BOOK
Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery E-Book
Kenneth W Hinchcliff | Andris J. Kaneps | Raymond J. Geor
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery provides the most up-to-date, in-depth coverage of the basic and clinical sciences required for management of the equine athlete. The unique treatment of exercise physiology and training within a clinical context, together with detailed review of all diseases affecting athletic horses, makes this the most comprehensive text available.
The book will provide a thorough grounding in the basic physiology of each body system, and in particular the responses of each body system to exercise and training, that will be separate, but highly relevant to, the succeeding sections on clinical disorders of each body system.
The highly respected editors have brought together an internationally renowned team of 50 contributors, producing the ultimate reference for veterinarians, students, horse-owners, and all those involved in the world of equine athletics.
- High quality artwork, including relevant radiographic, ultrasonographic, CAT scan, and MRI images, aid understanding and diagnosis
- Provides a truly international perspective, including guidelines pertinent to different geographic areas, and racing jurisdictions
- In-depth coverage of the role of the veterinarian in the management of athletic horses
- Explores the use of complementary therapies
- ~
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| List of contributors | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | xv | ||
| Preface | xvii | ||
| 1 Integrative Physiology and Exercise Testing | 1 | ||
| 1 The horse as an athlete | 3 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 3 | ||
| Origins of the horse | 3 | ||
| Limits to performance | 4 | ||
| Comparative physiology | 5 | ||
| Integrative physiology of exercise | 7 | ||
| Physiology of training | 8 | ||
| The adaptive response | 8 | ||
| Mechanisms of training effects | 8 | ||
| Principles of training | 8 | ||
| Overtraining | 8 | ||
| Factors limiting performance | 8 | ||
| References | 9 | ||
| 2 Laboratory exercise testing | 11 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 11 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| Indications for laboratory exercise testing in horses | 12 | ||
| Preparation for exercise testing | 12 | ||
| Horse preparation | 12 | ||
| Treadmill instrumentation/equipment | 12 | ||
| Acclimation to treadmill exercise | 13 | ||
| Treadmill safety | 14 | ||
| Exercise test protocols | 14 | ||
| Validity of treadmill exercise testing | 14 | ||
| Treadmill reliability and sensitivity | 14 | ||
| Main types of exercise test protocols | 15 | ||
| Selecting the optimal treadmill exercise test protocol | 16 | ||
| Measurements that can be made during treadmill exercise testing | 16 | ||
| Measurements of performance capacity | 16 | ||
| Aerobic capacity – measurement of the maximal rate of oxygen consumption | 16 | ||
| Heart rate | 17 | ||
| Blood lactate | 17 | ||
| Anaerobic capacity | 17 | ||
| Clinical exercise testing | 18 | ||
| Assessment of the respiratory tract | 18 | ||
| Endoscopic examination | 18 | ||
| Respiratory sound recording and analysis | 18 | ||
| Respiratory function testing | 18 | ||
| Methods of pulmonary function testing | 18 | ||
| Measurement of blood gases | 19 | ||
| Assessment of the cardiovascular system | 20 | ||
| Assessment of the musculoskeletal system | 20 | ||
| Conclusions | 20 | ||
| References | 20 | ||
| 3 Exercise testing in the field | 25 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 25 | ||
| Introduction | 25 | ||
| Limitations of treadmill exercise testing | 26 | ||
| Field exercise tests | 26 | ||
| Measurements during field exercise tests | 28 | ||
| Heart rate | 28 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 30 | ||
| Blood or plasma lactate | 30 | ||
| Red cell volume and hematocrit | 31 | ||
| Measurement of oxygen consumption in field exercise | 31 | ||
| Gait analysis | 32 | ||
| Respiratory sound analysis during exercise | 32 | ||
| Endoscopy during exercise | 33 | ||
| Field exercise tests in trotters and pacing horses | 33 | ||
| Field exercise tests in Thoroughbreds | 35 | ||
| Heart rate measurements | 35 | ||
| Blood lactate measurements | 36 | ||
| Field exercise tests in eventers | 37 | ||
| Field exercise tests in show jumpers and dressage horses | 37 | ||
| Field exercise tests in endurance horses | 38 | ||
| Measurements after exercise | 38 | ||
| Conclusion | 39 | ||
| References | 40 | ||
| 4 Genetic basis of equine performance | 43 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 43 | ||
| Introduction | 43 | ||
| Genomics of performance | 43 | ||
| Genetic component of the performance traits: how to measure the heritability of the exercise variables and performance traits using phenotypic measurements | 43 | ||
| Heritability calculation in horse performance | 44 | ||
| Muscle power and fiber composition in gluteus medius muscle | 44 | ||
| Evaluation of cardiac and aerobic capacity | 44 | ||
| Gait and jump tests | 44 | ||
| Conformation | 44 | ||
| Equine genetics and genomics come of age | 44 | ||
| Genomic applications in gallop and trot racing | 46 | ||
| Short time genomic response to exercise in Thoroughbreds | 46 | ||
| Genotyping in Thoroughbreds for gallop racing ability | 47 | ||
| Gene mutation related to tölt and trot | 49 | ||
| Genotyping in show jumping | 49 | ||
| Gene expression in endurance racing | 49 | ||
| Genomic applications in poor performance evaluation | 50 | ||
| Genotyping and gene expression disorders in myopathies | 50 | ||
| Genotyping in osteochondrosis | 53 | ||
| Genotyping in respiratory diseases | 55 | ||
| Conclusion: genetic and genomic perspective in equine exercise | 55 | ||
| References | 57 | ||
| 2 Musculoskeletal System | 59 | ||
| 5 Epidemiology of orthopedic diseases in athletic horses | 61 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 61 | ||
| Epidemiology | 61 | ||
| The racehorse | 61 | ||
| Risk of orthopedic disease, injury, or fatality in Thoroughbred racehorses | 61 | ||
| The level of risk during racing | 62 | ||
| Risk of fracture (catastrophic or non-catastrophic fractures) | 62 | ||
| Risk of soft tissue injury | 62 | ||
| The level of risk during training | 62 | ||
| Risk factor studies | 63 | ||
| Intrinsic risk factors | 63 | ||
| Extrinsic risk factors | 63 | ||
| Racing surface | 63 | ||
| Exercise intensity | 63 | ||
| Risk of injury after rest | 64 | ||
| Modifiable risk factors | 64 | ||
| Other athletic horses | 64 | ||
| Osteochondrosis | 64 | ||
| Other injury types | 65 | ||
| Dressage | 65 | ||
| Endurance | 65 | ||
| Eventing | 66 | ||
| Team roping | 66 | ||
| Barrel racing | 66 | ||
| How does this information help? | 66 | ||
| References | 66 | ||
| 6 Muscle physiology: | 69 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 69 | ||
| Muscular response to exercise | 69 | ||
| Overview | 69 | ||
| Methodology | 70 | ||
| Percutaneous needle biopsy technique | 70 | ||
| Laboratory methods | 71 | ||
| Other techniques | 72 | ||
| Muscle structure and function | 72 | ||
| Morphology | 72 | ||
| Development | 72 | ||
| Gross anatomy and muscle function | 72 | ||
| Histology | 73 | ||
| Ultrastructure | 73 | ||
| General muscle physiology | 75 | ||
| The motor unit | 75 | ||
| Muscle proprioception | 75 | ||
| Electrical and ionic properties of the sarcolemma | 76 | ||
| Excitation–contraction coupling | 78 | ||
| Force transmission | 79 | ||
| Oxygen availability | 79 | ||
| Energy provision for muscular functions | 80 | ||
| Aerobic pathways | 80 | ||
| Anaerobic pathways | 80 | ||
| Integration of aerobic and anaerobic pathways | 81 | ||
| Muscle heterogeneity | 84 | ||
| Muscle fiber types | 85 | ||
| Fiber type differentiation | 85 | ||
| Muscle fiber type properties | 85 | ||
| Muscle fiber recruitment | 85 | ||
| Muscle fiber type distribution between and within muscles | 87 | ||
| Relationship to performance | 88 | ||
| Control and regulation | 90 | ||
| Myogenic factors | 90 | ||
| Non-myogenic factors | 91 | ||
| Responses to exercise | 92 | ||
| Aerobic exercise | 92 | ||
| Anaerobic exercise | 93 | ||
| Lactate accumulation and pH decline | 93 | ||
| Nucleotide depletion | 93 | ||
| Glycogen depletion | 94 | ||
| Other muscular changes | 94 | ||
| Molecular responses to exercise in muscle | 94 | ||
| Muscular responses to training | 94 | ||
| Overview | 94 | ||
| Muscular adaptations to training | 95 | ||
| Muscle fiber size | 95 | ||
| Muscle fiber type transitions | 96 | ||
| Metabolic changes and increased capillary density | 97 | ||
| Physiological adaptations and buffering capacity | 98 | ||
| Other training consequences | 98 | ||
| Overtraining | 98 | ||
| Detraining | 99 | ||
| Possible mechanisms underlying muscular adaptations to training | 99 | ||
| Implications of training-induced changes to the physiologic response to exercise | 100 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| 7 Muscle disorders of equine athletes | 109 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 109 | ||
| Introduction | 109 | ||
| General response of muscle to trauma and disease | 109 | ||
| Muscle damage caused by trauma, strains and tears | 111 | ||
| Recognition | 111 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 111 | ||
| Physical examination | 112 | ||
| Special examination | 112 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 112 | ||
| Diagnostic confirmation | 112 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 112 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 112 | ||
| Therapy | 112 | ||
| Prognosis | 112 | ||
| Prevention | 112 | ||
| Exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome | 112 | ||
| Recognition | 113 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 113 | ||
| Physical examination | 113 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 113 | ||
| Blood sampling | 113 | ||
| Exercise testing | 114 | ||
| Plasma vitamin E and selenium | 114 | ||
| Urinalysis | 114 | ||
| Electrolyte clearance ratios | 114 | ||
| Muscle biopsy | 115 | ||
| Genetic testing | 115 | ||
| Scintigraphy | 116 | ||
| Additional tests | 116 | ||
| Necropsy examination | 116 | ||
| Diagnostic confirmation | 117 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 117 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 117 | ||
| Therapy | 117 | ||
| Management | 117 | ||
| Fluid therapy | 117 | ||
| Diuretics | 117 | ||
| Analgesia | 117 | ||
| Other therapies | 117 | ||
| Prognosis | 117 | ||
| Prevention | 117 | ||
| Diet | 118 | ||
| Exercise | 118 | ||
| Electrolyte therapy | 118 | ||
| Lactate modifiers | 118 | ||
| Dantrolene | 118 | ||
| Antioxidant supplementation | 118 | ||
| Etiology, pathophysiology and pathology | 118 | ||
| Acquired causes | 119 | ||
| Overexertion | 119 | ||
| Eccentric contraction | 119 | ||
| Metabolic exhaustion | 119 | ||
| Oxidative injury | 119 | ||
| Electrolyte imbalance | 120 | ||
| Hormonal influence | 120 | ||
| Infectious causes | 120 | ||
| Inherited causes: recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis | 120 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis | 120 | ||
| Epidemiology | 121 | ||
| Genomic studies | 121 | ||
| Pathology | 121 | ||
| Malignant hyperthermia | 123 | ||
| Polysaccharide storage myopathy type 1 (PSSM1) | 123 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 124 | ||
| Phenotypic variation | 124 | ||
| Pathology | 125 | ||
| Polysaccharide storage myopathy type 2 (PSSM2) | 125 | ||
| Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis | 126 | ||
| Recognition | 126 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 126 | ||
| Physical examination | 126 | ||
| Special examinations | 126 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 126 | ||
| Endoscopy | 126 | ||
| Electromyography | 126 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 126 | ||
| Serum biochemistry | 126 | ||
| Muscle biopsy | 127 | ||
| Diagnostic confirmation | 127 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 127 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 127 | ||
| Therapy | 127 | ||
| Emergency treatment during an attack | 128 | ||
| Prognosis | 128 | ||
| Prevention | 128 | ||
| Management and dietary changes | 128 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 128 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 128 | ||
| Transient myotonia | 129 | ||
| Paresis | 129 | ||
| Hyperkalemia can be both the consequence and the cause of an attack | 129 | ||
| Muscle hypertrophy | 129 | ||
| Exercise intolerance | 129 | ||
| Epidemiology | 129 | ||
| Myotonia | 130 | ||
| Recognition | 130 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 130 | ||
| Physical examination | 130 | ||
| Special examinations | 130 | ||
| Electromyography | 130 | ||
| Muscle biopsy | 130 | ||
| Diagnostic confirmation | 131 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 131 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 131 | ||
| Myotonic dystrophy | 132 | ||
| Recognition | 132 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 132 | ||
| Physical examination | 132 | ||
| Special examination | 132 | ||
| Electromyography | 132 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 132 | ||
| Hematology and biochemistry | 132 | ||
| Muscle biopsy | 132 | ||
| Diagnostic confirmation | 132 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 132 | ||
| Prevention | 132 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis | 133 | ||
| Epidemiology | 133 | ||
| Mitochondrial myopathy | 133 | ||
| Recognition | 133 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 133 | ||
| Physical examination | 133 | ||
| Special examination | 133 | ||
| Exercise test | 133 | ||
| Laboratory examinations | 133 | ||
| Hematology and biochemistry | 133 | ||
| Muscle biopsy | 133 | ||
| Biochemical analysis of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes | 134 | ||
| 3 Respiratory System | 527 | ||
| 25 Upper airway function of normal horses during exercise | 529 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 529 | ||
| Introduction | 529 | ||
| Obligate nasal breathing | 530 | ||
| Basic upper airway mechanics | 530 | ||
| Ventilation | 530 | ||
| Head position | 530 | ||
| Neuromuscular control of upper airway function | 531 | ||
| Nasal occlusion | 531 | ||
| Muscular anatomy and function of the upper airway | 532 | ||
| The nose | 532 | ||
| The nasopharynx | 533 | ||
| Soft palate | 533 | ||
| Muscles of the hyoid apparatus | 534 | ||
| Dorsal pharyngeal constrictors | 537 | ||
| The larynx | 539 | ||
| Guttural pouches | 540 | ||
| Physiology | 540 | ||
| Anatomy | 540 | ||
| References | 544 | ||
| 26 Abnormalities of the upper airway | 549 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 549 | ||
| Introduction | 549 | ||
| Redundant alar folds (alar fold collapse) | 549 | ||
| Recognition | 550 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 550 | ||
| Physical examination | 550 | ||
| Special examination | 550 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 550 | ||
| Diagnostic confirmation | 550 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 550 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 550 | ||
| Therapy | 550 | ||
| Prognosis | 550 | ||
| Prevention | 550 | ||
| 4 Cardiovascular System | 665 | ||
| 31 Heart and vessels: | 667 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 667 | ||
| Introduction | 667 | ||
| Role of the heart and cardiovascular system in setting aerobic capacity | 669 | ||
| Conductive O2 transport (lungs to muscle) | 670 | ||
| Diffusive O2 transport within muscle | 671 | ||
| Anatomy of the cardiovascular system | 671 | ||
| Heart size | 671 | ||
| Spleen | 674 | ||
| Systemic circulation and microcirculation | 675 | ||
| Pulmonary circulation and microcirculation | 677 | ||
| Cardiovascular physiology and responses to exercise | 677 | ||
| Cardiac output | 677 | ||
| Heart rate | 678 | ||
| Stroke volume | 679 | ||
| Arterial O2 content (CaO2) and O2 delivery ( × CaO2 = ) | 679 | ||
| Determinants of O2 loading | 680 | ||
| Pulmonary circulation | 680 | ||
| Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia | 682 | ||
| Alveolar–capillary O2 diffusion limitation (~70% of alveolar-to-capillary O2 pressure gradient) | 682 | ||
| Alveolar hypoventilation | 682 | ||
| Mild ventilation-to-perfusion () mismatch | 682 | ||
| Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage | 682 | ||
| Systemic circulation | 683 | ||
| Muscle blood flow () and O2 delivery () across the rest–exercise transition | 684 | ||
| Determinants of O2 exchange within skeletal muscle: the microcirculation | 685 | ||
| Exercise training | 687 | ||
| Mechanistic bases for training-induced stroke volume (SV) increase | 687 | ||
| Mechanistic bases for increased muscle vascular conductance and O2-diffusing capacity (and increased Cao2 − Cvo2) after training | 689 | ||
| Conclusions | 689 | ||
| References | 689 | ||
| 32 Diseases of the heart and vessels | 695 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 695 | ||
| Introduction | 695 | ||
| General approach to equine cardiology | 695 | ||
| Overall approach | 695 | ||
| Clinical history | 696 | ||
| Cardiac auscultation | 696 | ||
| Technique | 696 | ||
| Rules | 696 | ||
| Location of valve areas | 696 | ||
| Left hemithorax | 696 | ||
| Right hemithorax | 696 | ||
| Abnormalities of cardiac rhythm | 697 | ||
| General principles | 697 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) | 699 | ||
| Recognition | 701 | ||
| History | 701 | ||
| Physical examination | 701 | ||
| Special examination | 702 | ||
| Laboratory tests | 703 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 703 | ||
| Treatment of atrial fibrillation with quinidine sulfate | 704 | ||
| Regime | 704 | ||
| Other pharmacological treatments for atrial fibrillation | 705 | ||
| Transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation | 705 | ||
| Aftercare | 707 | ||
| Prognosis | 708 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 709 | ||
| Epidemiology | 709 | ||
| Supraventricular premature depolarizations | 710 | ||
| Recognition | 710 | ||
| History | 710 | ||
| Physical examination | 710 | ||
| Special examination | 710 | ||
| Other tests | 710 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 710 | ||
| Therapeutic aim | 710 | ||
| Therapy | 710 | ||
| Prognosis | 711 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 711 | ||
| Ventricular premature depolarizations | 712 | ||
| Recognition | 712 | ||
| History | 712 | ||
| Physical examination | 713 | ||
| Special examination | 713 | ||
| Other tests | 717 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 717 | ||
| Therapeutic aim | 717 | ||
| Therapy | 717 | ||
| Prognosis | 717 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 717 | ||
| Bradydysrhythmias | 718 | ||
| Recognition | 718 | ||
| History | 718 | ||
| Physical examination | 718 | ||
| Special tests | 718 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 718 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 718 | ||
| Therapy | 718 | ||
| Prognosis | 719 | ||
| Etiology and pathology | 721 | ||
| Epidemiology | 721 | ||
| Cardiac murmurs | 721 | ||
| General principles | 721 | ||
| Physiological murmurs | 721 | ||
| Systolic ejection murmurs | 721 | ||
| Functional diastolic murmurs: diastolic filling murmurs | 722 | ||
| Murmurs associated with cardiac dysfunction | 722 | ||
| Tricuspid regurgitation | 722 | ||
| Recognition | 722 | ||
| History | 722 | ||
| Physical examination | 722 | ||
| Special examination | 722 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 723 | ||
| Treatment | 723 | ||
| Prognosis | 723 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 723 | ||
| Epidemiology | 723 | ||
| Mitral regurgitation | 723 | ||
| Recognition | 724 | ||
| History | 724 | ||
| Physical examination | 724 | ||
| Special examination | 726 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 726 | ||
| Treatment | 726 | ||
| Prognosis | 726 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 727 | ||
| Epidemiology | 727 | ||
| Ventricular septal defect | 727 | ||
| Recognition | 728 | ||
| History | 728 | ||
| Presenting signs | 728 | ||
| Special tests | 729 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 729 | ||
| Treatment | 729 | ||
| Prognosis | 729 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 729 | ||
| Epidemiology | 729 | ||
| Aortic insufficiency | 729 | ||
| Recognition | 729 | ||
| History | 729 | ||
| Presenting signs | 729 | ||
| Special examination | 730 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 730 | ||
| Treatment | 730 | ||
| Prognosis | 731 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 731 | ||
| Epidemiology | 731 | ||
| Complex congenital lesions | 731 | ||
| Diseases of the myocardium | 731 | ||
| Recognition | 732 | ||
| History | 732 | ||
| Physical examination | 732 | ||
| Special examination | 733 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 733 | ||
| Therapeutic aim | 733 | ||
| Therapy | 733 | ||
| Prognosis | 733 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 733 | ||
| Epidemiology | 734 | ||
| Diseases of the pericardium | 734 | ||
| Recognition | 734 | ||
| History | 734 | ||
| Presenting signs | 734 | ||
| Special tests | 734 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 734 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 734 | ||
| Treatment | 734 | ||
| Prognosis | 734 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 735 | ||
| Epidemiology | 735 | ||
| Diseases of the vessels | 735 | ||
| General | 735 | ||
| Aortic and great vessel rupture | 735 | ||
| Recognition | 735 | ||
| History and presenting signs | 735 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 737 | ||
| Treatment | 737 | ||
| Prognosis | 737 | ||
| Large vessel rupture | 737 | ||
| Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm | 737 | ||
| Etiology and pathogenesis | 737 | ||
| Epidemiology | 737 | ||
| Aortoiliacofemoral thrombosis | 737 | ||
| Recognition | 737 | ||
| Presenting signs | 737 | ||
| Special tests | 737 | ||
| 5 Metabolism and nutrition | 745 | ||
| 33 Metabolic responses to exercise and training | 747 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 747 | ||
| Introduction | 747 | ||
| Physiological response to exercise | 747 | ||
| Overview | 747 | ||
| Integration of various body systems | 747 | ||
| Sources of metabolic fuel | 748 | ||
| Major pathways for energy transduction | 749 | ||
| Glycolysis | 750 | ||
| β-Oxidation of free fatty acids | 750 | ||
| Degradation of amino acids | 751 | ||
| Tricarboxylic acid cycle | 751 | ||
| The electron transfer system | 751 | ||
| Other pathways | 751 | ||
| Methods of assessing metabolic response to exercise and training | 751 | ||
| Samples and measurements to study the effects of exercise | 752 | ||
| Whole-body level measurements | 752 | ||
| Metabolic evaluation at the organ level | 754 | ||
| Metabolic responses and mechanisms | 754 | ||
| Responses in metabolite concentrations in plasma | 755 | ||
| Changes in muscle | 755 | ||
| Effects of warm-up | 757 | ||
| Mechanisms of fatigue | 757 | ||
| Metabolism during recovery from exercise | 758 | ||
| Lactate removal | 758 | ||
| Glycogen synthesis | 758 | ||
| Physiological response to training | 760 | ||
| Overview | 760 | ||
| Metabolic responses and mechanisms | 760 | ||
| Responses in metabolite concentrations in plasma | 760 | ||
| Changes in muscle | 760 | ||
| Training intensity and duration | 761 | ||
| Detraining | 761 | ||
| References | 761 | ||
| 34 Endocrine function during exercise and response to training | 769 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 769 | ||
| Introduction | 769 | ||
| Growth hormone | 770 | ||
| Major actions of growth hormone | 770 | ||
| Regulation of GH secretion | 770 | ||
| Effects of exercise and training on secretion and circulating GH concentrations | 770 | ||
| Actions of growth hormone during exercise | 771 | ||
| Glucose tolerance | 771 | ||
| Insulin | 771 | ||
| Major actions of insulin | 771 | ||
| Regulation of insulin secretion | 771 | ||
| Effects of exercise and training on secretion and circulating insulin concentrations | 771 | ||
| Actions during exercise and training | 773 | ||
| Insulin sensitivity and resistance | 773 | ||
| Assessment of insulin sensitivity | 774 | ||
| Effects of exercise and physical conditioning on insulin sensitivity | 774 | ||
| Glucagon | 775 | ||
| Major actions of glucagon | 775 | ||
| Regulation of glucagon secretion | 775 | ||
| Effects of exercise and training on secretion and circulating glucagon concentrations | 775 | ||
| Actions of glucagon during exercise | 775 | ||
| The steroid hormones (specifically testosterone and cortisol) | 775 | ||
| Testosterone | 776 | ||
| Effects of exercise and training on secretion and circulating testosterone concentrations | 776 | ||
| Actions during exercise/training | 776 | ||
| The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis and cortisol | 776 | ||
| Major actions of cortisol | 776 | ||
| Regulation of cortisol secretion | 776 | ||
| Effects of exercise and training on secretion and circulating cortisol concentrations | 777 | ||
| Actions of cortisol during exercise | 777 | ||
| The dual steroid response | 777 | ||
| β-endorphin | 778 | ||
| Adrenaline | 778 | ||
| Major actions of adrenaline | 778 | ||
| Regulation of adrenaline secretion | 778 | ||
| Effects of exercise and training on secretion and circulating adrenaline concentrations | 778 | ||
| Actions of adrenaline during exercise | 778 | ||
| Thyroid hormones | 778 | ||
| Major actions of thyroid hormones | 779 | ||
| Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion | 779 | ||
| Effects of exercise and training on secretion and circulating thyroid hormone concentrations | 779 | ||
| Actions of thyroid hormones during exercise | 779 | ||
| Adipocyte hormones | 779 | ||
| Fluid-regulating hormones | 780 | ||
| Conclusions | 780 | ||
| References | 780 | ||
| 35 Endocrine and metabolic disorders of the equine athlete | 787 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 787 | ||
| Introduction | 787 | ||
| Exhausted horse syndrome | 787 | ||
| Recognition | 787 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 787 | ||
| Physical examination | 787 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 788 | ||
| Necropsy examination | 788 | ||
| Diagnosis | 788 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 788 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 788 | ||
| Therapy | 788 | ||
| Prognosis | 789 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 789 | ||
| Epidemiology | 790 | ||
| Prevention | 790 | ||
| Overtraining syndrome | 791 | ||
| Recognition | 792 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 792 | ||
| Physical examination | 792 | ||
| Bodyweight and heart rate | 792 | ||
| Hematological findings | 792 | ||
| Clinicopathological findings | 793 | ||
| Endocrine signs | 793 | ||
| Behavioral signs | 793 | ||
| Diagnostic confirmation | 794 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 794 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 794 | ||
| Prognosis | 794 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 794 | ||
| Epidemiology | 794 | ||
| Prevention | 795 | ||
| References | 795 | ||
| 36 Nutrition for the equine athlete: | 797 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 797 | ||
| Introduction | 797 | ||
| What nutrients does an athletic horse need? | 797 | ||
| Building a ration for an individual horse | 797 | ||
| Which units and requirements to use? | 797 | ||
| Calculation of energy requirements | 804 | ||
| Sources of dietary energy | 804 | ||
| Forage | 804 | ||
| Accounting for pasture forage intake | 807 | ||
| Cereals and cereal by-products | 807 | ||
| Highly digestible fibers | 807 | ||
| Oils | 809 | ||
| Amounts of forage and concentrate feed in the ration | 809 | ||
| Forage | 809 | ||
| Is there a maximum or minimum forage intake? | 810 | ||
| Concentrate or complementary feeds (including oil) | 810 | ||
| Balancing the ration for protein and amino acids | 811 | ||
| Other nutrients | 811 | ||
| Minerals | 811 | ||
| Iron | 813 | ||
| Selenium | 813 | ||
| Chelated/organic sources | 813 | ||
| Dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) | 814 | ||
| Vitamins | 814 | ||
| Antioxidant vitamins E and C | 814 | ||
| Water | 814 | ||
| References | 815 | ||
| 37 Nutrition for the equine athlete: | 819 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 819 | ||
| Introduction | 819 | ||
| Time of feeding before exercise | 819 | ||
| Electrolyte supplementation | 821 | ||
| Dietary manipulation of muscle glycogen content | 822 | ||
| Muscle glycogen and exercise performance | 822 | ||
| Post-exercise muscle glycogen synthesis | 822 | ||
| Diet and muscle glycogen storage | 823 | ||
| Feeding management for horses at risk for specific conditions | 825 | ||
| Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) | 825 | ||
| What about the use of supplements? | 826 | ||
| Equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome | 826 | ||
| Effects of oil-supplemented diets in athletic horses | 827 | ||
| Metabolic responses to exercise | 827 | ||
| Athletic performance | 827 | ||
| Thermal load | 828 | ||
| Behavior | 828 | ||
| Free fatty acid (FFA) profile | 828 | ||
| Putative ergogenic supplements | 828 | ||
| Creatine | 828 | ||
| L-carnitine | 829 | ||
| Amino acids | 830 | ||
| Carnosine | 830 | ||
| References | 831 | ||
| 6 Fluids and Electrolytes | 835 | ||
| 38 Body fluids and electrolytes: | 837 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 837 | ||
| Introduction | 837 | ||
| Body fluid compartments | 837 | ||
| Plasma osmolality and the concentration of key electrolytes | 840 | ||
| Plasma concentration versus plasma content | 841 | ||
| Effects of acute exercise on fluid and electrolyte balance | 841 | ||
| Intercompartmental fluid shifts at the onset of exercise | 841 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte losses associated with longer acute exercise | 843 | ||
| Sweat losses and the combined effects of exercise and environment | 843 | ||
| Thirst, drinking, and electrolyte intake | 844 | ||
| Renal function during exercise | 845 | ||
| Effects of exercise on renal blood flow | 845 | ||
| Effect of exercise on glomerular filtration rate, filtration fraction | 846 | ||
| Renal tubular function and excretion during exercise | 846 | ||
| Post-exercise changes in renal function | 848 | ||
| Adaptive response to repeated exercise (training) | 848 | ||
| Training-induced hypervolemia | 848 | ||
| Effects of aging on the acute and chronic response to exercise | 851 | ||
| Summary | 851 | ||
| References | 851 | ||
| 39 Acid-base physiology at rest, during exercise and in response to training | 855 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 855 | ||
| Introduction | 855 | ||
| Acid-base balance in resting horses | 856 | ||
| Overview of acid-base balance | 856 | ||
| Acidosis and skeletal muscle fatigue | 857 | ||
| Assessment of acid-base balance and factors that affect acid-base regulation | 858 | ||
| Physicochemical determinants of acid-base balance | 858 | ||
| Strong ions and strong ion difference | 859 | ||
| Weak acids and bases, and [Atot] | 861 | ||
| The carbon dioxide system | 861 | ||
| Solving equations to determine acid-base balance | 861 | ||
| Contracting skeletal muscle: proton generating and removing reactions | 862 | ||
| Muscle characteristics and acid-base | 862 | ||
| Physicochemical origins of [H+] changes in skeletal muscle during exercise | 863 | ||
| Muscle [SID] during exercise | 863 | ||
| Muscle [Atot] during exercise | 864 | ||
| Muscle CO2 during exercise | 865 | ||
| Draught exercise | 865 | ||
| Changes in plasma acid-base state during exercise and recovery | 865 | ||
| Incremental steady state exercise | 866 | ||
| High intensity sprint exercise | 866 | ||
| Steady state submaximal exercise | 867 | ||
| Endurance exercise | 868 | ||
| Simulated racing: Standardbred racehorses | 869 | ||
| Other types of exercise | 869 | ||
| Clinical notes | 869 | ||
| Exercise summary | 870 | ||
| Responses to training | 870 | ||
| Endurance training | 870 | ||
| Sprint training | 870 | ||
| High altitude | 871 | ||
| Diet and acid-base balance | 871 | ||
| Resting horses | 871 | ||
| Exercise | 871 | ||
| Dietary protein | 871 | ||
| Dietary starch | 871 | ||
| Dietary fat | 872 | ||
| Selected clinically relevant issues for seemingly ‘normal’ horses | 872 | ||
| Age | 872 | ||
| Idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia | 872 | ||
| Administration of alkalinizing substances and other purported ergogenic aids | 872 | ||
| Alkalinizing substances | 872 | ||
| Time course | 873 | ||
| Mechanism for enhanced lactate efflux | 873 | ||
| Creatine supplementation | 873 | ||
| Furosemide | 873 | ||
| References | 874 | ||
| 40 Abnormalities of body fluids and electrolytes in athletic horses | 881 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 881 | ||
| Introduction | 881 | ||
| Exercise-associated dehydration/exhaustion | 882 | ||
| Recognition | 882 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 882 | ||
| Physical examination | 882 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 882 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 884 | ||
| Intravenous fluid therapy | 885 | ||
| Volume of intravenous fluids and rate of administration | 886 | ||
| Prevention | 886 | ||
| Strategies of water and electrolyte replacement/supplementation before, during, and immediately after exercise | 887 | ||
| Before exercise | 887 | ||
| During exercise | 887 | ||
| Rehydration after exercise | 888 | ||
| Diet, fiber content and the large intestine as a fluid and electrolyte reservoir | 888 | ||
| Electrolyte requirements in athletic horses | 889 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 891 | ||
| Epidemiology | 891 | ||
| Complications associated with exercise-induced dehydration and electrolyte imbalance | 892 | ||
| Cardiac dysrhythmias | 892 | ||
| Laminitis | 893 | ||
| Colic/ileus | 893 | ||
| Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (thumps) | 893 | ||
| Recognition | 894 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 894 | ||
| Physical examination | 894 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 894 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 894 | ||
| Prevention | 894 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 894 | ||
| Epidemiology | 895 | ||
| Acute renal failure | 895 | ||
| Recognition | 896 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 896 | ||
| Physical examination | 896 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 896 | ||
| Urinalysis and urine sediment evaluation | 896 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 897 | ||
| Fluid therapy | 897 | ||
| Adjunctive medications | 897 | ||
| Diuretics | 897 | ||
| Renal vasodilators | 897 | ||
| Prevention | 897 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 897 | ||
| Epidemiology | 898 | ||
| References | 898 | ||
| 41 Thermoregulation and exercise-associated heat illnesses | 901 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 901 | ||
| Introduction | 901 | ||
| Heat production and dissipation | 901 | ||
| Heat production | 902 | ||
| Mechanisms of heat transfer | 902 | ||
| Mechanisms of sweat formation | 903 | ||
| Thermoregulation during exercise | 905 | ||
| Effects of environmental heat load on exercise responses | 905 | ||
| Physiologic factors affecting thermoregulatory capacity | 906 | ||
| Conditioning | 907 | ||
| Heat acclimatization | 907 | ||
| Hydration state | 908 | ||
| Old age | 909 | ||
| Recommendations for preparation for exercise or competition in hot conditions | 910 | ||
| Diseases caused by inadequate thermoregulation | 911 | ||
| Anhidrosis (‘dry coat’) | 911 | ||
| Recognition | 911 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 911 | ||
| Physical examination | 911 | ||
| Diagnosis | 911 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 911 | ||
| Therapy | 911 | ||
| Prognosis | 912 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 912 | ||
| Epidemiology | 912 | ||
| Prevention | 912 | ||
| Heat exhaustion/heat stroke | 912 | ||
| Recognition | 913 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 913 | ||
| Physical examination | 913 | ||
| Diagnosis | 913 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 913 | ||
| Therapy | 913 | ||
| Prognosis | 914 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 914 | ||
| Epidemiology | 914 | ||
| Prevention | 915 | ||
| References | 915 | ||
| 7 Hematology and Immunology | 919 | ||
| 42 Hematology and serum biochemistry of the equine athlete | 921 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 921 | ||
| Introduction | 921 | ||
| Methods | 921 | ||
| Hematology: structure and function | 923 | ||
| Erythrocytes and gas exchange | 923 | ||
| Leukocytes | 924 | ||
| Platelets | 924 | ||
| Hematologic responses to exercise | 924 | ||
| Hematologic responses to training | 925 | ||
| Plasma or serum biochemistry overview | 926 | ||
| Changes in plasma or serum biochemistry associated with exercise | 926 | ||
| Plasma proteins | 926 | ||
| Liver-derived enzymes | 926 | ||
| Muscle-derived enzymes | 926 | ||
| Electrolytes and minerals | 926 | ||
| Changes in plasma or serum biochemistry associated with training | 927 | ||
| Conclusion | 927 | ||
| References | 927 | ||
| 43 Biochemical abnormalities of athletic horses | 931 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 931 | ||
| Introduction | 931 | ||
| Clinical chemistry as an indicator of disease | 931 | ||
| Plasma proteins | 931 | ||
| Muscle enzyme activities | 933 | ||
| Cardiac troponin I | 935 | ||
| Liver enzymes | 935 | ||
| Renal variables and urinary fractional excretion | 935 | ||
| Serum and plasma electrolytes and minerals | 936 | ||
| Conclusion | 936 | ||
| References | 936 | ||
| 44 Abnormalities of the erythron | 939 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 939 | ||
| Anemia | 939 | ||
| Diagnosis of anemia | 940 | ||
| Recognition | 940 | ||
| Clinical signs | 940 | ||
| Hematology | 940 | ||
| Blood smears | 942 | ||
| Bone marrow evaluation | 942 | ||
| Serum biochemistry | 944 | ||
| Urinalysis | 944 | ||
| Blood gas analysis and lactate | 944 | ||
| Assessment of minerals, trace elements, and vitamins | 945 | ||
| Iron | 945 | ||
| Copper | 946 | ||
| Folic acid and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) | 946 | ||
| Specific causes of anemia | 946 | ||
| Acute blood loss anemia | 947 | ||
| Recognition | 947 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 947 | ||
| Physical examination | 947 | ||
| Special examination | 947 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 947 | ||
| Diagnostic confirmation | 947 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 947 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 947 | ||
| Therapy | 947 | ||
| Prognosis | 949 | ||
| 8 Gastrointestinal System | 983 | ||
| 46 Effects of exercise on gastrointestinal function | 985 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 985 | ||
| Introduction | 985 | ||
| Digestion | 986 | ||
| Absorption | 986 | ||
| Secretion | 986 | ||
| Motility | 986 | ||
| Maintenance of mucosal barrier integrity | 986 | ||
| Liver specific functions | 987 | ||
| Available methodologies to document the effects of exercise on the equine gastrointestinal system | 987 | ||
| Methods that have been used in horses | 987 | ||
| Transit markers | 987 | ||
| Apparent digestibility of diet | 987 | ||
| Barostat | 988 | ||
| Blood flow measurement | 988 | ||
| Continuous pH monitoring | 989 | ||
| Measurement of GI regulatory peptides and steroids | 989 | ||
| Methods that could potentially be useful in horses, based upon experience in other species | 990 | ||
| Gastric motility and emptying | 990 | ||
| Gastric secretion | 990 | ||
| Gastric blood flow | 990 | ||
| Intestinal transit and motility | 990 | ||
| Mucosal permeability and absorption | 991 | ||
| Exercise and gastrointestinal function: what is known in other species that is pertinent to horses | 991 | ||
| Gastric motility and emptying | 991 | ||
| Intestinal motility and transit | 992 | ||
| Gastrointestinal blood supply | 992 | ||
| Mechanical factors | 993 | ||
| Mucosal barrier integrity | 993 | ||
| Clinical implications of exercise-associated changes in gastrointestinal function | 993 | ||
| Anatomical considerations | 993 | ||
| Physiological considerations | 993 | ||
| References | 995 | ||
| 47 Gastrointestinal diseases of athletic horses | 999 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 999 | ||
| Introduction | 999 | ||
| Equine gastric ulcer syndrome | 999 | ||
| Recognition | 999 | ||
| Physical examination | 1000 | ||
| Laboratory examination and diagnosis | 1000 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 1000 | ||
| Therapy | 1000 | ||
| Prognosis | 1001 | ||
| Etiology and pathophysiology | 1001 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1002 | ||
| Right dorsal colitis (RDC) | 1004 | ||
| Recognition | 1004 | ||
| Physical examination | 1004 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 1004 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1004 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 1004 | ||
| Therapy | 1004 | ||
| 9 Veterinary Management of The Performance Horse | 1011 | ||
| 48 Veterinary aspects of training Thoroughbred racehorses | 1013 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1013 | ||
| Introduction | 1013 | ||
| Demographics and wastage | 1013 | ||
| Provision of services | 1015 | ||
| General disease and injury management concepts | 1016 | ||
| Prophylactic measures | 1016 | ||
| General management of disease | 1016 | ||
| Specific disease and injury management | 1017 | ||
| Musculoskeletal diseases | 1017 | ||
| Exercise modification | 1017 | ||
| Bandages and bandaging | 1018 | ||
| Cold therapy | 1018 | ||
| Joint diseases and injuries | 1018 | ||
| Medical management of joint injuries and disease | 1018 | ||
| Surgical management of joint injury and disease | 1019 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 1019 | ||
| Bone-related injuries and diseases | 1020 | ||
| Training modifications | 1020 | ||
| Dorsal metacarpal disease | 1020 | ||
| Third metacarpal dorsal cortical stress fractures | 1020 | ||
| Stress fractures at other sites | 1020 | ||
| Subchondral bone injuries | 1021 | ||
| Breakdown Injury | 1021 | ||
| Tendon- and ligament-related injuries and diseases | 1021 | ||
| Tendon injuries | 1021 | ||
| Injuries of the suspensory ligament and its insertions | 1021 | ||
| Suspensory branch desmitis and sesamoiditis | 1022 | ||
| Suspensory branch and body | 1022 | ||
| Proximal suspensory and its attachment | 1022 | ||
| Foot-related injuries and shoeing | 1022 | ||
| Interference injuries | 1023 | ||
| Muscle-related injuries and disease | 1024 | ||
| Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) | 1024 | ||
| Muscle strains and tears | 1024 | ||
| Back and wither injuries | 1024 | ||
| Infections of the musculoskeletal system | 1024 | ||
| Respiratory diseases | 1025 | ||
| Lower respiratory diseases | 1025 | ||
| Coughing horses and inflammatory airway disease (IAD) | 1025 | ||
| Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) | 1025 | ||
| Upper respiratory diseases | 1025 | ||
| Over-ground dynamic respiratory endoscopy | 1026 | ||
| Left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) | 1027 | ||
| Intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (IDDSP) | 1027 | ||
| Arytenoid chondritis | 1028 | ||
| Other upper respiratory problems | 1028 | ||
| Gastrointestinal diseases | 1028 | ||
| Gastric ulceration | 1028 | ||
| Colic | 1029 | ||
| Diarrhea | 1029 | ||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 1029 | ||
| Veins (septic and non-septic thrombophlebitis) | 1029 | ||
| Cardiac abnormalities | 1029 | ||
| References | 1029 | ||
| 49 Veterinary aspects of racing and training horses used for harness racing (trotters and pacers) | 1037 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1037 | ||
| The breed and racing | 1037 | ||
| Origins of the breeds | 1037 | ||
| Performance and its determinants | 1038 | ||
| Race times | 1038 | ||
| Effect of age and sex | 1038 | ||
| Effect of age at first race | 1038 | ||
| Heritability | 1038 | ||
| Racing statistics | 1039 | ||
| Relationship of physiologic variables with performance | 1040 | ||
| Gait and racing | 1040 | ||
| Gait | 1040 | ||
| Gait abnormalities – interference | 1041 | ||
| Equipment | 1041 | ||
| Training the Standardbred | 1043 | ||
| General principles | 1043 | ||
| Training programs | 1043 | ||
| Traditional training programs | 1043 | ||
| Phase 1: The initial or foundation phase | 1043 | ||
| Phase 2: Preparation phase | 1043 | ||
| Phase 3: Competition or racing phase | 1043 | ||
| Phase 4: Rest or lay-off phase | 1043 | ||
| Interval and tapered training programs | 1044 | ||
| Overtraining syndrome (OTS) | 1047 | ||
| Treatment and prevention of overtraining | 1048 | ||
| Veterinary problems of Standardbreds | 1049 | ||
| Respiratory abnormalities | 1049 | ||
| Upper airway abnormalities | 1049 | ||
| Lower airway abnormalities | 1049 | ||
| Musculoskeletal disorders | 1050 | ||
| Recognition of lameness | 1050 | ||
| Breed and gait differences | 1050 | ||
| Muscle diseases | 1050 | ||
| Forelimb lameness | 1051 | ||
| Foot | 1051 | ||
| Pastern and fetlock | 1051 | ||
| Desmitis and tendonitis | 1051 | ||
| Carpus | 1052 | ||
| Hindlimb lameness | 1052 | ||
| The hind digits | 1053 | ||
| Metatarsophalangeal joint | 1053 | ||
| Metatarsal region | 1053 | ||
| Tarsus | 1053 | ||
| Stifle | 1053 | ||
| References | 1054 | ||
| 50 Veterinary aspects of training event horses | 1057 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1057 | ||
| Definitions and background | 1057 | ||
| Equestrian sports governance | 1060 | ||
| Demographics | 1060 | ||
| Veterinary services | 1060 | ||
| Common diseases and conditions | 1061 | ||
| Skeletal | 1061 | ||
| Muscular | 1061 | ||
| Respiratory | 1062 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 1063 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 1063 | ||
| Neurological | 1064 | ||
| Endocrine | 1065 | ||
| Dermatological | 1066 | ||
| Ocular | 1066 | ||
| Behavioral | 1066 | ||
| Metabolic/heat-related | 1066 | ||
| Medications during competition | 1067 | ||
| References | 1069 | ||
| 51 Veterinary aspects of training dressage horses | 1071 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1071 | ||
| Definitions and background | 1071 | ||
| A brief history of dressage | 1072 | ||
| Demographics | 1072 | ||
| Common diseases and conditions | 1073 | ||
| Skeletal | 1073 | ||
| Muscular | 1075 | ||
| Endocrine | 1076 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 1076 | ||
| Respiratory | 1076 | ||
| Upper airway problems | 1076 | ||
| Lower airway disease | 1077 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 1078 | ||
| Neurological | 1079 | ||
| Medications during competition | 1079 | ||
| References | 1079 | ||
| 52 Veterinary aspects of training and racing endurance horses | 1083 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1083 | ||
| Overview of the sport | 1083 | ||
| History and evolution | 1084 | ||
| Description of the sport | 1084 | ||
| Veterinarians and officials for endurance events | 1085 | ||
| Veterinary controls | 1085 | ||
| Physiology of endurance exercise | 1086 | ||
| Metabolism | 1086 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 1086 | ||
| Electrolyte losses | 1086 | ||
| Acid–base disorders | 1086 | ||
| Substrate depletion | 1087 | ||
| Oxidative stress | 1087 | ||
| Specific diseases | 1087 | ||
| Prevalence | 1087 | ||
| Prevention and risk factors | 1087 | ||
| Metabolic conditions | 1088 | ||
| Pathophysiology and prevalence | 1088 | ||
| Exhausted horse syndrome (EHS) | 1089 | ||
| Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF) | 1089 | ||
| Exertional myopathy | 1090 | ||
| Colic | 1090 | ||
| Metabolic encephalopathy | 1091 | ||
| Laminitis | 1091 | ||
| General management of metabolic conditions | 1092 | ||
| Correction of fluid and electrolyte disorders | 1092 | ||
| Sedation and pain control | 1093 | ||
| Prognosis | 1093 | ||
| Musculoskeletal disorders | 1093 | ||
| Injuries of the suspensory apparatus and its insertions | 1093 | ||
| Tendonitis | 1094 | ||
| Joint diseases and injury | 1094 | ||
| Polysynovitis | 1095 | ||
| Foot-related injuries | 1095 | ||
| Fractures | 1095 | ||
| Back and wither injuries | 1096 | ||
| Nutrition and prophylactic measures | 1096 | ||
| Energy and protein requirements | 1096 | ||
| Feeding management during endurance training | 1096 | ||
| Feeding management before and during endurance races | 1097 | ||
| Water and electrolyte replacement during endurance races | 1098 | ||
| Prophylactic measures | 1098 | ||
| Parasite prophylaxis | 1098 | ||
| Gastric ulceration | 1098 | ||
| Vaccination | 1098 | ||
| General management of training and riding | 1099 | ||
| Preliminary steps | 1099 | ||
| Endurance training | 1099 | ||
| Resistance and speed training | 1099 | ||
| Standard training programs | 1099 | ||
| Shoeing the endurance horse | 1100 | ||
| Fitness and poor performance investigation | 1101 | ||
| Blood monitoring in endurance horses | 1101 | ||
| Resting values | 1101 | ||
| Effects of exercise | 1102 | ||
| Biomarkers | 1102 | ||
| Heart rate monitoring | 1102 | ||
| Standardized exercise test | 1102 | ||
| Subclinical diseases underlying poor performance | 1103 | ||
| References | 1104 | ||
| 53 Veterinary aspects of competing and training polo horses | 1107 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1107 | ||
| History | 1107 | ||
| Organization of the sport | 1107 | ||
| Polo federation | 1107 | ||
| Polo match rules | 1107 | ||
| Doping regulation | 1108 | ||
| Match organization | 1108 | ||
| Management of horses during game | 1109 | ||
| Training of polo ponies (made pony) | 1109 | ||
| Type of effort sustained | 1109 | ||
| Exercise effort during a match and warm-up | 1109 | ||
| Common medical conditions | 1110 | ||
| EIPH | 1110 | ||
| Myositis | 1110 | ||
| Ligament injury and fetlock injuries | 1111 | ||
| Direct trauma | 1111 | ||
| References | 1112 | ||
| 54 Veterinary aspects of training and competing western performance horses | 1113 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1113 | ||
| Introduction | 1113 | ||
| Overview of the sport | 1113 | ||
| Demographics | 1113 | ||
| Wastage | 1115 | ||
| Training | 1115 | ||
| Arena footing | 1116 | ||
| Farriery and protective legwear | 1116 | ||
| Common conditions in selected western disciplines | 1117 | ||
| Reining | 1117 | ||
| Cutting | 1118 | ||
| Working/reined cow horse | 1119 | ||
| Team roping and calf roping | 1119 | ||
| Barrel racing | 1119 | ||
| Specific veterinary conditions and their management | 1120 | ||
| Musculoskeletal diseases | 1120 | ||
| Rhabdomyolysis | 1120 | ||
| Palmar heel pain | 1120 | ||
| Coronary band trauma and quarter cracks | 1121 | ||
| Pedal osteitis | 1121 | ||
| Splints | 1121 | ||
| Superficial digital flexor tendonitis | 1121 | ||
| Suspensory desmitis | 1121 | ||
| Hock lameness | 1122 | ||
| Distal tarsitis (DT) | 1122 | ||
| Hock osteochondrosis dessicans (OCD) | 1122 | ||
| Stifle lameness | 1122 | ||
| Lameness of the fetlock and pastern | 1122 | ||
| Fetlock and pastern osteoarthritis | 1122 | ||
| Fetlock osteochondrosis | 1122 | ||
| P2 fractures | 1123 | ||
| Skin conditions | 1123 | ||
| Fetlock and hock abrasions | 1123 | ||
| Pastern dermatitis | 1123 | ||
| Respiratory diseases | 1123 | ||
| Upper respiratory diseases | 1123 | ||
| Non-infectious upper respiratory diseases | 1123 | ||
| Lower respiratory diseases | 1123 | ||
| Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage | 1123 | ||
| Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) | 1123 | ||
| References | 1123 | ||
| 55 Veterinary aspects of training the show jumping horse | 1127 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1127 | ||
| Introduction | 1127 | ||
| Features of the sport | 1127 | ||
| Exercise demands | 1127 | ||
| Biomechanics of jumping | 1128 | ||
| Type of horse | 1129 | ||
| Nutrition | 1129 | ||
| Horse clothing/tack | 1129 | ||
| Clinical evaluation of the jumping horse | 1130 | ||
| Subclinical lameness | 1130 | ||
| Specific injuries | 1130 | ||
| Orthopedic problems | 1130 | ||
| Foot pain | 1131 | ||
| Digital flexor tendons | 1131 | ||
| Suspensory ligament | 1131 | ||
| Tarsal pain | 1131 | ||
| Fetlock injury | 1132 | ||
| Stifle injury | 1132 | ||
| Back pain | 1132 | ||
| Non-orthopedic health problems | 1132 | ||
| Respiratory | 1132 | ||
| Gastrointestinal problems | 1132 | ||
| Gastric ulcers | 1132 | ||
| Cardiac | 1133 | ||
| Training for prevention of injury | 1133 | ||
| Training program | 1133 | ||
| Training session | 1134 | ||
| References | 1134 | ||
| 56 Veterinary aspects of the aged equine athlete | 1137 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1137 | ||
| Introduction | 1137 | ||
| Definition and demographics of the aged equine athlete | 1137 | ||
| Physiological alterations associated with aging | 1137 | ||
| Cardiorespiratory changes | 1138 | ||
| Thermoregulatory changes | 1138 | ||
| Changes in the musculoskeletal system | 1138 | ||
| Hematological, biochemical and endocrine parameters | 1139 | ||
| Age-related immunological alterations: immunosenescence and inflamm-aging | 1139 | ||
| Common conditions affecting the aged equine athlete | 1139 | ||
| Dental disease | 1139 | ||
| Musculoskeletal disorders and lameness | 1140 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 1140 | ||
| Cardiac disorders | 1140 | ||
| Respiratory disease | 1140 | ||
| Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) | 1140 | ||
| Treatment | 1141 | ||
| Preventive health care and management for the aged equine athlete | 1141 | ||
| References | 1141 | ||
| 57 Anesthesia of the equine athlete | 1145 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1145 | ||
| Introduction | 1145 | ||
| History | 1145 | ||
| Physical examination | 1146 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 1146 | ||
| Respiratory system | 1146 | ||
| Nervous and musculoskeletal systems | 1146 | ||
| Pre-anesthetic hematologic evaluation | 1147 | ||
| Pre-anesthetic medications | 1147 | ||
| Timing of anesthesia and animal preparation | 1148 | ||
| Induction of anesthesia | 1148 | ||
| Padding and positioning | 1150 | ||
| Maintenance of anesthesia | 1150 | ||
| Monitoring anesthesia | 1150 | ||
| The postoperative period | 1151 | ||
| Emergency sedation and anesthesia of the exhausted horse | 1153 | ||
| References | 1154 | ||
| 58 Emergency procedures and first aid for the equine athlete | 1157 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1157 | ||
| Introduction | 1157 | ||
| Fractures and luxations | 1157 | ||
| Initial assessment | 1157 | ||
| History | 1157 | ||
| Physical examination | 1157 | ||
| Special examination | 1158 | ||
| Laboratory examination | 1158 | ||
| Emergency treatment | 1158 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 1158 | ||
| Therapy | 1158 | ||
| Bandage and splint application | 1159 | ||
| Classification of injuries | 1159 | ||
| Immobilization of level 1 injuries | 1159 | ||
| Forelimb | 1159 | ||
| Hindlimb | 1159 | ||
| Use of the Kimzey apparatus | 1160 | ||
| Extensor tendon injuries | 1160 | ||
| Immobilization of level 2 injuries | 1160 | ||
| Forelimb | 1160 | ||
| Hindlimb | 1160 | ||
| Immobilization of level 3 injuries | 1161 | ||
| Forelimb | 1161 | ||
| Hindlimb | 1161 | ||
| Immobilization of level 4 injuries | 1161 | ||
| Guidelines for safe transportation | 1161 | ||
| Wounds and lacerations | 1162 | ||
| Assessment of wounds and lacerations | 1162 | ||
| Location | 1162 | ||
| Hemorrhage | 1162 | ||
| Wound configuration | 1162 | ||
| Penetration of a body cavity | 1162 | ||
| Determination of synovial structure involvement | 1163 | ||
| Determination of tendon involvement | 1163 | ||
| Emergency treatment of limb wounds and lacerations | 1163 | ||
| Wound care | 1163 | ||
| Limb immobilization | 1163 | ||
| Emergency treatment of wounds involving the chest or abdominal cavity | 1163 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 1163 | ||
| Penetrating abdominal wound | 1164 | ||
| Head injuries | 1164 | ||
| Basisphenoid fractures | 1164 | ||
| Rectus and longus capitis muscle rupture | 1164 | ||
| Treatment of acute head injuries | 1165 | ||
| Ocular injuries | 1165 | ||
| Acute rhabdomyolysis | 1166 | ||
| Recognition | 1166 | ||
| History and presenting complaint | 1166 | ||
| Physical examination | 1166 | ||
| Treatment | 1166 | ||
| Therapeutic aims | 1166 | ||
| Therapy | 1166 | ||
| Emergency fluid therapy in the athletic horse | 1166 | ||
| Designing a fluid therapy regimen | 1166 | ||
| Calculating the volume of fluid to give | 1167 | ||
| Deciding the type of fluids to give | 1167 | ||
| Crystalloids | 1167 | ||
| Colloids | 1167 | ||
| Products used for resuscitation | 1168 | ||
| Materials for fluid therapy | 1169 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1169 | ||
| References | 1170 | ||
| 59 Reproductive management of the athletic horse | 1171 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1171 | ||
| Introduction | 1171 | ||
| The mare | 1171 | ||
| Normal estrus | 1171 | ||
| Suppression of estrus in mares | 1171 | ||
| Pharmacologic suppression of estrus | 1172 | ||
| Progestagens | 1173 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1174 | ||
| Intrauterine balls | 1174 | ||
| Oxytocin | 1174 | ||
| Intrauterine oil | 1174 | ||
| hCG (diestrous ovulation) | 1174 | ||
| Follicular downregulation | 1174 | ||
| Ovariectomy | 1175 | ||
| Anabolic steroids | 1175 | ||
| Control of reproductive behavior in the stallion | 1175 | ||
| Surgical castration | 1175 | ||
| Pharmacologic modification of male behavior | 1176 | ||
| Immunomodulation of male fertility and behavior | 1176 | ||
| Combining breeding and athletic careers | 1176 | ||
| Stallion | 1176 | ||
| Mares | 1177 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1177 | ||
| Embryo transfer | 1177 | ||
| Other assisted reproductive techniques | 1177 | ||
| Management of performance horses to optimize future reproductive potential | 1177 | ||
| References | 1178 | ||
| 60 Examination of the equine athlete prior to purchase | 1181 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1181 | ||
| Introduction | 1181 | ||
| Aim and philosophy | 1181 | ||
| Requirements for the prepurchase examination | 1182 | ||
| Examination procedure | 1183 | ||
| Stage 1. Preliminary examination | 1183 | ||
| Stage 2. Examination during walking, trotting, turning and backing | 1183 | ||
| Stage 3. Examination during and immediately after strenuous exercise | 1183 | ||
| Stage 4. Examination during the period after exercise | 1183 | ||
| Stage 5. The final examination during walking, trotting, turning and backing | 1183 | ||
| Avoiding problems in the prepurchase examination | 1183 | ||
| Special considerations and ancillary tests | 1184 | ||
| Conformation assessment | 1184 | ||
| Laboratory evaluation | 1184 | ||
| Examination of the cardiovascular system | 1184 | ||
| What are we looking for on prepurchase radiographs that may result in a reduced capacity to perform as an athlete? | 1185 | ||
| Limitations and problems associated with prepurchase radiographs | 1189 | ||
| Other imaging modalities | 1190 | ||
| Endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract and trachea | 1191 | ||
| Examination of the Thoroughbred racehorse | 1191 | ||
| Prepurchase examination of yearlings at public auction sales | 1192 | ||
| Examination of the mature horse | 1192 | ||
| Examination of the Standardbred racehorse | 1193 | ||
| Clinical examination | 1193 | ||
| Conformation | 1193 | ||
| Skin conditions | 1193 | ||
| Common injuries | 1193 | ||
| Stage 3 exercise | 1193 | ||
| Ancillary tests | 1193 | ||
| Electrocardiographic examination | 1193 | ||
| Upper airway endoscopic examination | 1193 | ||
| Radiography | 1193 | ||
| Examination of the proven racehorse | 1194 | ||
| Examination at yearling sales | 1194 | ||
| Examination of the sport horse prior to purchase | 1194 | ||
| Examination of the three-day event horse prior to purchase | 1194 | ||
| Examination of dressage horses and showjumpers prior to purchase | 1195 | ||
| Examination of the western performance horse prior to purchase | 1196 | ||
| References | 1196 | ||
| 60 Appendix | 1199 | ||
| 60 Buyer’s statement | 1199 | ||
| 61 International movement of athletic horses: | 1205 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1205 | ||
| Introduction | 1205 | ||
| International spread of equine diseases | 1206 | ||
| Economic, biological, political and ecological factors | 1206 | ||
| Disease and horse-related factors | 1206 | ||
| Country factors | 1206 | ||
| Impact of exotic disease outbreaks | 1206 | ||
| International regulatory framework | 1207 | ||
| The World Trade Organization | 1207 | ||
| Office Internationale des Epizooties | 1207 | ||
| OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code | 1207 | ||
| OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals | 1207 | ||
| Diseases listed by OIE | 1207 | ||
| Import risk analysis | 1208 | ||
| Zoning and compartmentalization | 1208 | ||
| Role and responsibilities of government officials, shipping agents and veterinarians | 1208 | ||
| Government officials | 1208 | ||
| Shipping agents | 1209 | ||
| Equine veterinarians | 1209 | ||
| Welfare legislation and standards | 1209 | ||
| Role of horse industry organizations | 1210 | ||
| Passports | 1210 | ||
| Vaccinations | 1210 | ||
| Racing authorities | 1210 | ||
| Federation Equestre Internationale | 1210 | ||
| Overview of quarantine controls of major equine sporting nations | 1211 | ||
| Certification of origin from a disease-free source | 1211 | ||
| Separation and biosecurity | 1211 | ||
| Diagnostic testing | 1211 | ||
| Vaccination | 1211 | ||
| Treatment | 1212 | ||
| Restrictions on destination, activity and season of import | 1212 | ||
| Protection of health status during international travel | 1212 | ||
| Restrictions on duration of temporary residency | 1212 | ||
| Contact information for major regulatory agencies | 1212 | ||
| Government animal health and quarantine authorities | 1212 | ||
| Other organizations | 1212 | ||
| References | 1213 | ||
| 10 Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation | 1215 | ||
| 62 Manual therapy and exercise for athletic horses | 1217 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1217 | ||
| Manual therapy | 1217 | ||
| Background | 1217 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 1217 | ||
| Efficacy | 1217 | ||
| Indications and contraindications | 1218 | ||
| Massage | 1218 | ||
| Background and mechanism of action | 1218 | ||
| Efficacy | 1218 | ||
| Indications | 1219 | ||
| Stretching | 1219 | ||
| Background and efficacy | 1219 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 1219 | ||
| Indications and therapeutic application | 1219 | ||
| Outcome measures for manual therapy, massage and stretching | 1220 | ||
| Exercise therapy | 1221 | ||
| Neuromotor control | 1221 | ||
| Background | 1221 | ||
| Mechanism of action and efficacy | 1221 | ||
| Measurement outcomes | 1221 | ||
| Therapeutic protocol | 1221 | ||
| Hydrotherapy | 1222 | ||
| Background | 1222 | ||
| Therapeutic protocol | 1223 | ||
| References | 1223 | ||
| 63 Equine rehabilitation: | 1225 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1225 | ||
| Chiropractic treatment | 1225 | ||
| Background | 1225 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 1225 | ||
| Indications | 1225 | ||
| Contraindications | 1226 | ||
| Therapeutic protocol | 1226 | ||
| Outcome measures | 1228 | ||
| References | 1228 | ||
| 64 Physical treatment of the equine athlete | 1231 | ||
| Chapter Contents | 1231 | ||
| Introduction | 1231 | ||
| Thermotherapy | 1231 | ||
| Cryotherapy | 1231 | ||
| Background | 1231 | ||
| Indications and contraindications | 1231 | ||
| Mechanisms of action | 1232 | ||
| Therapeutic protocol | 1232 | ||
| Outcome measures | 1232 | ||
| Heat therapy | 1232 | ||
| Background | 1232 | ||
| Appendices | 1243 | ||
| Appendix 1a Reference ranges for red cell variables in athletic horses | 1245 | ||
| References | 1246 | ||
| Appendix 1b Reference ranges for the leukogram of athletic horses | 1249 | ||
| References | 1251 | ||
| Appendix 2 Reference ranges for serum biochemical variables in athletic horses | 1253 | ||
| References | 1258 | ||
| Index | 1259 | ||
| A | 1259 | ||
| B | 1262 | ||
| C | 1263 | ||
| D | 1266 | ||
| E | 1268 | ||
| F | 1271 | ||
| G | 1273 | ||
| H | 1274 | ||
| I | 1276 | ||
| J | 1278 | ||
| K | 1278 | ||
| L | 1278 | ||
| M | 1281 | ||
| N | 1283 | ||
| O | 1284 | ||
| P | 1286 | ||
| Q | 1288 | ||
| R | 1288 | ||
| S | 1290 | ||
| T | 1294 | ||
| U | 1297 | ||
| V | 1297 | ||
| W | 1298 | ||
| X | 1299 | ||
| Y | 1299 | ||
| Z | 1299 |