||
| V | 570 | ||
| W | 570 |